Erratum: Investigation of Feline calicivirus infection in cats with upper respiratory tract disease in Diyarbakir, Turkey / Errata: Investigação de infecção por calicivírus felino em gatos com doença do trato respiratório superior na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia

Feline calicivirus is among the most common pathogenic microorganisms in upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) and oral lesions of cats. It leads to stomatitis, oral ulceration, ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, fever, lameness, anorexia, hypersalivation, pneumonia, respiratory distress, coughing, and depression in infected cats. This study aimed to determine the role of Feline calicivirus (FCV) in cats with the upper respiratory tract disease in the Diyarbakir region, Turkey, to provide treatment for infected cats and contribute to the disease prophylaxis. The study material consisted of 10 cats (control group) considered to be healthy according to the clinical examination and 20 cats with URTD that were not vaccinated against Feline calicivirus infection of different breeds, ages, and genders brought to Dicle University Veterinary Faculty Prof. Dr. Servet SEKIN Polyclinic with URTD. After routine clinical examinations of the animals, oral and conjunctival swabs and blood samples were taken. Hematological and biochemical analyzes of blood samples were performed. Swab samples were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the diagnosis of the agent. Oral lesions, hypersalivation, ocular and nasal discharge, coughing, and breathing difficulties were seen in clinical examinations of cats with URTD. Feline calicivirus was detected in only one cat's conj

O calicivirus felino está entre os microrganismos patogênicos mais comuns nas doençcas do trato respiratório superior de gatos, determinando estomatites, ulcerações orais, descarga ocular e nasal, conjuntivite, febre, manqueira, anorexia, hipersalivação, peneumoria, distúrbios respiratórios, tosse e depressão.  O presente trabalho foi delineado paras determinar o papel do calicivirus felino (CVF) em gatos com doenças do trato respiratório superior na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia.para orientar a precrição do tratamento para os gatos infectados e contribuir para a profilaxia da doença. O material de estudo consistiu em 10 gatos saudáveis sem qualquer problema de saúde e 20 gatos acometidos por doenças do trato respiratório superior que não haviam sido vacinados contra a infecção pelo calicivirus felino, de diferentes raças, idades e gêneros encaminhados para a Universidade de Dicle, Faculdade de Veterinária, policlínica do Prof. Dr. Servet SEKIN,. Após o exame clínico de rotina dos animais foram colhidos swabes orais e da conjuntiva e amostras de sangue. Foram realizadas as análises hematológias e bioquímicas das amostras de sangue e os swabs foram analisados pelo método da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para diagnóstico do agente. Nos gatos infectados foram constatadas: lesões orais, hipersalivação, discargas oculares e nasais, tosse e dificuldade respiratória.

Investigation of Feline calicivirus infection in cats with upper respiratory tract disease in Diyarbakir, Turkey / Investigação de infecção por calicivírus felino em gatos com doença do trato respiratório superior na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia

Feline calicivirus is among the most common pathogenic microorganisms in upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) and oral lesions of cats. It leads to stomatitis, oral ulceration, ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, fever, lameness, anorexia, hypersalivation, pneumonia, respiratory distress, coughing, and depression in infected cats. This study aimed to determine the role of Feline calicivirus (FCV) in cats with the upper respiratory tract disease in the Diyarbakir region, Turkey, to provide treatment for infected cats and contribute to the disease prophylaxis. The study material consisted of 10 cats (control group) considered to be healthy according to the clinical examination and 20 cats with URTD that were not vaccinated against Feline calicivirus infection of different breeds, ages, and genders brought to Dicle University Veterinary Faculty Prof. Dr. Servet SEKIN Polyclinic with URTD. After routine clinical examinations of the animals, oral and conjunctival swabs and blood samples were taken. Hematological and biochemical analyzes of blood samples were performed. Swab samples were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the diagnosis of the agent. Oral lesions, hypersalivation, ocular and nasal discharge, coughing, and breathing difficulties were seen in clinical examinations of cats with URTD. Feline calicivirus was detected in only one cat's conjunctival swab sample in PCR analyses. As a result, we found that Feline calicivirus infection was present in cats with URTD in the Diyarbakir region, and 5% positivity was found in cats with clinical symptoms according to PCR analysis.(AU)

O calicivírus felino está entre os microrganismos patogênicos mais comuns nas doenças do trato respiratório superior de gatos, determinando estomatites, ulcerações orais, descarga ocular e nasal, conjuntivite, febre, manqueira, anorexia, hipersalivação, pneumonia, distúrbios respiratórios, tosse e depressão. O presente trabalho foi delineado para determinar o papel do calicivírus felino (CVF) em gatos com doenças do trato respiratório superior na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia. Com o objetivo de orientar a prescrição do tratamento para os gatos infectados e contribuir com a profilaxia da doença. O material de estudo consistiu em 10 gatos saudáveis sem qualquer problema de saúde e 20 gatos acometidos por doenças do trato respiratório superior que não haviam sido vacinados contra a infecção pelo calicivírus felino. Os animais de diferentes raças, idades e gêneros foram encaminhados para a Universidade de Dicle, na Faculdade de Veterinária, na policlínica Professor Dr. Servet Sekin. Após o exame clínico de rotina dos animais, foram colhidos swabs orais e da conjuntiva e amostras de sangue. Análises hematológicas e bioquímicas das amostras de sangue foram realizadas e os swabs foram analisados pelo método da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para diagnóstico do agente. Nos gatos infectados foram constatadas: lesões orais, hipersalivação, descargas oculares e nasais, tosse e dificuldade respiratória. O calicivírus felino foi detectado pela técnica de PCR no swab conjuntival de apenas um gato. A conclusão obtida foi que a infecção pelo calicivírus felino foi detectada pela técnica de PCR na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia, em gatos com doença do trato respiratório superior com a frequência de 5%.(AU)

Investigation of Feline calicivirus infection in cats with upper respiratory tract disease in Diyarbakir, Turkey / Investigação de infecção por calicivírus felino em gatos com doença do trato respiratório superior na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia

Feline calicivirus is among the most common pathogenic microorganisms in upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) and oral lesions of cats. It leads to stomatitis, oral ulceration, ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, fever, lameness, anorexia, hypersalivation, pneumonia, respiratory distress, coughing, and depression in infected cats. This study aimed to determine the role of Feline calicivirus (FCV) in cats with the upper respiratory tract disease in the Diyarbakir region, Turkey, to provide treatment for infected cats and contribute to the disease prophylaxis. The study material consisted of 10 cats (control group) considered to be healthy according to the clinical examination and 20 cats with URTD that were not vaccinated against Feline calicivirus infection of different breeds, ages, and genders brought to Dicle University Veterinary Faculty Prof. Dr. Servet SEKIN Polyclinic with URTD. After routine clinical examinations of the animals, oral and conjunctival swabs and blood samples were taken. Hematological and biochemical analyzes of blood samples were performed. Swab samples were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the diagnosis of the agent. Oral lesions, hypersalivation, ocular and nasal discharge, coughing, and breathing difficulties were seen in clinical examinations of cats with URTD. Feline calicivirus was detected in only one cat's conjunctival swab sample in PCR analyses. As a result, we found that Feline calicivirus infection was present in cats with URTD in the Diyarbakir region, and 5% positivity was found in cats with clinical symptoms according to PCR analysis.(AU)

O calicivírus felino está entre os microrganismos patogênicos mais comuns nas doenças do trato respiratório superior de gatos, determinando estomatites, ulcerações orais, descarga ocular e nasal, conjuntivite, febre, manqueira, anorexia, hipersalivação, pneumonia, distúrbios respiratórios, tosse e depressão. O presente trabalho foi delineado para determinar o papel do calicivírus felino (CVF) em gatos com doenças do trato respiratório superior na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia. Com o objetivo de orientar a prescrição do tratamento para os gatos infectados e contribuir com a profilaxia da doença. O material de estudo consistiu em 10 gatos saudáveis sem qualquer problema de saúde e 20 gatos acometidos por doenças do trato respiratório superior que não haviam sido vacinados contra a infecção pelo calicivírus felino. Os animais de diferentes raças, idades e gêneros foram encaminhados para a Universidade de Dicle, na Faculdade de Veterinária, na policlínica Professor Dr. Servet Sekin. Após o exame clínico de rotina dos animais, foram colhidos swabs orais e da conjuntiva e amostras de sangue. Análises hematológicas e bioquímicas das amostras de sangue foram realizadas e os swabs foram analisados pelo método da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para diagnóstico do agente. Nos gatos infectados foram constatadas: lesões orais, hipersalivação, descargas oculares e nasais, tosse e dificuldade respiratória. O calicivírus felino foi detectado pela técnica de PCR no swab conjuntival de apenas um gato. A conclusão obtida foi que a infecção pelo calicivírus felino foi detectada pela técnica de PCR na região de Diyarbakir, Turquia, em gatos com doença do trato respiratório superior com a frequência de 5%.(AU)

