Bats in a restinga area in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil

Abstract There is little known about the bats of the Brazilian restinga as most studies have concentrated on the countrys south and southeast regions. In Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil, the only study previously carried out registered 17 species in different restinga habitats. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the bat community in a restinga area in Sergipe and update the list of species that occur in the area. The study was carried out in the Caju Private Natural Heritage Reserve, on the south coast of the state of Sergipe. Monthly campaigns were carried out from October 2016 to September 2017 over two consecutive nights and alternating between two sites to capture the bats. We captured Bats using 10 mist nets that remained open between 6:00 p.m. and 12:00 p.m. We determined the abundance and trophic guilds of the captured species. In addition, we obtained the occurrence frequency degree through the Constancy Index. We captured 457 individuals distributed over 13 species and two families, where three species represented a new record for the locality. The family Phyllostomidae was the richest and most abundant. Most species were frugivorous (61.5%). According to the Constancy Index, only four species were considered common. Using Jackknife 1 estimator, we estimated 14.83 species for the area, indicating that the richness obtained in this study corresponds to 87.6% of this estimate. This study resulted in an 17.6% increase in bat richness known for the area. The high representativeness of the Phyllostomidae family may be related to the capture method used. The predominance of frugivores bats in this study may be associated with the presence of many fruit trees in the area. The low occurrence of species considered common is often reported and can be explained by the species trophic specializations and by the sampling methods. Considering the scarcity of studies in restinga areas in Northeastern Brazil, this work becomes important for the knowledge of the bats in this environment, especially for Sergipe.

Bats in a restinga area in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil

Abstract There is little known about the bats of the Brazilian restinga as most studies have concentrated on the country's south and southeast regions. In Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil, the only study previously carried out registered 17 species in different restinga habitats. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the bat community in a restinga area in Sergipe and update the list of species that occur in the area. The study was carried out in the Caju Private Natural Heritage Reserve, on the south coast of the state of Sergipe. Monthly campaigns were carried out from October 2016 to September 2017 over two consecutive nights and alternating between two sites to capture the bats. We captured Bats using 10 mist nets that remained open between 6:00 p.m. and 12:00 p.m. We determined the abundance and trophic guilds of the captured species. In addition, we obtained the occurrence frequency degree through the Constancy Index. We captured 457 individuals distributed over 13 species and two families, where three species represented a new record for the locality. The family Phyllostomidae was the richest and most abundant. Most species were frugivorous (61.5%). According to the Constancy Index, only four species were considered common. Using Jackknife 1 estimator, we estimated 14.83 species for the area, indicating that the richness obtained in this study corresponds to 87.6% of this estimate. This study resulted in an 17.6% increase in bat richness known for the area. The high representativeness of the Phyllostomidae family may be related to the capture method used. The predominance of frugivores bats in this study may be associated with the presence of many fruit trees in the area. The low occurrence of species considered common is often reported and can be explained by the species' trophic specializations and by the sampling methods. Considering the scarcity of studies in restinga areas in Northeastern Brazil, this work becomes important for the knowledge of the bats in this environment, especially for Sergipe.

Frugivorous bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) community structure and trophic relations in Atlantic Forest fragments

We evaluated the structure of a community of frugivorous bats using composition and abundance patterns, niche amplitude and food overlap of these animals in four Atlantic Forest fragments, each one exposed to different conservation realities. For twelve months, we captured six bat species and found the seeds of 13 species of pioneering plants in 158 fecal samples. The most abundant bat species were Artibeus planirostris (25.4%), Artibeus lituratus (24.1%) and Carollia perspicillata(23.9%). Only one fragment (Fazenda Unida), the most conserved area, exhibited a significantly different composition and abundance of species. We found low trophic niche amplitude values (<0.60), associated to high food overlaps. Our results suggest that bats can adjust their foraging strategy to deal with food availability variations. By favoring pioneering plant species, the fragmentation process noted of the studied areas creates an attractive environment for bats more tolerant to this type of disturbance. The sampled areas represent important secondary forest remnants in southern Brazil that require attention to avoid an even greater loss of bat diversity.

Frugivorous bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) community structure and trophic relations in Atlantic Forest fragments

We evaluated the structure of a community of frugivorous bats using composition and abundance patterns, niche amplitude and food overlap of these animals in four Atlantic Forest fragments, each one exposed to different conservation realities. For twelve months, we captured six bat species and found the seeds of 13 species of pioneering plants in 158 fecal samples. The most abundant bat species were Artibeus planirostris (25.4%), Artibeus lituratus (24.1%) and Carollia perspicillata(23.9%). Only one fragment (Fazenda Unida), the most conserved area, exhibited a significantly different composition and abundance of species. We found low trophic niche amplitude values (<0.60), associated to high food overlaps. Our results suggest that bats can adjust their foraging strategy to deal with food availability variations. By favoring pioneering plant species, the fragmentation process noted of the studied areas creates an attractive environment for bats more tolerant to this type of disturbance. The sampled areas represent important secondary forest remnants in southern Brazil that require attention to avoid an even greater loss of bat diversity.(AU)

Bats in a restinga area in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil

