Doxorubicin nephrotoxicity in cats (Felis catus) with malignant mammary neoplasms / Nefrotoxicidade da doxorrubicina em gatas (Felis catus) com neoplasias mamárias malignas

The aim of the study was to investigate the nephrotoxicity of doxorubicin in cats with malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland. All selected cats did not present comorbidities such as nephropathies and/or cardiomyopathies, confirmed by physical and laboratory tests, underwent radical mastectomy associated with regional lymph node excision and were treated with a protocol based on doxorubicin. Renal markers of urea, creatinine, symmetrical dimethylarginine were evaluated during all the treatment, and two months after the end. Abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis and biochemical analysis of protein, urinary creatinine and urinary GGT were performed in the beginning and two months after the end of the treatment, to evaluate possible renal alterations. Six cats did not present renal alterations in any exams performed during the study. Two cats presented azotemia during this study, and one of them stopped the treatment early, because of the intense azotemia. Clinical imaging and laboratory monitoring of patients throughout the treatment is essential, including the measurement of analytes that detect kidney changes early. Thus, it is emphasized that doxorubicin is a safe drug for use in non-nephropathic cats.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a nefrotoxicidade da doxorrubicina em gatas com neoplasias malignas da glândula mamária. Todas as gatas selecionadas não apresentaram comorbidades como nefropatias e/ou cardiomiopatias, comprovadas por exames físicos e laboratoriais, foram submetidas à mastectomia radical associada à exérese de linfonodos regionais e tratadas com protocolo baseado em doxorrubicina. Os marcadores renais ureia, creatinina, dimetilarginina simétrica foram avaliados durante todo o tratamento e dois meses após o término. Ultrassonografia abdominal, urinálise e análise bioquímica de proteínas, creatinina urinária e GGT urinária foram realizadas no início e dois meses após o término do tratamento, para avaliar possíveis alterações renais. Seis gatas não apresentaram alterações renais em nenhum dos exames realizados durante o estudo. Duas gatas apresentaram azotemia durante este estudo, e uma delas interrompeu o tratamento precocemente, devido à intensa azotemia. A individualidade de cada paciente deve ser sempre considerada, pois são muitas as variáveis. O monitoramento clínico, com exames complementares, tais como bioquímicos séricos e de imagem dos pacientes durante todo o tratamento, é essencial, especialmente a mensuração de analitos que detectam alterações renais precocemente. Diante disso, ressalta-se que a doxorrubicina é um medicamento seguro para utilização em gatas não nefropatas.

Evaluation of kidney injury through early markers in canine pyometra / Avaliação de lesão renal através de marcadores precoce em piometra canina

Fourteen female dogs diagnosed with pyometra were studied at three separate times: at diagnosis (T0) and 24 h (T1) and 10-15 days (T2) after ovariohysterectomy (OH). The means of the markers, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) (17.71 to 26.54 µg/dL) and the urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase to creatinine ratio (uGGT/uCr) (1.06 to 2.62 U/mg), varied, showing an increase with time. Further, the elevation of gamma-glutamyl transferase (uGGT) (56.61 to 128.12 U/L) and the urinary protein to creatinine ratio (RPC) (0.26 to 1.24) was evident at T0 and T1. A reduction in the means of RPC, uGGT, and uGGT/uCr was observed 10-15 days after OH. Despite the elevation of these markers, the concentration of creatinine (1.11 to 1.40 mg/dL), urea (40.07 to 67.16 mg/dL), and urinary specific gravity (1.027 to 1.028) only presented slight variation. In canine pyometra, complications secondary to acute renal injury may be present that may be mild and transient in most treated animals. As elevation in SDMA and RPC preceded changes in creatinine levels for the evaluation of glomerular filtration, tubular markers could assist in the early identification of renal damage in canine pyometra.(AU)

Catorze cadelas com diagnóstico de piometra foram estudadas em três tempos distintos, sendo no momento do diagnóstico (T0), 24 horas (T1) e 10 a 15 dias (T2) após a ovário-histerectomia (OH). O objetivo foi avaliar o uso de diferentes biomarcadores renais em cadelas com piometra e estimar suas precocidades diante do agravo. As médias em dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA) (17,71 a 26,54µg/dL) e relação gama-glutamil transferase e creatinina urinária (uGGT/uCr) (1,06 a 2,62U/mg) variara, apresentando aumento em todos os momentos. Já a elevação do gama-glutamil transferase (uGGT) (56,61 a 128,12 U/L) e da razão proteína e creatinina urinárias (RPC) (0,26 a 1,24) foram evidenciadas nos dois primeiros tempos. Uma redução na média do RPC, uGGT e uGGT/uCr foi observada 10-15 dias após a implantação do tratamento (OH). Apesar da elevação desses marcadores, a concentração de creatinina (1,11 a 1,40mg/dL), ureia (40,07 a 67,16mg/dL) e densidade urinária (1,027 a 1,028) sofreram poucas variações. Em piometra canina, as complicações renais agudas secundárias podem estar presentes, ainda que leve e transitória nos animais tratados. Os marcadores tubulares foram considerados precoces na injúria renal aguda. Além disso, a SDMA e o RPC antecederam as alterações de creatinina em todos os tempos analisados.(AU)

Effect of partially replacing corn with sugar cane molasses on blood parameters and composition of the M. longissimus thoracis of growing pigs / Efeito da substituição parcial do milho por melaço de cana-de-açúcar sobre parâmetros sanguíneos e a composição do músculo longissimus thoracis de suínos em crescimento

The effect of sugar cane molasses, as a partial replacement to corn in the diet, on blood parameters and composition of the M. longissimus thoracis (LT) in growing pigs was explored in this study. Twenty female pigs aged 63 days, and weighing 28.98 ± 3.56 kg, were randomly assigned to either the control or sugar cane molasses treatments. Molasses was included at the 3% level to partially replace corn in their diet. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiments. The animals were slaughtered at 110 days of age after 47 days in the experiment, weighing 67.9 ± 5.58 kg, and an LT muscle sample was extracted and evaluated. Each animal was considered an experimental unit. The treatment had no effect on the length and area of the LT muscle. Backfat thickness was reduced when using the sugar cane molasses treatment (5.80 mm) compared to the control treatment (8.90 mm) (P < 0.05). Higher enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels were observed in animals of the control treatment (67.10 IU/L) compared to animals treated with the sugar cane molasses treatment (49.90 IU/L) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the proximal composition, fatty acid profile, and quality were not influenced by treatment. Sugar cane molasses, used as an energy source to partially replace corn in the diet of growing pigs at a level of 3%, reduced the backfat thickness of the pig carcass and improved the serum concentration of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase in pigs.(AU)

