Triiodothyronine does not influence in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells from young female rat / Triiodotironina não influencia na diferenciação condrogênica de células tronco do tecido adipose de ratas jovens

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro action of triiodothyronine (T3) on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) of female rats, with different time periods and doses. ASCs were extracted from female Wistar rats and were cultured in chondrogenic medium with and without the presence of T3. Five groups were established: 1) ASCs without T3; and 2,3,4,5) ASCs with 0.01, 1, 100 and 1,000 nM T3, respectively). After 7, 14 and 21 days, cell morphology, chondrogenic matrix formation, and expression of Sox9, aggrecan, collagen II, and collagen X were evaluated. The Student-Newman-Keuls test was used. ASCs showed CD54, CD73, and CD90 before chondrogenic differentiation. The hormone treatment did not alter chondrogenic matrix formation, Sox9 expression at 14 or 21 days, or expression of collagen II or collagen X at any time. However, the 0.01, 1, and 1000 nM T3 doses decreased Sox9 expression at 7 days. In conclusion, chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs of female rats is not influenced by T3.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito in vitro da triiodotironina (T3) na diferenciação condrogênica de células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) de ratas, durante vários períodos e em várias doses. CTM-TA foram coletadas de ratas Wistar e cultivadas em meio condrogênico com ou sem a presença de T3. Constitui-se cinco grupos: 1) CTM-TA sem T3; e 2,3,4,5) CTM-TA com T3 (0,01; 1; 100 e 1000 nM, respectivamente). Após sete, 14 e 21 dias, foram avaliados morfologia celular, formação de matriz condrogênica e expressão de Sox9, agrecano, colágeno II e colágeno X. Para as análises foi utilizado o teste de Student Newman Keuls. CTM-TA expressaram CD54, CD73 e CD90 antes da diferenciação condrogênica. O tratamento hormonal não alterou a formação de matriz condrogênica e a expressão de Sox9 aos 14 e 21 dias e expressão dos colágenos II e X em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. No entanto, as doses de 0,01; 1 e 1000 nM T3 diminuíram a expressão de Sox9 aos 7 dias. Conclui-se que a diferenciação condrogênica de CTM-TA de ratas não é influenciada pela T3.

Efeito de dois sistemas de resfriamento sobre os hormônios tireoidianos e as variáveis termofisiológicas de matrizes suínas em lactação / Effect of two cooling systems on thyroid hormones and thermophysiological variables of lactating sows

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do sistema de resfriamento evaporativo com pressão negativa (SRE) e aspersão de água sobre o telhado (AAT), as variáveis termofisiológicas, os hormônios tireoidianos e a relação neutrófilo:linfócito (N:L) em porcas. Utilizaram-se 61 fêmeas em lactação, que foram divididas nos dois ambientes térmicos, sendo 30 em SRE e 31 em AAT, no verão. A temperatura e a umidade do ar, a frequência respiratória (FR), as temperaturas de superfície (TS) e retal (TR), a concentração de tiroxina e de tri-iodotironina, o número de neutrófilos e linfócitos e a relação N:L foram determinados. A temperatura ambiente pela manhã foi menor em SRE que em AAT (22,1ºC vs. 23,5ºC) e pela tarde (24,8ºC vs. 28,0ºC). Em ambos os períodos, a FR, a TS e a TR foram menores em SRE (de manhã 49 resp.min-1, 31,1ºC e 38,5ºC, respectivamente, e à tarde 55 resp.min-1, 30,3ºC e 38,8ºC, respectivamente) que em AAT (de manhã 54 resp.min-1, 32,8ºC e 38,6ºC, respectivamente; e à tarde 65 resp.min-1, 31,4ºC e 39,1ºC, respectivamente). Animais sob galpão AAT apresentaram menores concentrações de T4 que animais sob SRE (37,84 vs. 42,22nmol.L-1). Em ambiente tropical, no verão, porcas lactantes de ambos os sistemas mantêm a homeotermia.(AU)

The effects of the evaporative cooling system with negative pressure (ECS) and water spray on the roof (WSR) on physiological variables, thyroid hormones and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N:L) in lactating sows were evaluated. Sixty-one lactating females were divided in the two thermal environments, being 30 in SRE and 31 in the AAT shed in the summer. The air temperature and humidity, respiratory frequency (RF), surface temperatures (ST) and rectal (RT), serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentration, number of neutrophils and lymphocytes and the N/L ratio were determined. In the afternoon, the matrices in ECS (Tar: 25.0°C and THI: 74.7) and WSR (Tar: 27.6°C and THI: 77.3) were exposed to heat stress. In the morning, RF, ST and RT were lower in ECS (49 breaths.min -1 , 31.1°C and 38.5°C, respectively) than WSR (54 breaths.min -1 , 32.8°C and 38.6°C) and also in the afternoon ECS (55 breaths.min -1 , 30.3°C and 38.8°C, respectively) and WSR (65 breaths.min -1 , 31.4°C and 39.1°C, respectively). Animals under WSR shed presented lower concentrations of T4 than animals under ECS (37.84 vs 42.22nmol.L -1 ). In a tropical environment, in the summer, lactating sows of both systems maintain homeothermia.(AU)

Efeito de dois sistemas de resfriamento sobre os hormônios tireoidianos e as variáveis termofisiológicas de matrizes suínas em lactação / Effect of two cooling systems on thyroid hormones and thermophysiological variables of lactating sows