There is little known about the bats of the Brazilian restinga as most studies have concentrated on the countrys south and southeast regions. In Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil, the only study previously carried out registered 17 species in different restinga habitats. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the bat community in a restinga area in Sergipe and update the list of species that occur in the area. The study was carried out in the Caju Private Natural Heritage Reserve, on the south coast of the state of Sergipe. Monthly campaigns were carried out from October 2016 to September 2017 over two consecutive nights and alternating between two sites to capture the bats. We captured Bats using 10 mist nets that remained open between 6:00 p.m. and 12:00 p.m. We determined the abundance and trophic guilds of the captured species. In addition, we obtained the occurrence frequency degree through the Constancy Index. We captured 457 individuals distributed over 13 species and two families, where three species represented a new record for the locality. The family Phyllostomidae was the richest and most abundant. Most species were frugivorous (61.5%). According to the Constancy Index, only four species were considered common. Using Jackknife 1 estimator, we estimated 14.83 species for the area, indicating that the richness obtained in this study corresponds to 87.6% of this estimate. This study resulted in an 17.6% increase in bat richness known for the area. The high representativeness of the Phyllostomidae family may be related to the capture method used. The predominance of frugivores bats in this study may be associated with the presence of many fruit trees in the area. The low occurrence of species considered common is often reported and can be explained by the species trophic specializations and by the sampling methods. Considering the scarcity of studies in restinga areas in Northeastern Brazil, this work becomes important for the knowledge of the bats in this environment, especially for Sergipe.(AU)

Activity patterns of frugivorous phyllostomid bats in an urban fragment in southwest Amazonia, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The habitat fragmentation modifies the pattern of animal activity. This study aimed to determine the activity pattern of frugivorous bat species in an urban forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia. The study was conducted from August 2013 to September 2014 with 10 mist nets (9m x 2.5m), opened at ground level throughout all the night and totaling 64,800 m².hour/net. Two hundred and sixty-one captures of bats from 28 species were recorded. The period with the highest capture rate and species of bats was the first period of the night (until 00:00). The species with the highest incidence of catches were, in ascending order, Carollia brevicauda (Schinz, 1821), Carollia perpicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823), and Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818). The species of Carollia had activity peaks between the first four hours after sunset; they also showed a reduction of its activities during the subsequent hours. The bats of the genus Artibeus presented a pattern of bimodal activity and they do not seem to respond to the effects of fragmentation, since the pattern of bimodal activity was described for studies in fragments and continuous forest. Thus, we suggest that Artibeus has a high adaptive plasticity, and it is able to exploit the resources offered by the environment. Meanwhile, Carollia has two peaks of activity in continuous forest areas, probably this pattern of activity may be related to the spatial distribution of the resources used by these animals.

Bacterial resistance in bats from the Phyllostomidae family and its relationship with unique health

ABSTRACT: The Phyllostomidae family is important among the bats found in Brazil, with several species and diverse eating habits, and is the only one to have frugivorous representatives. These bats can be found in urban and in wild life environments in search for the best reproductive and feeding conditions. The versatility of environments can be associated with the incidence and/or distribution of some diseases through pathogenic agents. The present paper has the purpose to identify the oral and perianal microbiota and to detect the bacterial resistance of frugivorous bats captured near communities inhabited by humans in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. A total of 68 bats were captured, belonging to four species of the Phyllostomidae family, namely Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata and Sturnira lillium, originated from forest fragments in the micro region of Umuarama, state of Paraná. A total of 64 isolates from oral bacteria and 39 from perianal region were submitted to identification. They were later submitted to a susceptibility test to 22 human and veterinary antimicrobials. The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli 33.3% in the oral region, and 35.90% in the perianal region, Enterobacter aerogenes 12.7% and 5.13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7.9% and 10.25%, and Serratia liquefaciens 9.5% and 5.13% in the oral and perianal region respectively. All bat species studied had resistant strains, with a few of them presenting multi-resistance to antimicrobials. The species with the highest multi-resistance index to antimicrobials was Carollia perspicillata, with three strains of the oral region resistant to 15 antimicrobials; it also presented two strains in the perianal region, which were resistant to 13 and 10 antimicrobials respectively. Based on the results found, it is possible to conclude that the oral and perianal microbiota of bats is composed of several enterobacterial species resistant to one or several antimicrobials used in human and veterinarian medicine. This is an issue and a future warning for unique health, since high percentages of resistance were found against antimicrobials broadly used, such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and amoxicillin+clavulonate.

RESUMO: A família Phyllostomidae se destaca entre as famílias de morcegos encontrados no Brasil, com diversificadas espécies e hábitos alimentares, sendo a única a apresentar representantes frugívoros, podendo ser encontrada tanto em meio urbano, como de vida livre, em busca de melhores condições reprodutivas e alimentares. Essa versatilidade de ambientes pode estar associada à incidência e/ou distribuição de determinadas doenças por agentes patogênicos. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar a microbiota oral e perianal e detectar a resistência bacteriana em morcegos frugívoros capturados próximos às comunidades habitadas pelo homem na região noroeste do estado do Paraná. Foram capturados 68 morcegos, de quatro espécies da família Phyllostomidae, são eles Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata e Sturnira lillium, oriundos de fragmentos de Mata da microrregião de Umuarama, estado do Paraná. Um total de 64 isolados de bactérias da região oral e 39 da região perianal foram submetidos, identificação e posteriormente teste de susceptibilidade a 22 antimicrobianos de uso humano e veterinário. As bactérias mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli 33,3% na região da boca e 35,90% na região perianal, Enterobacter aerogenes 12,7% e 5,13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7,9% e 10,25% e Serratia liquefaciens 9,5% e 5,13% na região da boca e perianal, respectivamente. Todas as espécies de morcegos estudadas apresentaram cepas que foram resistentes, e algumas multirresistência aos antimicrobianos. A espécie que apresentou maior índice de multirresistência aos antimicrobianos foi Carollia perspicillata, com três cepas na região oral resistente a 15 antimicrobianos, e duas na perianal, com resistência a 13 e 10 antimicrobianos respectivamente. Baseados nos resultados encontrados, é possível concluir que a microbiota oral e perianal de morcegos, é composta por diversas espécies de enterobactérias, resistentes a um, ou vários antimicrobianos utilizados na medicina humana e veterinária, tornando-se um problema, e um alerta futuro para a saúde única, uma vez que foram encontrados elevados percentuais de resistência contra antimicrobianos utilizados em larga escala tais como ampicilina, amoxicilina e amoxicilina+clavulonato.