Neste estudo foi explorado o efeito do melaço de cana-de-açúcar em substituição parcial ao milho na dieta sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e a composição do músculo longissimus thoracis (LT) de suínos em crescimento. Vinte leitoas com 63 dias de idade, pesando 28,98 ± 3,56 kg foram aleatoriamente distribuídas nos tratamentos controle ou melaço de canade-açúcar. O melaço foi incluído ao nível de 3% em substituição parcial ao milho na dieta. Ao início e ao final do experimento foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos animais. Os animais foram abatidos aos 110 dias de idade após 47 dias de experimento pesando 67,9 ± 5,58 kg e uma amostra do músculo LT foi extraída e avaliada. Cada animal foi considerado uma unidade experimental. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos sobre o comprimento e a área do músculo LT. A espessura de toucinho foi reduzida ao utilizar o tratamento melaço de cana-de-açúcar (5,80 mm) em relação ao tratamento controle (8,90 mm) (P < 0,05). Níveis mais elevados da enzima gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) foram observados nos animais do tratamento controle (67,10 UI/L) em comparação aos animais do tratamento melaço de cana-de-açucar (49,90 UI/L) (P < 0,05). A composição proximal e o perfil e qualidade dos ácidos graxos não foram influenciados pelo tratamento. O melaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizado como fonte energética em substituição parcial ao milho na dieta de suínos em crescimento ao nível de 3% reduziu a espessura de toucinho da carcaça de suínos e melhorou a concentração sérica da enzima gama-glutamil transferase de suínos.(AU)

Pyometra in queens - changes in haemato-biochemical parameters

Background: Pyometra is a bacterial and hormone-induced reproductive disease that occurs in the post-estrus luteal phase in intact queens. Pyometra is more common in the diestrus period due to the high progesterone concentration (in queens that mated, spontaneously ovulated, or were induced to ovulate). However, it can also be seen due to the use of exogenous hormones such as progesterone for the suppression of estrus. More research is needed in cases of pyometra in queens, as well as in bitches. Because, considering that the pathogenesis and characteristics of feline pyometra is similar to bitches, studies on pyometra-affected bitches are taken as reference in studies and applications on queens. From this point of view, the aims of this study were to reveal the changes in complete blood count, blood gas, and serum biochemistry parameters in feline pyometra cases and to determine the correlation between the mentioned parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 25 female cats of different breeds were used, between the ages of 6 months and 7 years, 15 were diagnosed with pyometra, and 10 healthy. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and ultrasonographic examinations were used in the diagnosis of pyometra. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on queens brought to the clinic with complaints such as anorexia, polydipsia, polyuria, abdominal tension, and fever. The control group (n =10) consisted of queens that were introduced to the clinic and were reproductively healthy. Before any treatment in queens with pyometra and the control group, 1 mL blood samples were taken from v. cephalica to evaluate complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemistry parameters. In complete WBC, Lym, Mon, Gra, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH and PLT parameters and, blood gas parameters such as pH, pCO2 , pO2 , sO2 , Na, K, Cl, lactate, glucose, HCO3 , and BE were also evaluated in taken blood samples. Biochemical parameters BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, amylase, T.BIL, D.BIL, P, CHOL, TG, LDH, TP, CPK, ALP, Ca, GGT were measured in serum samples. After examination and laboratory analysis, ovariohysterectomy was performed on queens as a treatment. Granulocyte, WBC, HCT and MCH levels of the pyometra group were higher (P < 0.05) and Lym levels were lower (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. According to these results, pH, HCO3 , and BE were lower (P < 0.05) in queens with pyometra than those in the control group, while Na and lactate parameters were higher (P < 0.05). According to the results of biochemical analysis, it was determined that BUN, creatinine levels, GGT, and LDH enzyme activities were found to be higher in the pyometra group compared to the control group, while the Ca level was found to be low (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between BUN and creatinine and LDH, WBC, granulocyte, HCT, and lactate, and a negative correlation between lymphocytes, pH, and BE in the correlation analysis performed on queens with pyometra and control group. However, a positive correlation was observed between creatinine and LDH and HCT, and a negative correlation between lymphocyte, pH and BE. Discussion: There is not enough information about pyometra in queens. As a result, it was determined that there were significant changes in complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemical parameters in queens with pyometra in this study. These changes were generally thought to be related to dehydration and sepsis or endotoxemia. In addition, it was evaluated that prerenal azotemia occurring in pyometra affected queens may cause renal dysfunction. For this reason, it is thought that the results obtained in the presented study may contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pyometra cases in queens.

