Phylogenetic classification of feline immunodeficiency virus

Background: The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is responsible for a retroviral disease that affects domestic and wild cats worldwide, causing Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FAIDS). FIV is a lentivirus from the family Retroviridae and its genome has 3 main structural genes: gag, pol and env. Phylogenetic studies have classified FIV into 7 subtypes according to the diversity among strains from the World, mainly in the env gene. Epidemiological analyses have demonstrated the high predominance of FIV-A and FIV-B. This in silico study aimed to perform a phylogenetic analysis to study FIV diversity worldwide. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 60 whole genome sequences (WGS) and 122 FIV env gene sequences were included in 2 datasets, which were aligned using MAFFT version 7. Recombination among genomes and/or env genes was analyzed with RDP5 software. Phylogenetic analyses with both datasets were performed, after removing the recombinant sequences, by the W-IQ-TREE and constructed and edited by the FigTree. A total of 12 recombination events involving 19 WGS were detected. In addition, 27 recombination events involving 49 sequences were observed in the env gene. A high rate of recombinants was observed inter-subtypes (A/B and B/D) and intra-subtypes (A/A). All recombinants were removed from the subsequent phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenies demonstrated 6 distinct main clades, 5 from domestic cats (A, B, C, E, U) and 1 from wild cat sequences (W) in the WGS, as well as in the specific env gene analyses. Most clustered with subtype B sequences. In the WGS analysis, clade B had a prevalence of 65.9% Brazilian sequences (27/41) and 2.4% Japanese sequences (1/41). In the env gene analyses, clade B showed a prevalence of 43.8% of Brazilian sequences (32/73) and 20.5% of USA sequences (15/73). The results of both analyses also confirm the FIV-wide geographical distribution around the world. In the phylogenetic analyses carried out with WGS, sequences from China (1/41; 2.4%), Colombia (1/41; 2.4%) and the USA (1/41; 2.4%) were identified in clade A; sequence from Canada in clade C (1/41; 2.4%); sequence from Botswana belonged to clade E (1/41; 2.4%); sequences from Brazil clustered into clade U (2/41; 5% - data not yet published); and sequences belonging to the clade W were from Canada (1/41; 2.4%) and the USA (5/41; 12.3%). Specific env gene phylogenetic analyses showed sequences from Colombia (1/73; 1.4%), France (2/73; 2.7%), the Netherlands (3/73; 4.1%), Switzerland (2/73; 2.7%), USA (6/73; 8.3%), belonging to clade A; sequence from Canada belonging to clade C (1/73; 1.4%); sequences from Brazil belonging to clade U (2/73; 5% - data not yet published); and sequences belonging to clade W from the USA (6/73; 8.3%). Discussion: The results presented here demonstrate that FIV has a rapid viral evolution due to recombination and mutation events, more specifically in the env gene, which is highly variable. Currently, this retrovirus is classified into 7 subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, F and U-NZenv) according to their high genomic diversity. It also highlighted the importance of in silico sequence and phylogeny studies to demonstrate evolutionary processes. This was the first study to address the WGS FIV diversity with a phylogenetic approach.

Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations in domestic cats (Felis catus) infected by Leishmania infantum / Avaliação clínica, hematológica, bioquímica e histopatológica em gatos domésticos (Felis catus) infectados por Leishmania infantum

A high frequency of feline leishmaniasis has been reported in several countries. However, much information about disease progression in cats still needs to be clarified. This study aimed to verify the occurrence of clinicopathological changes in cats infected with Leishmania infantum. A total of 60 cats were divided into three groups of 20 animals each: control, suspects, and infected. All 60 cats underwent blood count and biochemical analyses. Serum samples from 20 animals with leishmaniasis were also used to diagnose feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus. A total of five of the infected animals underwent necropsy for a histopathological study. The main clinical findings in cats with leishmaniasis were lymphadenomegaly (65%), alopecia (55%), ulcerative skin lesions and weight loss (40%), skin nodules (25%), a significant reduction in red blood cells (p=0.0005) and hematocrit (p=0.0007), hyperplasia in spleen 4/5(80%), presence of Leishmania in the spleen 2/5(40%), hepatitis 3/5(60%), liver degeneration 4/5(80%) and inflammatory nephropathy 3/5(60%). It was concluded that cats with leishmaniasis presented significant clinical, hematological, and histopathological alterations compatible with L. infantum infection. The observation of lymphadenomegaly, weight loss, skin lesions and low concentration of red blood cells, contributes significantly to the diagnosis and analysis of progression of feline leishmaniasis.(AU)

Uma alta frequência de leishmaniose felina tem sido relatada em vários países. No entanto, muitas informações sobre a progressão da doença em gatos ainda precisam ser esclarecidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de alterações clinicopatológicas em gatos infectados por Leishmania infantum. Um total de 60 gatos foi dividido em três grupos de 20 animais cada: controle, suspeitos e infectados. Todos os 60 gatos foram submetidos à hemograma e testes bioquímicos. Amostras de soro de 20 animais com leishmaniose também foram utilizadas para diagnosticar o vírus da imunodeficiência felina e o vírus da leucemia felina. Um total de cinco dos animais infectados foram necropsiados para estudo histopatológico. Os principais achados clínicos nos gatos com leishmaniose foram linfadenomegalia (65%), alopecia (55%), lesões ulcerativas na pele e emagrecimento (40%), nódulos cutâneos (25%), redução significativa de hemácias (p=0,0005) e hematócrito (p=0,0007), hiperplasia no baço 4/5(80%), presença de Leishmania no baço 2/5(40%), hepatite 3/5(60%), degeneração hepática 4/5(80%) e nefropatia inflamatória 3/5(60%). Concluiu-se que gatos com leishmaniose apresentaram alterações clínicas, hematológicas e histopatológicas significativas compatíveis com infecção por L. infantum. A observação de linfadenomegalia, emagrecimento, lesões cutâneas e baixa concentração de hemácias, contribui significativamente para o diagnóstico e análise da progressão da leishmaniose felina.(AU)