Protocolo de manejo de morcegos frugívoros neotropicais em cativeiro / Management protocol for neotropical frugivorous bats in captivity / Protocolo de manejo de murciélagos frugívoros neo tropicales en cautiverio

Pesquisas com animais em cativeiro são um complemento valioso para estudos de campo e seus resultados podem contribuir significativamente para planos de manejo e conservação in situ e ex situ de espécies. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a elaboração de um protocolo de manejo para morcegos frugívoros neotropicais que possa ser seguido por profissionais e instituições mantedoras desse grupo. O protocolo foi dividido em três partes: i. morcegos (adaptação, espaço, socialização e marcação), ii. estrutura do recinto (material, temperatura, umidade e iluminação) e iii. alimentação (itens alimentares, regularidade, forma, água e suplementação). Se corretamente aplicado, esse documento poderá facilitar as pesquisas com diferentes espécies de morcegos frugívoros neotropicais, além de proporcionar uma melhor qualidade de vida aos animais cativos.(AU)

Research involving captive animals is a valuable complement to field studies. Its results can significantly contribute to in-situ and ex-situ species management and conservation plans. The purpose of this study was to develop a management protocol for neotropical frugivorous bats that can be followed by professionals and holding institutions. The protocol was divided into three parts: i. bats (adaptation, space, socialization and marking); ii. enclosure structure (material, temperature, humidity and lightning); and iii. feeding (food items, regularity, form, water and supplementation). If properly applied, this document may facilitate research with different species of neotropical frugivorous bats, in addition to providing better quality of life for captive animals.(AU)

Las investigaciones con animales en cautiverio son un valioso complemento para estudios de campo y sus resultados pueden contribuir de manera significativa para planes de manejo y conservación in situ y ex situ de especies. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la elaboración de un protocolo de manejo para murciélagos frugívoros neo tropicales que puedan ser seguidos por profesionales e institucionaes mantenedoras de ese grupo. El protocolo se dividió en tres partes: i. murciélagos (adaptación, espacio, socialización y marcado), ii. estructura del recinto (material, temperatura, humedad e iluminación) y iii. (ítems de alimentos, regularidad, forma, agua y suplementación). Se aplicado correctamente, el documento podrá facilitar las investigaciones con distintas especies de murciélagos frugívoros neo tropicales, además de proporcionar una mejor calidad de vida a los animales cautivos.(AU)

Frugivoria por morcegos filostomídeos (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) em dois remanescentes urbanos de cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul

ABSTRACT Phyllostomid bats are potential seed dispersers, due to their foraging habit and great mobility, and are the main species responsible for regeneration of neotropical forests. In Mato Grosso do Sul, research on bats diets is concentrated in the Pantanal region, with few studies focusing on the Cerrado portion, and only one study from an urban area. The objective of this study was to analyze the diets of frugivorous phyllostomid bats from two urban remnants of Cerrado in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, evaluating whether the diet formulation of the species is based on preferences food. Bats were captured from two conservation units (the Dahma Ecological Station and Prosa State Park) for 12 nights in each area, using six mist nets, which were left open for six hours after sunset. After capture, each bat was kept in an individual cotton bag for one hour to collect a fecal sample. Fecal samples were individually stored in hermetic bottles, placed in glycerin, and then analyzed in the laboratory. All seeds found in the samples were identified. 250 bats were captured, distributed in ten species, eight genera, and two families. Phyllostomids constituted 93.2% of the captures (n = 233). The most frequent species were Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (27.6%) and Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (27.2%). Seeds were found in 46 fecal samples from seven species of phyllostomid bats. Most of the seeds found were from the family Piperaceae (69.6% of the samples), and was a key resource consumed by almost all phyllostomid species. Frugivores help maintain conservation units, as they promote self-renewal, and frugivory is an important process for forest remnants. Since these bats exclusively consumed pioneer species, they play a key role in maintaining these urban remnants of Cerrado.

