Dietary lipid sources on the fatty acid profile of swine fat: a review / Fontes lipídicas da dieta no perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura suína: revisão

ABSTRACT: Swine production has focused its efforts to reduce the amount and improve the quality of fat deposited on carcass. Due to the association of the lipid profile with cardiovascular diseases, researches have been developed to understand how the deposition occurs and to improve the fatty acid profile of swine fat. Among the factors that affect the fat composition, race, sex, and diet, the third one has the greatest impact. Lipid inclusion seems to be a promising way to modulate the lipid profile of fat in pig carcass, with an effect on saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect is greater in that fatty acid with the highest concentration in the source used. Soybean oil can double the value of linoleic acid, a by-product of olive oil increases oleic acid by 4%, and flaxseed oil has the ability to increase α-linolenic acid from less than 1% to over 18% in total fatty acids. In addition to the source, the duration and concentration influence the modulation of the fatty acid profile.

RESUMO: A cadeia produtiva de suínos tem concentrado esforços para reduzir a quantidade e melhorar a qualidade da gordura depositada na carcaça. Devido a associação do perfil lipídico com doenças cardiovasculares, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para entender como ocorre a deposição e para melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos na carcaça. Dentre os fatores que afetam a composição dessa gordura estão a raça, o sexo e a dieta dos suínos, sendo que este último é o de maior impacto. A inclusão de ingredientes lipídicos parece uma promissora forma de modular o perfil lipídico da gordura na carcaça dos suínos, sendo observado efeito nos ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados. O efeito é maior naquele ácido graxo de maior concentração na fonte utilizada. O óleo de soja pode dobrar o valor do ácido linoleico. Um subproduto do óleo de oliva incrementa em 4% o ácido oleico. E o óleo de linhaça tem a capacidade de aumentar o α-linolênico de menos de 1% para mais de 18% no total de ácidos graxos. Além da fonte, o período e a concentração influenciam na modulação do perfil de ácidos graxos.

Dietary lipid sources on the fatty acid profile of swine fat: a review / Fontes lipídicas da dieta no perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura suína: revisão

Swine production has focused its efforts to reduce the amount and improve the quality of fat deposited on carcass. Due to the association of the lipid profile with cardiovascular diseases, researches have been developed to understand how the deposition occurs and to improve the fatty acid profile of swine fat. Among the factors that affect the fat composition, race, sex, and diet, the third one has the greatest impact. Lipid inclusion seems to be a promising way to modulate the lipid profile of fat in pig carcass, with an effect on saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect is greater in that fatty acid with the highest concentration in the source used. Soybean oil can double the value of linoleic acid, a by-product of olive oil increases oleic acid by 4%, and flaxseed oil has the ability to increase α-linolenic acid from less than 1% to over 18% in total fatty acids. In addition to the source, the duration and concentration influence the modulation of the fatty acid profile.

A cadeia produtiva de suínos tem concentrado esforços para reduzir a quantidade e melhorar a qualidade da gordura depositada na carcaça. Devido a associação do perfil lipídico com doenças cardiovasculares, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para entender como ocorre a deposição e para melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos na carcaça. Dentre os fatores que afetam a composição dessa gordura estão a raça, o sexo e a dieta dos suínos, sendo que este último é o de maior impacto. A inclusão de ingredientes lipídicos parece uma promissora forma de modular o perfil lipídico da gordura na carcaça dos suínos, sendo observado efeito nos ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados. O efeito é maior naquele ácido graxo de maior concentração na fonte utilizada. O óleo de soja pode dobrar o valor do ácido linoleico. Um subproduto do óleo de oliva incrementa em 4% o ácido oleico. E o óleo de linhaça tem a capacidade de aumentar o α-linolênico de menos de 1% para mais de 18% no total de ácidos graxos. Além da fonte, o período e a concentração influenciam na modulação do perfil de ácidos graxos.

Performance and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens at different slaughter ages / Parâmetros de produção e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge em diferentes idades de abate