High occurrence of felid alphaherpesvirus 1 and feline calicivirus in domestic cats from southern Brazil / Alta ocorrência de alphaherpesvirus felideo e calicivirus felino em gatos domésticos no Sul do Brasil

Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV) affect cats worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of FeHV-1 and FCV in cats with clinical signs of respiratory, oral and/or ocular disease. Samples were collected from cats cared for in veterinary ambulatory and clinics and submitted to molecular detection and viral isolation. Of the 49 cats evaluated, 45 (92%) were positive for at least one of the viruses; 82% (40/49) were positive for FeHV-1 and 41% (20/49) for FCV. Of these, 31% (15/49) were coinfection cases. For FeHV-1, 45% (18/40) of the cats tested were positive from the collection of eye swab, and the same percentage (9/20) was obtained for the FCV by the oral swab. FeHV-1 and/or FCV were isolated in 35% (17/49) of the samples. The main clinical sign observed was ocular secretion in 71% (35/49) of cats, characterized as mild serous, purulent or serosanguineous, and in some cases associated with ocular injury and marked chemosis. Our findings demonstrate the high occurrence of FeHV-1 and FCV in domestic cats in southern Brazil and indicate that measures should be implemented to improve the diagnostic, prevention and management against of these important diseases.(AU)

Alphaherpesvírus felídeo 1 (FeHV-1) e calicivírus felino (FCV) afetam gatos mundialmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a frequência de ocorrência de FeHV-1 e FCV em gatos com sinais clínicos de doença respiratória, oral e/ou ocular. Amostras foram coletadas de gatos atendidos em ambulatório e clínicas veterinárias e submetidas à detecção molecular e isolamento viral. Dos 49 gatos avaliados, 45 (92%) foram positivos para ao menos um dos vírus; 82% (40/49) foram positivos para o FeHV-1 e 41% (20/49) para o FCV. Destes, 31% (15/49) foram casos de coinfecção. Para o FeHV-1, 45% (18/40) dos gatos foram positivos na coleta do swab ocular, e o mesmo percentual (9/20) foi obtido para o FCV a partir do swab oral. FeHV-1 e/ou FCV foram isolados em 35% (17/49) das amostras. O principal sinal clínico observado foi secreção ocular em 71% (35/49) dos gatos, caracterizada como serosa, purulenta ou serossanguinolenta e, em alguns casos, associada à lesão e quemose. Nossos resultados demonstram a alta ocorrência de FeHV-1 e FCV em gatos domésticos na região Sul do Brasil e indicam que devem ser implementadas medidas para melhorar o diagnóstico, a prevenção e o manejo contra essas importantes doenças.(AU)

High occurrence of felid alphaherpesvirus 1 and feline calicivirus in domestic cats from southern Brazil / Alta ocorrência de alphaherpesvirus felideo e calicivirus felino em gatos domésticos no Sul do Brasil

Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV) affect cats worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of FeHV-1 and FCV in cats with clinical signs of respiratory, oral and/or ocular disease. Samples were collected from cats cared for in veterinary ambulatory and clinics and submitted to molecular detection and viral isolation. Of the 49 cats evaluated, 45 (92%) were positive for at least one of the viruses; 82% (40/49) were positive for FeHV-1 and 41% (20/49) for FCV. Of these, 31% (15/49) were coinfection cases. For FeHV-1, 45% (18/40) of the cats tested were positive from the collection of eye swab, and the same percentage (9/20) was obtained for the FCV by the oral swab. FeHV-1 and/or FCV were isolated in 35% (17/49) of the samples. The main clinical sign observed was ocular secretion in 71% (35/49) of cats, characterized as mild serous, purulent or serosanguineous, and in some cases associated with ocular injury and marked chemosis. Our findings demonstrate the high occurrence of FeHV-1 and FCV in domestic cats in southern Brazil and indicate that measures should be implemented to improve the diagnostic, prevention and management against of these important diseases.(AU)

Alphaherpesvírus felídeo 1 (FeHV-1) e calicivírus felino (FCV) afetam gatos mundialmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a frequência de ocorrência de FeHV-1 e FCV em gatos com sinais clínicos de doença respiratória, oral e/ou ocular. Amostras foram coletadas de gatos atendidos em ambulatório e clínicas veterinárias e submetidas à detecção molecular e isolamento viral. Dos 49 gatos avaliados, 45 (92%) foram positivos para ao menos um dos vírus; 82% (40/49) foram positivos para o FeHV-1 e 41% (20/49) para o FCV. Destes, 31% (15/49) foram casos de coinfecção. Para o FeHV-1, 45% (18/40) dos gatos foram positivos na coleta do swab ocular, e o mesmo percentual (9/20) foi obtido para o FCV a partir do swab oral. FeHV-1 e/ou FCV foram isolados em 35% (17/49) das amostras. O principal sinal clínico observado foi secreção ocular em 71% (35/49) dos gatos, caracterizada como serosa, purulenta ou serossanguinolenta e, em alguns casos, associada à lesão e quemose. Nossos resultados demonstram a alta ocorrência de FeHV-1 e FCV em gatos domésticos na região Sul do Brasil e indicam que devem ser implementadas medidas para melhorar o diagnóstico, a prevenção e o manejo contra essas importantes doenças.(AU)

Clinical and pathological aspects of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in cats / Aspectos clínicos e patológicos em felinos com fibrose pulmonar idiopática

Interstitial lung diseases are a group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases that include interstitial lung fibrosis. The aim of this study is to characterize the clinical and pathological findings of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in three cats and to investigate possible etiological agents through bacteriological and mycological exams and immunohistochemistry. All three cats were female and aged from 10 to 14 years old, they presented with a clinical history of weight loss and dyspnea. The radiographic changes were similar in all cats and included increased pulmonary radiopacity with a mixed bronchointerstitial pattern progressing to an alveolar pattern. Two cats died during lung biopsy procedures. At necropsy, the lesions were limited to the pulmonary parenchyma and were firm, hypocrepitant with a multinodular appearance on the pleural surface; they failed to completely collapse when the thorax was opened. In the pleural region, there were multifocal star-shaped scarring lesions, with parenchymal retraction. Microscopically, all three cats had multifocal-to-coalescing fibrosis, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchioles and an accumulation of macrophages within the alveolar spaces. There was no growth on bacteriological or mycological cultures, and the immunohistochemical evaluations for the presence of viral etiological agents (FIV, FeLV, FCoV, FCV and FHV-1) were also negative.(AU)

As enfermidades pulmonares intersticiais são um grupo de doenças difusas do parênquima pulmonar, nas quais a fibrose pulmonar está incluída. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os achados clínicos e patológicos da fibrose pulmonar idiopática em três gatas, e avaliar possíveis agentes etiológicos através dos exames bacteriológicos, micológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. As três gatas tinham entre 10 e 14 anos de idade e histórico clínico de emagrecimento e dispneia. As alterações radiográficas observadas foram similares, com aumento de radiopacidade difuso dos campos pulmonares de padrão misto broncointersticial e eventualmente alveolar. Dois felinos morreram durante procedimento de biópsia pulmonar. No exame de necropsia as lesões eram exclusivas no parênquima pulmonar os quais estavam firmes, hipocreptantes, com aspecto levemente multinodular em superfície pleural e não colapsaram após a abertura da cavidade torácica. Em região pleural havia lesões cicatriciais de aspecto estrelar multifocais, com retração do parênquima. Microscopicamente, todos os gatos apresentaram fibrose multifocal a coalescente, hiperplasia dos pneumócitos do tipo II e hiperplasia e hipertrofia do músculo liso de bronquíolos terminais e acúmulo de macrófagos no interior de espaços alveolares. Não houve crescimento nas culturas bacteriana e micológica, e os exames de imuno-histoquímica para avaliação de possíveis agentes virais (FIV, FeLV, FCoV, FCV e FHV-1) foram negativos em todos os felinos.(AU)