RESUMO Os morcegos filostomídeos são potenciais dispersores de sementes, devido ao seu hábito de forrageio e grande mobilidade, sendo os principais responsáveis pela regeneração de florestas neotropicais. No Mato Grosso do Sul as pesquisas com dieta de morcegos se concentram na região do Pantanal, com poucos trabalhos focados na porção de Cerrado, e somente um em área urbana. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a dieta de filostomídeos frugívoros em dois remanescentes urbanos de Cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, avaliando-se se a formulação da dieta das espécies é baseada em preferências alimentares específicas ou não. Os morcegos foram capturados em duas unidades de conservação (a Estação Ecológica Dahma e o Parque Estadual do Prosa) por 12 noites em cada área, usando-se seis redes-de-neblina, que permaneceram abertas durante seis horas a partir do ocaso. Após a captura, cada morcego foi mantido em saco de algodão individual por uma hora para coleta das fezes. As amostras fecais foram armazenadas individualmente em frasco hermético e imersas em glicerina, sendo posteriormente analisadas em laboratório. Todas as sementes encontradas nas amostras foram identificadas. Foram capturados 250 morcegos, distribuídos em dez espécies, oito gêneros e duas famílias. Os filostomídeos constituíram 93,2% das capturas (n=233). As espécies mais frequentes foram Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (27,6%) e Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (27,2%). Foram encontradas sementes em 46 amostras fecais de sete espécies de morcegos filostomídeos. A maioria das sementes encontradas era da família Piperaceae (69,6% das amostras), sendo um recurso-chave consumido por quase todas as espécies de filostomídeos. Os frugívoros auxiliam na manutenção de unidades de conservação, pois promovem a auto-renovação, sendo a frugivoria um processo importante em remanescentes florestais. O consumo exclusivo de espécies pioneiras é um indício do papel de morcegos na manutenção destes remanescentes urbanos de Cerrado.

Activity patterns of frugivorous phyllostomid bats in an urban fragment in southwest Amazonia, Brazil

The habitat fragmentation modifies the pattern of animal activity. This study aimed to determine the activity pattern of frugivorous bat species in an urban forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia. The study was conducted from August 2013 to September 2014 with 10 mist nets (9m x 2.5m), opened at ground level throughout all the night and totaling 64,800 m².hour/net. Two hundred and sixty-one captures of bats from 28 species were recorded. The period with the highest capture rate and species of bats was the first period of the night (until 00:00). The species with the highest incidence of catches were, in ascending order, Carollia brevicauda (Schinz, 1821), Carollia perpicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823), and Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818). The species of Carollia had activity peaks between the first four hours after sunset; they also showed a reduction of its activities during the subsequent hours. The bats of the genus Artibeus presented a pattern of bimodal activity and they do not seem to respond to the effects of fragmentation, since the pattern of bimodal activity was described for studies in fragments and continuous forest. Thus, we suggest that Artibeus has a high adaptive plasticity, and it is able to exploit the resources offered by the environment. Meanwhile, Carollia has two peaks of activity in continuous forest areas, probably this pattern of activity may be related to the spatial distribution of the resources used by these animals.(AU)

Activity patterns of frugivorous phyllostomid bats in an urban fragment in southwest Amazonia, Brazil

The habitat fragmentation modifies the pattern of animal activity. This study aimed to determine the activity pattern of frugivorous bat species in an urban forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia. The study was conducted from August 2013 to September 2014 with 10 mist nets (9m x 2.5m), opened at ground level throughout all the night and totaling 64,800 m².hour/net. Two hundred and sixty-one captures of bats from 28 species were recorded. The period with the highest capture rate and species of bats was the first period of the night (until 00:00). The species with the highest incidence of catches were, in ascending order, Carollia brevicauda (Schinz, 1821), Carollia perpicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823), and Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818). The species of Carollia had activity peaks between the first four hours after sunset; they also showed a reduction of its activities during the subsequent hours. The bats of the genus Artibeus presented a pattern of bimodal activity and they do not seem to respond to the effects of fragmentation, since the pattern of bimodal activity was described for studies in fragments and continuous forest. Thus, we suggest that Artibeus has a high adaptive plasticity, and it is able to exploit the resources offered by the environment. Meanwhile, Carollia has two peaks of activity in continuous forest areas, probably this pattern of activity may be related to the spatial distribution of the resources used by these animals.

Bacterial resistance in bats from the Phyllostomidae family and its relationship with unique health / Resistência bacteriana em morcegos da família Phyllostomidae e sua relação com a saúde única

The Phyllostomidae family is important among the bats found in Brazil, with several species and diverse eating habits, and is the only one to have frugivorous representatives. These bats can be found in urban and in wild life environments in search for the best reproductive and feeding conditions. The versatility of environments can be associated with the incidence and/or distribution of some diseases through pathogenic agents. The present paper has the purpose to identify the oral and perianal microbiota and to detect the bacterial resistance of frugivorous bats captured near communities inhabited by humans in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. A total of 68 bats were captured, belonging to four species of the Phyllostomidae family, namely Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata and Sturnira lillium, originated from forest fragments in the micro region of Umuarama, state of Paraná. A total of 64 isolates from oral bacteria and 39 from perianal region were submitted to identification. They were later submitted to a susceptibility test to 22 human and veterinary antimicrobials. The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli 33.3% in the oral region, and 35.90% in the perianal region, Enterobacter aerogenes 12.7% and 5.13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7.9% and 10.25%, and Serratia liquefaciens 9.5% and 5.13% in the oral and perianal region respectively. All bat species studied had resistant strains, with a few of them presenting multi-resistance to antimicrobials. The species with the highest multi-resistance index to antimicrobials was Carollia perspicillata, with three strains of the oral region resistant to 15 antimicrobials; it also presented two strains in the perianal region, which were resistant to 13 and 10 antimicrobials respectively. Based on the results found, it is possible to conclude that the oral and perianal microbiota of bats is composed of several enterobacterial species resistant to one or several antimicrobials used in human and veterinarian medicine. This is an issue and a future warning for unique health, since high percentages of resistance were found against antimicrobials broadly used, such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and amoxicillin+clavulonate.(AU)