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens raised under an alternative system as a function of age at slaughter. The design was completely randomized with a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with slaughtering at five ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and two sexes. A total of 240 birds (Pescoço Pelado strain) were used, including 120 females and 120 males. Performance, carcass, physicochemical, proximate composition, and muscle fiber traits were evaluated. Rearing time and sex had significant effects on performance-related traits, with better results for males. The interaction between slaughter age and sex had a significant effect on the carcass and physicochemical parameters, which cause different responses in males and females with increasing slaughter age. For the proximate composition and muscle fiber analysis, the interaction between the parameters studied only had a significant effect on ether extract in the breast. The increase in age resulted in chickens with higher live and carcass weight at slaughter but lower performance indices. Females had lower carcass yield and greater deposition of abdominal fat. Females had lower tenderness in the drumstick and males in the breast with increasing slaughter age, and both cuts had more intense color and redness and reduced lightness starting at the slaughter age of 90 days.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge criados em sistema alternativo em função do aumento da idade de abate. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) disposto em esquema fatorial (2x5), sendo dois sexos (macho e fêmea) e cinco idades de abate (70, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias). Foram utilizadas 240 aves (Pescoço Pelado), sendo 120 fêmeas e 120 machos, sendo avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, carcaça, físico-químicos, composição centesimal e fibra muscular. Com o aumento no tempo de produção houve efeitos dos períodos de produção e sexo em relação a variáveis de desempenho, com melhores resultados para os machos. Para os parâmetros de carcaça e físico-químicos, houve interação entre sexo e idade de abate, revelando comportamento diferenciado para machos e fêmeas com aumento da idade de abate. Para a composição centesimal e análise das fibras musculares, somente para extrato etéreo no peito foi verificado interação entre os fatores estudados. O aumento da idade proporcionou a obtenção de frangos com maiores pesos vivos e de carcaça ao abate com consequente redução dos índices de desempenho, além de menor rendimento de carcaça e maior deposição de gordura abdominal nas fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam menor maciez na coxa e os machos no peito com aumento da idade de abate e, em ambos os cortes, ocorreu maior intensificação da cor, índice de vermelho e redução do brilho a partir de 90 dias ou em maiores idades de abate.

Performance and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens at different slaughter ages / Parâmetros de produção e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge em diferentes idades de abate

This study evaluated the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens raised under an alternative system as a function of age at slaughter. The design was completely randomized with a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with slaughtering at five ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and two sexes. A total of 240 birds (Pescoço Pelado strain) were used, including 120 females and 120 males. Performance, carcass, physicochemical, proximate composition, and muscle fiber traits were evaluated. Rearing time and sex had significant effects on performance-related traits, with better results for males. The interaction between slaughter age and sex had a significant effect on the carcass and physicochemical parameters, which cause different responses in males and females with increasing slaughter age. For the proximate composition and muscle fiber analysis, the interaction between the parameters studied only had a significant effect on ether extract in the breast. The increase in age resulted in chickens with higher live and carcass weight at slaughter but lower performance indices. Females had lower carcass yield and greater deposition of abdominal fat. Females had lower tenderness in the drumstick and males in the breast with increasing slaughter age, and both cuts had more intense color and redness and reduced lightness starting at the slaughter age of 90 days.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge criados em sistema alternativo em função do aumento da idade de abate. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) disposto em esquema fatorial (2x5), sendo dois sexos (macho e fêmea) e cinco idades de abate (70, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias). Foram utilizadas 240 aves (Pescoço Pelado), sendo 120 fêmeas e 120 machos, sendo avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, carcaça, físico-químicos, composição centesimal e fibra muscular. Com o aumento no tempo de produção houve efeitos dos períodos de produção e sexo em relação a variáveis de desempenho, com melhores resultados para os machos. Para os parâmetros de carcaça e físico-químicos, houve interação entre sexo e idade de abate, revelando comportamento diferenciado para machos e fêmeas com aumento da idade de abate. Para a composição centesimal e análise das fibras musculares, somente para extrato etéreo no peito foi verificado interação entre os fatores estudados. O aumento da idade proporcionou a obtenção de frangos com maiores pesos vivos e de carcaça ao abate com consequente redução dos índices de desempenho, além de menor rendimento de carcaça e maior deposição de gordura abdominal nas fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam menor maciez na coxa e os machos no peito com aumento da idade de abate e, em ambos os cortes, ocorreu maior intensificação da cor, índice de vermelho e redução do brilho a partir de 90 dias ou em maiores idades de abate.

Study on the Major Genes Related with Fat Deposition in Liver and Abdominal Fat of Different Breeds of Chicken

Fat deposition is higher in fast growing chickens than in slow growing chickens. The liver is the major organ for lipogenesis and fat deposition in chickens, although genetic background, age, and gender also influence fat deposition. In the present study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in liver and abdominal fat. We determined the expression abundances of the key genes regulating fat metabolism in fast-growing (FG) broilers (Cobb) and slow-growing (SG) broilers (HS1) and found that ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c and PLIN1genes were expressed in the abdominal fat and liver tissues of FG and SG. ANOVA analysis showed that the breed, age, and tissue factors influenced the expressions of ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c, and PLIN1 genes in the liver and abdominal fat of FG and SG. Also, the expressions of PPARγ and PLIN1 in the liver of SG were higher than that of FG. The results suggest that the differences in adipocyte development and adipose deposition between breeds are due to genetic factors.(AU)

Mfsd2a Promotes the Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation and Adipogenesis of Chicken Intramuscular Preadipocytes