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do sistema de resfriamento evaporativo com pressão negativa (SRE) e aspersão de água sobre o telhado (AAT), as variáveis termofisiológicas, os hormônios tireoidianos e a relação neutrófilo:linfócito (N:L) em porcas. Utilizaram-se 61 fêmeas em lactação, que foram divididas nos dois ambientes térmicos, sendo 30 em SRE e 31 em AAT, no verão. A temperatura e a umidade do ar, a frequência respiratória (FR), as temperaturas de superfície (TS) e retal (TR), a concentração de tiroxina e de tri-iodotironina, o número de neutrófilos e linfócitos e a relação N:L foram determinados. A temperatura ambiente pela manhã foi menor em SRE que em AAT (22,1ºC vs. 23,5ºC) e pela tarde (24,8ºC vs. 28,0ºC). Em ambos os períodos, a FR, a TS e a TR foram menores em SRE (de manhã 49 resp.min-1, 31,1ºC e 38,5ºC, respectivamente, e à tarde 55 resp.min-1, 30,3ºC e 38,8ºC, respectivamente) que em AAT (de manhã 54 resp.min-1, 32,8ºC e 38,6ºC, respectivamente; e à tarde 65 resp.min-1, 31,4ºC e 39,1ºC, respectivamente). Animais sob galpão AAT apresentaram menores concentrações de T4 que animais sob SRE (37,84 vs. 42,22nmol.L-1). Em ambiente tropical, no verão, porcas lactantes de ambos os sistemas mantêm a homeotermia.(AU)

The effects of the evaporative cooling system with negative pressure (ECS) and water spray on the roof (WSR) on physiological variables, thyroid hormones and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N:L) in lactating sows were evaluated. Sixty-one lactating females were divided in the two thermal environments, being 30 in SRE and 31 in the AAT shed in the summer. The air temperature and humidity, respiratory frequency (RF), surface temperatures (ST) and rectal (RT), serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentration, number of neutrophils and lymphocytes and the N/L ratio were determined. In the afternoon, the matrices in ECS (Tar: 25.0°C and THI: 74.7) and WSR (Tar: 27.6°C and THI: 77.3) were exposed to heat stress. In the morning, RF, ST and RT were lower in ECS (49 breaths.min -1 , 31.1°C and 38.5°C, respectively) than WSR (54 breaths.min -1 , 32.8°C and 38.6°C) and also in the afternoon ECS (55 breaths.min -1 , 30.3°C and 38.8°C, respectively) and WSR (65 breaths.min -1 , 31.4°C and 39.1°C, respectively). Animals under WSR shed presented lower concentrations of T4 than animals under ECS (37.84 vs 42.22nmol.L -1 ). In a tropical environment, in the summer, lactating sows of both systems maintain homeothermia.(AU)

Impact of heat stress, nutritional stress and their combinations on the adaptive capability of Malpura sheep under hot semi-arid tropical environment

A study was conducted to assess the cumulative effects of combined stresses (heat and nutritional) on physiological adaptability, blood biochemical and endocrine responses in Malpura rams. The study was conducted for a period of 45 days. Twenty eight adult Malpura rams (average BW 66.0 Kg) were used in the present study. The rams were divided into four groups viz., CON (n=7; control), HS (n=7; heat stress), NS (n=7; nutritional stress) and CS (n=7; combined stress). The animals were stall fed with a diet consisting of 60% roughage and 40% concentrate. The CON and HS ewes were provided with ad libitum feeding while NS and CS rams were provided with restricted feed (30% intake of GI ewes) to induce nutritional stress. The HS and NS rams were kept in climatic chamber @ 42ºC and 55% RH for six hours a day between 10:00 hr to 16:00 hr to induce heat stress. The parameters studied were respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), rectal temperature (RT), scrotal volume, sweating rate scrotum, sweating rate skin, haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV), plasma cortisol, T3 (tri-iodo-thyronine), and T4 (thyroxin) level. Combined stresses significantly (P<0.01) influenced all adaptive parameters studied. The study shows that Malpura rams possess the adaptive capability to two stresses simultaneously. This is evident from the non-significant changes in RR, RT, sweating rate of scrotum and skin and Hb concentration between HS and CS groups. Further, the capability to adjust the cortisol level to minimum possible increase to elicit the heat stress relieving effects also proves the superior adaptive capability of Malpura rams to the effects of combined stresses.(AU)

Impact of heat stress, nutritional stress and their combinations on the adaptive capability of Malpura sheep under hot semi-arid tropical environment

A study was conducted to assess the cumulative effects of combined stresses (heat and nutritional) on physiological adaptability, blood biochemical and endocrine responses in Malpura rams. The study was conducted for a period of 45 days. Twenty eight adult Malpura rams (average BW 66.0 Kg) were used in the present study. The rams were divided into four groups viz., CON (n=7; control), HS (n=7; heat stress), NS (n=7; nutritional stress) and CS (n=7; combined stress). The animals were stall fed with a diet consisting of 60% roughage and 40% concentrate. The CON and HS ewes were provided with ad libitum feeding while NS and CS rams were provided with restricted feed (30% intake of GI ewes) to induce nutritional stress. The HS and NS rams were kept in climatic chamber @ 42ºC and 55% RH for six hours a day between 10:00 hr to 16:00 hr to induce heat stress. The parameters studied were respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), rectal temperature (RT), scrotal volume, sweating rate scrotum, sweating rate skin, haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV), plasma cortisol, T3 (tri-iodo-thyronine), and T4 (thyroxin) level. Combined stresses significantly (P<0.01) influenced all adaptive parameters studied. The study shows that Malpura rams possess the adaptive capability to two stresses simultaneously. This is evident from the non-significant changes in RR, RT, sweating rate of scrotum and skin and Hb concentration between HS and CS groups. Further, the capability to adjust the cortisol level to minimum possible increase to elicit the heat stress relieving effects also proves the superior adaptive capability of Malpura rams to the effects of combined stresses.