A família Phyllostomidae se destaca entre as famílias de morcegos encontrados no Brasil, com diversificadas espécies e hábitos alimentares, sendo a única a apresentar representantes frugívoros, podendo ser encontrada tanto em meio urbano, como de vida livre, em busca de melhores condições reprodutivas e alimentares. Essa versatilidade de ambientes pode estar associada à incidência e/ou distribuição de determinadas doenças por agentes patogênicos. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar a microbiota oral e perianal e detectar a resistência bacteriana em morcegos frugívoros capturados próximos às comunidades habitadas pelo homem na região noroeste do estado do Paraná. Foram capturados 68 morcegos, de quatro espécies da família Phyllostomidae, são eles Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata e Sturnira lillium, oriundos de fragmentos de Mata da microrregião de Umuarama, estado do Paraná. Um total de 64 isolados de bactérias da região oral e 39 da região perianal foram submetidos, identificação e posteriormente teste de susceptibilidade a 22 antimicrobianos de uso humano e veterinário. As bactérias mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli 33,3% na região da boca e 35,90% na região perianal, Enterobacter aerogenes 12,7% e 5,13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7,9% e 10,25% e Serratia liquefaciens 9,5% e 5,13% na região da boca e perianal, respectivamente. Todas as espécies de morcegos estudadas apresentaram cepas que foram resistentes, e algumas multirresistência aos antimicrobianos. A espécie que apresentou maior índice de multirresistência aos antimicrobianos foi Carollia perspicillata, com três cepas na região oral resistente a 15 antimicrobianos, e duas na perianal, com resistência a 13 e 10 antimicrobianos respectivamente. Baseados nos resultados encontrados, é possível concluir que a microbiota oral e perianal de morcegos, é composta por diversas espécies de enterobactérias, resistentes a um, ou vários antimicrobianos utilizados na medicina humana e veterinária, tornando-se um problema, e um alerta futuro para a saúde única, uma vez que foram encontrados elevados percentuais de resistência contra antimicrobianos utilizados em larga escala tais como ampicilina, amoxicilina e amoxicilina+clavulonato.(AU)

Bacterial resistance in bats from the Phyllostomidae family and its relationship with unique health / Resistência bacteriana em morcegos da família Phyllostomidae e sua relação com a saúde única

The Phyllostomidae family is important among the bats found in Brazil, with several species and diverse eating habits, and is the only one to have frugivorous representatives. These bats can be found in urban and in wild life environments in search for the best reproductive and feeding conditions. The versatility of environments can be associated with the incidence and/or distribution of some diseases through pathogenic agents. The present paper has the purpose to identify the oral and perianal microbiota and to detect the bacterial resistance of frugivorous bats captured near communities inhabited by humans in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. A total of 68 bats were captured, belonging to four species of the Phyllostomidae family, namely Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata and Sturnira lillium, originated from forest fragments in the micro region of Umuarama, state of Paraná. A total of 64 isolates from oral bacteria and 39 from perianal region were submitted to identification. They were later submitted to a susceptibility test to 22 human and veterinary antimicrobials. The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli 33.3% in the oral region, and 35.90% in the perianal region, Enterobacter aerogenes 12.7% and 5.13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7.9% and 10.25%, and Serratia liquefaciens 9.5% and 5.13% in the oral and perianal region respectively. All bat species studied had resistant strains, with a few of them presenting multi-resistance to antimicrobials. The species with the highest multi-resistance index to antimicrobials was Carollia perspicillata, with three strains of the oral region resistant to 15 antimicrobials; it also presented two strains in the perianal region, which were resistant to 13 and 10 antimicrobials respectively. Based on the results found, it is possible to conclude that the oral and perianal microbiota of bats is composed of several enterobacterial species resistant to one or several antimicrobials used in human and veterinarian medicine. This is an issue and a future warning for unique health, since high percentages of resistance were found against antimicrobials broadly used, such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and amoxicillin+clavulonate.(AU)

A família Phyllostomidae se destaca entre as famílias de morcegos encontrados no Brasil, com diversificadas espécies e hábitos alimentares, sendo a única a apresentar representantes frugívoros, podendo ser encontrada tanto em meio urbano, como de vida livre, em busca de melhores condições reprodutivas e alimentares. Essa versatilidade de ambientes pode estar associada à incidência e/ou distribuição de determinadas doenças por agentes patogênicos. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar a microbiota oral e perianal e detectar a resistência bacteriana em morcegos frugívoros capturados próximos às comunidades habitadas pelo homem na região noroeste do estado do Paraná. Foram capturados 68 morcegos, de quatro espécies da família Phyllostomidae, são eles Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata e Sturnira lillium, oriundos de fragmentos de Mata da microrregião de Umuarama, estado do Paraná. Um total de 64 isolados de bactérias da região oral e 39 da região perianal foram submetidos, identificação e posteriormente teste de susceptibilidade a 22 antimicrobianos de uso humano e veterinário. As bactérias mais prevalentes foram Escherichia coli 33,3% na região da boca e 35,90% na região perianal, Enterobacter aerogenes 12,7% e 5,13%, Enterobacter agglomerans 7,9% e 10,25% e Serratia liquefaciens 9,5% e 5,13% na região da boca e perianal, respectivamente. Todas as espécies de morcegos estudadas apresentaram cepas que foram resistentes, e algumas multirresistência aos antimicrobianos. A espécie que apresentou maior índice de multirresistência aos antimicrobianos foi Carollia perspicillata, com três cepas na região oral resistente a 15 antimicrobianos, e duas na perianal, com resistência a 13 e 10 antimicrobianos respectivamente. Baseados nos resultados encontrados, é possível concluir que a microbiota oral e perianal de morcegos, é composta por diversas espécies de enterobactérias, resistentes a um, ou vários antimicrobianos utilizados na medicina humana e veterinária, tornando-se um problema, e um alerta futuro para a saúde única, uma vez que foram encontrados elevados percentuais de resistência contra antimicrobianos utilizados em larga escala tais como ampicilina, amoxicilina e amoxicilina+clavulonato.(AU)