Clinical and pathological aspects of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in cats / Aspectos clínicos e patológicos em felinos com fibrose pulmonar idiopática

Interstitial lung diseases are a group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases that include interstitial lung fibrosis. The aim of this study is to characterize the clinical and pathological findings of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in three cats and to investigate possible etiological agents through bacteriological and mycological exams and immunohistochemistry. All three cats were female and aged from 10 to 14 years old, they presented with a clinical history of weight loss and dyspnea. The radiographic changes were similar in all cats and included increased pulmonary radiopacity with a mixed bronchointerstitial pattern progressing to an alveolar pattern. Two cats died during lung biopsy procedures. At necropsy, the lesions were limited to the pulmonary parenchyma and were firm, hypocrepitant with a multinodular appearance on the pleural surface; they failed to completely collapse when the thorax was opened. In the pleural region, there were multifocal star-shaped scarring lesions, with parenchymal retraction. Microscopically, all three cats had multifocal-to-coalescing fibrosis, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchioles and an accumulation of macrophages within the alveolar spaces. There was no growth on bacteriological or mycological cultures, and the immunohistochemical evaluations for the presence of viral etiological agents (FIV, FeLV, FCoV, FCV and FHV-1) were also negative.(AU)

As enfermidades pulmonares intersticiais são um grupo de doenças difusas do parênquima pulmonar, nas quais a fibrose pulmonar está incluída. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os achados clínicos e patológicos da fibrose pulmonar idiopática em três gatas, e avaliar possíveis agentes etiológicos através dos exames bacteriológicos, micológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. As três gatas tinham entre 10 e 14 anos de idade e histórico clínico de emagrecimento e dispneia. As alterações radiográficas observadas foram similares, com aumento de radiopacidade difuso dos campos pulmonares de padrão misto broncointersticial e eventualmente alveolar. Dois felinos morreram durante procedimento de biópsia pulmonar. No exame de necropsia as lesões eram exclusivas no parênquima pulmonar os quais estavam firmes, hipocreptantes, com aspecto levemente multinodular em superfície pleural e não colapsaram após a abertura da cavidade torácica. Em região pleural havia lesões cicatriciais de aspecto estrelar multifocais, com retração do parênquima. Microscopicamente, todos os gatos apresentaram fibrose multifocal a coalescente, hiperplasia dos pneumócitos do tipo II e hiperplasia e hipertrofia do músculo liso de bronquíolos terminais e acúmulo de macrófagos no interior de espaços alveolares. Não houve crescimento nas culturas bacteriana e micológica, e os exames de imuno-histoquímica para avaliação de possíveis agentes virais (FIV, FeLV, FCoV, FCV e FHV-1) foram negativos em todos os felinos.(AU)

Molecular characterization of feline calicivirus variants from multicat household and public animal shelter in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The aim of this study was to perform the molecular characterization of conserved and variable regions of feline calicivirus capsid genome in order to investigate the molecular diversity of variants in Brazilian cat population. Twenty-six conjunctival samples from cats living in five public short-term animal shelters and three multicat life-long households were analyzed. Fifteen cats had conjunctivitis, three had oral ulceration, eight had respiratory signs (cough, sneeze and nasal discharge) and nine were asymptomatic. Feline calicivirus were isolated in CRFK cells and characterized by reverse transcription PCR target to both conserved and variable regions of open reading frame 2. The amplicons obtained were sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis along with most of the prototypes available in GenBank database and an amino acid analysis were performed. Phylogenetic analysis based on both conserved and variable region revealed two clusters with an aLTR value of 1.00 and 0.98 respectively and the variants from this study belong to feline calicivirus genogroup I. No association between geographical distribution and/or clinical signs and clustering in phylogenetic tree was observed. The variants circulating in public short-term animal shelter demonstrated a high variability because of the relatively rapid turnover of carrier cats constantly introduced of multiple viruses into this location over time.(AU)

Correlation between clinical signs of feline conjunctivitis and molecular detection of felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis and mycoplasma felis in cats from shelters in Rio de Janeiro / Correlação entre sinais clínicos da conjuntivite felina e a detecção molecular de felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis e mycoplasma felis em gatos de abrigos no Rio de Janeiro

Objectives: To perform molecular diagnosis of microbial agents (FHV-1, FCV, Mycoplasma felis, and Chlamydophila felis) in kittens with conjunctivitis and correlate the clinical signs with clinical severity. Material and Methods: A total of 108 conjunctival swab were collected from kittens without (G1; n = 40) and with (G2; n = 68) clinical signs of conjunctivitis. Animals from G2 group were scored from 1 (mild) to 4 (severe) according to the severity of conjunctivitis. All samples were submitted to PCR and RT-PCR. Results: FHV-1 was detected in 62/108 (57.4%) of samples, FCV in 40/108 (37.0%), M. felis in 11/108 (10.2%) and C. felis in 26/108 (24.1%). Mixed infections were detected in 39/108 (36.1%). In G1, 28/40 (70.0%) were positive for one or more agents, in G2, 58/68 (85.3%) were positive (P = 0.03). In 1, single infections by FHV-1were found in 21/40 (52.5%) samples, FCV in 2/40 (5.0%), C. felis in 1/40 (2.5%), and no pathogens were detected in 12/40 (30%) of samples, while mixed infections accounted for 29/40 (72.5%) of the cases. In G2, single FHV-1 infections were found in 31/68 (45.6%) samples, FCV in 10/68 (14.7 %), M. felis in 2/68 (3.0%) and C. felis also in 2/68 (3.0%), and no pathogens were detected in 10/68 (14.7%) samples, while mixed infections accounted for 36/68 (52.0%) of the cases. They were categorized as grade 1, 20/68 (29.4%), grade 2, 14/68 (20.6%), grade 3, 21/68 (30.9%) and grade 4, 13/68 (19.1%). The presence of FHV-1 and FCV is equally distributed among the four categories. More severe clinical signs, scores 3 and 4, are related to coinfections by C. felis and M. felis. Conclusions: FHV-1, FCV, C. felis and M. felis were identified in feline conjunctivitis. Co-infections are related to more severe cases of conjunctivitis.Molecular diagnosis is helpful to detect asymptomatic carriers and is a rapid and accurate method to determine the pathogen of feline conjunctivitis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar diagnóstico molecular de agentes microbiológicos (FHV-1, FCV, Mycoplasma felis e Chlamydophila felis) em gatos filhotes e associar a presença dos patógenos à gravidade dos sinais clínicos de conjuntivite. Foram coletadas um total de 108 amostras de suabe conjuntival de filhotes felinos assintomáticos (G1; n = 40) e sintomáticos (G2; n = 68). Animais do G2 foram categorizados de 1 (leve) até 4 (grave), de acordo com o quadro clínico de conjuntivite. As 108 amostras foram submetidas à PCR e RT-PCR. O FHV-1 foi detectado em 57,4% das amostras, o FCV em 37%, o M. felis em 10,2% e o C. felis em 24,1%. Coinfecções, por sua vez, foram detectadas em 36,1%. No G1, 70% das amostras foram positivas para um ou mais patógenos. No G2, 85,3% apresentavam infecções (P = 0,03). No G1, monoinfecções por FHV-1 foram diagnosticadas em 52,5% das amostras, por FCV em 5%, por C. felis em 2,5%, e em 30% das amostras analisadas nenhum dos patógenos estudados foi encontrado. Coinfecções, por sua vez, estavam presentes em 72,5% das amostras. No G2, monoinfecções por FHV-1 foram encontradas em 45,6% das amostras, por FCV em 14,7 %, por M. felis em 3% e por C. felis também em 3%. Nenhum dos patógenos estudados foi encontrado em 14,7% das amostras analisadas. Coinfecções, responsáveis por 52% dos casos, foram categorizados como Grau 1 (29,4%), Grau 2 (20,6%), Grau 3 (30,9%) e Grau 4 (19,1%). A presença de FHV-1 e FCV está igualmente distribuída entre as quatro categorias. Os sinais clínicos mais graves (graus 3 e 4) estão relacionados a coinfecções por C. felis e M. felis. Os agentes microbiológicos FHV-1, FCV, C. felis e M. felis foram encontrados em animais com conjuntivite. Coinfecções estão relacionadas aos casos mais graves. Por fim, concluiu-se que o diagnóstico molecular, além de detectar portadores assintomáticos, é um método rápido e acurado para o diagnóstico do patógeno causador da conjuntivite felina.(AU)