Multivariate approach to milk production and some physiological traits of crossbred dairy cows / Abordagem multivariada da produção de leite e algumas características fisiológicas de vacas leiteiras mestiças

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in physiological responses and serum biochemical panel in crossbred dairy cow populations kept in a hot climate environment. We used a population of 384 dairy cows of genetic groups ½Holstein × ½Guzerá (n = 105) and ¾Holstein × »Guzerá (n = 279) derived from the Brazilian semiarid region. The physiological responses analyzed were: respiratory rate (RR, movements/minute), rectal temperature (RT, C), free thyroxine (T4, µg/mL) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, µUI/mL). The values of RR, RT, T4, TSH and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein, urea and creatinine were determined and correlated with milk production for 305 days, correlation lying only with TSH. Significant differences were observed just in milk production, RR and TSH comparing the genetic groups ½Holstein × ½Guzerá and ¾Holstein × »Guzerá. In conclusion, ¾Holstein × »Guzerá cows showed higher thyroid activity and milk production than ½Holstein × ½Guzerá cows, and may therefore be a better option for dairy production systems in semiarid regions.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mudanças de algumas respostas fisiológicas e dos parametros bioquímicos séricos em vacas leiteiras mestiças mantidas em um ambiente de clima quente. Utilizou-se uma população de 384 vacas leiteiras de grupos genéticos ½Holstein × ½Guzerá (n = 105) e ¾Holstein × »Guzerá (n = 279) criadas no semiárido brasileiro. As respostas fisiológicas analisadas foram: freqüência respiratória (RR, movimentos/minuto), temperatura retal (RT, C), tiroxina livre (T4, ug/mL) e hormônio estimulante da tireóide (TSH, ?UI/mL). Os valores de RR, RT, TR, T4, TSH e níveis séricos de glicose, colesterol, proteínas totais, uréia, creatinina foram determinados e correlacionados com a produção de leite corrigida para os 305 dias, encontrando-se correlação apenas com TSH. Foram observadas diferenças significativas apenas na produção de leite, RR e TSH entre os grupos genéticos ½Holstein × ½Guzerá e ¾Holstein × »Guzerá. Concluiu-se que, vacas ¾Holstein × »Guzerá apresentaram maior atividade da tireóide e produção de leite do que as vacas ½Holstein × ½Guzerá, podendo ser uma melhor opção para sistemas de produção leiteira no semiárido.

Multivariate approach to milk production and some physiological traits of crossbred dairy cows / Abordagem multivariada da produção de leite e algumas características fisiológicas de vacas leiteiras mestiças

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in physiological responses and serum biochemical panel in crossbred dairy cow populations kept in a hot climate environment. We used a population of 384 dairy cows of genetic groups ½Holstein × ½Guzerá (n = 105) and ¾Holstein × »Guzerá (n = 279) derived from the Brazilian semiarid region. The physiological responses analyzed were: respiratory rate (RR, movements/minute), rectal temperature (RT, C), free thyroxine (T4, µg/mL) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, µUI/mL). The values of RR, RT, T4, TSH and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein, urea and creatinine were determined and correlated with milk production for 305 days, correlation lying only with TSH. Significant differences were observed just in milk production, RR and TSH comparing the genetic groups ½Holstein × ½Guzerá and ¾Holstein × »Guzerá. In conclusion, ¾Holstein × »Guzerá cows showed higher thyroid activity and milk production than ½Holstein × ½Guzerá cows, and may therefore be a better option for dairy production systems in semiarid regions.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mudanças de algumas respostas fisiológicas e dos parametros bioquímicos séricos em vacas leiteiras mestiças mantidas em um ambiente de clima quente. Utilizou-se uma população de 384 vacas leiteiras de grupos genéticos ½Holstein × ½Guzerá (n = 105) e ¾Holstein × »Guzerá (n = 279) criadas no semiárido brasileiro. As respostas fisiológicas analisadas foram: freqüência respiratória (RR, movimentos/minuto), temperatura retal (RT, C), tiroxina livre (T4, ug/mL) e hormônio estimulante da tireóide (TSH, ?UI/mL). Os valores de RR, RT, TR, T4, TSH e níveis séricos de glicose, colesterol, proteínas totais, uréia, creatinina foram determinados e correlacionados com a produção de leite corrigida para os 305 dias, encontrando-se correlação apenas com TSH. Foram observadas diferenças significativas apenas na produção de leite, RR e TSH entre os grupos genéticos ½Holstein × ½Guzerá e ¾Holstein × »Guzerá. Concluiu-se que, vacas ¾Holstein × »Guzerá apresentaram maior atividade da tireóide e produção de leite do que as vacas ½Holstein × ½Guzerá, podendo ser uma melhor opção para sistemas de produção leiteira no semiárido.(AU)

The effect of humic acid substances on the thyroid function and structure in lead poisoning

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal, which adversely affects thyroid gland function and structure. Due to its high molecular weight and abundant functional groups, humic acid substances (HAS) can form chelates with heavy metals. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic effect of HAS on thyroid hormone levels and histopathological lesions of laying hens exposed to lead (Pb) poisoning. After a week of adaptation, 192 Lohmann White laying hens (25 weeks of age) were fed one of four diets: a basal diet (BD) or the BD with HAS (0.15%), with Pb (0.3 g/kg), or with both. Experimental groups were replicated in 12 cages, with four hens each. Pb poisoning did not alter triiodothyronine (FT3; 3.22 ± 0.20 ng/dL) or thyroxine (FT4; 0.71 ± 0.08 ng/dL) concentrations, but caused a 167% increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. HAS supplementation returned the high TSH levels of hens exposed to Pb poisoning to normal values. Degenerative changes in the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland of the hens exposed to Pb poisoning were evidenced. Connective tissue cells in the interfollicular area and total amount of colloids with partially atrophic follicles were observed. These histopathological findings were less severe when HAS was added to the diet. In conclusion, HAS alleviates the effects of Pb poisoning on thyroid gland function and structure, possibly preventing its internalization by the tissue by forming chelates and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.