Frugivoria por morcegos filostomídeos (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) em dois remanescentes urbanos de cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul / Frugivory by phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in two cerrado urban remnants in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul

Phyllostomid bats are potential seed dispersers, due to their foraging habit and great mobility, and are the main species responsible for regeneration of neotropical forests. In Mato Grosso do Sul, research on bats diets is concentrated in the Pantanal region, with few studies focusing on the Cerrado portion, and only one study from an urban area. The objective of this study was to analyze the diets of frugivorous phyllostomid bats from two urban remnants of Cerrado in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, evaluating whether the diet formulation of the species is based on preferences food. Bats were captured from two conservation units (the Dahma Ecological Station and Prosa State Park) for 12 nights in each area, using six mist nets, which were left open for six hours after sunset. After capture, each bat was kept in an individual cotton bag for one hour to collect a fecal sample. Fecal samples were individually stored in hermetic bottles, placed in glycerin, and then analyzed in the laboratory. All seeds found in the samples were identified. 250 bats were captured, distributed in ten species, eight genera, and two families. Phyllostomids constituted 93.2% of the captures (n = 233). The most frequent species were Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (27.6%) and Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (27.2%). Seeds were found in 46 fecal samples from seven species of phyllostomid bats. Most of the seeds found were from the family Piperaceae (69.6% of the samples), and was a key resource consumed by almost all phyllostomid species. Frugivores help maintain conservation units, as they promote self-renewal, and frugivory is an important process for forest remnants. Since these bats exclusively consumed pioneer species, they play a key role in maintaining these urban remnants of Cerrado.(AU)

Os morcegos filostomídeos são potenciais dispersores de sementes, devido ao seu hábito de forrageio e grande mobilidade, sendo os principais responsáveis pela regeneração de florestas neotropicais. No Mato Grosso do Sul as pesquisas com dieta de morcegos se concentram na região do Pantanal, com poucos trabalhos focados na porção de Cerrado, e somente um em área urbana. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a dieta de filostomídeos frugívoros em dois remanescentes urbanos de Cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, avaliando-se se a formulação da dieta das espécies é baseada em preferências alimentares específicas ou não. Os morcegos foram capturados em duas unidades de conservação (a Estação Ecológica Dahma e o Parque Estadual do Prosa) por 12 noites em cada área, usando-se seis redes-de-neblina, que permaneceram abertas durante seis horas a partir do ocaso. Após a captura, cada morcego foi mantido em saco de algodão individual por uma hora para coleta das fezes. As amostras fecais foram armazenadas individualmente em frasco hermético e imersas em glicerina, sendo posteriormente analisadas em laboratório. Todas as sementes encontradas nas amostras foram identificadas. Foram capturados 250 morcegos, distribuídos em dez espécies, oito gêneros e duas famílias. Os filostomídeos constituíram 93,2% das capturas (n=233). As espécies mais frequentes foram Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (27,6%) e Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (27,2%). Foram encontradas sementes em 46 amostras fecais de sete espécies de morcegos filostomídeos. A maioria das sementes encontradas era da família Piperaceae (69,6% das amostras), sendo um recurso-chave consumido por quase todas as espécies de filostomídeos. Os frugívoros auxiliam na manutenção de unidades de conservação, pois promovem a auto-renovação, sendo a frugivoria um processo importante em remanescentes florestais...(AU)

Frugivoria por morcegos filostomídeos (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) em dois remanescentes urbanos de cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul / Frugivory by phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in two cerrado urban remnants in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul

Phyllostomid bats are potential seed dispersers, due to their foraging habit and great mobility, and are the main species responsible for regeneration of neotropical forests. In Mato Grosso do Sul, research on bats diets is concentrated in the Pantanal region, with few studies focusing on the Cerrado portion, and only one study from an urban area. The objective of this study was to analyze the diets of frugivorous phyllostomid bats from two urban remnants of Cerrado in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, evaluating whether the diet formulation of the species is based on preferences food. Bats were captured from two conservation units (the Dahma Ecological Station and Prosa State Park) for 12 nights in each area, using six mist nets, which were left open for six hours after sunset. After capture, each bat was kept in an individual cotton bag for one hour to collect a fecal sample. Fecal samples were individually stored in hermetic bottles, placed in glycerin, and then analyzed in the laboratory. All seeds found in the samples were identified. 250 bats were captured, distributed in ten species, eight genera, and two families. Phyllostomids constituted 93.2% of the captures (n = 233). The most frequent species were Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (27.6%) and Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (27.2%). Seeds were found in 46 fecal samples from seven species of phyllostomid bats. Most of the seeds found were from the family Piperaceae (69.6% of the samples), and was a key resource consumed by almost all phyllostomid species. Frugivores help maintain conservation units, as they promote self-renewal, and frugivory is an important process for forest remnants. Since these bats exclusively consumed pioneer species, they play a key role in maintaining these urban remnants of Cerrado.