Hematology and serum biochemistry of broilers fed diets supplemented with chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hematology and serum biochemistry of broilers fed diets supplemented with chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates. An experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (three levels of chondroitin sulfate: 0, 0.05 and 0.10%; and three levels of glucosamine sulfate: 0, 0.15, and 0.30%), with each treatment involving six replicates of 30 birds. Hematology (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total plasma protein [TPP], thrombocytes, white blood cells, eosinophils, monocytes, heterophils, and lymphocytes) and serum biochemistry (totalinteraction between sulfates influenced (p < 0.05) total calcium by 21 days, ionic calcium by 21 and 42 days, and phosphorus, chlorides, and sodium by 42 days. Supplementation with chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates in the broilers' diet favored their immune system and mineral metabolism, increasing serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and sodium. serum protein [TSP], albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [AP], total calcium, ionic calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chlorides) variables were evaluated at 21 and 42 days. Data were subjected to analysis of variance. When the means differed significantly by the F-test, orthogonal analysis was performed to test the linear and quadratic effects of chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate levels. Glucosamine sulfate reduced the number of monocytes linearly, by 42 days (p = 0.0399). There was an interaction effect between the sulfates on total white blood cells (p = 0.0099) and lymphocytes (p = 0.0004) by 21 days. Chickens supplemented with 0.10% chondroitin sulfate showed a linear increase in white blood cells (p = 0.0287) and lymphocytes (p = 0.0144) with the addition of glucosamine sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate supplementation increased serum albumin linearly (p = 0.0099) and TSP quadratically (p = 0.0140), by 21 days. Glucosamine sulfate induced a quadratic response (p < 0.05) in albumin by 42 days, with the lowest value found with the inclusion of 0.06%. Glucosamine sulfate reduced chlorides linearly (p = 0.0237) by 21 days and increased calcium linearly (p = 0.0012) by 42 days. The interaction between sulfates influenced (p < 0.05) total calcium by 21 days, ionic calcium by 21 and 42 days, and phosphorus, chlorides, and sodium by 42 days. Supplementation with chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates in the broilers' diet favored their immune system and mineral metabolism, increasing serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and sodium.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a hematologia e a bioquímica sérica de frangos de corte suplementados com sulfatos de condroitina e de glucosamina na ração. Foi conduzido um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (três níveis de sulfato de condroitina: 0; 0,05 e 0,10%; e três níveis de sulfato de glucosamina: 0; 0,15 e 0,30%), cada tratamento com seis repetições de 30 aves. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de hematologia (hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito, proteínas plasmáticas totais [PPT], trombócitos, leucócitos, eosinófilos, monócitos, heterofilos e linfócitos) e bioquímica sérica (proteínas séricas totais [PST], albumina, globulinas, aspartato aminotransferase [AST], gama glutamiltransferase [GGT], fosfatase alcalina [FA], cálcio total, cálcio iônico, fósforo, sódio, potássio e cloretos) aos 21 e 42 dias. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Quando as médias diferiram significativamente pelo teste F, a análise ortogonal foi realizada para testar os efeitos lineares e quadráticos dos níveis dos sulfatos de condroitina e de glucosamina. Observou-se efeito linear decrescente (p = 0,0399) do sulfato de glucosamina na quantidade de monócitos aos 42 dias. Houve interação dos sulfatos para leucócitos totais (p = 0,0099) e linfócitos (p = 0,0004) aos 21 dias. Frangos suplementados com 0,10% de sulfato de condroitina mostraram um aumento linear dos leucócitos (p = 0,0287) e dos linfócitos (p = 0,0144) com a inclusão de sulfato de glucosamina. A suplementação com sulfato de condroitina aumentou linearmente (p = 0,0099) a albumina sérica e afetou de forma quadrática (p = 0,0140) as PST aos 21 dias. O sulfato de glucosamina demonstrou um efeito quadrático (p < 0,05) sobre a albumina aos 42 dias, o menor valor foi encontrado para a inclusão de 0,06%, respectivamente. O sulfato de glucosamina reduziu linearmente (p = 0,0237) os cloretos aos 21 dias e aumentou linearmente (p = 0,0012) o cálcio total aos 42 dias. Verificouse interação (p < 0,05) dos sulfatos para cálcio total aos 21 dias, cálcio iônico aos 21 e 42 dias e para fósforo, cloretos e sódio aos 42 dias. A suplementação com os sulfatos de condroitina e de glucosamina na ração de frangos de corte favoreceram o sistema imune e o metabolismo de minerais, com aumento nas concentrações séricas de cálcio, fósforo e sódio.(AU)

Analgesia perioperatória de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva - uso preemptivo de carprofeno ou grapiprant / Perioperative analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy - preemptive use of carprofen or grapiprant

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and a variety of other peripheral and central mechanisms. However, NSAIDs are associated with some adverse effects, mainly related to the gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic systems, highlighting the need for research to develop safer drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral administration of carprofen or grapiprant in female cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy on the quality of perioperative analgesia and the need for hypnotic and analgesic drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three adult female cats were selected, without defined breed and healthy based on physical examination, routine laboratory analyses (complete blood count, total protein, Heinz body investigation and serum quantification of alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], urea, frutosamine, and glucose) and negative tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). After 3 days of adaptation, they were submitted to ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy and randomly allocated into 2 groups according to the preoperative drug used: GCAR [carprofen - 4 mg/kg, VO, 2 h before surgery; n = 11] and GGRA (grapiprant - 2 mg/kg IV, 2 h before surgery; n = 21]. The cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/ kg IV and later submitted to general anesthesia with propofol intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After anesthetic induction, a continuous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 10 µg/kg/h was initiated. During the transanesthetic period, the parameters of heart rate; respiratory rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure using the oscillometric method; electrocardiogram; rectal temperature; partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiration: and partial saturation of O2 in hemoglobin were continuously monitored. The evaluation of nociception was based on the changes in the aforementioned physiological parameters. The rate of remifentanil used did not change over time with the use of carprofen. However, animals that received grapiprant required a lower remifentanil dose at 20, 25, and 30 min during the procedure. The female cats that received carprofen showed an increase in mean heart rate at 30 min compared to that at 20 and 25 min. In the Grapiprant group, the heart rate at 35 min was higher only than that observed at 25 min. Discussion: The remifentanil rate did not differ between the groups, even between the times for GCAR. However, the remifentanil rate was lower from 20 min of the procedure for GGRA. This decrease may be related to a decrease in the need for anesthetics and analgesics by decreasing temperature, which causes decreases in metabolism and surgical stimulation. The increase in systolic, mean, diastolic, and heart rate arterial pressure parameters observed in both treatments after 15 min of anesthesia is related to the nociceptive stimulus resulting from traction and ligation of the ovarian pedicles and maneuvers for exteriorization of the uterus. These are considered the moments of greater surgical stimulus during ovariohysterectomy, evidenced by the greater release of cortisol and increase in physiological parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of carprofen or grapiprant was clinically similar when used preemptively for perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.

Biochemical profile of castrated and uncastrated male goats supplemented with vitamin E or not

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical parameters of goats submitted to castration or not and receiving supplementation with vitamin E or not. A total of 24 goats, uncastrated (12 experimental units) and castrated males (12 experimental units), with average body weight weighing 17.6 kg ± 2.67 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two animal conditions (castrated and uncastrated male) and vitamin E supplementation (with and without supplementation), with six replications. There was an effect of treatments (P 0.05) over time for all studied variables. There was an effect of vitamin supplementation (P 0.05) for phosphorus, iron, protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Vitamin supplementation increased glucose, creatinine and GTT levels over time, and reduced levels of phosphorus, iron, protein, albumin, AST and ALP. We conclude that vitamin E influenced the biochemical parameters studied, but castration did not change the biochemical profile of goats, regardless of whether they were supplemented with vitamin E or not.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos de caprinos submetidos ou não a castração e recebendo ou não suplementação com vitamina E. Um total de 24 caprinos, machos não castrados (12 unidades experimentais) e machos castrados (12 unidades experimentais), com peso corporal médio de 17,6 kg ± 2,67 kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo duas condições animais (macho castrado e não castrado) e suplementação com vitamina E (com e sem suplementação), com seis repetições. Houve efeito dos tratamentos (P 0,05) ao longo do tempo para todas as variáveis estudadas. Houve efeito da suplementação vitamínica (P 0,05) para fósforo, ferro, proteína, glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALP) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT). A suplementação vitamínica elevou os níveis de glicose, creatinina e GTT ao longo do tempo, e reduziu os níveis de fósforo, ferro, proteína, albumina, AST e ALP. Concluímos que a vitamina E influenciou nos parâmetros bioquímicos estudados, porém a castração não alterou o perfil bioquímico de caprinos, independentemente de estarem suplementados ou não com a vitamina E.