The effect of humic acid substances on the thyroid function and structure in lead poisoning

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal, which adversely affects thyroid gland function and structure. Due to its high molecular weight and abundant functional groups, humic acid substances (HAS) can form chelates with heavy metals. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic effect of HAS on thyroid hormone levels and histopathological lesions of laying hens exposed to lead (Pb) poisoning. After a week of adaptation, 192 Lohmann White laying hens (25 weeks of age) were fed one of four diets: a basal diet (BD) or the BD with HAS (0.15%), with Pb (0.3 g/kg), or with both. Experimental groups were replicated in 12 cages, with four hens each. Pb poisoning did not alter triiodothyronine (FT3; 3.22 ± 0.20 ng/dL) or thyroxine (FT4; 0.71 ± 0.08 ng/dL) concentrations, but caused a 167% increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. HAS supplementation returned the high TSH levels of hens exposed to Pb poisoning to normal values. Degenerative changes in the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland of the hens exposed to Pb poisoning were evidenced. Connective tissue cells in the interfollicular area and total amount of colloids with partially atrophic follicles were observed. These histopathological findings were less severe when HAS was added to the diet. In conclusion, HAS alleviates the effects of Pb poisoning on thyroid gland function and structure, possibly preventing its internalization by the tissue by forming chelates and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.(AU)

Avaliação do estresse hipertérmico de ovelhas gestantes das raças Dorper, Santa Inês e suas mestiças em clima tropical com base nos níveis sorológicos de Triiodotironina (T3) e Tiroxina (T4 Total) / Evaluation of the stress head stress sheep pregnant of the breeds Dorper, Santa Inês and their mixed in a tropical climate based on the serological levels of Triiodotironina (T3) and Thyroxine (T4 Total)

The study objectify to evaluate the adaptability of pregnant sheep of the Dorper, Santa Ines and mixed(Dorper ½ ½ Santa Ines) to the tropical climate through serologic possible modifications of triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine (T4). The experiment was conducted at Malhada Vermelha farm in Lagoa Alegre - PI, 21sheep were used in gestational middle third, 7 of Dorper, 7 Santa Ines and 7 mixed (Dorper x Santa Ines), all insatisfactory clinical conditions and under the same management conditions. These were evaluated respiratoryrate, rectal temperature and collected blood samples for hormone dosage four times in each climatic periodMarch, July and October. Later they were measured Thyroxine (Total T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by ELISA.T3 dosages remained within the normal range for the species, while T4 was below. It was concluded that themost adapted breed is Santa Ines.(AU)

Avaliação do estresse hipertérmico de ovelhas gestantes das raças Dorper, Santa Inês e suas mestiças em clima tropical com base nos níveis sorológicos de Triiodotironina (T3) e Tiroxina (T4 Total) / Evaluation of the stress head stress sheep pregnant of the breeds Dorper, Santa Inês and their mixed in a tropical climate based on the serological levels of Triiodotironina (T3) and Thyroxine (T4 Total)

The study objectify to evaluate the adaptability of pregnant sheep of the Dorper, Santa Ines and mixed(Dorper ½ ½ Santa Ines) to the tropical climate through serologic possible modifications of triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine (T4). The experiment was conducted at Malhada Vermelha farm in Lagoa Alegre - PI, 21sheep were used in gestational middle third, 7 of Dorper, 7 Santa Ines and 7 mixed (Dorper x Santa Ines), all insatisfactory clinical conditions and under the same management conditions. These were evaluated respiratoryrate, rectal temperature and collected blood samples for hormone dosage four times in each climatic periodMarch, July and October. Later they were measured Thyroxine (Total T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by ELISA.T3 dosages remained within the normal range for the species, while T4 was below. It was concluded that themost adapted breed is Santa Ines.

Thyroid function in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis / Função tireoidiana de cães com leishmaniose visceral

Several non-thyroid factors such as age, breed, concomitant diseases and use of certain drugs might influence the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. Changes in the concentrations of thyroid hormones due to non-thyroid illnesses are named euthyroid sick syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of visceral leishmaniasis on thyroid function in dogs without clinical signs of hypothyroidism, with or without azotemia. Positive animals for leishmaniasis were divided into six groups (absence or presence of hypoalbuminemia, normal or increased creatinine, normal or increased urea). The effect on these groups was evaluated on the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations. Dogs that were positive for leishmaniasis, by ELISA test, presented thyroid-stimulating hormone serum concentrations greater than seronegative animals, while total thyroxine and free thyroxine in dogs with leishmanisis were lower (P≤0.01) when compared to healthy dogs. However, the results were within the values for euthyroid animals. In seropositive dogs for leishmaniasis, TT4 showed statistically significant difference (P≤0.04) in the group with hypoalbuminemia compared to the group with normoalbuminemia, respectively, 1,01ug/dL and 1.4 g/dL. Based on this study, we could conclude that positive dogs for visceral leishmaniasis have not presented euthyroid sick syndrome, although when compared to healthy dogs, FT4 and TT4 were reduced and TSH increased

Vários fatores extratireoidianos como idade, raça, doenças concomitantes e fármacos podem influenciar na função e no diagnóstico do hipotireoidismo em cães. As alterações nas concentrações dos hormônios tireoidianos decorrentes de doenças não tireoidianas é denominada de síndrome do eutireoideo doente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da leishmaniose visceral na função da tireoide em cães sem sinais de hipotireoidismo, com ou sem azotemia. Os animais positivos para leishmaniose foram divididos em seis grupos (albumina nornal ou diminuída, creatinina normal ou elevada, uréia normal ou elevada) e foi avaliado o efeito nesses grupos das concentrações séricas do hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), tiroxina total (TT4) e da tiroxina livre (FT4). Os cães positivos para leishmaniose, pelo teste de ELISA, apresentaram concentrações séricas de TSH mais elevadas do que os animais soronegativos, enquanto que as concentrações de TT4 e FT4 em cães com leishmaniose foram menores (P <0,01) quando comparadas com as dos cães saudáveis. No entanto, os resultados estavam no intervalo dos valores para os animais eutireoideos. Nos cães seropositivos para leishmaniose, a TT4 apresentou diferença estatística significativa (P <0,04) no grupo com hipoalbuminemia em relação ao grupo com normoalbuminemia, respectivamente, 1,01ug/dL e 1,4ug/dL. Concluiu-se que os cães positivos para a leishmaniose visceral não desenvolveram síndrome do doente eutireóide, embora as concentrações de TT4 e a FT4 estivessem reduzida e de TSH elevada em relação aos cães sem leishmaniose

Thyroid function in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis / Função tireoidiana de cães com leishmaniose visceral