Os morcegos filostomídeos são potenciais dispersores de sementes, devido ao seu hábito de forrageio e grande mobilidade, sendo os principais responsáveis pela regeneração de florestas neotropicais. No Mato Grosso do Sul as pesquisas com dieta de morcegos se concentram na região do Pantanal, com poucos trabalhos focados na porção de Cerrado, e somente um em área urbana. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a dieta de filostomídeos frugívoros em dois remanescentes urbanos de Cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, avaliando-se se a formulação da dieta das espécies é baseada em preferências alimentares específicas ou não. Os morcegos foram capturados em duas unidades de conservação (a Estação Ecológica Dahma e o Parque Estadual do Prosa) por 12 noites em cada área, usando-se seis redes-de-neblina, que permaneceram abertas durante seis horas a partir do ocaso. Após a captura, cada morcego foi mantido em saco de algodão individual por uma hora para coleta das fezes. As amostras fecais foram armazenadas individualmente em frasco hermético e imersas em glicerina, sendo posteriormente analisadas em laboratório. Todas as sementes encontradas nas amostras foram identificadas. Foram capturados 250 morcegos, distribuídos em dez espécies, oito gêneros e duas famílias. Os filostomídeos constituíram 93,2% das capturas (n=233). As espécies mais frequentes foram Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (27,6%) e Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (27,2%). Foram encontradas sementes em 46 amostras fecais de sete espécies de morcegos filostomídeos. A maioria das sementes encontradas era da família Piperaceae (69,6% das amostras), sendo um recurso-chave consumido por quase todas as espécies de filostomídeos. Os frugívoros auxiliam na manutenção de unidades de conservação, pois promovem a auto-renovação, sendo a frugivoria um processo importante em remanescentes florestais...

Does frugivory in Citharexylum solanaceum (Verbenaceae) drive nomadism in the Ipanema bat Pygoderma bilabiatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)?

Neotropical bats are recognized as effective seed dispersers, especially of small-seeded pioneer plants during early stages of forest regeneration. There had been few reports on the ecology of the bat Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843), which appears to be mainly frugivorous and to undertake vertical migrations in Brazil. Our analyzes of fecal samples of P. bilabiatum specimens captured in mist nets and direct observations of their feeding behavior on Citharexylum solanaceum Cham. fruits in a mosaic of restored forests and forest fragments in southeastern Brazil constitute one of the few records of consumption of large-seeded fruits by P. bilabiatum, and indicate that it may be an important disperser for large-seeded plants. We found evidence that the temporal availability of those fruits may influence the movement ecology of those bats.

Does frugivory in Citharexylum solanaceum (Verbenaceae) drive nomadism in the Ipanema bat Pygoderma bilabiatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)?

Neotropical bats are recognized as effective seed dispersers, especially of small-seeded pioneer plants during early stages of forest regeneration. There had been few reports on the ecology of the bat Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843), which appears to be mainly frugivorous and to undertake vertical migrations in Brazil. Our analyzes of fecal samples of P. bilabiatum specimens captured in mist nets and direct observations of their feeding behavior on Citharexylum solanaceum Cham. fruits in a mosaic of restored forests and forest fragments in southeastern Brazil constitute one of the few records of consumption of large-seeded fruits by P. bilabiatum, and indicate that it may be an important disperser for large-seeded plants. We found evidence that the temporal availability of those fruits may influence the movement ecology of those bats.(AU)

Estágio reprodutivo, histologia e morfometria sazonal do testículo de Dermanura cinerea (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) em fragmento de Mata Atlântica no Litoral Sul de Pernambuco, Brasil / Reproductive stage, histology and seasonal morphometry of the testes of Dermanura cinerea (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Atlantic Forest fragment on the South Coast of Pernambuco, Brazil

This study analyzed the reproductive stage, histology and morphometry of the testes of Dermanura cinerea (Gervais, 1856) in Atlantic Forest fragment on the South Coast of Pernambuco. Specimens were captured by mist net, and collections occurred monthly over two consecutive nights for 18 months. The meteorological data were grouped in rainy and dry months. Eighteen adult specimens were used, which were classified in males with descendant testes and with testes no descendant. For the histological analysis, the testes were collected, fixed and processed following the routine histological technique. The slides obtained were stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. In the morphometric analysis the area of occupation of the tubular and intertubular compartment were measured, the number of Leydig, Sertoli, spermatocytes and elongated spermatids were quantified. The morphometric data were submitted to statistical analysis. Dermanura cinerea presented higher sperm production activity in dry months and higher hormone production in rainy months. This information is also related to the reproductive pattern of the females and to the increase in rainfall indexes, since it is a determinant factor in the mediation of the food availability of the frugivorous species, such as D. cinerea in the Atlantic Forest area of Pernambuco.(AU)

Esse estudo analisou o estágio reprodutivo, a histologia e a morfometria dos testículos de Dermanura cinerea (Gervais, 1856) em fragmento de Mata Atlântica no Litoral Sul de Pernambuco. Os espécimes foram capturados por redes de neblina e as coletas ocorreram mensalmente, ao longo de duas noites consecutivas, durante 18 meses. Os dados meteorológicos foram agrupados em meses chuvosos e secos. Foram utilizados 18 espécimes adultos, os quais foram classificados em machos com testículos descendentes e não descendentes. Para as análises histológicas, os testículos foram coletados, fixados e processados seguindo a técnica histológica de rotina. As lâminas obtidas foram coradas por Hematoxilina-Eosina. Nas análises morfométricas foram mensuradas a área de ocupação do compartimento tubular e intertubular, quantificados o número de células de Leydig, de Sertoli, de espermatócitos e de espermátides alongadas. Os dados morfométricos foram submetidos às análises estatísticas. Dermanura cinerea apresentou maior atividade de produção espermática em meses secos e maior produção hormonal em meses chuvosos. Essas informações estão relacionadas também com o padrão reprodutivo das fêmeas e com a elevação nos índices pluviométricos, já que é um fator determinante na mediação da disponibilidade alimentar das espécies frugívoras, como D. cinerea em área de Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco.(AU)