Biochemical profile of castrated and uncastrated male goats supplemented with vitamin E or not / Perfil bioquímico de caprinos machos castrados e não castrados suplementados ou não com vitamina E

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical parameters of goats submitted to castration or not and receiving supplementation with vitamin E or not. A total of 24 goats, uncastrated (12 experimental units) and castrated males (12 experimental units), with average body weight weighing 17.6 kg ± 2.67 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two animal conditions (castrated and uncastrated male) and vitamin E supplementation (with and without supplementation), with six replications. There was an effect of treatments (P<0.05) over time for all studied variables. There was an effect of vitamin supplementation (P<0.05) for phosphorus, iron, protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Vitamin supplementation increased glucose, creatinine and GTT levels over time, and reduced levels of phosphorus, iron, protein, albumin, AST and ALP. We conclude that vitamin E influenced the biochemical parameters studied, but castration did not change the biochemical profile of goats, regardless of whether they were supplemented with vitamin E or not.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos de caprinos submetidos ou não a castração e recebendo ou não suplementação com vitamina E. Um total de 24 caprinos, machos não castrados (12 unidades experimentais) e machos castrados (12 unidades experimentais), com peso corporal médio de 17,6 kg ± 2,67 kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo duas condições animais (macho castrado e não castrado) e suplementação com vitamina E (com e sem suplementação), com seis repetições. Houve efeito dos tratamentos (P<0,05) ao longo do tempo para todas as variáveis estudadas. Houve efeito da suplementação vitamínica (P<0,05) para fósforo, ferro, proteína, glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALP) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT). A suplementação vitamínica elevou os níveis de glicose, creatinina e GTT ao longo do tempo, e reduziu os níveis de fósforo, ferro, proteína, albumina, AST e ALP. Concluímos que a vitamina E influenciou nos parâmetros bioquímicos estudados, porém a castração não alterou o perfil bioquímico de caprinos, independentemente de estarem suplementados ou não com a vitamina E.(AU)

Aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase levels in mares with miscarriage and healthy pregnancies

Background: Hormonal and physiological changes during pregnancy period have significant effects on animals' metabolisms. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the variations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels according to different gestation trimesters of the pregnant mares to assess changes of embryonic losses and abortions. Materials, Methods & Results: Blood samples from 49 thoroughbred mares were analyzed during this study. Age ratio of the mares is 5-18 years and their body condition score (BCS; score 1 to 9) varies between 5 and 6. A total of 28 mares had given birth to healthy foals at the end of a healthy gestation period (Group C), whereas 11 mares had embryonic losses (Group E) and 10 mares had late period abortions (Group A). Following the confirmation of pregnancy, one blood sample per gestation trimester were taken (14-16 days of pregnancy for 1st trimester; 180 days for 2nd trimester, 270 days for 3rd trimester). Early embryonic losses (loss of a 16-25 days embryo) were observed in 6 of 11 mares in Group E and the 5 of 11 mares had late period embryonic losses (loss of a 35-40 days embryo). In Group A, 6 mares had the abortion within 7th month and the remaining 4 mares had the abortion within the 8th month of pregnancy. Repeated Measures ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were performed for statistical analysis, the mean AST level in Group C (n = 28) was higher during the 1st trimester in comparison to 2 following trimesters (respectively: P = 0.011 ; P = 0.01). Besides, no statistical difference was observed between 2nd and 3rd trimester regarding AST activation (P > 0.05). The mean GGT level in Group C was significantly decreased lower in the 3rd trimester compared to 1st and 2nd trimester (respectively: P = 0.007 ; P = 0.009). No statistical difference was observed between 2nd and 3rd trimester regarding GGT activation (P > 0.05). Among all groups (C, E, A) no significant difference was observed on AST levels (P > 0.05), nonetheless GGT levels had a significant rise (P = 0.039) in Group A in comparison to the 1st trimester levels of Group C. In Group A, there was a statistical decrease of AST during the 2nd trimester in comparison to the 1st trimester (P = 0.001), accompanied by a decrease of GGT activation during the 2nd trimester compared to the 1st trimester (P = 0.009). Discussion: The aminotransferases are catalisors that play an important role on the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates. Although serum AST levels were within the reference ranges during 3 trimesters in this study, serum AST levels were determined to be decreased in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters in healthy pregnant mares compared to the 1st trimester. It is thought that these results can be obtained due to the increase in metabolic needs during pregnancy. In this study, serum GGT levels remained within physiological limits with a tendency to decrease as the pregnancy advances, in accordance with previous study results. Serum GGT levels that are used as an indicator to liver damage may vary during the pregnancy as a result of increased metabolic load. It is thought that the increase of serum GGT levels in Group A might be related to the fetal (chromosome-related) issues that may result to pregnancy losses. As a result, it is considered that serum AST and GGT levels in mares might be valuable parameters that predict embryonic loss or abortus cases.

Hematological and biochemical parameters of premature kids of goats subjected to different dexamethasone protocols / Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de cabritos prematuros de cabras submetidas a diferentes protocolos de dexametasona

Corticosteroid therapy has been used for ruminants to allow lung maturation and the birth of premature babies. However, when considering laboratory analyses of these animals, very little data is available regarding hematological and biochemical patterns, especially for premature goats, and the effects of corticotherapy on these parameters are unknown. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters during the first hours of life of premature kids from goats subjected to different dexamethasone protocols. For this, the goats were divided into four groups: group I, goats that received 20 mg of dexamethasone at 139 days of gestation; group II, 2 mg of dexamethasone from the 133rd to 136th day of gestation, 4 mg from the 137th to 139th, and 20 mg on the 140th; group III, 16 mg of dexamethasone from the 139th day, with repeated doses every 12 h until elective surgery; and group IV, goats that received 4, 8, 16, and 20 mg of dexamethasone at 137, 138, 139, and 140 days of gestation, respectively. Blood samples were obtained at birth (T0h) and after 1 (T1h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h), and 48 h (T48h) of life for hemogram and serum biochemistry assessment of urea, creatinine, total protein (PT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). PT levels and GGT activity were lower at birth in all groups and rose after colostrum ingestion. The creatinine values for all the experimental groups did not differ between T0h and T1h; however, they decreased in the subsequent moments. Except for group I, urea concentrations were higher at T48h than at T1h. The red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin counts decreased over time. The total leukocyte count behaved differently in different experimental groups, and was influenced by the levels of dexamethasone, mainly due to the change in the counts of segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes. It was concluded that significant changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters occur in the first hours of life of premature kids, and that the treatment of goats with dexamethasone can affect these parameters in a dose-dependent manner.