Correlation between clinical signs of feline conjunctivitis and molecular detection of felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis and mycoplasma felis in cats from shelters in Rio de Janeiro / Correlação entre sinais clínicos da conjuntivite felina e a detecção molecular de felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis e mycoplasma felis em gatos de abrigos no Rio de Janeiro

Objectives: To perform molecular diagnosis of microbial agents (FHV-1, FCV, Mycoplasma felis, and Chlamydophila felis) in kittens with conjunctivitis and correlate the clinical signs with clinical severity. Material and Methods: A total of 108 conjunctival swab were collected from kittens without (G1; n = 40) and with (G2; n = 68) clinical signs of conjunctivitis. Animals from G2 group were scored from 1 (mild) to 4 (severe) according to the severity of conjunctivitis. All samples were submitted to PCR and RT-PCR. Results: FHV-1 was detected in 62/108 (57.4%) of samples, FCV in 40/108 (37.0%), M. felis in 11/108 (10.2%) and C. felis in 26/108 (24.1%). Mixed infections were detected in 39/108 (36.1%). In G1, 28/40 (70.0%) were positive for one or more agents, in G2, 58/68 (85.3%) were positive (P = 0.03). In 1, single infections by FHV-1were found in 21/40 (52.5%) samples, FCV in 2/40 (5.0%), C. felis in 1/40 (2.5%), and no pathogens were detected in 12/40 (30%) of samples, while mixed infections accounted for 29/40 (72.5%) of the cases. In G2, single FHV-1 infections were found in 31/68 (45.6%) samples, FCV in 10/68 (14.7 %), M. felis in 2/68 (3.0%) and C. felis also in 2/68 (3.0%), and no pathogens were detected in 10/68 (14.7%) samples, while mixed infections accounted for 36/68 (52.0%) of the cases. They were categorized as grade 1, 20/68 (29.4%), grade 2, 14/68 (20.6%), grade 3, 21/68 (30.9%) and grade 4, 13/68 (19.1%). The presence of FHV-1 and FCV is equally distributed among the four categories. More severe clinical signs, scores 3 and 4, are related to coinfections by C. felis and M. felis. Conclusions: FHV-1, FCV, C. felis and M. felis were identified in feline conjunctivitis. Co-infections are related to more severe cases of conjunctivitis.Molecular diagnosis is helpful to detect asymptomatic carriers and is a rapid and accurate method to determine the pathogen of feline conjunctivitis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar diagnóstico molecular de agentes microbiológicos (FHV-1, FCV, Mycoplasma felis e Chlamydophila felis) em gatos filhotes e associar a presença dos patógenos à gravidade dos sinais clínicos de conjuntivite. Foram coletadas um total de 108 amostras de suabe conjuntival de filhotes felinos assintomáticos (G1; n = 40) e sintomáticos (G2; n = 68). Animais do G2 foram categorizados de 1 (leve) até 4 (grave), de acordo com o quadro clínico de conjuntivite. As 108 amostras foram submetidas à PCR e RT-PCR. O FHV-1 foi detectado em 57,4% das amostras, o FCV em 37%, o M. felis em 10,2% e o C. felis em 24,1%. Coinfecções, por sua vez, foram detectadas em 36,1%. No G1, 70% das amostras foram positivas para um ou mais patógenos. No G2, 85,3% apresentavam infecções (P = 0,03). No G1, monoinfecções por FHV-1 foram diagnosticadas em 52,5% das amostras, por FCV em 5%, por C. felis em 2,5%, e em 30% das amostras analisadas nenhum dos patógenos estudados foi encontrado. Coinfecções, por sua vez, estavam presentes em 72,5% das amostras. No G2, monoinfecções por FHV-1 foram encontradas em 45,6% das amostras, por FCV em 14,7 %, por M. felis em 3% e por C. felis também em 3%. Nenhum dos patógenos estudados foi encontrado em 14,7% das amostras analisadas. Coinfecções, responsáveis por 52% dos casos, foram categorizados como Grau 1 (29,4%), Grau 2 (20,6%), Grau 3 (30,9%) e Grau 4 (19,1%). A presença de FHV-1 e FCV está igualmente distribuída entre as quatro categorias. Os sinais clínicos mais graves (graus 3 e 4) estão relacionados a coinfecções por C. felis e M. felis. Os agentes microbiológicos FHV-1, FCV, C. felis e M. felis foram encontrados em animais com conjuntivite. Coinfecções estão relacionadas aos casos mais graves. Por fim, concluiu-se que o diagnóstico molecular, além de detectar portadores assintomáticos, é um método rápido e acurado para o diagnóstico do patógeno causador da conjuntivite felina.(AU)

CARACTERIZAÇÃO CLÍNICA E EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DO CALICIVÍRUS FELINO, REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Calicivírus felino (feline calicivirus FCV) é um vírus de distribuição mundial que acomete membros da família Felidae. O FCV é considerado um dos principais agentes das complicações do trato respiratório dos felinos. Além das doenças respiratórias, lesões orais como gengivo-estomatite, claudicação e a síndrome sistêmica - FCV-VSD (feline calicivirus virulent systemic disease) são associados à infecção pelo FCV. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos felinos infectados pelo FCV; caracterizar geneticamente os isolados de FCV e realizar imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para FCV em blocos de parafina. Os blocos são tecidos de felinos acometidos por granuloma eosinofílico (provenientes do acervo do Setor de Patologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2006 a 2010). Swabs nasal/oral e/ou ocular de felinos com ou sem manifestação clínica sugestivo da infecção pelo FCV foram coletadas, e o perfil epidemiológico das amostras coletas foi classificado em: sexo, idade, status vacinal, sinais clínicos e tipo de convívio. As amostras foram submetidas a extração de RNA genômico, síntese de cDNA e em seguida a RT-PCR foi realizada para detecção do FCV. O gene-alvo da reação foi a ORF2 (open reading frame) por ser esse o gene que codifica as regiões imunodominantes do FCV, sujeitas a variabilidade genética e são sítios indutores de anticorpos neutralizantes. Foram coletadas 70 amostras de swabs, entre nasais, orais e oculares, sendo que destas: 59% (41/70) foram provenientes de machos e 41% (29/70) fêmeas; e a faixa etária de 1 a 5 anos foi a mais frequente, correspondendo a 54% (38/70) das amostras analisadas. Quando se avaliou o status vacinal dos felinos, 45% dos animais coletados eram vacinados para FCV; 41% dos animais tinham acesso à rua, e 18 dos 70 animais apresentam sinais clínicos sugestivos da infecção pelo FCV. Três das 70 amostras foram positivas para o FCV. Os felinos positivos para o FCV apresentaram desde secreções oculares, nasais, espirros a lesões orais, sendo que um deles foi previamente detectado a co-infecção por parvovírus e coronavírus felino. O produto de PCR desses animais será sequenciado para análise genética. Para realizar a IHQ foram analisados 22 blocos de parafina, porém, o FCV não foi detectado. Potencialmente os isolados da região metropolitana do RS entre 2019-2020, assim que analisados geneticamente, provavelmente irão apresentar diversidade molecular quando comparados a cepas de referências, as vacinais e as descritas na região central do RS - 2006 a 2010. Além disso, os resultados obtidos tanto quanta a presença do FCV como a análise do perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos felinos da região, poderão contribuir para dados sobre a população felina na região, majoritariamente, quanto ao status sanitário para um dos principais agentes virais que acometem o trato respiratório dos felinos, o FCV.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a virus with worldwide distribution that affects members of the Felidae family. FCV is considered one of the main agents of feline respiratory tract complications. In addition to respiratory diseases, oral lesions such as gingival stomatitis, lameness and the systemic syndrome - FCV-VSD (feline calicivirus - virulent systemic disease) are associated with FCV infection. In this work, we aim to characterize the clinical-epidemiological profile of felines infected by FCV; genetically characterize the FCV detected in the analyzed cats and perform immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FCV in paraffinized blocks These blocks are from feline tissues affected by eosinophilic granuloma (from the collection of the Pathology Sector of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2006 to 2010). Nasal / oral and / or ocular swabs from felines with or without clinical manifestation suggestive of FCV infection were collected, and the epidemiological profile of the collected samples was classified into: sex, age, vaccination status, clinical signs and type of interaction. The samples were subjected to genomic RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and then RT-PCR was performed to detect FCV. The target gene for the reaction was ORF2 (open reading frame) because this is the gene that encodes the immunodominant regions of FCV, which are subject to genetic variability and are sites that induce neutralizing antibodies. Seventy swab samples were collected, between nasal, oral and ocular, of which: 59% (41/70) came from males and 41% (29/70) females; the age group from 1 to 5 years old being the most prevalent, corresponding to 54% (38/70) of the analyzed samples. When considering the feline vaccine status, 45% of the animals collected were vaccinated for FCV; 41% of the animals had access to the street, and 18 of the 70 animals show clinical signs suggestive of FCV infection. Three of the 70 samples analyzed were positive at FCV. The felines positive for FCV presented from ocular, nasal secretions, sneezing to oral lesions, one of which was previously detected with co-infection by feline parvovirus and coronavirus. The PCR product of these animals will be sequenced for genetic analysis. Twenty two paraffin block samples were analyzed, however FCV was not detected. It is believed that isolates from the metropolitan region of RS between 2019-2020, as soon as analyzed at the genetic level, will potentially present molecular diversity when compared to reference vaccine strains and those described in the central region of RS, a study between 2006 and 2010. In addition, the results obtained both in terms of the presence of FCV and the analysis of the clinical-epidemiological profile of felines in the region, may contribute to data on the feline population in the region, mainly, regarding the health status for one of the main viral agents that affect the disease. respiratory tract of felines, which is the FCV.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO PATOLÓGICA E ETIOLÓGICA DE PNEUMONIAS COMO CAUSA DE MORTE EM GATOS