Feline leishmaniosis: hematological and biochemical analysis / Leishmaniose felina: análises de hematologia e bioquímica

One hundred and sixty-six cats from two animal shelters were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and parasitological tests (PA) for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. Among them, 15% (25/166), 53.6% (89/166), 3.6% (06/166) and 1.8% (03/166) were positive by ELISA, IFAT, both PCRs and PA, respectively. The sequencing of ITS-1 PCR amplicons revealed a 100% match with Leishmania infantum. After the Leishmania spp. survey, 12 cats were selected and divided into two groups for clinical, hematological, and biochemical analysis: six L. infantum positive cats (G1) and six Leishmania spp. negative cats (G2). All the cats were negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). A statistical analysis indicated significantly low platelet counts and significant hyperproteinemia associated with hypoalbuminemia in positive cats (p<0.05). Our results suggest that in endemic areas, cats with clinical signs of feline leishmaniosis (such as skin lesions, weight loss and/or enlarged lymph nodes) and that exhibit hematological and biochemical changes, such as low platelet counts and hyperproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia, should be tested for Leishmania spp. infection.(AU)

Cento e sessenta e seis gatos de dois abrigos foram submetidos ao diagnóstico de Leishmania spp. por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), reação em cadeia pela polimerase convencional (cPCR) e quantitativa (qPCR) e métodos parasitológicos (PA). Destes, 15% (25/166), 53,6% (89/166), 3,6% (06/166) e 1,8% (03/166) foram positivos por ELISA, RIFI, as duas PCRs e PA, respectivamente. O sequenciamento dos produtos amplificados da PCR ITS-1 foi 100% idêntico à Leishmania infantum. Após o inquérito, 12 gatos foram selecionados para compor dois grupos para análises de hematologia e bioquímica: 6 gatos positivos para L. infantum (G1) e 6 gatos Leishmania spp. negativos (G2). Todos os gatos foram negativos para o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e o da leucemia felina (FeLV). Foi observada uma diminuição na contagem de plaquetas e uma hiperproteinemia e hipoalbuminemia significativas em gatos positivos (p<0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que, em áreas endêmicas, os gatos com sinais clínicos de leishmaniose felina (tais como lesões dermatológicas, perda de peso e/ou linfonodos aumentados), associados a alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas, como contagem reduzida de plaquetas e hiperproteinemia com hipoalbuminemia, devem ser testados para leishmaniose felina.(AU)

Analgesia perioperatória de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva - uso preemptivo de carprofeno ou grapiprant / Perioperative analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy - preemptive use of carprofen or grapiprant

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and a variety of other peripheral and central mechanisms. However, NSAIDs are associated with some adverse effects, mainly related to the gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic systems, highlighting the need for research to develop safer drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral administration of carprofen or grapiprant in female cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy on the quality of perioperative analgesia and the need for hypnotic and analgesic drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three adult female cats were selected, without defined breed and healthy based on physical examination, routine laboratory analyses (complete blood count, total protein, Heinz body investigation and serum quantification of alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], urea, frutosamine, and glucose) and negative tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). After 3 days of adaptation, they were submitted to ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy and randomly allocated into 2 groups according to the preoperative drug used: GCAR [carprofen - 4 mg/kg, VO, 2 h before surgery; n = 11] and GGRA (grapiprant - 2 mg/kg IV, 2 h before surgery; n = 21]. The cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/ kg IV and later submitted to general anesthesia with propofol intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After anesthetic induction, a continuous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 10 µg/kg/h was initiated. During the transanesthetic period, the parameters of heart rate; respiratory rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure using the oscillometric method; electrocardiogram; rectal temperature; partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiration: and partial saturation of O2 in hemoglobin were continuously monitored. The evaluation of nociception was based on the changes in the aforementioned physiological parameters. The rate of remifentanil used did not change over time with the use of carprofen. However, animals that received grapiprant required a lower remifentanil dose at 20, 25, and 30 min during the procedure. The female cats that received carprofen showed an increase in mean heart rate at 30 min compared to that at 20 and 25 min. In the Grapiprant group, the heart rate at 35 min was higher only than that observed at 25 min. Discussion: The remifentanil rate did not differ between the groups, even between the times for GCAR. However, the remifentanil rate was lower from 20 min of the procedure for GGRA. This decrease may be related to a decrease in the need for anesthetics and analgesics by decreasing temperature, which causes decreases in metabolism and surgical stimulation. The increase in systolic, mean, diastolic, and heart rate arterial pressure parameters observed in both treatments after 15 min of anesthesia is related to the nociceptive stimulus resulting from traction and ligation of the ovarian pedicles and maneuvers for exteriorization of the uterus. These are considered the moments of greater surgical stimulus during ovariohysterectomy, evidenced by the greater release of cortisol and increase in physiological parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of carprofen or grapiprant was clinically similar when used preemptively for perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.

Protocolo para diagnóstico molecular de imunodeficiência e leucemia em gatos domésticos / Protocol for molecular diagnosis of immunodeficiency and leukemia, in domestic cats

Diversas afecções que acometem os felinos domésticos, como as retroviroses, não possuem tratamento efetivo. Tal fato torna relevante o estudo dessas doenças, em virtude da baixa eficácia de cura e caráter majoritariamente vitalício. Entre as retroviroses que mais acometem os felinos estão a imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e a leucemia felina (FeLV). O diagnóstico é obtido pela associação do exame clínico, geralmente inconclusivo, com exames laboratoriais complementares. Testes moleculares, como a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), são eficientes para a detecção do DNA proviral e podem ser utilizados na rotina diagnóstica. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi comprovar a eficiência do protocolo molecular Nested PCR para diagnosticar FIV e FeLV. Para tal, amostras de sangue e/ou medula de 41 gatos domésticos foram coletadas por meio de punção venosa ou de medula e encaminhadas ao laboratório Oncells Biotecnologia. Os seguintes pares de primers foram adotados para o Nested PCR: FF1 e FF2 para o primeiro ciclo, com um amplicon de 1325pb para FIV e 490pb para a FeLV. Para o segundo foi utilizada a combinação F14, F15, FE4 e FE7, com um amplicon de 1138pb para FIV e 306pb para FeLV. As bandas correspondentes às esperadas para FeLV foram detectadas pela observação dos géis, porém, além de outras bandas inespecíficas, não foram observadas bandas correspondentes à FIV. Os resultados confirmam a capacidade de detecção do patógeno da FeLV pela técnica empregada. No entanto, novos ajustes do protocolo são necessários.