A corticoterapia tem sido empregada em ruminantes com o objetivo de permitir a maturação pulmonar e o nascimento de filhotes prematuros. Entretanto, ao se considerar análises laboratoriais desses animais, pouquíssimos dados estão disponíveis quanto aos padrões hematológicos e bioquímicos, especialmente em caprinos prematuros, e tampouco se sabe sobre os efeitos da corticoterapia sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos nesses animais. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos das primeiras horas de vida de cabritos prematuros provenientes de cabras que utilizaram diferentes protocolos de dexametasona. Para tal, as cabras foram divididas em três grupos: grupo I, cabras que receberam 20 mg de dexametasona aos 139 dias de gestação; grupo II, 2 mg de dexametasona do 133° ao 136° dia de gestação, 4 mg do 137° ao 139° e 20 mg no 140° dia; grupo III, 16 mg de dexametasona a partir do 139° dia, com doses repetidas a cada 12 horas até a cirurgia eletiva; e grupo IV, cabras que receberam 4, 8, 16 e 20 mg de dexametasona no 137°, 138°, 139° e 140° dias de gestação, respectivamente. As amostras sanguíneas dos cabritos foram obtidas ao nascimento (T0h), 1 (T1h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) e 48 horas (T48h) de vida para avaliação do hemograma e bioquímica sérica de ureia, creatinina, proteína total (PT) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT). Os teores de PT e atividade de GGT foram menores ao nascimento em todos os grupos, elevando-se após ingestão do colostro. Os valores de creatinina em todos os grupos experimentais não diferiram entre T0h e T1H, entretanto, diminuíram nos momentos subsequentes. Com exceção do grupo I, as concentrações de ureia foram maiores no T48h em comparação com o T1h. Os valores de hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito e volume corpuscular médio diminuíram ao longo do tempo, enquanto a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média aumentou ao longo do tempo. A contagem leucocitária total se comportou de maneira distinta nos diferentes grupos experimentais, demonstrado ser influenciada pelos teores de dexametasona principalmente em decorrência da alteração nas contagens de neutrófilos segmentados e linfócitos. Conclui-se que alterações significativas dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos ocorrem nas primeiras horas de vida de cabritos prematuros e o tratamento de cabras com dexametasona também pode afetar tais parâmetros de forma dependente da dose.

Laboratory changes inherent to acute kidney injury induced by aminoglycosides in wistar rats / Alterações laboratoriais inerentes à lesão renal aguda induzida por aminoglicosídeos em ratos wistar

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an increase greater than 0.3 mg/L of serum creatinine within 48 hours and is a major cause of death in patients in intensive care units. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control (0.9% saline), Genta (gentamicin 50 mg.kg-¹ BID) and Deh+Genta (gentamicin 50 mg.kg-¹ BID + water restriction) and tested in an AKI model by aminoglycoside administration and dehydration implementation. The animals in the Deh+Genta group exhibited the lowest average weight and feed intake after the fifth day of the experiment. In this same period, water consumption by the Genta group was lower than the Control group, but in the following days of the experiment, polydipsia was noted for this group. The Deh+Genta group displayed the highest mean serum urea after the fifth day. The gentamicin-treated groups exhibited higher means than the Control group for serum creatinine, which proved to be a late renal marker for AKI. Serum GGT was higher in the Deh+Genta group, whereas urinary GGT was higher in the groups that received gentamicin, characterizing enzymuria, although severe dehydration can mask the results by indicating false negative values. The urinary GGT enzyme did not act as an early AKI biomarker. Decreased glomerular filtration rates enhanced the concentration of blood components and masked urinary and tissue components.

A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é definida como um aumento superior a 0,3 mg / L da creatinina sérica em 48 horas e é a principal causa de morte em pacientes em unidades de terapia intensiva. Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: Controle (solução salina 0,9%), Genta (gentamicina 50 mg.kg-¹ BID) e Deh + Genta (gentamicina 50 mg.kg-¹ BID + restrição hídrica) e testados em um Modelo AKI por administração de aminoglicosídeos e sujeição à desidratação. Os animais do grupo Deh + Genta apresentaram o menor peso médio e o menor consumo de ração após o quinto dia de experimento. Nesse mesmo período, o consumo de água do grupo Genta foi inferior ao do grupo Controle, mas nos dias posteriores do experimento, o grupo Genta apresentou polidipsia. O grupo Deh + Genta apresentou média de uréia sérica mais elevada após o quinto dia. Os grupos tratados com gentamicina apresentaram médias superiores à do grupo Controle para a creatinina sérica, que se mostrou um marcador renal tardio de IRA. O valor de GGT sérico foi maior no grupo Deh + Genta, enquanto o valor de GGT urinário foi maior nos grupos que receberam gentamicina, caracterizando enzimúria, mas a desidratação severa pode mascarar os resultados por apresentar valores falsos negativos. A enzima GGT urinária não atuou como um biomarcador precoce de IRA. A diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular aumentou a concentração de componentes do sangue e mascarou componentes urinários e teciduais.

Reference interval of biochemical parameters of lactating sheep in the tropics / Intervalo de referência de parâmetros bioquímicos de ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos

The objective was to estimate the reference intervals of biochemical parameters of lactating ewes in the tropics. Information on up to 290 lactating ewes was compiled from 2006 to 2017. All animals were healthy and were not subjected to forced malnutrition. Animals were raised in different management systems (pasture, total confinement, partial confinement, collective and/or individual confinement). The biochemical profile consisted of information on cholesterol, triglycerides, fructosamine, HDL (high density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), total protein (TP), uric acid, urea, albumin, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Reference values were estimated using the Dixon test, when parametric, and by boostrap, when non-parametric, with a 95% confidence interval. Estimated intervals were 36.3 - 94; 262.22 - 450.66; 7 - 43; 18.6 - 69.4; 1.4 - 8.4; 0.61 - 1.66; 5.4 - 11; 0 - 1.4; 8.4 - 61.5; 1.9 - 3.57 for cholesterol, fructosamine, triglycerides, HDL, VLDL, creatinine, TP, uric acid, urea and albumin, respectively. For enzymes and mineral profile, 59 - 160; 37.9 - 127.8; 30 - 190; 8.23 - 12.45; 3.7 - 8.5; 1.7 - 3.8 for AST, GGT, ALP, Ca, P, and Mg, respectively. It can be concluded that the biochemical parameters of lactating ewes in the tropics are different from those determined in the literature.