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is a crucial parameter for estimating meat quality. Growing evidence indicates that gene regulation plays an important role in IMF deposition. This study aimed to determine the function of Mfsd2a in chicken intramuscular preadipocytes. In the present study, high Mfsd2a mRNA levels were observed in the liver and adipose tissues of broilers. Subsequently, we synthesized small interfering RNAs to silence the expression of Mfsd2a in chicken intramuscular preadipocytes. The following results suggested that CDK2, PCNA, CCND1, CCND2 and MKI67 were inhibited, with CCK-8 and EdU assays revealing that cell proliferation was inhibited. Scratch test showed that cell migration ratios were declined. We also found that Mfsd2a silencing decreased the mRNA levels of PPARγ, RXRG and their target genes. The similar results were found in some key genes that contribute to lipid synthesis, including C/EBPα, C/EBPß, FABP4, FASN, ACACA and ACSL1. Finally, Oil red O staining showed that IMF accumulation was blocked after Mfsd2a silencing. In conclusion, our results implied that Mfsd2a promotes the proliferation and migration of chicken intramuscular preadipocytes, as well as the differentiation and adipogenesis through PPARγ signaling pathway, which may provide a potential target to improve chicken meat quality.(AU)

Knockdown of CPT1A Induce Chicken Adipocyte Differentiation to Form Lipid Droplets

Lipid metabolism dysfunction is closely related to obesity, inflammation, diabetes, lipodystrophy, cardiovascular disease. Along with having a positive effect on energy homeostasis during fasting or prolonged exercise through mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), more than two dozen enzymes and transport proteins are involved in the activation and transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial, providing insights into their critical roles in metabolism. CPT1A has been reported to be expressed ubiquitously in the body and associated with dire consequences affecting fat deposition as the key rate-limiting enzyme of FAO. However, there is a dearth of data on the specific role of CPT1A on adipogenic differentiation and adipocyte lipolysis on chicken. This study assessed CPT1A's function in adipocyte differentiation andadipocyte lipolysis, and the mechanisms were investigated. We found that CPT1A knockdown (KD) promotes the differentiation of chicken preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. CPT1A KD increased PPARγ protein expression level. Expression levels of lipid synthesis-related genes were increased, and lipolysis genes were reduced. Also, CPT1A KD can encourage the formation of lipid droplets. So our results confirmed that knockdown of CPT1A induced the lipid differentiation and inhibited the ß-oxidation process to promote the formation of lipid droplets. These findings may deepen our understanding on CPT1A function, especially its regulatory role in adipocyte biology.(AU)

Effect of exogenous emulsifier and different fat sources on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profile of broiler chickens / Efeito de emulsificante exógeno e diferentes fontes de gordura no desempenho, características de carcaça e digestibilidade de nutriente e perfil lipídico sérico em frangos de corte

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an emulsifier on reduced-energy diets using two fat sources for broilers. The study was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was 2 fat sources (poultry fat or beef tallow). The second factor was a basal diet with the recommended energy levels, a diet with a 0.83 MJ/kg of energy reduction, and a diet with an energy reduction and inclusion of 1 g emulsifier/kg of diet. The emulsifier used in this study was composed of soy lecithin and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. The emulsifier increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in beef tallow diets compared to energy-reduced diets (P<0.001). Broilers fed poultry fat had higher weights and weight gains at 35 and 42 d of age (p=0.001), and they had higher daily deposition of fat in the carcass (P = 0.025) when compared to diets with beef tallow. The inclusion of emulsifiers in broiler diets improves AME and AMEn but did not affect the energy reduction diets, which resulted in reduced performance, decreasing daily fat deposition, but without effects on serum lipid profile in broilers.(AU)

Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de um emulsificante em dietas com baixo teor de energia usando duas fontes de gordura para frangos de corte. O estudo foi delineado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 de tratamentos, o primeiro fator foi 2 fontes de gordura (gordura de frango ou sebo bovino) e o segundo fator uma dieta basal com os níveis de energia recomendados, uma dieta com 0,83 MJ / kg de redução de energia e uma dieta com redução de energia e inclusão de 1 g de emulsionante / kg de dieta (composto de lecitina de soja e ricinoleato de polietilenoglicol). O emulsificante aumentou a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) em dietas com sebo bovino em comparação com dietas com redução de energia (P <0,001). Frangos de corte alimentados com gordura de frango apresentam maiores pesos e ganhos de peso aos 35 e 42 dias de idade (p=0,001), e maior deposição diária de gordura na carcaça (P=0,025) quando comparados às dietas com sebo bovino. O emulsificante incluído nas dietas de frangos de corte melhora a EMA e EMAn, mas não supre a redução energética, causando efeitos negativos no desempenho, diminuindo a deposição diária de gordura, mas sem efeitos no perfil lipídico sérico em frangos de corte.(AU)

Evaluation of Mangalarga Marchador foal development in the first year of life / Avaliação do desenvolvimento de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador em seu primeiro ano de vida