Several affections that affect domestic cats, such as retroviruses, do not have effective treatment. This fact makes the study of these diseases relevant, due to the low healing efficacy and mostly lifelong character. Among the retroviruses that most affect felines are feline immunodeficiency (FIV) and feline leukemia (FeLV). The diagnosis is obtained by associating the clinical examination, which is generally inconclusive, with complementary laboratory tests. Molecular tests, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are efficient for proviral DNA detection and can be used in the diagnostic routine. Therefore, this study aimed to prove the efficiency of the molecular protocol Nested PCR to diagnose FIV and FeLV. For this purpose, blood and/ or bone marrow samples from 41 domestic cats were collected through venipuncture or bone marrow and sent to the Oncells Biotechnology laboratory. The following primer pairs were adopted for the Nested PCR: FF1 and FF2 for the first cycle, with an amplicon of 1325bp for FIV and 490bp for FeLV. For the second, the combination F14, F15, FE4, and FE7 was used, with an amplicon of 1138bp for FIV and 306bp for FeLV. The bands corresponding to those expected for FeLV were detected by observing the gels; however, in addition to other non-specific bands, bands corresponding to FIV were not observed. The results confirm the ability to detect the FeLV pathogen by the technique employed. Nevertheless new protocol adjustments are required.

The outcomes of polyparasitism in stray cats from Brazilian Midwest assessed by epidemiological, hematological and pathological data / Poliparasitismo em gatos não domiciliados no Centro-Oeste brasileiro avaliado através dos aspectos epidemiológicos, hematológicos e patológicos

We evaluated the epidemiological, hematological, and pathological data of Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Platynosomum illiciens, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections and the coinfections in stray cats of an endemic area for leishmaniasis. The diagnosis was performed by serological tests and necropsy. We described gross lesions and histopathological findings. We used immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization for L. infantum detection. We found infection in 27 out of 50 sampled cats, among them, 14 presented coinfections. A strong correlation between splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly with FeLV, and an association between hepatic lesions and cachexia with parasitism due to P. illiciens were observed. Moreover, we found a significant increase in the monocyte count in the FeLV-infected and a decrease in the red blood cell count in the FIV-infected animals. Amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. and tissue changes were detected in lymphoid organs of an animal coinfected with P. illiciens, T. gondii, and FIV. Polyparasitism recorded in stray cats of the Brazilian Midwest should be considered in effective control strategies for public health diseases. Moreover, stray cats of Campo Grande may be a source of infection of FIV, FeLV and P. illiciens for populations of domiciled cats.(AU)

Foi avaliada a epidemiologia, hematologia e patologia das infecções por Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Platynosomum illiciens, vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e das coinfecções em gatos não domiciliados em uma área endêmica para leishmaniose. O diagnóstico foi realizado por exames sorológicos e necropsia. Foram descritas lesões macroscópicas e achados histopatológicos. Usaram-se imuno-histoquímica e hibridização cromogênica in situ para detecção de L. infantum. Encontrou-se infecção em 27 dos 50 gatos amostrados, dentre eles, 14 apresentavam coinfecções. Foi observada forte correlação entre esplenomegalia e linfadenomegalia com FeLV, e associação entre lesões hepáticas e caquexia com parasitismo por P. illiciens. Além disso, foi encontrado um aumento significativo na contagem de monócitos nos animais infectados pelo FeLV e uma diminuição na contagem de hemácias nos animais infectados pelo FIV. Formas amastigotas de Leishmania spp. e alterações teciduais foram detectadas em órgãos linfoides de um animal coinfectado com P. illiciens, T. gondii e FIV. O poliparasitismo registrado em gatos errantes do Centro-Oeste brasileiro deve ser considerado nas estratégias de controle de zoonoses. Além disso, gatos errantes de Campo Grande podem ser fontes de infecção de FIV, FeLV e P. illiciens para populações de gatos domiciliados.(AU)

CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and ratio in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis and naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus: a preliminary study / Razão e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e linfócitos T CD8+ em gatos com gengivoestomatite crônica e infectados naturalmente pelo vírus da imunodeficiência felina: estudo preliminar