Objetivou-se estimar os intervalos de referência dos parâmetros bioquímicos de ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos. Foram compiladas informações de até 290 ovelhas lactantes no período de 2006 a 2017. Todos os animais eram saudáveis e não passaram por condições de desnutrição forçada. Os animais foram criados em diferentes sistemas de manejo (pasto, confinamento total, semiconfinamento, confinamento coletivo e/ou individual). O perfil bioquímico constituiu informações de colesterol, triglicerídeos, frutosamina, HDL (lipoproteína de alta densidade), VLDL (lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade), proteínas totais, ácido úrico, ureia, albumina, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio, AST (aspartato aminotransferase), GGT (gama glutamil transferase) e fosfatase alcalina (FA). Os valores de referência foram estimados através do teste de Dixon, quando paramétrico e por boostrap quando não paramétrico, sendo o intervalo de confiança a 95% de probabilidade. Os intervalos estimados foram 36,3 - 94; 262,22 - 450,66; 7 - 43; 18,6 - 69,4; 1,4 - 8,4; 0,61 - 1,66; 5,4 - 11; 0 - 1,4; 8,4 - 61,5; 1,9 - 3,57 para colesterol, frutosanima, trigligeríceos, HDL, VLDL, creatinina, PT, ácido úrico, ureia e albumina, respectivamente. Para as enzimas e o perfil mineral foram 59 - 160; 37,9 - 127,8; 30 - 190; 8,23 - 12,45; 3,7 - 8,5; 1,7 - 3,8 para AST, GGT, FA, Ca, P, e Mg, respectivamente. Conclui-se que os parâmetros bioquímicos das ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos são discrepantes aos determinados na literatura.

Goatkids fed diets containing castor cake detoxified: II. Nitrogen balance, hepatic and renalfunction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of completely replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor cake detoxified (DCC) with two alkaline products on the nitrogen balance and hepatic and renal function in goat kids. Goatkids of two breeds, Saanen and Anglo Nubian, with an initial body weight of 16.2 ± 0.67 kg, and confined during the growth phase, were used. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on SM and the other two based on castor cake detoxified with Ca(OH)2or NaOH. Twenty-four goats kids were distributed in a completelyrandomized design using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme (diet x breed) with four replicates per combination. The experimental period lasted for 270 days. Consumed nitrogen, fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, retained nitrogen, and nitrogen balance were influenced(p < 0.05) by diets. There was significant effect of diets (p < 0.05) on creatinine, direct bilirubin, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase blood levels, however without any negative changes involving renal or hepatic dysfunction. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats kids in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats kids use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced. NaOH DCC stands in the substitution of soybean meal, because in spite of decreasing the consumption of nitrogen provides the same retention of soybean meal.(AU)

Body weight and blood chemistry of wild coatis that feed on discarded human food / Peso corporal e química sanguínea de quatis selvagens que consomem alimento humano descartado

The coati (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus 1766) is a generalist species, feeding on often-discarded human food in dumpsters around ecological tourism sites. We investigated the body weight and some blood chemistry variables related to the diet of wild coatis from three parks: Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PM), Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) e Estação Ecológica Água Limpa (EEAL). We tested the plasma of 53 coatis for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (Trig), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Male and female adults did not significantly differ on the weight (P > 0.05) and blood chemistry indexes (P > 0.05). The adult coatis of the PM were heavier than the adult coatis of the other two parks. There were significant differences in HDL (P < 0.04), AST (P < 0.001), ALT (P < 0.001), and GGT (P < 0.001) between adults of the three parks. Only ALT and ALP were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the young coatis. The results suggested the coatis of the three parks have different health status. The consumption of discarded human food seems to affect body weight of the PM coatis. The coatis from PNC and EEAL had blood chemistry profiles suggestive of liver disorder. We recommend carrying on environmental education programs to visitors and additional clinical investigations on coatis from these parks.

RESUMO: O quati (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus 1766) é uma espécie generalista que alimenta-se de comida humana frequentemente descartada em lixeiras ao redor de locais de turismo ecológico. Investigou-se o peso corporal e algumas variáveis da química sanguínea relacionadas à dieta de quatis selvagens de três parques: Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PM), Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) e Estação Ecológica Água Limpa (EEAL). Testou-se o plasma de 75 quatis para lipoprotequatis sitaabeiras (PM), Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) aspartato transaminase (AST), gama-glutamil transferase (GGT), colesterol (Chol), triglicerídeos (Trig) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP). Machos e fêmeas adultos não diferiram significativamente quanto a peso (P > 0,05) e índices de química sanguínea (P > 0,05). Os quatis adultos do PM foram mais pesados em relação aos quatis adultos dos outros dois parques. Houve diferenças significativas em HDL (P < 0,04), AST (P < 0,001), ALT (P < 0,001) e GGT (P < 0,001) entre os adultos dos três parques. Apenas ALT e ALP foram significativamente diferentes (P < 0,05) entre os quatis jovens. Os resultados sugerem que os quatis dos três parques apresentam diferentes estados de saúde. O consumo de alimentos humanos descartados parece afetar o peso corporal dos quatis do PM. Os quatis do PNC e da EEAL apresentaram perfis químicos sanguíneos sugestivos de doença hepática. Recomendamos a realização de programas de educação ambiental aos visitantes e investigações clínicas adicionais nos quatis desses parques.

Biochemical profile of castrated and uncastrated male goats supplemented with vitamin E or not / Perfil bioquímico de caprinos machos castrados e não castrados suplementados ou não com vitamina E

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical parameters of goats submitted to castration or not and receiving supplementation with vitamin E or not. A total of 24 goats, uncastrated (12 experimental units) and castrated males (12 experimental units), with average body weight weighing 17.6 kg ± 2.67 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two animal conditions (castrated and uncastrated male) and vitamin E supplementation (with and without supplementation), with six replications. There was an effect of treatments (P<0.05) over time for all studied variables. There was an effect of vitamin supplementation (P<0.05) for phosphorus, iron, protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Vitamin supplementation increased glucose, creatinine and GTT levels over time, and reduced levels of phosphorus, iron, protein, albumin, AST and ALP. We conclude that vitamin E influenced the biochemical parameters studied, but castration did not change the biochemical profile of goats, regardless of whether they were supplemented with vitamin E or not.

Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos de caprinos submetidos ou não a castração e recebendo ou não suplementação com vitamina E. Um total de 24 caprinos, machos não castrados (12 unidades experimentais) e machos castrados (12 unidades experimentais), com peso corporal médio de 17,6 kg ± 2,67 kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo duas condições animais (macho castrado e não castrado) e suplementação com vitamina E (com e sem suplementação), com seis repetições. Houve efeito dos tratamentos (P<0,05) ao longo do tempo para todas as variáveis estudadas. Houve efeito da suplementação vitamínica (P<0,05) para fósforo, ferro, proteína, glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALP) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT). A suplementação vitamínica elevou os níveis de glicose, creatinina e GTT ao longo do tempo, e reduziu os níveis de fósforo, ferro, proteína, albumina, AST e ALP. Concluímos que a vitamina E influenciou nos parâmetros bioquímicos estudados, porém a castração não alterou o perfil bioquímico de caprinos, independentemente de estarem suplementados ou não com a vitamina E.