Several non-thyroid factors such as age, breed, concomitant diseases and use of certain drugs might influence the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. Changes in the concentrations of thyroid hormones due to non-thyroid illnesses are named euthyroid sick syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of visceral leishmaniasis on thyroid function in dogs without clinical signs of hypothyroidism, with or without azotemia. Positive animals for leishmaniasis were divided into six groups (absence or presence of hypoalbuminemia, normal or increased creatinine, normal or increased urea). The effect on these groups was evaluated on the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations. Dogs that were positive for leishmaniasis, by ELISA test, presented thyroid-stimulating hormone serum concentrations greater than seronegative animals, while total thyroxine and free thyroxine in dogs with leishmanisis were lower (P≤0.01) when compared to healthy dogs. However, the results were within the values for euthyroid animals. In seropositive dogs for leishmaniasis, TT4 showed statistically significant difference (P≤0.04) in the group with hypoalbuminemia compared to the group with normoalbuminemia, respectively, 1,01ug/dL and 1.4 g/dL. Based on this study, we could conclude that positive dogs for visceral leishmaniasis have not presented euthyroid sick syndrome, although when compared to healthy dogs, FT4 and TT4 were reduced and TSH increased(AU)

Vários fatores extratireoidianos como idade, raça, doenças concomitantes e fármacos podem influenciar na função e no diagnóstico do hipotireoidismo em cães. As alterações nas concentrações dos hormônios tireoidianos decorrentes de doenças não tireoidianas é denominada de síndrome do eutireoideo doente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da leishmaniose visceral na função da tireoide em cães sem sinais de hipotireoidismo, com ou sem azotemia. Os animais positivos para leishmaniose foram divididos em seis grupos (albumina nornal ou diminuída, creatinina normal ou elevada, uréia normal ou elevada) e foi avaliado o efeito nesses grupos das concentrações séricas do hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), tiroxina total (TT4) e da tiroxina livre (FT4). Os cães positivos para leishmaniose, pelo teste de ELISA, apresentaram concentrações séricas de TSH mais elevadas do que os animais soronegativos, enquanto que as concentrações de TT4 e FT4 em cães com leishmaniose foram menores (P <0,01) quando comparadas com as dos cães saudáveis. No entanto, os resultados estavam no intervalo dos valores para os animais eutireoideos. Nos cães seropositivos para leishmaniose, a TT4 apresentou diferença estatística significativa (P <0,04) no grupo com hipoalbuminemia em relação ao grupo com normoalbuminemia, respectivamente, 1,01ug/dL e 1,4ug/dL. Concluiu-se que os cães positivos para a leishmaniose visceral não desenvolveram síndrome do doente eutireóide, embora as concentrações de TT4 e a FT4 estivessem reduzida e de TSH elevada em relação aos cães sem leishmaniose(AU)

Hematology, biochemical profile and thyroid hormones of four species of freshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon / Hematologia, perfil bioquímico e hormônios da tireoide em quatro espécies de arraias de água doce do gênero Potamotrygon

Potamotrygonidae is a family of freshwater stingray endemic in South America. We determined the hematological and serum biochemistry parameters of Potamotrygon motoro and Potamotrygon falkneri from Parana Basin and Potamotrygon orbignyi and Potamotrygon scobina from the Amazon Basin. Blood was collected from 55 specimens of Potamotrygon sp., and these parameters were evaluated: red blood cell count, hematocrit percent, hemoglobin concentration, leucocytes count, trombocytes count, total protein concentration, albumin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein HDL, calcium, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus relationship, creatine kinase CK, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GGT, Aspartate transaminase AST, alanine transaminase ALT, globulin, albumin/globulin relationship, alkaline phosphatase AP, sodium, chloride, potassium, triiodothyronine T3, and thyroxine T4 hormones. The hematological indices were similar for all species, except for levels of heterophils in P. orbignyi and P. scobina that were higher. Calcium, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus relationship, sodium, potassium, chloride, AST, ALT, GGT, CK, albumin/globulin relationship, uric acid, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, T3, T4 levels had no significant difference between the species. These results suggest that there is low influence of habitat and feeding habits. AP, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and total cholesterol had significant differences between the studied species. These results support the theory that stingrays migrated from the Atlantic Ocean, adapting to different conditions over time and placed themselves geographically distant from each other.(AU)

Potamotrygonidae e um grupo de raias endêmicas da América do Sul distribuídas nas principais bacias hidrográficas brasileiras, mas informações sobre suas variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas são escassas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar estas variáveis em Potamotrygon motoro e P. falkneri na Bacia do Rio Paraná, Estado do Paraná e de P. orbignyi e P. scobina do Rio Piririm, na Bacia Amazônica, Estado do Amapá. Foi capturado um total de 53 espécimes de Potamotrygon spp. para colheita de sangue e avaliações do hemograma e variáveis bioquímicas séricas. Os valores do hemograma foram próximos para as quatro espécies e os resultados com diferenças significativas entre Potamotrygon falkneri, P. motoro, P. orbigni e P. scobina ocorreram quanto ao número de eritrócitos e heterófilos. Apesar da diversidade geográfica os resultados apresentaram pouca interferência dos diferentes habitats nas variáveis avaliadas. Os níveis de proteínas, globulinas, relação albumina:globulina, acido úrico, creatinina, ureia, HDL-C, relação cálcio:fósforo, sódio, cloreto, AST, ALT, creatinoquinase (CK), fosfatase alcalina, hormônios triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4) não diferiram entre as espécies de Potamotrygon. Porem, os níveis de albumina, glicose, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e gama glutamil transferase (GGT) apresentaram diferenças. Este fato sugere pouca interferência do habitat nas variáveis avaliadas apesar da diversidade geográfica de origem das raias de vida livre.(AU)

Mês de coleta de sangue, ordem e estádio de lactação e hormônios tireoidianos em vacas Guzerá / Effect in month for collection of blood, parity and stage of lactation on thyroid hormones in Guzerat cows