This study aimed to evaluate the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes counts and CD4+: CD8+ ratio in a colony of cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (CGS). We used forty domestic short-haired cats inhabiting the same colony. Ten cats with CGS were immunodeficiency virus-positive (group IV), and ten with CGS were immunodeficiency virus-negative (group III). As a control, twenty cats without CGS were used: ten cats were immunodeficiency virus-positive (group II) and ten cats were immunodeficiency virus-negative (group I). We employed flow cytometry to count CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In cats infected with the immunodeficiency virus, the presence of CD4+ lymphocytes were lower both for animals with and without CGS. Conversely, not immunodeficiency virus-infected cats with CGS had a higher amount of CD4+ when compared to seronegative animals without CGS. The counts of CD8+ T lymphocytes showed no significant difference among cats with CGS, whether infected with immunodeficiency virus or not. The CD4+: CD8+ ratio was only different for group III, which was higher than any other group. No difference was observed for total lymphocyte number and CD8+ among groups. By contrast, mean CD4+ levels were different, with cats from groups III and IV showing higher levels than those from groups I and II. The flow cytometry could be a useful tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of cats with CGS infected by the immunodeficiency virus.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a contagem e a razão de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ em uma colônia de gatos com gengivoestomatite crônica (CGS). Foram analisados quarenta gatos domésticos que habitavam a mesma colônia. Dez gatos com CGS foram positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo IV), e dez com CGS foram negativos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo III). Como controle, vinte gatos sem CGS foram usados: dez gatos foram positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo II) e dez gatos foram negativos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo I). Empregou-se a citometria de fluxo para contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+. Nos gatos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência, a presença de linfócitos CD4+ foi menor tanto para os animais com e sem CGS. Por outro lado, gatos não infectados e com CGS apresentaram maior quantidade de linfócitos CD4+ quando comparados a animais soronegativos sem CGS. A contagem de linfócito T CD8+ não mostrou diferença significativa entre gatos com CGS, infectados ou não com o vírus da imunodeficiência. A razão CD4+:CD8+ foi diferente apenas para o grupo III, que foi maior do que qualquer outro grupo. Não foi observada diferença para o número total de linfócitos e CD8+ entre os grupos. Em contraste, os níveis médios de CD4+ foram diferentes, com os gatos dos grupos III e IV apresentando níveis mais elevados do que os dos grupos I e II. A citometria de fluxo pode ser uma ferramenta útil para o diagnóstico e prognóstico de gatos com CGS infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência.

Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in shelter-housed cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, Brazil / Inquérito sorológico para Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii em um abrigo de gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina, Brasil

Felines play a leading role in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection, but there is scarce information about the epidemiology of Neospora caninum, particularly in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats. Cats seropositive to T. gondii do not usually show symptoms unless they are immunosuppressed, such as FIV-infected cats. The same relationship remains poorly known for N. caninum, although it has been associated with neurological disorders in HIV-infected people. Since FIV-infected cats are prone to develop encephalitis of unknown etiology, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of specific antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum in a shelter for stray cats naturally infected with FIV. A total of 104 serum samples from cats living in a shelter, located in São Paulo city (Brazil), was assessed for T. gondii and N. caninum specific antibody by indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT). Of the 104 cats, 25 (24%) were infected with FIV and, aside from these, 8 (32%) had antibodies against T. gondii (titers from 16 to 128). Only 1 (4%) of the FIV-infected cats had antibodies against N. caninum, which was the first record of coinfection. Among the FIV-naïve cats, 11 (14%) were positive for T. gondii(titers from 16 to 256) and only 1 (1.2%) had antibodies against N. caninum. Serologically positive reactions to T. gondii and N. caninum were not correlated with age or sex (p>0.05), and there was no correlation between FIV and the occurrence of anti-T. gondii or anti-N. caninum antibodies (p>0.05). Further studies encompassing larger cat populations from different origins and locations are essential to clarify the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies in FIV-positive cats.(AU)

Os felinos têm um papel importante na epidemiologia da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii, mas pouco se sabe sobre a epidemiologia da infecção por Neospora caninum em gatos, particularmente em gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV). Gatos soropositivos para Toxoplasma gondii geralmente não apresentam sintomas a não ser que estejam imunossuprimidos, como gatos infectados com FIV. A mesma relação ainda é pouco conhecida para N. caninum, embora tenha sido associada a distúrbios neurológicos em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Considerando que gatos infectados com FIV são propensos a desenvolver encefalite de etiologia desconhecida, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de anticorpos específicos para T. gondii e N. caninum em gatos infectados com FIV. Um total de 104 amostras de soro de gatos residentes em um abrigo na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, foram avaliadas para a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Dos 104 gatos, 25 (24%) estavam infectados com FIV e destes 8, (32%) tinham anticorpos contra T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 128). Apenas 1 (4%) dos gatos infectados com FIV apresentava anticorpos contra N. caninum, sendo este o primeiro registro dessa coinfecção. Entre os gatos não infectados com FIV, 11 (14%) foram positivos para T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 256) e apenas 1 (1,2%) tinha anticorpos contra N. caninum. A reação sorologicamente positiva para T. gondii e N. caninum não foi correlacionada com a idade ou sexo (p> 0,05), nem houve correlação entre FIV e ocorrência de anticorpos para T. gondii ou N. caninum(p> 0,05). Estudos subsequentes abrangendo populações maiores de gatos de diferentes origens e locais são essenciais para esclarecer a prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum em animais acometidos por FIV.(AU)

Detecção do vírus da imunodeficiência felina em gatos domésticos (Felis catus) pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase / Detection of feline immunodeficiency virus in domestic cats (Felis catus) by polymerase chain reaction technique

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a presença de DNA do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina (FIV) em gatos domesticos (Feliz catus) assintomáticos. Foi realizada a tecnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em 50 animais. Para tal, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, por venopunção da jugular, de forma asséptica para armazenamento de 1-2 mL de sangue total. Os animais que participaram do estudo fizeram parte do projeto de castração "Vida digna" da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. E a escolha dos animais foi realizada de maneira aleatória, sem distinção por sexo ou idade, resultando em 29 foram fêmeas e 21 machos. Para o diagnóstico, foi realizada a extração do DNA, em seguida as amostras foram testadas em duas reações de PCR utilizando- se dois conjuntos de primers do Gene gag de FIV. Achou-se uma prevalência de 2% (1/50), confirmando assim a presença do vírus na cidade de Belém. Assim, evidenciando a importância de testar os felinos mesmo sendo assintomáticos. Desta forma, faz-se necessário a realização de trabalhos futuros que amplie o número amostral dos animais testados para assim elucidar o perfil epidemiológico da doença na região de Belém do Pará, considerando a relevância clínica desta infecção e a correta conduta médica veterinária para evitar novas infecções.