Primary non-metastatic omental myofibrosarcoma in a horse / Miofibrossarcoma omental primário não metastático em um cavalo

Myofibrosarcoma in horses is a rare malignant tumor composed predominantly by myofibroblasts. A 15-year-old horse was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Parana for evaluation of colic signs. Initial physical examination showed icteric mucous membrane and laboratory analysis found anemia, increased serum activity of ALT, GGT, ALP, and bilirubin. In the exploratory laparotomy a highly vascularized abdominal mass in the left hypochondrium region of approximately 50cm x 45cm x 30cm, adhered to the surrounding structures was observed. Due to the size and adhesions to the omentum, the mass was considered surgically unresectable, and euthanasia was performed followed by necropsy. The immunohistochemical and morphological results indicate the diagnosis of myofibrosarcoma since the neoplastic cells immunoexpressed Vimentin, HHF35 and S100. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first equine case of omental myofibrosarcoma described in the literature.

O miofibrossarcoma em cavalos é um raro tumor maligno, composto predominantemente por miofibroblastos. Um equino, de 15 anos de idade, foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná, para avaliação de sinais de cólica. O exame clínico inicial apresentou mucosas ictéricas e, nos exames laboratoriais, revelou anemia e aumento sérico de ALT, GGT, ALP e bilirrubina. Na laparotomia exploratória, observou-se massa abdominal vascularizada de aproximadamente 50cm x 45cm x 30cm na região do hipocôndrio esquerdo e aderida às estruturas circunvizinhas. Devido ao tamanho e às aderências ao omento, a massa foi considerada irressecável cirurgicamente, portanto foi realizada a eutanásia e a necropsia. Os resultados imuno-histoquímicos e morfológicos indicam o diagnóstico de miofibrossarcoma, visto que as células neoplásicas imunoexpressaram Vimentin, HHF35 e S100. Portanto, esse é o primeiro caso em equinos de miofibrossarcoma omental descrito na literatura.

Vincristine sulfate treatment influence on kidney function of female dogs with transmissible venereal tumor / Influência do tratamento com sulfato de vincristina na função renal de cadela com tumor transmissível venéreo

Chemotherapy agents have some undesirable and non-selective cytostatic effects. Considering that kidneys are vulnerable to drug-induced toxicity, this study evaluated renal injury caused by vincristine sulfate (VS) in 12 female dogs diagnosed with transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). The animals were treated with VS (0.025 mg/kg IV) every 7 days for 4 weeks. During treatment, the animals were subjected to clinical examination, blood count, serum measurement of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, urinalysis and urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) measurements were performed. All parameters were determined three times: before beginning the treatment (T0), after 14 days (T1), and after 28 days (T2). During the study period, there were no changes in serum urea or creatinine levels, urine specific gravity, or persistent proteinuria. Furthermore, urinary GGT measurement did not indicate tubular lesions, and consistent elevation of SDMA was found in only one patient above the reference range. The results showed that weekly therapy with VS as a single agent for 28 days does not induce renal injury in most cases.(AU)

Os agentes quimioterápicos possuem efeitos citostáticos indesejáveis e não seletivos. Considerando a vulnerabilidade renal à toxicidade induzida por drogas, este estudo avaliou a lesão renal causada pelo sulfato de vincristina (VS) em 12 cadelas com diagnóstico de tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT). Os animais foram tratados com VS (0,025 mg / kg IV) a cada sete dias, durante quatro semanas. No transcurso do tratamento, os animais foram submetidos a exame clínico, hemograma, dosagem sérica de dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA), nitrogênio ureico sanguíneo (BUN), creatinina, alanina aminotransferase e fosfatase alcalina. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de urina e medições de gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) urinária. Todos os parâmetros foram mensurados em três tempos, antes do início do tratamento (T0), aos 14 dias (T1) e aos 28 dias (T2). Durante o período do estudo, não houve alterações nas concentrações de ureia ou creatinina séricas, na gravidade específica da urina ou proteinúria persistente. Além disso, a medição de GGT urinária não indicou lesões tubulares, e elevação consistente de SDMA foi encontrada em apenas um paciente acima do intervalo de referência. Os resultados mostraram que a terapia semanal com VS como agente único por 28 dias não induz lesão renal na maioria dos casos.(AU)

Can intramammary infections change immunoglobulins and acute phase proteins of colostrum and transition milk in dairy goats? / A infecção intramamária pode alterar imunoglobulinas e proteínas de fase aguda do colostro e do leite de transição de cabras leiteiras?

Proteiongram analysis is useful for the early diagnosis of intramammary infections during the period of colostrogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of total proteins, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the colostrum of dairy goats with intramammary infections. Animals were divided in groups: GI (n=12) of goats without mammary gland infections, and GII (n=8) of goats with mammary gland infections. Intramammary infections were diagnosed using microbiological isolations and somatic cell counts Cs). Total protein was evaluated in the samples using SDS-PAGE shortly after parturition, and 24 and 48 hours after that event. Non-aureus Staphylococcus (NAS) were detected all isolates. At 48 h, GII had high IgG levels and a SCC of 1660.25 x 103/mL. Levels of total protein were high in this group at 24 and 48 h. Albumin levels were high in goats with mastitis at 24 h. Overall, the IgG, lactoferrin, and albumin levels differed between animals with and without intramammary infections at M0. GGT activity was not influenced by the intramammary infection. The results of this study reinforce the importance of the proteinogram as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of mastitis in dairy goats.

O proteinograma do colostro/leite pode ser útil para diagnóstico precoce de infecções intramamárias, assim como para a avaliação da intensidade da resposta inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil de proteínas, imunoglobulinas, lactoferrina e gamaglutamiltransferase no colostro de cabras leiteiras portadoras s de infecções intramamárias. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, GI (n 12), composto por cabras sem isolamento microbiológico das glândulas mamárias, e GII (n 8), composto por cabras com resultados positivos na cultura do leite de pelo menos uma das glândulas mamárias. O diagnóstico de infecção intramamária foi realizado logo após o parto, por meio de isolamento microbiológico e de contagem de células somáticas (CCS). Os níveis de proteína total, imunoglobulina A (IgA), imunoglobulina (G) (IgG), lactoferrina, albumina e atividade da gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) foram avaliados em amostras de colostro/leite de transição, usando-se SDS-PAGE logo após o parto bem como às 24 e às 48 horas após esse evento. Staphylococcus não aureus (NAS) foram encontrados em todos os isolamentos. A concentração de IgG de 186 foi superior no GII apenas às 48h, ao mesmo tempo em que o CCS foi de 1660,25 x 10/mL. No entanto, a proteína total foi maior neste grupo às 24 e às 48h. A albumina foi maior nas cabras com mastite às 24h, e a lactoferrina no momento 0h (M0) e às 48h. Em geral, os valores de IgG, lactoferrina e albumina diferiram entre os animais com e sem infecções intramamárias no M0. A atividade da gamaglutamiltransferase não foi influenciada pela infecção intramamária. Os resultados deste estudo reforçam a importância do proteinograma como uma ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico da mastite em cabras leiteiras.