Thyroid hormones are important metabolic modulators, influence the growth and development of the mammary gland and participate in the regulation of milk production. The objective was to investigate the effects of month of blood collection, parity and stage of lactation on thyroxine (T4) and 3, 5, 3" triiodothyronine (T3) concentration in 31 Guzerat cows, in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. The hormonal dosages were made from blood samples collected monthly, during eleven months. Cows in first third lactation had T4 concentration lower than the non-lactating and cows in middle and final thirds of lactation. The month of blood collection influenced the T4 concentration; the highest concentration was detected in April and lowest in July. In animals at the 1st to 6th parity, T3 concentration did not vary according to the stage of lactation, while at the 7th and 8th parity, the T3 concentration were higher at final third of lactation, and lower at initial third of lactation and in non-lactating cows. Nonlactating cows and cows at the initial and middle thirds of lactation presented the highest T3 concentration in March. Non-lactating cows and cows at the initial third of lactation had lower T3 concentration in January and April to December. Cows in middle thirds lactation had lower T3 values in June, October and December.The lowest concentration of T4 occurs in Guzerat cows, in the first third of lactation, which reflects the great demand of the mammary gland. The order of lactation did not influence the values of T4 and T3. The month of collection influence the values of T4 and T3 for the month of collection is dependent on the stage of lactation.

Os hormônios tireoidianos são importantes moduladores do metabolismo, influenciam no crescimento e desenvolvimento da glândula mamária e participam na regulação da produção de leite. Assim, objetivou-se investigar os efeitos do mês de coleta do sangue, ordem e estádio de lactação sobre os valores de tiroxina (T4) e 3, 5, 3 triiodotironina (T3) de 31 vacas da raça Guzerá em Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. As dosagens hormonais foram efetuadas a partir de amostras sanguíneas colhidas mensalmente durante onze meses. Vacas no início de lactação apresentaram valores de T4 menores que as não lactantes e aquelas nos terços médio e final de lactação. O mês de coleta do sangue influenciou os valores de T4, sendo maiores em abril e menores em julho. Em animais de 1ª a 6ª ordem de lactação os valores de T3 não variaram em função do estádio de lactação, enquanto que nas 7ª e 8ª ordens de lactação foram maiores quando no terço final da lactação e, menores, quando não lactantes e, naquelas no terço inicial da lactação. Em vacas não lactantes e nos terços inicial e médio da lactação, março apresentou valores de T3 maiores. Vacas não lactantes e no terço inicial da lactação apresentaram menores valores de T3 de abril a dezembro e janeiro. Vacas no terço médio da lactação apresentaram valores de T3 menores em junho, outubro e dezembro. Vacas Guzerá no terço inicial de lactação apresentam menor concentração de T4, que é reflexo da grande demanda da glândula mamária. A ordem de lactação não influencia os valores de T4 e de T3. O mês de coleta influencia os valores de T4 e para T3 o efeito do mês de coleta é dependente do estádio de lactação.

Mês de coleta de sangue, ordem e estádio de lactação e hormônios tireoidianos em vacas Guzerá / Effect in month for collection of blood, parity and stage of lactation on thyroid hormones in Guzerat cows

Thyroid hormones are important metabolic modulators, influence the growth and development of the mammary gland and participate in the regulation of milk production. The objective was to investigate the effects of month of blood collection, parity and stage of lactation on thyroxine (T4) and 3, 5, 3" triiodothyronine (T3) concentration in 31 Guzerat cows, in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. The hormonal dosages were made from blood samples collected monthly, during eleven months. Cows in first third lactation had T4 concentration lower than the non-lactating and cows in middle and final thirds of lactation. The month of blood collection influenced the T4 concentration; the highest concentration was detected in April and lowest in July. In animals at the 1st to 6th parity, T3 concentration did not vary according to the stage of lactation, while at the 7th and 8th parity, the T3 concentration were higher at final third of lactation, and lower at initial third of lactation and in non-lactating cows. Nonlactating cows and cows at the initial and middle thirds of lactation presented the highest T3 concentration in March. Non-lactating cows and cows at the initial third of lactation had lower T3 concentration in January and April to December. Cows in middle thirds lactation had lower T3 values in June, October and December.The lowest concentration of T4 occurs in Guzerat cows, in the first third of lactation, which reflects the great demand of the mammary gland. The order of lactation did not influence the values of T4 and T3. The month of collection influence the values of T4 and T3 for the month of collection is dependent on the stage of lactation.(AU)

Os hormônios tireoidianos são importantes moduladores do metabolismo, influenciam no crescimento e desenvolvimento da glândula mamária e participam na regulação da produção de leite. Assim, objetivou-se investigar os efeitos do mês de coleta do sangue, ordem e estádio de lactação sobre os valores de tiroxina (T4) e 3, 5, 3 triiodotironina (T3) de 31 vacas da raça Guzerá em Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. As dosagens hormonais foram efetuadas a partir de amostras sanguíneas colhidas mensalmente durante onze meses. Vacas no início de lactação apresentaram valores de T4 menores que as não lactantes e aquelas nos terços médio e final de lactação. O mês de coleta do sangue influenciou os valores de T4, sendo maiores em abril e menores em julho. Em animais de 1ª a 6ª ordem de lactação os valores de T3 não variaram em função do estádio de lactação, enquanto que nas 7ª e 8ª ordens de lactação foram maiores quando no terço final da lactação e, menores, quando não lactantes e, naquelas no terço inicial da lactação. Em vacas não lactantes e nos terços inicial e médio da lactação, março apresentou valores de T3 maiores. Vacas não lactantes e no terço inicial da lactação apresentaram menores valores de T3 de abril a dezembro e janeiro. Vacas no terço médio da lactação apresentaram valores de T3 menores em junho, outubro e dezembro. Vacas Guzerá no terço inicial de lactação apresentam menor concentração de T4, que é reflexo da grande demanda da glândula mamária. A ordem de lactação não influencia os valores de T4 e de T3. O mês de coleta influencia os valores de T4 e para T3 o efeito do mês de coleta é dependente do estádio de lactação. (AU)