The purpose of this study was to examine the development pattern of Mangalarga-Marchador foals by determination of muscle development and deposition of adipose tissue associated with the evaluation of blood-based biomarkers. Thus, 72 Mangalarga Marchador foals (ages ranged from 1-12 mo) were randomly selected and divided into 12 age groups (n=6 per group), evaluated monthly. The thickness of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and rump fat (RF) were determined through an ultrasound performed on each foal's left side. Such parameters were used to calculate the percentage of body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Morphometric measurements were taken on the foal's right side using a tape measure and a hypsometer. Blood samples were collected for determinations of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and glucose. Morphometric measurements, the thickness of the LD and RF, weight, BF, FM, and FFM showed differences between age groups (P<0.001). Muscle development and fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue were greater between six and 12 months and average weight gain and FFM were proportionally greater between one and six months. We concluded that morphometric measurements increase steadily and linearly during the first 12 months of life, indicating that it is feasible to use the linear regression formula. Moreover, significant differences between age and biochemical biomarkers may be attributed to nutritional and digestive physiology adaptations during these periods.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar o padrão de desenvolvimento de potros Mangalarga Marchador através da determinação do desenvolvimento muscular e da deposição de tecido adiposo associado com avaliação de biomarcadores sanguíneos. Assim, 72 potros Mangalarga Marchador (idades entre 1 e 12 meses) foram selecionados ao acaso e divididos em 12 grupos etários (n=6/grupo), avaliados mensalmente. A espessura do Longissimus dorsi (LD) e da cobertura de gordura da garupa (RF) foi determinada através de ultrassonografia realizada do lado esquerdo de cada animal, tais parâmetros foram usados para calcular percentagem de gordura corporal (BF), massa de gordura (FM) e massa livre de gordura (FFM). Mensurações morfométricas foram obtidas do lado direito de cada potro, usando fita métrica e hipômetro. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas para determinações de proteínas totais, albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, uréia, creatinina e glicose. Medidas morfométricas, espessura de LD e RF, peso corporal, BF, FM e FFM mostraram diferenças entre os grupos etários (P<0,001). O desenvolvimento muscular e a deposição de gordura no tecido subcutâneo foram maiores entre 6 e 12 meses e a média de ganho de peso e de FFM foi proporcionalmente maior entre entre 1 e 6 meses . Foi possível concluir que as medidas morfométricas aumentam de forma constante e linear nos primeiros 12 meses de vida, indicando que é factível usar fórmulas de regressão linear. Ainda, diferenças significativas entre idade e biomarcadores bioquímicos podem ser atribuídos às adaptações nutricionais e digestivas durante esses períodos.(AU)

Effects of Dietary Fiber on Growth Performance, Fat Deposition, Fat Metabolism, and Expression of Lipoprotein Lipase Mrna in Two Breeds of Geese

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber on growth performance, fat deposition, serum lipids, fat metabolism, and mRNA (messenger RNA) expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in Jilin white and Carlos geese. Sixty Jilin white and sixty Carlos geese aged six-weeks and of similar health and weight (average weight 313.11g) were selected. Geese of each breed were randomly divided into two groups (n=30), and with each group containing three replicate subgroups of 10 geese. The diet was supplemented with 8% or 11% fiber (corn straw powder). The Jilin white geese are divided into A1 (8%) and A2 (11%) groups, and Carlos geese are divided into B1 (8%) and B2 (11%) groups. The experiment lasted 35 days. The results showed that high dietary fiber can significantly (p 0.05) increase average daily feed intake (ADFI), significantly (p 0.05) reduce final weight (FW) and average daily gain (ADG) of both varieties, and increase LPL mRNA expression levels in abdominal fat, liver, sebum, and urethral glands. High dietary fiber accelerates intestinal peristalsis, affects the absorption of other nutrients, reduces the available energy value of the absorbed feed, and increases fat loss. Compared with the to Carlos geese, high dietary fiber content had a more significant effect on the live, slaughter, and sebum weights and sebum percentage of the Jilin white geese, indicating that the Carlos geese have higher requirements for dietary fiber content. High fiber content will reduce the growth performance, slaughter performance, and fat deposition of geese.

Metabolizable energy levels in diets with a fixed nutrient: calorie ratio for free-range broilers / Níveis de energia metabolizável com manutenção da relação nutriente: caloria em dietas para frangos de corte tipo caipira

The present study proposes to examine the effect of dietary levels of metabolizable energy, under a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, on the production performance; body fat and protein deposition; and carcass characteristics of free-range broilers from 1 to 84 days of age. Nine hundred unsexed chicks were allocated to six treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates of 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of diets with varying levels of metabolizable energy (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg of diet) and a fixed proportion of nutrients relative to the energy level according to the nutritional requirements for each rearing phase. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, production viability, metabolizable energy intake, protein intake, lysine intake, body fat deposition, body protein deposition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and, later, to regression analysis. Increasing levels of metabolizable energy, coupled with a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, reduced feed intake, increased body weight and weight gain, improved feed conversion and did not affect carcass characteristics. In conclusion, adjusting the nutrient supply according to the dietary energy level improves production performance by improving feed conversion, ensuring adequate nutrient intake and preserving fat and protein deposition in the carcass when the metabolizable energy level is raised up to 3200 Kcal/kg in all rearing stages.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os níveis de energia metabolizável, sob uma relação nutriente:caloria fixa, no desempenho produtivo; deposição de gordura e proteína corporal e características de carcaça de frangos de corte tipo caipiras. Foram utilizados novecentos pintainhos não sexados, distribuidos em seis tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições de 25 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em dietas com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 e 3200 Kcal EM / kg de dieta) e uma proporção fixa de nutrientes em relação ao nível de energia de acordo com as necessidades nutricionais de cada fase de criação. Foram avaliados o peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, viabilidade criatória, consumo de energia metabolizável, consumo de proteína, consumo de lisina, deposição de gordura corporal, deposição de proteína corporal e características de carcaça. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e posteriormente à análise de regressão. O aumento dos níveis de energia metabolizável juntamente com a manutenção da relação nutriente:caloria reduziu o consumo de ração, aumentou o peso corporal e o ganho de peso, melhorou a conversão alimentar e não afetou as características da carcaça. Em conclusão, o ajuste da oferta de nutrientes de acordo com o nível de energia da dieta melhora o desempenho da produção, melhorando a conversão alimentar, garantindo a ingestão adequada de nutrientes e preservando a deposição de gordura e proteína na carcaça quando o nível de energia metabolizável é elevado até 3200 Kcal/kg em todas as fases de criação.(AU)