The objective of this work was to detect the presence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) proviral DNA in asymptomatic domestic cats (Feliz catus). The polymerase chain reaction technique was performed from 50 animals. For this, blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture, aseptically for storage of 1-2 mL of whole blood. The animals that participated in the study were part of the castration project "Vida digna" at the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. And the choice of animals was performed randomly, without distinction by sex or age, resulting in 29 females and 21 males. For diagnosis, DNA extraction was performed, then the samples were tested in two PCR reactions using two sets of FIV gag gene primers. A prevalence of 2% (1/50) was observed, thus confirming the presence of the virus in the city of Belém. Thus, highlighting the importance of testing the felines even if they are asymptomatic. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out future work that expands the sample number of animals tested in order to elucidate the epidemiological profile of the disease in the region of Belém do Pará, considering the clinical relevance of this infection and the correct veterinary medical conduct to avoid new infections.

Myelodysplastic syndrome progression to acute myeloid leukemia in a cat FeLV seroreactive

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a group of non-lymphoid hematological tumors characterized by aberrant proliferation and/or decreased apoptosis of a clone of non-mature cells, resulting in the accumulation of immature blast cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. It is considered rare, as it represents 10% of neoplasms of hematopoietic origin. However, it is known that felines seroreactive for FIV and FeLV are more predisposed and reports of this type of leukemia in cats in the literature are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the blood and bone marrow of a cat seroreactive for FeLV that presented with myelodysplastic syndrome that progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. Case: A 6-year-old male mixed-breed cat, neutered, seroreactive for FeLV, showed apathy, weight loss, and pale mucous membranes. Initial peripheral blood smear evaluation revealed hypochromic normocytic anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytosis with many macropackets and giant platelets. Based on this blood picture, a long-spectrum antimicrobial therapy with amoxicillin and clavulanate [Clavulin® BD - 25 mg/kg, every 12 h] was started. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor used filgrastim (rHu G-CSF) [Fiprina® - 5 µg/kg, SC, every 48 h] and appetite stimulant mirtazapine [Mirtz® - 2 mg/cat, orally, every 48 h] were used to correct leukopenia and nutritional status, respectively. Follow-up blood smear evaluation on the 30th day showed persistence of the hematological changes noticed earlier. A bone marrow puncture was performed, and immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone [Predsim® - 4 mg/kg, orally, every 24 h] was initiated. The aspirated material showed increased cellularity for age, decreased myeloid:erythroid ratio, and 39.8% of blasts of myeloid origin. An average of 17.7 megakaryocytes were observed per field (10x magnification). Bone marrow cytological evaluation suggested acute myeloid leukemia with dysmegakaryocytopoiesis. After the diagnosis, the examinations were repeated monthly, and there was still intense leukopenia. However, in view of the stable clinical status and leukopenia with neutropenia, treatment for leukemia was not instituted and only supportive treatment was administered when necessary. Eight months after the diagnosis, clinical status had worsened, and unlike the earlier hemograms, global leukocyte count had increased with predominant lymphocytosis (95% of the total leukocytes) with atypical lymphocytes. The cat died a few days later. Discussion: Bone marrow evaluation is indicated when peripheral blood cell abnormalities are present and cannot be explained in the context of the clinical history. In the present report, the bone marrow aspirate was hypercellular (cellularity above 75%); however, intense leukopenia was observed in the peripheral blood. In myelodysplastic syndromes, it is common for the bone marrow to be normal to hypercellular, which occurs when there is a greater production of myeloid or erythroid cell lines in response to the loss, destruction, or consumption of cells. Despite this, cytopenias may be present in the peripheral blood, since the defective cells undergo apoptosis and die before being released into the circulation, characterizing inefficient hematopoiesis. The diagnosis of acute leukemia comprises a variety of hematopoietic neoplasms that are complex and unique. Each acute leukemia subtype has defining characteristics that affect the prognosis and treatment of each animal.

Esporotricose felina na região periocular - eficácia do tratamento com itraconazol / Feline sporotrichosis in the periocular region - successful treatment with itraconazole

Background: Sporotrichosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. It isan emerging zoonosis with worldwide distribution, thus of great importance to public health. The infection occurs fromtraumatic inoculation of the fungus in the human skin from contaminated plants and soils and through bites or scratchesof infected animals. The occurrence of sporotrichosis has been related to zoonotic transmission, especially by domesticfelines. This work aims to report the successful use of itraconazole as monotherapy in a case of localized feline sporotrichosis and highlight the effectiveness of cytology in its diagnosis.Case: A 1-year-and-4-month-old spayed female cat undefined breed, weighing 3.1 kg, was referred to the VeterinaryMedical Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), city of Umuarama, presenting a serosanguinous ulcerative lesion located in the left periocular region The clinical picture of the patient progressed over 3 months.Treatments with antibiotic therapy, corticosteroids, and surgical procedures were conducted, without clinical improvement. A new lesion in the distal portion of the thoracic limb emerged, proving that the disease remained in progression.Hematological exams were performed, among them hemogram, renal and hepatic biochemical analyses, SNAPS to identifythe feline immunodeficiency virus feline leukemia virus (FIV/FeLV), and cytology of the lesion through imprints. Thehematological results were all within the normal standards for the species. Cytology showed a large amount of oval andfusiform structures phagocyted by polymorphonuclear cells, free at the bottom of the slide, compatible with Sporothrixspp. The treatment administered was itraconazole (100 mg/cat), orally administered every 24 h, cefovecin sodium 8 mg/kg,subcutaneous, single dose, topical use of...