Implicações renais do hipertireoidismo felino ­ revisão / Feline hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease - review / Implicaciones renales del hipertiroidismo felino ­ revisión

O hipertireoidismo e a doença renal crônica (DRC) são as enfermidades mais frequentes em felinos idosos. O excesso dos hormônios tireoidianos leva ao aumento da perfusão renal e, consequentemente, da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG). Em longo prazo, o estado hiperdinâmico induzido pela tireotoxicose culmina em lesão renal progressiva, caracterizada por proteinúria, estresse oxidativo e glomeruloesclerose. Além disso, 40% dos gatos hipertireoideos possuem DRC preexistente, não diagnosticada. Os valores de ureia e creatinina, marcadores rotineiros de função renal, encontram-se dentro do intervalo de referência, devido à alta TFG induzida pelos hormônios tireoidianos. Os gatos hipertireoideos com DRC concomitante constituem, portanto, um desafio diagnóstico. Desta forma, novos estudos sobre as implicações renais do hipertireoidismo felino são necessários.

Hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease are the most common diseases in older cats. The excess of thyroid hormones increases renal perfusion and thus the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In the long term, hyperdynamic state induced by thyrotoxicosis culminates in progressive renal injury, characterized by proteinuria, oxidative stress and glomerulosclerosis. In addition, 40% of hyperthyroid cats have undiagnosed pre-existing chronic kidney disease. The values of urea and creatinine remains within the reference range due to high GFR caused by thyroid hormones. The hyperthyroid cats with underlying chronic kidney disease constitute a diagnostic challenge. Thus, further studies on the renal implications of feline hyperthyroidism are needed.

El hipertiroidismo y la enfermedad renal crónica son las enfermedades más comunes en los gatos ancianos. El exceso de hormonas tiroideas provoca un aumento de la perfusión renal y por lo tanto la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG). En largo plazo, es estado hiperdinámico inducido por tirotoxicosis culmina en la lesión renal progresiva, caracterizada por proteinuria, estrés oxidativo y la glomeruloesclerosis. Además, 40% de los gatos con hipertiroidismo tienen enfermedad renal crónica preexistente, sin diagnosticar. Los valores de urea y creatinina, marcadores de rutina de la función renal, se encuentran dentro del rango de referencia, debido a la alta TFG inducidas por las hormonas tiroideas. Los gatos hipertiroideos con enfermedad renal crónica subyacente, por lo tanto, constituyen un desafío diagnóstico. Por lo tanto, se necesitan más estudios sobre las repercusiones renales de hipertiroidismo felino.

Long term dietary deficiency in steers: vital functions and T3 and IGF-1 relationships / Carência alimentar prolongada em garrotes: funções vitais e suas relações com os teores de T3 e IGF-1

To evaluate the influence of diets with different degrees of energy deficiency on the hormonal profile and vital functions, 12 steers were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals. For 140 days, each group received (G1) a diet to promote a weight gain of 900gr/day (17.7 Mcal/d DE and 13% CP), (G2) 80% of the maintenance requirements (5.8 Mcal/d DE and 7% CP), or (G3) 60% of the maintenance requirements (4.7 Mcal/d DE and 5% CP). In G2 and G3, the energy deficit caused a marked decrease in the heart rate and respiratory rate and a reduction in the blood levels of Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and triiodothyronine (T3). The decrease in heart rate, respiratory movement and, to a lesser extent, reduction of the rectal temperature, reflected the low status of energy and was negatively impacted by the low levels of T3. There was a strong correlation between the hormones T3 and IGF-1 (r=0.833). There were also strong correlations between T3 and HR (r=0.701), T3 and RR (r=0.632), IGF-1 and HR (r=0.731), and IGF-1 and RR (r=0.679). There were intermediate correlations between T3 and TºC (r=0.484), T3 and insulin (r=0.506), IGF-1 and insulin (r=0.517), and IGF-1 and TºC (r=0.548). This study showed the influence of a long period of providing an energy-deficient diet on animal performance, correlating hormonal status and vital functions in growing cattle. The results indicated that the evaluated parameters represent an important tool for the early detection of dietary deficiency.(AU)

Para avaliar a influência de dietas deficientes de energia sobre o perfil hormonal e as funções vitais em bovinos, 12 garrotes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos com quatro animais para receber por 140 dias, as seguintes dietas: (G1) adequada, para ganho de peso de 900g/dia (17,7 Mcal/d de ED e 13% de PB); (G2) 80% dos requerimentos de mantença (5,8 Mcal/d de ED e 7% de PB); e (G3) 60% desses requerimentos (4,7 Mcal/d de ED e 5% de PB). O déficit energético provocou nos grupos G2 e G3 acentuada diminuição da frequência cardíaca e da frequência respiratória além da redução nos teores sanguíneos de IGF-1 e T3. A diminuição do número de batimentos cardíacos, movimentos respiratórios e em menor grau a queda na temperatura retal refletiram o baixo status energético imprimido e foram influenciados negativamente pelos baixos teores de T3. Houve correlação de alta intensidade entre os hormônios T3 e IGF-1 (r=0,833). As correlações entre os hormônios T3 e IGF-1 e as funções vital exibiram altas e médias intensidades. Houve elevada correlação entre T3 e FC (r=0,701), T3 e FR (r=0,632), IGF-1 e FC (r=0,731), IGF-1 e FC (r=0,679). Houve média correlação entre T3 e TºC (r=0,484), T3 e insulina (r=0,506), IGF-1 e insulina (r=0,517) e IGF-1 e TºC (r=0,548). O presente trabalho apontou a influência do longo período do oferecimento de dietas deficientes em energia sobre o desempenho animal correlacionando o perfil hormonal e as funções vitais nos bovinos em crescimento. Os resultados indicaram que os parâmetros avaliados podem ser uma ferramenta importante na detecção precoce da carência nutricional.(AU)

Wound healing under the effect of iodine cadexomer in rats / Cicatrização de feridas sob efeito do cadexômero iodo em ratos