Pneumonias em gatos podem ser causadas por agentes infecciosos ou, menos comumente, por causas não infecciosas, como inalação de substâncias tóxicas ou irritativas. São observadas principalmente em gatos jovens e em adultos é considerada uma doença rara, usualmente relacionada a imunodepressão sistêmica, como a causada pelos vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV). Os objetivos desse estudo foram: realizar a caracterização patológica de pneumonias fatais em gatos diagnosticados no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS); investigar os agentes infecciosos envolvidos a partir de exame bacteriológico e a técnica de imuno-histoquímica para investigar a ocorrência de herpesvírus felino tipo 1 (FeHV-1) e calicivírus felino (FCV), além de co-infecções pelos vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV). No período de janeiro de 2010 a junho de 2020, o SPV-UFRGS realizou 1749 exames post mortem de gatos, dos quais foram observados 78 casos de pneumonia, representando 4,5% das causas de óbito na espécie. Gatos de todas as faixas etárias foram acometidos, independentemente da etiologia envolvida; gatos machos sem raça definida foram os principais acometidos. O principal padrão morfológico de pneumonia observado foi broncopneumonia (27/78; 34,6%), seguido do intersticial (15/78; 19,3%), broncointersticial (13/78; 16,7%), granulomatoso (8/78; 10,2%), aspirativo (8/78; 10,2%), piogranulomatoso (5/78; 6,4%) e pleuropneumonias (2/78; 2,6%). Foram identificadas como causas: pneumonias bacterianas (32/78; 41,0%); pneumonias virais (28/78; 36,0% [15/28 FCV; 10/28 FeHV-1 e 3/28 FCV e FeHV-1]), das quais nove (32,1%) apresentaram infecção bacteriana secundária; aspirativas (8/78; 10,2%), fúngicas (5/78; 6,4%) e parasitárias (5/78; 6,4%). Do total de casos, 54 gatos (69,2%) apresentaram imunomarcação anti-FIV, FeLV ou ambos (26,9% FeLV-positivos, 23,1% FIV e FeLV-positivos e 19,2% FIV-positivos). Os achados do presente trabalho reforçam que tanto causas bacterianas, virais, parasitárias, fúngicas e aspirativas devem ser consideradas como possíveis causadoras de pneumonia grave em gatos. Broncopneumonia bacteriana por E. coli foi a o principal padrão morfológico e etiologia observados, no entanto, infecções virais estiveram frequentemente envolvidas em gatos de todas as faixas etárias, o que demonstra a importância da investigação de causas virais em gatos com doenças respiratórias, incluindo gatos adultos e idosos.

Pneumonias in cats can be caused by infectious agents or, less commonly, by non-infectious causes, such as inhalation of toxic or irritating substances. Pneumonia are mainly observed in young cats, and in adults it is considered a rare disease, usually related to systemic immunodepression, such as that caused by the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). The objectives of this study were to describe the pathological features of fatal pneumonias in cats diagnosed at the Setor de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS), and to investigate the infectious agents involved through bacteriological examination and the immunohistochemistry technique to investigate the occurrence of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV), as well as co-infections by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). From January 2010 to June 2020, SPV-UFRGS carried out 1749 post-mortem examinations of cats, of which 78 cases of pneumonia were observed, representing 4.5% of the causes of death in the species. Cats of all age groups were affected, regardless of the etiology involved; mixed breed male cats were the most affected. The main morphological pattern observed was bronchopneumonia (27/78; 34.6%), followed by interstitial (15/78; 19.3%), bronchointerstitial (13/78; 16.7%), granulomatous (8/78; 10.2%), aspirative (8/78; 10.2%), pygranulomatous (5/78; 6.4%) and pleuropneumonias (2/78; 2.6%). The following were identified as causes: bacterial pneumonia (32/78; 41.0%); viral pneumonias (28/78; 36.0%: 15/28 FCV; 10/28 FeHV-1 and 3/28 FCV&FeHV-1), of which nine (32.1%) had secondary bacterial infection; aspiration pneumonia (8/78; 10.2%); fungal pneumonias (5/78; 6.4%); and parasitic pneumonias (5/78; 6.4%). Of the total number of cases, 54 cats (69.2%) had immunostaining anti-FIV, FeLV or both (26.9% FeLV-positive, 23.1% FIV and FeLV - positive and 19.2% FIV-positive). The findings of the present study reinforce that bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal, and aspirative causes must be considered as possible causes of severe pneumonia in cats. E.coli bronchopneumonia was the main etiology and morphological pattern; however, viral infections have often been involved in cats of all age groups, which demonstrates the importance of investigating viral causes in cats with respiratory diseases, including adult and elderly cats.