Estágio reprodutivo, histologia e morfometria sazonal do testículo de Dermanura cinerea (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) em fragmento de Mata Atlântica no Litoral Sul de Pernambuco, Brasil / Reproductive stage, histology and seasonal morphometry of the testes of Dermanura cinerea (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Atlantic Forest fragment on the South Coast of Pernambuco, Brazil

This study analyzed the reproductive stage, histology and morphometry of the testes of Dermanura cinerea (Gervais, 1856) in Atlantic Forest fragment on the South Coast of Pernambuco. Specimens were captured by mist net, and collections occurred monthly over two consecutive nights for 18 months. The meteorological data were grouped in rainy and dry months. Eighteen adult specimens were used, which were classified in males with descendant testes and with testes no descendant. For the histological analysis, the testes were collected, fixed and processed following the routine histological technique. The slides obtained were stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. In the morphometric analysis the area of occupation of the tubular and intertubular compartment were measured, the number of Leydig, Sertoli, spermatocytes and elongated spermatids were quantified. The morphometric data were submitted to statistical analysis. Dermanura cinerea presented higher sperm production activity in dry months and higher hormone production in rainy months. This information is also related to the reproductive pattern of the females and to the increase in rainfall indexes, since it is a determinant factor in the mediation of the food availability of the frugivorous species, such as D. cinerea in the Atlantic Forest area of Pernambuco.

Esse estudo analisou o estágio reprodutivo, a histologia e a morfometria dos testículos de Dermanura cinerea (Gervais, 1856) em fragmento de Mata Atlântica no Litoral Sul de Pernambuco. Os espécimes foram capturados por redes de neblina e as coletas ocorreram mensalmente, ao longo de duas noites consecutivas, durante 18 meses. Os dados meteorológicos foram agrupados em meses chuvosos e secos. Foram utilizados 18 espécimes adultos, os quais foram classificados em machos com testículos descendentes e não descendentes. Para as análises histológicas, os testículos foram coletados, fixados e processados seguindo a técnica histológica de rotina. As lâminas obtidas foram coradas por Hematoxilina-Eosina. Nas análises morfométricas foram mensuradas a área de ocupação do compartimento tubular e intertubular, quantificados o número de células de Leydig, de Sertoli, de espermatócitos e de espermátides alongadas. Os dados morfométricos foram submetidos às análises estatísticas. Dermanura cinerea apresentou maior atividade de produção espermática em meses secos e maior produção hormonal em meses chuvosos. Essas informações estão relacionadas também com o padrão reprodutivo das fêmeas e com a elevação nos índices pluviométricos, já que é um fator determinante na mediação da disponibilidade alimentar das espécies frugívoras, como D. cinerea em área de Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco.

Análise histoquímica da língua de morcegos frugívoros neotropicais (Mammalia - chiroptera) com relato de pigmentação epitelial / Histochemical analysis of the tongue in neotropical frugivorous bats (Mammalia - chiroptera) with report of epithelial pigmentation

The tongue is regarded as a key organ for bats, since the specialized characters are used for taxonomic and systematic purposes, cladistic studies, and elucidation of patterns of eating habits. This study aimed to characterize morphologically the tongue in the species Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Artibeus obscurus, and Dermanura cinerea, and to report the first evidence of melanin in the lingual epithelium of bats. We used 20 specimens collected in the municipalities of Vitória de Santo Antão and Sirinhaém, in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The tongues were extracted and submitted to routine histological techniques, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Fontana-Masson. In the four species, the keratinized stratified pavement epithelium was observed, but with the presence of melanin granules on the basal layer only in the species A. lituratus, A. planirostris, and A. obscurus, evidenced through the Fontana-Masson staining technique. The melanin found in the tongue of these species is characterized as the first record for the order Chiroptera and it may be related to oral asepsis, and/or inhibition of toxic substances observed in plants. Therefore, there is a need for further studies, aiming to improve our knowledge of the function of pigment in this organ.

A língua é considerada um órgão-chave para os morcegos, pois os caracteres especializados são utilizados para fins taxonômicos e sistemáticos, estudos cladísticos e elucidação dos padrões dos hábitos alimentares. Objetivou-se caracterizar morfologicamente a língua das espécies Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Artibeus obscurus e Dermanura cinerea e relatar a primeira evidência de melanina no epitélio lingual de morcegos. Foram utilizados 20 exemplares coletados nos municípios de Vitória de Santo Antão e Sirinhaém, em Pernambuco. As línguas foram extraídas e submetidas a técnicas histológicas de rotina, coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e Fontana-Masson. Nas quatro espécies, foi observado o epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado, porém com presença de grânulos de melanina na camada basal somente nas espécies A. lituratus, A. planirostris e A. obscurus, evidenciados por meio da técnica de coloração por Fontana-Masson. A melanina encontrada na língua dessas espécies caracteriza-se como o primeiro registro para a ordem Chiroptera e pode estar relacionada à assepsia oral e/ou à inibição de substâncias tóxicas presentes em vegetais. Portanto, há necessidade de novos estudos, visando aprimorar o conhecimento acerca da função do pigmento nesse órgão.