PURPOSE: To assess vthe action of iodine cadexomer in the healing process of surgical wounds in rats and if cytotoxicity occurs with the systemic absorption of iodine. METHODS: Thirty six Wistar rats were used and performed 53 wounds with surgical punch of 6 mm diameter on them. Two lesions were made diametrically opposed on groups with distilled water (GAD) and sodium chloride (GCS); on the right lesions were used bandage with distilled water and on the left ones dressing with sodium chloride. In cadexomer iodine (GCI) group, a punch injury was made only on the left side and the dressing was carried out with cadexomer iodine. The groups were divided in two sub-groups according to the day of death (7 and 14). Microscopically was used H&E staining, through which the inflammation could be observed and also the neovascularization. Staining with Masson trichrome studied fibrosis. TSH and free T4 were used for absorption recognition of iodine, and its toxic potential was performed before death with the animal anesthetized. RESULTS: Microscopic analysis showed more marked intensity of inflammation in group GAD, subgroup 14 days. Neovascularization showed be discrete in GCS sub-group 14 days. Fibrosis was more pronounced in the group GCI. Comparing the types of treatment, there was statistical significance between groups GCI and GCS (p<0.013). The TSH and T4, showed no difference between the control group and GCI in relation to the absorption of iodine. In evaluating the GCI and control groups, within each treatment, statistical significance was found between them (p<0.001) when compared the days of observation. CONCLUSION: Cadexomer iodine had beneficial effects in all phases of the healing process without cytotoxicity due iodine absorption.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ação do cadexômero iodo na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas em ratos e se ocorre citotoxicidade com a absorção sistêmica do iodo. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 36 ratos Wistar nos quais realizaram-se 53 feridas cirúrgicas com punch de 6 mm de diâmetro. Foram confeccionados duas lesões diametralmente opostas nos animais dos grupos água destilada (GAD) e cloreto de sódio (GCS). Na lesão do lado direito foi utilizado curativo com água destilada e, na do esquerdo, curativo com cloreto de sódio. No grupo cadexômero iodo (GCI), foi feita apenas uma lesão com o punch no lado esquerdo e o curativo foi realizado com cadexômero iodo. Os grupos foram divididos em dois subgrupos conforme o dia da morte (7 e 14). Microscopicamente foi utilizada a coloração H&E, através da qual foi observado o processo inflamatório e a neovascularização. Com a coloração tricômio de Masson foi estudada a fibrose. Para o reconhecimento da absorção do iodo e o seu potencial tóxico foi realizado, antes da morte com o animal anestesiado, dosagem do TSH e do T4 livre. RESULTADOS: Na análise microscópica a intensidade da inflamação apresentou-se mais acentuada no grupo GAD, subgrupo 14 dias. Na análise da neovascularização ela apresentou-se discreta no GCS subgrupo 14 dias. Na avaliação da fibrose foi mais acentuada no grupo GCI. Na comparação nos tipos de tratamento houve significância estatística entre os grupos GCI e GCS (p<0,013). A dosagem do TSH e T4, não apresentou diferença entre o grupo controle e GCI em relação à absorção do iodo. Na avaliação dos grupos GCI e controle, dentro de cada tratamento, houve significância estatística entre eles (p<0,001), quando comparados os dias. CONCLUSÃO: O cadexômero iodo apresentou efeito benéfico em todas as fases do processo cicatricial sem citotoxicidade pela absorção do iodo.(AU)

Thyroid hormones response to marcha gait in Mangalarga Machador horses / Resposta dos hormônios da tireoide após a execução da marcha em equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador

The aim of this study was to evaluate thyroid hormones response to marcha gait by measuring serum concentrations of total (TT4) and free thyroxine (FT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3) in Mangalarga Marchador horses. Blood samples were collected from 15 Mangalarga Marchador horses at four different moments: before (M0) and within five minutes (M1), 30 minutes (M2) and 2 hours (M3) after exercise (marcha gait for 40 minutes). Mean values of TT4 were 2.24 ± 0.36 µg/dL on M0, 2.41 ± 0.35 µg/dL on M1, 2.76 ± 1.36 µg/dL on M2 and 2.36 ± 0.40 µg/dL on M3 (p=0.2906). Mean values of FT4 were 0.78 ± 0.14 ng/dL on M0, 0.84 ± 0.11 ng/dL on M1, 0.89 ± 0.18 ng/dL on M2 and 0.85 ± 0.14 ng/dL on M3 (p=0.2305). For TT3, mean values were 0.92±0.28ng/mL on M0, 0.99±0.39ng/mL on M1, 1.20±1.07ng/mL on M2 and 0.87±0.24ng/mL on M3 (p=0.4697). Analysis of the results revealed that marcha gait did not influence serum mean values of thyroid hormones, although it was observed influence over heart rate and body temperature(AU)

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a resposta dos hormônios da tiroide frente a um exercício físico (provas de marcha)através das mensurações séricas de tiroxina total (T4T) e livre (T4L), e triiodotironina total (T3T) em equinos da raça MangalargaMarchador. Para tal, foram obtidas amostras de sangue de 15 equinos, da referida raça, em quatro momentos assim definidos:antes (M0) e com 5 minutos (M1), 30 minutos (M2) e 2 horas (M3) após a execução de exercício físico (40 minutos de marcha).Os valores médios para T4T foram de 2,24± 0,36µg/dL em M0, 2,41±0,35µg/dL em M1, 2,76±1,36µg/dL em M2 e 2,36±0,40µg/dLem M3 (p=0,2906); para T4L foram de 0,78±0,14ng/dL em M0, 0,84±0,11ng/dL em M1, 0,89±0,18 ng/dL em M2 e 0,85±0,14 ng/dLem M3 (p=0,2305); e para T3T foram de 0,92±0,28ng/mL em M0, 0,99±0,39ng/mL em M1, 1,20±1,07ng/mL em M2 e 0,87±0,24ng/mL em M3 (p=0,4697). A análise dos resultados demonstrou que não houve influência da marcha sobre os valores séricos médiosdos hormônios tireoidianos, apesar de haver influência sobre a frequência cardíaca e temperatura corporal(AU)