Esporotricose felina na região periocular - eficácia do tratamento com itraconazol / Feline sporotrichosis in the periocular region - successful treatment with itraconazole

Background: Sporotrichosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. It isan emerging zoonosis with worldwide distribution, thus of great importance to public health. The infection occurs fromtraumatic inoculation of the fungus in the human skin from contaminated plants and soils and through bites or scratchesof infected animals. The occurrence of sporotrichosis has been related to zoonotic transmission, especially by domesticfelines. This work aims to report the successful use of itraconazole as monotherapy in a case of localized feline sporotrichosis and highlight the effectiveness of cytology in its diagnosis.Case: A 1-year-and-4-month-old spayed female cat undefined breed, weighing 3.1 kg, was referred to the VeterinaryMedical Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), city of Umuarama, presenting a serosanguinous ulcerative lesion located in the left periocular region The clinical picture of the patient progressed over 3 months.Treatments with antibiotic therapy, corticosteroids, and surgical procedures were conducted, without clinical improvement. A new lesion in the distal portion of the thoracic limb emerged, proving that the disease remained in progression.Hematological exams were performed, among them hemogram, renal and hepatic biochemical analyses, SNAPS to identifythe feline immunodeficiency virus feline leukemia virus (FIV/FeLV), and cytology of the lesion through imprints. Thehematological results were all within the normal standards for the species. Cytology showed a large amount of oval andfusiform structures phagocyted by polymorphonuclear cells, free at the bottom of the slide, compatible with Sporothrixspp. The treatment administered was itraconazole (100 mg/cat), orally administered every 24 h, cefovecin sodium 8 mg/kg,subcutaneous, single dose, topical use of...(AU)

Empiema epidural espinhal em gato com suspeita de linfoma em canal vertebral / Spinal epidural empyema in a cat with suspect of spinal canal lymphoma

Background: Spinal epidural empyema (SEE) is a rare disease in cats that has been described as a cause of severe compressive myelopathy. It is characterized by accumulation of purulent exudate in the form of an abscess in the epidural space. Neurological signs range from spinal hyperesthesia to rapidly progressive paraplegia and may be associated with systemic signs. Spinal lymphoma is the most common neoplasm affecting the central nervous system of cats and can mimic different neoplasms and non-neoplastic diseases, such as SEE. The aim of this study is to report a case of SEE in a cat and highlight the similarities in neurological, laboratory, and imaging findings between this disease and spinal lymphoma. Case: A 8-month-old male neutered mixed-breed cat was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HVU) of the UFSM with acute, non-progressive paraplegia. On neurological examination, the patient was paraplegic with no nociception, normal spinal reflexes, increased muscle tone in the pelvic limbs, absence of cutaneous trunci reflex, and spinal hyperesthesia between T13-L1, demonstrating injury in the T3-L3 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnoses included acute spinal cord trauma, neoplasm (lymphoma), and infectious diseases. Hemogram showed lymphocytosis (8062/µL); the biochemical examinations were unremarkable. Tests for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigens were negative. Simple radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, and cerebrospinal fluid findings were also normal. Myelography showed left dorsolateral extradural spinal cord compression from T12 to L1. Based on these findings, the presumptive diagnosis was spinal lymphoma and chemotherapy was initiated. After 2 days, the animal began to show hyporexia, adipsia, vomiting, and diarrhea, in addition to an increase in subcutaneous volume in the thoracolumbar region. Antibiotic therapy was initiated; however, the patient died. Necropsy revealed an abscess in the left dorsolateral extradural space at T12-T13 and T13-L1. Bacterial cultures revealed the presence of Neisseria spp. that was resistant to various antibiotics. On the basis of these findings, the animal was diagnosed with SEE. Discussion: This case report aims to inform veterinarians about the diagnosis of SEE. SEE is a rare condition in cats compared to spinal lymphoma; however, their presentation is similar. Even in imaging examinations, such as magnetic resonance imaging, it is not possible to differentiate between these 2 conditions. The evolution of clinical signs made the diagnosis of the present case difficult since it was acute and not progressive. All cases of SEE reported in the literature were progressive, acute, or chronic. Although testing for FeLV was negative, only 56% of cats with spinal lymphoma test positive for this virus. Clinical signs reported by the owner after the start of chemotherapy may be related to adverse effects, such as immunosuppression, which led to worsening of the condition, culminating in the appearance of a subcutaneous abscess. Subsequently, SEE was suspected; however, surgical decompression was not performed as the animal died soon after. The authors of this report reinforce the need for a definitive and non-presumptive diagnosis of spinal lymphoma to initiate chemotherapy because it mimics different neoplasms and non-neoplastic diseases, such as SEE. Surgical removal of the compressive mass in the spinal cord and histopathological analyses are necessary.

Desafios para a reprodução assistida em animais de vida livre / Challenges for assisted reproduction in free-living animals

A reprodução assistida se faz necessária em programas de conservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, sendo um facilitador de transporte e troca de material genético. Neste contexto, o acesso ao material de animais de vida livre é essencial para incrementar o banco genético da espécie em questão, no entanto adaptar os métodos possíveis à realidade do campo torna essa área de pesquisa desafiadora. Ainda hoje os espermatozoides são os gametas mais acessados em animais de vida livre, porém com pouco uso efetivo para criopreservação e produção de filhotes. É pungente a necessidade de mais pesquisas nesta área, uma vez que há centenas de espécies brasileiras ameaçadas, com especificidades fisiológicas e que habitam habitats variados, o que demanda adaptações espécie-específicas e hábitat específicas.

Assisted reproduction is necessary for conservation programs for endangered species, facilitating transport and exchange of genetic material. In this context, access to material from free-living animals is essential to increase the genetic bank of the species in question. However, adapting the possible methods to the reality of the fieldwork makes this area of research a challenge. Even today, sperm are the most accessed gametes in free-living animals, but with little effective use for cryopreservation and production of offspring. The need for more research in this area is acute, as there are hundreds of Brazilian species under threat, with physiological specificities, and that inhabit varied habitats, which demand species-specific adaptations and specific habitats.