Feeding programs for commercial turkeys at the finishing stage / Programas alimentares para perus comerciais em fase de terminação

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of feeding management on performance and carcass yield of male turkeys during finishing stage. 920 male turkeys were used, which were housed in 40 pens; each pen was comprised of experimental unit. The birds, from 91 to 154 days, were submitted to four feeding managements, based on feed intake, that were: ad libitum, where feed was permanently available to birds; controlled with a daily supply of 100% of recommended feed amount; controlled with 95% of recommended daily feed amount, and controlled with 90% of recommended daily feed amount. Each feeding treatment had ten replicates of 23 birds each. Controlled or restricted feeding management reduced feed intake, average weight, and weight gain (P <0.05), and worsened feed conversion (P <0.05). Carcass and leg weight were reduced (P <0.05) from the 5% restriction related to the recommended. Breast weight was reduced (P <0.05) with a restriction of 10%. No differences were seen when compared to carcass and leg yield and fat deposition (P> 0.05), only breast yield was reduced (P<0.05) when the birds received 90% of that recommended by the lineage, compared to the ad libitum feed management. The feeding management of male turkeys with restriction of the recommended feed amount during the finishing stage had a negative effect on the performance of the birds. However, controlled feeding at 100% of recommended to the lineage reduced feed intake and did not change the carcass weight, breast or leg yield, or fat deposition.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos alimentares de perus machos na fase de terminação sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça. Foram utilizados 920 perus machos, alojados em 40 boxes, onde cada box constituiu uma unidade experimental. As aves, de 91 a 154 dias de idade, foram submetidas a quatro diferentes manejos alimentares, baseados no consumo de ração. Os manejos alimentares foram: a vontade, em que a dieta estava permanentemente disponível as aves; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 100% da quantidade recomendada; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 95% da quantidade de ração recomendada; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 90 % da quantidade de ração recomendada. Cada tratamento alimentar contou com 10 repetições de 23 aves cada. Manejos de alimentação controlados ou restritos reduziram o consumo de ração, peso médio, ganho de peso (P<0.05) e pioraram a conversão alimentar (P<0.05). O peso da carcaça e das pernas foi reduzido (P<0.05) a partir da restrição de 5 % em relação ao recomendado. Já o peso de peito foi reduzido (P<0.05) com a restrição de 10%. Não foram observadas diferenças em relação ao rendimento de carcaça, pernas e deposição de gordura (P>0.05), apenas o rendimento de peito foi reduzido (P<0.05) quando as aves receberam 90% do recomendado pela linhagem em relação ao manejo a vontade. Manejos alimentares com restrição da quantidade de ração recomendada, na fase de terminação de perus de corte machos, têm efeito negativo sobre o desempenho das aves, no entanto a alimentação controlada em 100 % do recomendado pela linhagem reduz o consumo de ração e não altera o peso ou rendimento da carcaça, peito, pernas e a deposição de gordura.

Dietary supplementation of chromium for finishing pigs / Suplementação de cromo na dieta de suínos em terminação

Increasing fat deposition and feed conversion ratio over the days in finishing phase directly influence pork quality and productive profitability. Nonetheless, the slaughter of heavier pigs can result in benefits for the slaughterhouse due to dilution of production and processing costs, as well as economic benefits for the pig producer resulting from the dilution of production costs. Therefore, dietary supplementation of chromium for finishing pigs of high lean-genotypes is a strategy to increase lean tissue accretion and minimize fat deposition, reflecting positively on growth performance. This review discussed recent studies results and mechanisms of action of this modifier of performance and carcass a traits in finishing pigs. Chromium increases the insulin action, facilitating insulin binding to the receptors on cell membrane. As a result, insulin-sensitive cells uptake more glucose, which will be later converted into energy. This additional energy is use to increase protein synthesis, thereby increasing the amount of lean tissue and reducing fat content in the carcass, without altering protein intake by pigs. Chromium also reduces lipid oxidation rate maintaining meat quality for longer period. In conclusion, dietary Cr supplementation for finishing pigs have shown that 0.2 mg/kg of organic Cr sources for pigs from ~60 kg until the slaughter can improve growth performance, lean gain and reduce fat content in carcass. However, the development of nanotechnology has allowed the use of inorganic Cr source at 0.2 mg/kg of inclusion, leading to improve the growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs.(AU)