Farinha de casca de coproduto vitivinícola como antioxidante natural em hambúrguer

Objetivou-se estabelecer o melhor nível de utilização da farinha de coproduto vitivinicola (FCV) como antioxidante natural em substituição ao antioxidante sintético butilhidroxitolueno (BHT) na fabricação de hambúrguer. Para a elaboração dos hamburgueres foi utilizada a seguinte formulação básica (FB): carne bovina (96%), sal (1,5%), cebola (1,25%) e alho em pó (1,25%). Dessa formulação foram desenvolvidos seis tratamentos: controle (CONTR); adição de BHT (FB + 0,01 g/100 g de gordura) e quatro tratamentos com adição de FCV nas proporções de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 g/100g de FB. Os hambúrgueres foram embalados e armazenados a - 20ºC. As análises incluiram determinação in vitro da atividade antioxidante DPPH (2,2-difenil-1- picrilhidrazila) e perfil fenólico da FCV por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Composição química (umidade, proteína, gordura, cinzas e fibra), perfil de textura, perda por cozimento (PPC), capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), porcentagem de encolhimento (ENC) e análise sensorial dos hambúrgueres também foram realizadas. Análises de pH, cor instrumental (L*, a*, b*), TBARs foram avaliadas com 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento dos hambúrgueres). Os valores de cor instrumental, pH e TBARS diferiram entre os tratamentos e tempo de armazenamento e houve interação entre esses fatores (P<0,05). Os maiores valores de L* foram obtidos nos hambúrgueres dos tratamentos CONTR, BHT, FCV0,5 e FCV1,0, que não diferiram entre si. Os menores valores de L* foram obtidos nos hambúrgueres com FCV1,5 e FCV2,0, indicando um produto mais escuro. Os valores de a* e b* dos tratamentos com FCV foram significativamente diferentes quando comparados aos tratamentos CONTR e BHT. Em relação ao valor de TBARS, maiores valores (1,53 e 1,45 mg de MDA/kg de carne) foram encontrados nos hambúrgueres com FCV1,5 e FCV2,0. Hambúrgueres com BHT e FCV0,5 apresentaram os menores valores de TBARS quando comparados ao CONTR. A CRA e o ENC dos hambúrgueres não diferiram entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Menores PPC foram observadas para os hambúrgueres pertencentes aos tratamentos CONTR, BHT e FCV0,5 comparados aos valores apresentados pelos hambúrgueres com maiores concentrações de FCV. Na análise sensorial, evidenciou-se que houve menor aceitação dos hambúrgueres com maior concentração de FCV. O uso de FCV na fabricação de hambúrgueres mantém os valores TBARS abaixo do valor considerado como limite para percepção sensorial de oxidação lipídica. No entanto, o seu uso em maiores concentrações aumenta PPC e diminui a aceitabilidade do produto. A concentração FCV0,5 parece ser a mais indicada para manter a estabilidade oxidativa do produto, sem afetar seu rendimento e aceitabilidade. Além disso, a adição de 0,5 ou 1g de FCV/100 g já é suficiente para que o hambúrguer apresente a concentração mínima de fibra bruta (3g/100g) necessária para ser considerado como uma fonte de fibra dietética.

The aim was to establish the best level of use of flour from winery by-products (FCV) as a natural antioxidant to replace the butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) in the manufacture of hamburgers. The following basic formulation (FB) was used to prepare hamburgers: beef (96%), salt (1.5%), onion (1.25%) and garlic powder (1.25%). From this formulation, six treatments were developed: control (CONTR); addition of BHT (FB + 0.01 g / 100 g of fat) and four treatments with addition of FCV in the proportions of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 g / 100g of FB. The hamburgers were packaged and stored at -20ºC. The analyzes included in vitro determination of the antioxidant activity DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil) and phenolic profile of FCV by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash and fiber), texture profile, loss on cooking (PPC), water holding capacity (CRA), shrinkage percentage (ENC) and sensory analysis were also performed. Analyzes of pH, instrumental color (L*, a*, b*), TBARs were evaluated with 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage). The instrumental color, pH and TBARS values differed between treatments and storage time and there was an interaction between these factors (P <0.05). The highest values of L* were obtained in the burgers of the CONTR, BHT, FCV0.5 and FCV1.0 treatments, which did not differ between them. The lowest values of L * were obtained in hamburgers with FCV1,5 and FCV2,0, indicating a darker product. The values of a* and b* of FCV treatments were significantly different when compared to the CONTR and BHT treatments. Regarding the TBARS value, higher values (1.53 and 1.45 mg MDA / kg of meat) were found in hamburgers with FCV1.5 and FCV2.0. Hamburgers with BHT and FCV0.5 had lower TBARS values when compared to CONTR. The CRA and ENC of the hamburgers did not differ between treatments (P> 0.05). Lower PPC were observed for the burgers of the CONTR, BHT and FCV0.5 treatments compared to the values presented by the burgers with higher FCV concentrations. In the sensory analysis, it was evidenced that there was less acceptance of hamburgers with a higher concentration of FCV. The use of FCV in the manufacture of hamburgers keeps the TBARS values below the value considered as a limit for sensory perception of lipid oxidation. However, its use in higher concentrations increases PPC and decreases the acceptability of the product. The FCV0.5 concentration seems to be the most suitable to maintain the oxidative stability of the product, without affecting its yield and acceptability. In addition, the addition of 0.5 or 1g of FCV/100g is already sufficient for the hamburger to have the minimum concentration of crude fiber (3g / 100g) necessary to be considered as a source of dietary fiber.

Epidemiological status of felid herpesvirus type-1 and feline calicivirus infections in Brazil / Situação epidemiológica das infecções pelo herpesvírus felino tipo 1 e calicivírus no Brasil

Feline calicivirus (FCV) and felid herpesvirus type-1 (FeHV-1) are the main infectious agents of domestic and wild felines worldwide. The FCV and FeHV-1 viruses were isolated in Brazil in 1988 and 2012, respectively. Serology surveys were performed among domestic feline in the State of Rio Grande do Sul and among wild felines in central Brazilian States. Felines with acute or chronic infections may become carriers for both viruses and, viral transmission occurs mainly by ocular and nasal secretions. In addition, FCV may be transmitted by oropharyngeal secretion and fomites. The clinical signs commonly observed in cats are fever, sneezing, coughing and nasal and ocular discharge; however, oral lesions are restricted to FCV infection. A systemic syndrome showing hemorrhagic lesions, alopecia, facial edema and jaundice has been associated with FCV. Attenuated as well as inactivated vaccines against FCV and FeHV-1 were developed in the middle 1970s, and they are effective at reducing the presentation/development of the diseases, but they are not capable of eliminating the persistence of FCV and FeHV-1. This article presents a brief review of the main aspects of the FCV and FeHV-1 infections, with an emphasis in the current situation on the domestic feline population from Brazil.(AU)

Calicivírus felino (feline calicivirus - FCV) e herpesvírus felino tipo - 1 (felid herpesvirus type 1 - FeHV-1) são os principais agentes envolvidos descritos mundialmente infectando felinos domésticos e selvagens. No Brasil, o FCV e o FeHV-1 foram isolados e caracterizados em 1988 e 2012, respectivamente. Estudos sorológicos em felinos domésticos foram realizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e em felinos selvagens em alguns estados da região central do país. Felinos com infecção aguda e/ou infecção crônica podem tornar-se portadores, para ambos os vírus, e a transmissão ocorre principalmente por secreções oculares, nasais. Além disso, o FCV pode também ser transmitido por secreções orofaringeanas e fômites. Os sinais clínicos comumente observados em felinos afetados são: febre, espirros, tosse, descarga nasal e ocular; lesões orais se restringem à infecção pelo FCV; além disso, foi descrita uma síndrome sistêmica que apresenta um quadro hemorrágico, alopecia, edema de face e icterícia. Vacinas vivas e inativadas que amenizam o quadro clínico, mas não previnem infecções persistentes pelos vírus, foram desenvolvidas nos anos 70. Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão dos principais aspectos da infecção pelo FCV e FeHV-1, com ênfase na atual situação na população de felinos domésticos do Brasil.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO GENÉTICA DE CARACTERÍSTICAS DE COMPORTAMENTO INGESTIVO E CORRELAÇÃO COM CRESCIMENTO E EFICIÊNCIA ALIMENTAR