LOPH and D-MHC in the treatment of FeLV associated acute leukemia in a cat

Background: Bone marrow primary malignancies are denominated leukemias, classified as myeloid or lymphoid, according to the cell lineage, and acute or chronic, according to the cell´s state of maturation. In cats, acute lymphoid leukemiais the most common form, especially in regions endemic for feline leukemia virus and / or feline immunodeficiency virus.A new treatment protocol for lymphomas, called LOPH, was described for animals with FeLV persistent viremia. Thisstudy aimed to report a case of a cat presenting with FeLV associated acute leukemia and treated with the LOPH protocol,and, in the rescue phase, a modification of the D-MAC protocol, denominated D-MHC.Case: A 4-year-old mixed breed intact queen was attended due to lethargy and inappetence. The patient did not present anyrelevant abnormalities in the clinical exam and complementary exams were performed including complete blood count,biochemical profile, SNAP Feline Triple Test, chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. Imaging tests and biochemicalvalues were unremarkable, but the patient presented a reagent result for FeLV and severe leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis. The morphological evaluation of the blood smear revealed the presence of blasts, in a concentration greater than 20%of the nucleated cells, which allowed the characterization of a leukemic state, probably lymphoid. First-line treatmentwas based on the LOPH protocol, including Lomustine, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin, in four-week cycles.Nevertheless, during the third cycle, 66 days after the institution of this protocol, the patient presented a febrile conditionalong with marked leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis, confirming leukemia recurrence. A rescue attempt was performedwith a modification of the D-MAC protocol, originally consisting of the combination of dexamethasone, melphalan, actinomycin-D and cytarabine, but with replacement of actinomycin-D by doxorubicin, and therefore denominated D-MHC....

LOPH and D-MHC in the treatment of FeLV associated acute leukemia in a cat

Background: Bone marrow primary malignancies are denominated leukemias, classified as myeloid or lymphoid, according to the cell lineage, and acute or chronic, according to the cell´s state of maturation. In cats, acute lymphoid leukemiais the most common form, especially in regions endemic for feline leukemia virus and / or feline immunodeficiency virus.A new treatment protocol for lymphomas, called LOPH, was described for animals with FeLV persistent viremia. Thisstudy aimed to report a case of a cat presenting with FeLV associated acute leukemia and treated with the LOPH protocol,and, in the rescue phase, a modification of the D-MAC protocol, denominated D-MHC.Case: A 4-year-old mixed breed intact queen was attended due to lethargy and inappetence. The patient did not present anyrelevant abnormalities in the clinical exam and complementary exams were performed including complete blood count,biochemical profile, SNAP Feline Triple Test, chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. Imaging tests and biochemicalvalues were unremarkable, but the patient presented a reagent result for FeLV and severe leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis. The morphological evaluation of the blood smear revealed the presence of blasts, in a concentration greater than 20%of the nucleated cells, which allowed the characterization of a leukemic state, probably lymphoid. First-line treatmentwas based on the LOPH protocol, including Lomustine, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin, in four-week cycles.Nevertheless, during the third cycle, 66 days after the institution of this protocol, the patient presented a febrile conditionalong with marked leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis, confirming leukemia recurrence. A rescue attempt was performedwith a modification of the D-MAC protocol, originally consisting of the combination of dexamethasone, melphalan, actinomycin-D and cytarabine, but with replacement of actinomycin-D by doxorubicin, and therefore denominated D-MHC....(AU)

Meningomielite eosinofílica provavelmente associada à toxoplasmose em um gato / Eosinophilic meningomyelitis probably associated with toxoplasmosis in a cat

Background: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy cats presents up to 5 cells/µL, with predominance of mononuclear cells and the presence of more than 1% eosinophils is rare and should always be considered an abnormal finding. There is no consensus on the term eosinophilic pleocytosis, as it is used to indicate the presence of more than 10 eosinophils/µL or more than 10% of the total leukocytes. The increase in eosinophils in the CSF may result from infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic and idiopathic diseases. The objective of this paper is to report a case of marked pleocytosis in CSF, with 84% eosinophils, probably due to toxoplasmosis, in a cat with paraparesis and diffuse spinal pain. Case: A mixed breed female cat, neutered, adult and domiciled in a rural area was presented due to gait abnormalities in the pelvic limbs that started one day before presentation. The general physical examination was unremarkable. On neurological examination it was observed asymmetric deficit of postural reactions in pelvic limbs, patellar reflex normal to increased and pain elicited on palpation of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Based on these findings, the neurological syndrome was classified as thoracolumbar, but with diffuse pain, and the main differential diagnoses were inflammatory/ infectious and neoplastic diseases. The leukogram showed eosinophilia and the serum biochemistry showed no significant changes. Serological assays for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus were negative. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified marked pleocytosis with 84% eosinophils and increase in protein concentration. Myelography showed no compressive or expansive changes. Fungal culture for CSF cryptococcosis was negative. Serum immunofluorescence antibody titer for Toxoplasma gondii (IgG) was 1:256. There was a marked improvement after treatment with sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim and pyrimethamine and after 3 weeks of treatment, there was almost complete recovery of neurological signs and after 9 months the cat was neurologically normal. Discussion: The most common causes of acute-onset thoracolumbar spinal cord syndrome in cats, with diffuse pain on spinal palpation, are meningomyelitis of inflammatory/infectious origin, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and neoplasms such as lymphoma. Other meningomyelitis of inflammatory origin, such as infectious and immune-mediated meningomyelitis of unknown origin are considered uncommon in cats. Although the clinical, systemic and neurological signs of FIP and toxoplasmosis may have similarities, in the present case FIP was not considered responsible for the observed signs, as the evolution of the case and the analysis of the CSF tend to be different. The peripheral eosinophilia, the cytological analysis of the CSF, characterized by marked eosinophilic pleocytosis, associated with a positive titer for toxoplasmosis, good response to treatment and improvement in the neurological condition, with survival for more than 9 months after treatment, rules out the possibility of FIP. Neurological signs observed in the absence of systemic signs are more common in cases of protozoan reactivation, which probably occurred in the present case. The possibility of toxoplasmosis in the patient in this report was reinforced by the fact that the animal came from a rural area. Eosinophilia of CSF is most commonly associated with parasitic infections, although it can be caused by a variety of infectious agents, but in the cat of the present report, the marked eosinophilic pleocytosis was likely due to toxoplasmosis, which is a rare occurrence in this specie. In conclusion, toxoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal spinal cord lesions in cats. The identification of laboratory findings as well as the appropriate therapy favored the good evolution of the condition.