O aumento na deposição de gordura e da conversão alimentar durante a fase de terminação são fatores que implicam diretamente na qualidade da carne e também na rentabilidade da cadeia produtiva. Apesar disso, o abate tardio dos suínos pode resultar em benefícios para o frigorífico, pela redução dos custos operacionais por suíno abatido e melhor utilização dos equipamentos, bem como vantagens econômicas para o produtor resultantes da diluição dos custos de produção. Portanto, a suplementação de cromo na ração de suínos de linhagens com maior potencial para deposição de músculo, é uma estratégia para aumentar a deposição de tecido magro e minimizar a deposição de gordura, refletindo positivamente no desempenho. Em vista disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho, apresentar e discutir os mecanismos de ação, finalidades e resultados recentes de estudos na literatura sobre a suplementação desse modificador de carcaça na ração de suínos em terminação. O principal papel do cromo é potencializar a ação da insulina, facilitando a ligação entre a insulina e os seus receptores na membrana celular. Com isso, as células sensíveis à insulina captam maior quantidade de glicose, que posteriormente serão convertidas em energia. Essa energia adicional pode ser utilizada para aumentar a síntese proteica, aumentando assim, a quantidade de carne magra e reduzindo o teor de gordura na carcaça, sem alterar o consumo de proteína pelos animais. O cromo também diminui a taxa de oxidação lipídica, mantendo a qualidade da carne por mais tempo. Em conclusão, a suplementação dietética de Cr para suínos em terminação mostra que 0,2 mg/kg de fontes orgânicas de Cr para suínos de ~ 60 kg até o abate podem melhorar o desempenho, ganho de massa magra e reduzir o teor de gordura na carcaça. No entanto, o desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia tem permitido o uso de fonte inorgânica de Cr na dose de 0,2 mg/kg de inclusão, melhorando o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação.(AU)

Sequential feeding with diets varying in amino acid content for growing-finishing pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of daily phase feeding (DP) and sequential feeding (SEQ) on the feeding behavior, performance, and body composition of growing-finishing pigs. Sixty barrows at 29.7 ± 2.8 kg body weight (BW) were assigned to one of four treatments: DP with a blended proportion of feeds A (high nutrient density) and B (low nutrient density) was adjusted to match 100 % of daily amino acid (AA) diet recommendations (DP100); a negative treatment, which matched 70 % of daily AA diet recommendations (DP70); and two SEQ with a blend of feeds A and B, adjusted twice a day (at 00h00 and 12h00), to match 70 or 110 % of daily AA diet recommendations during two 12 h intervals: SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110. DP70 and SEQ showed a lower feed consumption rate compared to DP100 (p < 0.05). Compare to DP100, pigs in both SEQ programs had a similar average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency ratio (G:F) and body fat and lean mass ( p > 0.05). SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110 showed similar ADFI, ADG, G:F and body lean mass (p > 0.05). However, fat gain was greater in SEQ110-70 than in SEQ70-110 (p < 0.05). Overall, the SEQ program does not improve performance and body composition. Furthermore, feeding pigs a diet with a higher AA level during the first 12 h of the day and a lower AA level during the remainder of the day increases fat deposition.(AU)

Carcass traits and meat quality of Brangus × Zebu steers in grazing systems receiving supplementation

The use of supplements eliminates deficiencies imposed by pasture, increases weight gain in animals and maximizes profits from the activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of steers in grazing systems that received or did not receive a protein energy supplement at the level of 0.6 % body weight. The experiment lasted 160 days and included 36 Brangus × Zebu animals. Eighteen animals received supplementation and another eighteen did not receive supplementation. Carcasses were evaluated for yield, loin eye area, fat thickness and length. The assessment of meat quality evaluated the shear force, myofibril fragmentation index, color, exudative losses and collagen. The carcass traits of the supplemented animals showed higher values (p < 0.0001). Supplementation improved the color of the meat (p = 0.0434) and increased the amount of soluble collagen (p = 0.0456). The use of a protein energy supplement for steers in a pasture system increased the efficiency of muscle deposition of these animals and improved meat quality when compared to animals that were not supplemented.