O comportamento ingestivo de bovinos define o padrão de alimentação destes animais e pode estar correlacionado com a eficiência alimentar. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos, com a inclusão de dados genômicos, para as características de comportamento ingestivo, eficiência alimentar e crescimento em bovinos da raça Nelore. Foi avaliado banco de dados de animais da raça Nelore, nascidos de 1978 a 2017, contendo 741 animais com registro de comportamento ingestivo, 1426 animais com registro de eficiência alimentar, 9438 animais com registro de peso à seleção obtido ao sobreano, e 1200 animais com informação genômica. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características de comportamento ingestivo: tempo de permanência no cocho (TPC), duração do evento de alimentação (DEA), frequência de visitas ao cocho (FVC), taxa de alimentação (TxAlim) e consumo de matéria seca por visita (CMSv); as seguintes características de eficiência alimentar: consumo alimentar residual (CAR), ganho de peso residual (GANR), conversão alimentar (CA); e as seguintes características de crescimento: ganho médio diário (GMD) e peso a seleção (PSEL). Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados pelo método REML e modelos BLUP e ssGBLUP em análises bi-características. O modelo geral de análise incluiu efeitos aleatórios genéticos aditivos direto do animal, efeito fixo de grupo de contemporâneo, e idade da vaca (efeitos linear e quadrático) e do animal (efeito linear) como covariáveis. Foram calculadas as respostas diretas a seleção para as características de eficiência alimentar, GMD e PSEL, além das respostas correlacionadas na eficiência alimentar e crescimento, pela seleção direta para menor TPC. As herdabilidades estimadas foram 0,51±0,07, 0,32±0,07, 0,26±0,07, 0,37±0,07 e 0,32±0,07 para TPC, DEA, FVC, TxAlim e CMSv, respectivamente. A maior correlação fenotípica estimada foi entre TPC e CAR (0,46). GMD e PSEL foram fenotípica e negativamente correlacionados com FVC (- 0,04±0,03 e -0,11±0.03, respectivamente). CAR foi a característica mais geneticamente correlacionada com TPC, DEA, e CMSv (0,70±0,11, 0,58±0,16 e 0,41±0,17, respectivamente). As estimativas de correlação genética de GMD e PSEL com CMSv foram positivas (0,47±0,15 e 0,43±0,11), enquanto com FCV as correlações genéticas foram negativas (-0,09±0,16 e -0,29±0,14). CAR apresentou maior expectativa de ganho genético na seleção indireta do que na seleção direta, entretanto, a resposta correlacionada à seleção para menor TPC é desfavorável para as características CA, GMD e PSEL. Em conclusão, as características de comportamento ingestivo apresentam variabilidade genética suficiente e correlações genéticas desejáveis para serem incluídas em programas de seleção visando o melhoramento das características de eficiência alimentar e crescimento.

Cattle feeding behavior defines the animals' feeding pattern and can be correlated with feed efficiency. The present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters, with the inclusion of genomic data, for feeding behavior, feed efficiency and growth traits in Nellore cattle. The database used was composed by Nellore breed animals born from 1978 to 2017, considering 741 animals with feeding behavior records, 1426 animals with feed efficiency records, 9438 animals with selection weight measured after one year of age, and 1200 animals with genomic information. The following feeding behavior traits were evaluated: daily feeding duration (FD), feeding duration per feeding event (FD_FE), feeding frequency (FF), meal eating rate (ER) and dry matter intake per visit ( DMIv); the following feed efficiency traits: residual feed intake (RFI), residual body weight gain (RBW), feed conversion rate (FCR); and the following growth traits: average daily gain (ADG) and selection weight (SW). The (co)variance components were estimated by the REML method and BLUP and ssGBLUP models in bi-traits analyzes. The general model included additive genetic effects from the animal, fixed effect from the contemporary group, and cow age (linear and quadratic effects) and animal age (linear effect) as covariates. Direct responses to selection for feed efficiency, ADG and SW and the correlated responses in feed efficiency and growth by direct selection for lower FD. Heritability estimates were 0.51±0.07, 0.32±0.07, 0.26±0.07, 0.37±0.07 and 0.32±0.07 for FD, FD_FE, FF, ER and DMIv, respectively. The highest estimated phenotypic correlation was between FD and RFI (0.46). ADG and SW showed negative phenotypic correlation with FF (-0.04±0.03 and -0.11±0.03, respectively). RFI was the most genetically correlated traits with FD, FD_FE, and DMIv (0.70±0.13, 0.58±0.17 and 0.41±0.18, respectively). Genetic correlation estimates of ADG and SW with DMIv were positive (0.47±0.15 and 0.43±0.11), while with FF the genetic correlations were negative (-0.09±0.16 and - 0.29±0.14). RFI showed higher expectations of genetic gain in indirect selection than in direct selection. The correlated response to the selection for lower FD is unfavorable in the FCR, ADG and SW characteristics. In conclusion, feeding behavior traits showed sufficient genetic variability and desirable genetic correlations to be included in selection programs aimed at improving the feed efficiency and growth traits.

Doenças nasais e paranasais crônicas em felinos domésticos - estudo prospectivo

As doenças que afetam cronicamente o trato respiratório superior representam um problema frequente na clínica de felinos mundialmente e podem caracterizar um importante desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico. Os gatos com doenças nasais e paranasais crônicas normalmente apresentam espirros, secreção nasal, estertor respiratório e, às vezes, deformidades faciais. Esses sintomas são comuns a uma variedade de etiologias. A rinossinusite crônica idiopática (RSCI) e as neoplasias nasais são as mais frequentemente relatadas. As rinites fúngicas, pólipos nasofaríngeos, corpos estranhos nasais, estenose nasofaríngea e doenças periodontais são menos frequentes, porém importantes causas de doenças nasais em gatos. O objetivo desse estudo é realizar uma investigação para determinar a prevalência de causas etiológicas de gatos que apresentem doenças nasais e paranasais, e também comparar dados do histórico, sinais clínicos e achados radiográficos entre eles. Os gatos que apresentaram sinais de doenças do trato respiratório superior foram selecionados para coleta de dados, exame físico completo, cultura nasal bacteriológica e micológica, sorologia para Cryptococcus spp., exame radiográfico de crânio, rinoscopia e/ou rinotomia, análise histopatológica, imuno-histoquímica para FHV-1 e FCV e também PCR para Mycoplasma spp. Trinta e sete (37) gatos foram incluídos no estudo. Vinte e um (56,8%) tinham RSCI, nove (24,3%) neoplasias, três (8,1%) rinites fúngicas [Criptococose (2), Esporotricose (1)], três (8,1%) alterações estruturais [corpo estranho (1), fístula oronasal (1) e palato mole alongado (1)] e um (2,7%) pólipo nasofaríngeo. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns foram espirros (94,6%), secreção nasal (91,9%) e estertor respiratório (89,2%). Os exames radiográficos revelaram alterações de opacificação da cavidade nasal (93,9%), mais comum bilateral (66,7%), perda de definição dos ossos turbinados (84,8%) e opacificação aumentada de seios frontais (72,7%), mais frequentemente bilateral (66,7%). As associações estatísticas foram significativas entre os gatos com RSCI e o estilo de vida de casas multi-cat, secreção nasal mucopurulenta e presença de maior opacificação bilateral de seios frontais. Os gatos diagnosticados com outras doenças, que não a RSCI, tiveram associação significativa com diminuição de apetite, secreção nasal sanguinolenta, deformidades faciais e desvio de septo. A PCR para Mycoplasma spp. foi positiva em apenas um caso de RSCI e todos os gatos com RSCI tiveram resultados negativos para a análise imuno-histoquímica para FHV-1 e FCV.

Diseases that affect chronically the feline upper respiratory tract represent a frequent problem in feline practice worldwide and may characterize a substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Cats with chronic nasal and paranasal disease usually are presented with sneezing, nasal discharge, stertorous breathing and sometimes facial deformities. These symptoms are common for a variety of underlying etiologies. Idiopathic chronic rhinosinusitis (ICRS) and nasal neoplasia are the most frequently reported. Fungal rhinitis, nasopharyngeal polyps, nasal foreign bodies, nasopharyngeal stenosis and periodontal diseases are less frequently found, but are also important causes of chronic nasal diseases in cats. The objective of this study is to pursue an investigation and determine the prevalence of etiological causes for cats presenting chronic nasal and paranasal disease and also compare data from history, clinical signs and radiologic findings between them. Cats presenting upper respiratory tract disease signs were selected to perform full patient data collection, thorough physical exam, nasal bacterial and mycological cultures, Cryptococcus spp. serology, skull radiographs, rhinoscopy and/or rhinotomy, histopathological analysis, FHV-1 and FCV immunohistochemistry analysis and Mycoplasma spp. PCR. Thirty-seven (37) cats were included. Twenty-one (56.8%) had idiopathic chronic rhinosinusitis (ICRS), 9 (24.3%) neoplasia, 3 (8.1%) fungal rhinitis [Cryptococcosis (2), Sporotrichosis (1)], 3 (8.1%) had structural changes [foreign body (1), oronasal fistula (1) and elongated soft palate (1)] and 1 (2.7%) nasopharyngeal polyp. The most common signs were sneezing (94.6%), nasal discharge (91.9%) and stertorous breathing (89.2%). Skull radiographs revealed mostly bilateral (66.7%) nasal cavity opacity (93.9%), turbinate bones detail loss (84.8%) and increased frontal sinus opacity (72.7%), which was more bilateral (66.7%). Significant statistical association were made with ICRS and multicat household lifestyle, mucopurulent discharge and increased bilateral frontal sinus opacity in radiographs. Cats with diagnosed diseases other than ICRS, had significant increased prevalence of appetite loss, sanguineous discharge, facial deformities and nasal septum deviation on radiographs. Mycoplasma PCR was positive in only one case of ICRS and all 21 cases of ICRS had negative results for FHV-1 and FCV IHC analysis.