Cutaneous asthenia in a domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus)

Background: Cutaneous asthenia or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is an inherited and rare disease. This infirmity is from an autosomal mutation that influences the collagen synthesis of the carrier. Thus, its skeleton, formed of fibers, is structurally defective. The disease is characterized by hyperelasticity and skin fragility, leading to lesions throughout the skin. The lesions may manifest in specific places or in a generalized way, being more frequent in the limbs, neck, and back. This disease does not have a specific treatment, only management care to avoid new traumas. Case: A 3-year-old male castrated, no defined race cat, was attended at one veterinary clinic with a history of intense itching. The rapid tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were negative. On physical examination, infestation by fleas, lesions all over the body, and skin hyperelasticity were observed. Topical treatment for ectoparasites as well as for body wounds was established. After the treatment, he returned without itching, but with the complaints of new lesions that did not heal. The patient underwent a total shearing to facilitate the treatment of the skin, and then he underwent blood tests, biochemistry, hormonal tests, and ultrasound, which showed no suggestive changes for hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus. His clinical signs, besides not matching with these diseases, also did not indicate skin fragility due to his history of age and balanced diet. The confirmation of the cutaneous asthenia syndrome was acquired through biopsy of skin fragment, in which it was observed disarray of collagen fibers, hypertrophy, and fibroblast hyperplasia, together with the rate of extensibility of the skin where the value reached the mark of 27.5%. Throughout the hospitalization, it was noted the progression of the disease with the appearance of new lesions, where there was no bleeding and they appeared even with the patient wearing padded clothes. Its progression lasted one year until the patient's euthanasia. Discussion: For the disposal of diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism as causes of the appearance of lesions by the body in the patient, he was submitted to the suppression tests with dexamethasone, in which he presented normality, in the biochemical examination it was dosed with fructosamine and glucose. The fructosamine was in the reference value, but the glucose was slightly altered, this increase may have been a result of stress at the time of blood collection. In addition to the patient not showing specific clinical signs such as polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss, these are characteristic clinical signs of the disease. For the diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, histological examination, and calculation of the skin extensibility index were used, where the results obtained confirmed the suspicion. This genetic anomaly has no treatment, being progressive, so only environmental management is done to mitigate the appearance of the lesions and provide animal welfare. This case report contributes to aggregating the scientific literature in the area of veterinary medicine since skin asthenia is a rare disease and when its extent is total it becomes even more atypical. The availability of this article will provide a vision of palliative treatment for other cases, demonstrating the progressive nature of the lesions and the methods of diagnosis.

Acquired skin fragility syndrome in a juvenile cat following a routine ovariohysterectomy

Background: Acquired skin fragility syndrome (ASFS) is a rare condition, which is characterized by spontaneous fragility of the skin and an absence of hyperextensibility. Even though the real pathogenesis of ASFS remains unknown that isreported generally with some iatrogenic causes and severe diseases. Thus, based on the clinical findings this is the firstreport of describes the case and treatment of feline acquired skin fragility syndrome following a routine ovariohysterectomy.Case: An 8-month-old domestic shorthair female cat was brought to the Siirt University Animal Health Application andResearch Center for ovariohysterectomy operation. Before the operation physical examination of the animal revealed bodytemperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, the color of mucosas, and lymph nodes were determined normally. Besides, thereis no hematological and biochemical problem detected. The cat had no previous history of several infections or systemicdisease. A routine ovariohysterectomy procedure was applied under general anesthesia and the cat was discharged onthe same day. Three days after that a spontaneously developed cutaneous laceration below the left scapular region wasdetermined by the cat owner. During the clinical examination, it was determined that the cat was sensitive to touch againstthe left scapular area. Multiple spontaneous skin tear was revealed over the left scapular region while shaving for betterinspection but did not obtain any problem with incision line. To identify the underlying cause of skin tearing, hematological and biochemical tests were done but the animal’s results were found within the normal references. Also, rapid bloodtests were performed for feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus, and none of them were positive. Additionally,the skin was not hyperextensible. Although the clinicopathological abnormalities were...

Acquired skin fragility syndrome in a juvenile cat following a routine ovariohysterectomy

Background: Acquired skin fragility syndrome (ASFS) is a rare condition, which is characterized by spontaneous fragility of the skin and an absence of hyperextensibility. Even though the real pathogenesis of ASFS remains unknown that isreported generally with some iatrogenic causes and severe diseases. Thus, based on the clinical findings this is the firstreport of describes the case and treatment of feline acquired skin fragility syndrome following a routine ovariohysterectomy.Case: An 8-month-old domestic shorthair female cat was brought to the Siirt University Animal Health Application andResearch Center for ovariohysterectomy operation. Before the operation physical examination of the animal revealed bodytemperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, the color of mucosas, and lymph nodes were determined normally. Besides, thereis no hematological and biochemical problem detected. The cat had no previous history of several infections or systemicdisease. A routine ovariohysterectomy procedure was applied under general anesthesia and the cat was discharged onthe same day. Three days after that a spontaneously developed cutaneous laceration below the left scapular region wasdetermined by the cat owner. During the clinical examination, it was determined that the cat was sensitive to touch againstthe left scapular area. Multiple spontaneous skin tear was revealed over the left scapular region while shaving for betterinspection but did not obtain any problem with incision line. To identify the underlying cause of skin tearing, hematological and biochemical tests were done but the animals results were found within the normal references. Also, rapid bloodtests were performed for feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus, and none of them were positive. Additionally,the skin was not hyperextensible. Although the clinicopathological abnormalities were...(AU)