Influence of age and sex on blood biochemical profile of Bonsmara cattle breed up to two years / Influência da idade e sexo no perfil bioquímico sanguíneo de bovinos da raça Bonsmara até dois anos

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of animal age and sex on serum concentrations of proteins, metabolites, minerals, and enzymes in Bonsmara cattle up to two years of age. Blood samples were collected from 179 animals (92 males and 87 females), aged between 15 days and 24 months. The animals were divided into four age groups: G1: 15 days ┤2 months, G2: 2 ┤6 months, G3: 6 ┤ 12 months, and G4: 12 ┤24 months of age. The samples were processed in an automatic multichannel analyzer using Labtest Diagnóstica™ kits. Animal age had a significant influence on most of the serum biochemical constituents except for magnesium (Mg) and the Ca+:iP ratio. As age increased, G3 showed the highest concentrations of total proteins (TP), globulins (Glob), urea, and cholesterol (Chol); while G4 had a gradual increase and higher values of creatinine (Crea), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Conversely, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, calcium (Ca+), inorganic phosphorus (iP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) decreased from G1 to G4. Moreover, animal sex influenced serum values of albumin (ALB), Glob, A:G ratio, Crea, urea, triglycerides (TRI), Ca+, iP, Ca+:iP ratio and Mg. In conclusion, the factors of age group and sex significantly influenced the concentrations of serum biochemical constituents in Bonsmara cattle in the growth phase.

Objetivou-se avaliar a infuência da idade e sexo nas concentrações séricas de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas em bovinos da raça Bonsmara com até dois anos de idade. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 179 animais (92 machos e 87 fêmeas), de 15 dias a 24 meses de idade, distribuídos em quatro grupos etários: G1: 15 dias ┤2 meses, G2: 2 ┤6 meses, G3: 6 ┤12 meses e G4: 12 ┤24 meses de idade. As amostras foram processadas em analisador automático multicanal, utilizando kits da Labtest Diagnóstica®. A variável idade dos animais influenciou significativamente nos valores da maioria dos constituintes bioquímicos séricos avaliados, exceto no magnésio (Mg) e na relação Ca+:Pi. O aumento da idade culminou com a maior concentração das proteínas totais (PT), globulinas (Glob), ureia e colesterol (COL) no G3; aumento gradual e maior valor de creatinina (Crea), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) no G4. Em contrapartida, houve diminuição da relação albumina:globulina (A:G), cálcio (Ca+), fósforo inorgânico (Pi), fosfatase alcalina (FAL) e gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) do G1 ao G4. O fator sexo influenciou nos valores séricos da albumina (ALB), Glob, relação A:G, Crea, ureia, triglicérides (TRI), Ca+, Pi, relação Ca+:Pi e Mg. Conclui-se que o fator idade e sexo influenciaram significativamente nos valores dos constituintes bioquímicos séricos analisados de bovinos da raça Bonsmara em fase de crescimento.

Bilateral dysgerminoma in a senile bitch associated with nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in spleen and pyometra: a case report / Disgerminoma bilateral em cadela senil associado a hiperplasia nodular linfoide em baço e piometra: relato de caso

Ovarian neoplasms affect a low percentage of female dogs, and these tumors are classified according to their cellular origin and are considered rare. Dysgerminoma is a tumor derived from undifferentiated primordial ovarian germinal epithelium cells. In the male, this neoplasm is diagnosed as seminoma. Thus, dysgerminoma is not linked to the production of ovarian hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a fundamental role in the establishment of pyometra. At Araujo Veterinary Hospital (HVA), a 15-year-old female Pinscher was admitted with mucopurulent vaginal discharge, abdominal enlargement, anorexia, polydipsia, and prostration clinical signs indicative of pyometra, radiographic and ultrasound examinations were requested, as well as a blood collection for hemogram and serum biochemistry. Ultrasound examination revealed uterine enlargement and hypoechoic content, in addition to bilateral ovarian cysts, measuring 7 cm in the right ovary and 3 cm in the left. The blood count revealed normal values in the erythrogram and the leukogram showed monocytosis and lymphopenia, in addition to macroplatelets. Biochemical examination revealed increased GGT values of 10 U/L. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and, in the trans-surgical period, nodules in the spleen were observed. So, the ovaries and a fragment of the lymphoid organ, were fixed and sent to the histopathology laboratory after surgical resection. Histopathology revealed ovarian dysgerminoma and lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. Ten days after the surgical procedure, the dog returned to the HVA for clinical evaluation and suture removal. However, three days after the return, the patient presented a convulsive condition evolving to death.

Neoplasias ovarianas acometem baixa porcentagem de cadelas, e estes tumores são classificados de acordo com a origem celular, sendo considerados raros. O disgerminoma é um tumor derivado de células do epitélio germinativo primordial ovariano, indiferenciado. No macho, essa neoplasia é diagnosticada como seminoma. Assim, o disgerminoma não está ligado a produção de hormônios ovarianos, como o estrógeno e a progesterona, que desempenham papel fundamental para o estabelecimento da piometra. No Hospital Veterinário Araújo (HVA), uma cachorra da raça Pinscher, com 15 anos, foi antendida apresentando, secreção vaginal mucopurulenta, aumento abdominal, anorexia, polidipsia e prostração sinais clínicos indicativos de piometra, solicitou-se exame de radiográfico e ultrassonografia, bem como a coleta de sangue para hemograma e bioquímico sérico. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou aumento uterino e conteúdo hipoecóico, além de cistos ovarianos bilaterais, com mensurações de 7 cm no ovário direito e 3 cm no esquerdo. O hemograma revelou valores normais no eritrograma e o leucograma apresentou monocitose e linfopenia, além de macroplaquetas. O exame bioquímico revelou valores de GGT aumentados, em 10 U/L. A ovariohisterectomia foi realizada e no trans cirúrgico observou-se nódulos no baço. Assim, os ovários e um fragmento do órgão linfoide, após a ressecção cirúrgica, foram fixados e encaminhadas para laboratório de histopatologia. A histopatologia revelou disgerminoma ovariano e hiperplasia nodular linfoide. Dez dias após o procedimento cirúrgico, a paciente retornou ao HVA para avaliação clínica e retirada da sutura. No entanto, três dias após o retorno, o animal apresentou um quadro convulsivo evoluindo ao óbito.