Antiviral activity of a Bacillus sp: P34 peptide against pathogenic viruses of domestic animals

P34 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by a Bacillus sp. strain isolated from the intestinal contents of a fish in the Brazilian Amazon basin with reported antibacterial activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the peptide P34 for its in vitro antiviral properties against canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine influenza virus (EIV), feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1). The results showed that the peptide P34 exhibited antiviral activity against EAV and FHV-1. The peptide P34 inhibited the replication of EAV by 99.9% and FHV-1 by 94.4%. Virucidal activity was detected only against EAV. When P34 and EAV were incubated for 6 h at 37 °C the viral titer reduced from 10(4.5) TCID50 to 10(2.75) TCID50, showing a percent of inhibition of 98.6%. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that P34 inhibited EAV and FHV-1 replication in infected cell cultures and it showed virucidal activity against EAV. Since there is documented resistance to the current drugs used against herpesviruses and there is no treatment for equine viral arteritis, it is advisable to search for new antiviral compounds to overcome these infections.

Serological survey of feline calicivirus and felid herpesvirus in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Serological survey of feline calicivirus and felid herpesvirus in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) and felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1) are widely distributed in the feline population. These viruses are the main cause of upper respiratory tract disease in this species, and FCV can also causes oral disease characterized by stomatitis and ulcers. Furthermore, FCV has been associated with a systemic hemorrhagic syndrome named FCV-associated virulent systemic disease (FCV-VSD), which has not yet been reported in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of antibodies against FCV and FeHV-1 in the population of domestic felines from some counties of the Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), using a virus neutralizing (VN) assay. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 630 feline serum samples collected between the years 2007 and 2011 were analyzed to detect antibodies against FCV and FeHV-1 by a VN assay. The serum samples came from cats admitted in veterinary clinics, household cats and cats examined in veterinary hospitals at three universities from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) [UFRGS, UFSM and UPF]. The serum samples were classified according to the origin, gender, age and vaccination status of the cat. All animal handling procedures were performed under veterinary supervision and following the recommendations of the Brazilian Committee on Animal Experimentation. The feline cell line CRFK (Crandell-Rees feline kidne

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) and felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1) are widely distributed in the feline population. These viruses are the main cause of upper respiratory tract disease in this species, and FCV can also causes oral disease characterized by stomatitis and ulcers. Furthermore, FCV has been associated with a systemic hemorrhagic syndrome named FCV-associated virulent systemic disease (FCV-VSD), which has not yet been reported in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of antibodies against FCV and FeHV-1 in the population of domestic felines from some counties of the Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), using a virus neutralizing (VN) assay. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 630 feline serum samples collected between the years 2007 and 2011 were analyzed to detect antibodies against FCV and FeHV-1 by a VN assay. The serum samples came from cats admitted in veterinary clinics, household cats and cats examined in veterinary hospitals at three universities from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) [UFRGS, UFSM and UPF]. The serum samples were classified according to the origin, gender, age and vaccination status of the cat. All animal handling procedures were performed under veterinary supervision and following the recommendations of the Brazilian Committee on Animal Experimentation. The feline cell line CRFK (Crandell-Rees feline kidne

Serological survey of feline calicivirus and felid herpesvirus in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) and felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1) are widely distributed in the feline population. These viruses are the main cause of upper respiratory tract disease in this species, and FCV can also causes oral disease characterized by stomatitis and ulcers. Furthermore, FCV has been associated with a systemic hemorrhagic syndrome named FCV-associated virulent systemic disease (FCV-VSD), which has not yet been reported in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of antibodies against FCV and FeHV-1 in the population of domestic felines from some counties of the Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), using a virus neutralizing (VN) assay. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 630 feline serum samples collected between the years 2007 and 2011 were analyzed to detect antibodies against FCV and FeHV-1 by a VN assay. The serum samples came from cats admitted in veterinary clinics, household cats and cats examined in veterinary hospitals at three universities from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) [UFRGS, UFSM and UPF]. The serum samples were classified according to the origin, gender, age and vaccination status of the cat. All animal handling procedures were performed under veterinary supervision and following the recommendations of the Brazilian Committee on Animal Experimentation. The feline cell line CRFK (Crandell-Rees feline kidney) was used for viral amplification and for the VN assay. The viruses used in the assay were the isolate SV65/90 of FCV, and the isolate SV534/00 of FeHV-1, from the Setor de Virologia/ UFSM; which were well characterized in a previous study by our group. The serum samples were tested against 100-200 TCID 50/mL (tissue cellular infection dose 50/mL) of both viruses in the VN assay, and a serial dilution of the serum was performed, starting at 1:5 up to > 1:1280 for FCV and at 1:2 to > 1:256 for FeHV-1 in 96 wells plates. Neutralization titers were calculated as the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution able to inhibit the cytopathic effect. Concerning to the results obtained, the groups with the highest number of collected samples were the group of the male cats (44%, 277/630), the group of the cats with ages among one to five years old (36.3%, 229/630) and the group of non-vaccinated cats (94%, 592/630). Neutralizing antibodies against one or both viruses were detected in 53.6% (338/630) of the 630 cats sampled; 23% (145/630) of the cats were seropositive only to FCV, 14.4% (91/630) were seropositive only to FeHV-1 and 16.2% (102/630) were seropositive for both, FCV and FeHV1. Regarding the groups, a higher percentage of positive samples was found for the group of female cats (85.6%) and the group of cats over fi ve years old for both viruses (82.3%). Considering vaccination status, only 6% of the cats were vaccinated against FCV and/or FeHV-1, however not all vaccinated cats had neutralizing antibodies against the viruses, since only 50% of the vaccinated population were seropositive against FCV and 42.1% of them were seropositive for FeHV-1. Discussion: The data showed in the present study demonstrated that both viruses are circulating in the feline population sampled; and, it also revealed that FCV seems to be more prevalent among this population since the presence of antibodies against FCV were detected more frequently than antibodies against FeHV-1. The high number of non-reagent serum and non-vaccinated cats indicates that there is yet a large percentage of the cat population that is susceptible to infection. The application of vaccination programs according of the recommendations could help to prevent the infection and change the situation among the feline population sampled.

Isolation and identification of feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus in Southern Brazil

Feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) are the two primary causes of upper respiratory tract disease in cats. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the distribution of FCV and FHV-1 among the feline population of several counties in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. To this end, conjunctival and nasal swabs were collected from 302 cats from different locations, including households, breeding catteries, veterinary clinics, animal hospitals and experimental research facilities. The samples were collected between July 2006 to June 2009. The virus isolation was performed in CRFK cells and, subsequently, the identification was confirmed by PCR. FCV, FHV-1, or both were isolated from 55 cats from 28 different locations. FCV alone was isolated from 52.7% (29/55) of the animals that tested positively, FHV-1 alone was isolated from 38.2% (21/55) of the animals that tested positively, and co-infection were detected in 9.1% (5/55) of the animals that tested positively. Virus detection was more prevalent in cats that were less than 1 year old, among animals that shared a living space with other cats, and females. FCV and FHV-1 were isolated from vaccinated cats. In addition, both viruses were isolated from cats that showed no signs of disease. The results suggest that a carrier state is common for both viruses in the evaluated population. A search for other causes of respiratory disease in that population is necessary; and further studies relating to the molecular characterization of viruses and vaccine efficacy are also necessary.