Carcass traits and meat quality of Brangus × Zebu steers in grazing systems receiving supplementation

The use of supplements eliminates deficiencies imposed by pasture, increases weight gain in animals and maximizes profits from the activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of steers in grazing systems that received or did not receive a protein energy supplement at the level of 0.6 % body weight. The experiment lasted 160 days and included 36 Brangus × Zebu animals. Eighteen animals received supplementation and another eighteen did not receive supplementation. Carcasses were evaluated for yield, loin eye area, fat thickness and length. The assessment of meat quality evaluated the shear force, myofibril fragmentation index, color, exudative losses and collagen. The carcass traits of the supplemented animals showed higher values (p < 0.0001). Supplementation improved the color of the meat (p = 0.0434) and increased the amount of soluble collagen (p = 0.0456). The use of a protein energy supplement for steers in a pasture system increased the efficiency of muscle deposition of these animals and improved meat quality when compared to animals that were not supplemented.(AU)

Sequential feeding with diets varying in amino acid content for growing-finishing pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of daily phase feeding (DP) and sequential feeding (SEQ) on the feeding behavior, performance, and body composition of growing-finishing pigs. Sixty barrows at 29.7 ± 2.8 kg body weight (BW) were assigned to one of four treatments: DP with a blended proportion of feeds A (high nutrient density) and B (low nutrient density) was adjusted to match 100 % of daily amino acid (AA) diet recommendations (DP100); a negative treatment, which matched 70 % of daily AA diet recommendations (DP70); and two SEQ with a blend of feeds A and B, adjusted twice a day (at 00h00 and 12h00), to match 70 or 110 % of daily AA diet recommendations during two 12 h intervals: SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110. DP70 and SEQ showed a lower feed consumption rate compared to DP100 (p 0.05). SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110 showed similar ADFI, ADG, G:F and body lean mass (p > 0.05). However, fat gain was greater in SEQ110-70 than in SEQ70-110 (p < 0.05). Overall, the SEQ program does not improve performance and body composition. Furthermore, feeding pigs a diet with a higher AA level during the first 12 h of the day and a lower AA level during the remainder of the day increases fat deposition.

Quantitative carcass characteristics and quality of shoulder and loin of crossbred goat kids receiving diets with live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) / Características quantitativas da carcaça e qualidade da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços recebendo dietas com levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin of Boer x Saanen crossbred goat kids. Twenty-seven carcasses were used, 13 females and 14 uncastrated males with an average age of 192 days, weighing 30.76 kg, distributed in a completely randomised design using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (diet and sex). The yeast was added to the feed before pelletising in a proportion of 0.050 g/kg dry matter (DM). When the goats reached an average of 30 kg of live weight, they were slaughtered. No effects of live yeast on quantitative carcass and qualitative characteristics of shoulder and loin were observed. Regarding sex, males had higher slaughter weights (31.73 kg), empty carcass weight (27.98 kg), hot carcass weight (14.39 kg), cold carcass weight (14.22 kg), higher carcass compactness index (0.28 kg/cm), lower slaughter age (176 days) and lower cooling loss (1.20%). For the cut yields, females presented a higher loin yield (11.55%) and males presented a higher neck yield (6.84%). In the shoulder, males presented a higher proportion of bone (18.58%), while females presented a higher proportion of fat (17.09%) and muscle:bone (3.47). In the loin, females showed higher fat deposition (19.54%) in relation to males. The inclusion of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in the crossbred goat kids' diet did not generate differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços Boer x Saanen. Foram utilizadas 27 carcaças, 13 fêmeas e 14 machos não castrados com idade média de 192 dias e peso de 30,76 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dieta e sexo). A levedura foi adicionada à ração antes da peletização na proporção de 0,050 g / kg de MS. Quando os cabritos atingiram a média de 30 kg de peso vivo, os animais foram abatidos. Não foram observados efeitos da levedura viva na carcaça quantitativa e nas características qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. Em relação ao sexo, os machos apresentaram maiores pesos de abate (31,73 kg), peso de carcaça vazia (27,98 kg), peso de carcaça quente (14,39 kg), peso de carcaça fria (14,22 kg), maior índice de compacidade de carcaça (0,28 kg/cm), menor abate idade (176 dias) e menor perda por resfriamento (1,20%). Para os rendimentos de cortes, as fêmeas apresentaram maior rendimento de lombo (11,55%) e os machos apresentaram maior rendimento de pescoço (6,84%). Na paleta, o sexo masculino apresentou maior proporção de osso (18,58%), enquanto o feminino apresentou maior proporção de gordura (17,09%) e músculo: osso (3,47). No lombo, as fêmeas apresentaram maior deposição de gordura (19,54%) em relação aos machos. A inclusão da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii na dieta de cabritos mestiços não expressa diferenças nas características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. (AU)

Feeding programs for commercial turkeys at the finishing stage / Programas alimentares para perus comerciais em fase de terminação

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of feeding management on performance and carcass yield of male turkeys during finishing stage. 920 male turkeys were used, which were housed in 40 pens; each pen was comprised of experimental unit. The birds, from 91 to 154 days, were submitted to four feeding managements, based on feed intake, that were: ad libitum, where feed was permanently available to birds; controlled with a daily supply of 100% of recommended feed amount; controlled with 95% of recommended daily feed amount, and controlled with 90% of recommended daily feed amount. Each feeding treatment had ten replicates of 23 birds each. Controlled or restricted feeding management reduced feed intake, average weight, and weight gain (P <0.05), and worsened feed conversion (P <0.05). Carcass and leg weight were reduced (P <0.05) from the 5% restriction related to the recommended. Breast weight was reduced (P <0.05) with a restriction of 10%. No differences were seen when compared to carcass and leg yield and fat deposition (P> 0.05), only breast yield was reduced (P<0.05) when the birds received 90% of that recommended by the lineage, compared to the ad libitum feed management. The feeding management of male turkeys with restriction of the recommended feed amount during the finishing stage had a negative effect on the performance of the birds. However, controlled feeding at 100% of recommended to the lineage reduced feed intake and did not change the carcass weight, breast or leg yield, or fat deposition.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos alimentares de perus machos na fase de terminação sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça. Foram utilizados 920 perus machos, alojados em 40 boxes, onde cada box constituiu uma unidade experimental. As aves, de 91 a 154 dias de idade, foram submetidas a quatro diferentes manejos alimentares, baseados no consumo de ração. Os manejos alimentares foram: a vontade, em que a dieta estava permanentemente disponível as aves; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 100% da quantidade recomendada; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 95% da quantidade de ração recomendada; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 90 % da quantidade de ração recomendada. Cada tratamento alimentar contou com 10 repetições de 23 aves cada. Manejos de alimentação controlados ou restritos reduziram o consumo de ração, peso médio, ganho de peso (P<0.05) e pioraram a conversão alimentar (P<0.05). O peso da carcaça e das pernas foi reduzido (P<0.05) a partir da restrição de 5 % em relação ao recomendado. Já o peso de peito foi reduzido (P<0.05) com a restrição de 10%. Não foram observadas diferenças em relação ao rendimento de carcaça, pernas e deposição de gordura (P>0.05), apenas o rendimento de peito foi reduzido (P<0.05) quando as aves receberam 90% do recomendado pela linhagem em relação ao manejo a vontade. Manejos alimentares com restrição da quantidade de ração recomendada, na fase de terminação de perus de corte machos, têm efeito negativo sobre o desempenho das aves, no entanto a alimentação controlada em 100 % do recomendado pela linhagem reduz o consumo de ração e não altera o peso ou rendimento da carcaça, peito, pernas e a deposição de gordura.(AU)

Carcass traits, commercial cuts, tissue composition, intake, digestibility, and performance of Sindhi bulls subjected to feed restriction / Características da carcaça cortes comerciais, composição tecidual, consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho de touros Sindi submetidos à restrição alimentar

This study showed the effect of feed restriction on performance, nitrogen balance (NB), microbial protein synthesis, carcass traits and meat cut of the thirty-two Sindhi non-castrated males (296 ± 21.3 kg initial BW and 21 ± 1.5 months old). All bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (feed restriction levels) (0, 15, 30, and 45% in total dry matter -DM) and the data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression. Nutrient intake, NB, final BW, total gain, feeding efficiency, carcass gain, hot and cold carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, commercial cuts and fat tissue decreased linearly (P 0.05) by feed restriction level. A linear increased on digestibility of DM, NDFap, total carbohydrates and on the proportion of muscle tissue, as well as quadratic increase on non-fibrous carbohydrates and bone tissue percentage with the restriction level imposed on bulls (P 0.05). The feed restriction did not affect (P>0.05) the digestibility of crude protein, synthesis and microbial efficiency, deposition efficiency, longissimus dorsi area and muscle + fat/bone ratio. The feed restriction reduced intake and consequently performance, carcass traits and meat cuts of Sindhi bulls; however, it promoted a reduction in the N excretion, which can be important if conducted a subsequent compensatory weight gain.(AU)

Este estudo mostrou o efeito da restrição alimentar no desempenho, balanço de nitrogênio, síntese microbiana de proteínas, característica da carcaça e corte de carne de 32 machos Sindi não castrados (296 ± 21,3 kg de peso corporal inicial e 21 ± 1,5 meses de idade). Todos os touros foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (níveis de restrição alimentar) (0, 15, 30 e 45% no total de matéria seca - MS) e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Consumo de nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio, peso corporal final, ganho total, eficiência alimentar, ganho de carcaça, peso de carcaça quente e fria, espessura subcutânea de gordura, cortes comerciais e tecido adiposo diminuíram linearmente (P 0,05) com o nível de restrição alimentar. Houve aumento linear na digestibilidade do DM, FDNap, carboidratos totais e quantidade de tecido muscular, além de aumento quadrático de carboidratos não fibrosos e porcentagem de tecido ósseo com o nível de restrição imposto aos touros (P 0,05). A restrição alimentar não afetou (P>0,05) a digestibilidade da proteína bruta, balanço de N, síntese e eficiência microbiana, eficiência de deposição, área do longissimus dorsi e relação músculo + gordura / osso. A restrição alimentar reduziu a ingestão e, consequentemente, o desempenho, as características da carcaça e os cortes de carne de touros Sindi, porém promoveu redução na excreção de N, o que pode ser importante se for realizado um subsequente ganho compensatório.(AU)