Resumo
ABSTRACT: The improper disposal of pesticide packaging wastes (PPW) has posed serious harm to the environment, including groundwater and soil pollution and even health concerns to the public. To address the environmental concerns and public health issues, there is a need to recycle the pesticides packaging waste (RPPW). Though small farmers in many developing countries have joined the cooperatives to reduce the production costs and increase the product premium, how these cooperatives improve farmers' RPPW behaviors is still sparse. The current study used data collected from 725 apple farmers in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces of China to explore the phenomenon empirically. Recycling decisions and degree are used to portray the farmers' RPPW behaviors. Firstly, the Logit model was used to analyze the effect of joining cooperatives on farmers' recycling decisions. Further, to address the sample selection bias, the present study employed the propensity score matching (PSM) method for empirical analysis concerning the effect of joining cooperatives on farmers' recycling degree. Results showed that joining cooperatives positively and significantly influences farmers' recycling decisions. If farmers join a cooperative, the probability of the recycling decisions and degree will increase by 20.30% and 27.50%, respectively. Moreover, it is also found that some other factors such as education level, environmental and public health risk perception, peer effect, and relationship network also significantly influence farmers' recycling decisions. Moreover, considering the differences in farmers' gender, age, and educational attainment, the study unveiled the heterogeneous effects of joining cooperatives on farmers' RPPW behaviors. The findings revealed that gender and age variables have noticeable masking effects while education level has a typical threshold effect. The overall findings provided insights for policymakers to emphasize the development of agricultural cooperatives, improve the risk and interest linkage mechanism, and build the RPPW system. These implications are also supportive for policymakers in other developing countries.
RESUMO: O descarte inadequado de resíduos de embalagens de pesticidas (PPW) tem causado sérios danos ao meio ambiente, incluindo a poluição das águas subterrâneas e do solo e até mesmo problemas de saúde pública. Para abordar as preocupações ambientais e questões de saúde pública, há a necessidade de reciclar os resíduos de embalagens de pesticidas (RPPW). Embora pequenos agricultores, em muitos países em desenvolvimento, tenham se unido às cooperativas para reduzir os custos de produção e aumentar o prêmio do produto, ainda é escassa a forma como essas cooperativas melhoram os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. O estudo atual usou dados coletados de 725 produtores de maçã nas províncias de Shaanxi e Gansu da China para explorar o fenômeno empiricamente. Decisões e grau de reciclagem são usados para retratar os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. Primeiramente, o modelo Logit foi utilizado para analisar o efeito da adesão às cooperativas nas decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Além disso, para abordar o viés de seleção da amostra, o presente estudo empregou o método Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para análise empírica sobre o efeito da associação de cooperativas no grau de reciclagem dos agricultores. Os resultados mostraram que a adesão às cooperativas influencia positiva e significativamente as decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Se os agricultores aderirem a uma cooperativa, a probabilidade das decisões de reciclagem aumentará em 20,30%, e o grau de reciclagem aumentará em 27,50%. Além disso, também se constata que alguns outros fatores como nível de escolaridade, percepção de risco ambiental e de saúde pública, efeito de pares e rede de relacionamento também influenciam significativamente as decisões de reciclagem dos agricultores. Além disso, considerando as diferenças de gênero, idade e escolaridade dos agricultores, o estudo também revelou os efeitos heterogêneos da adesão às cooperativas sobre os comportamentos de RPPW dos agricultores. Os resultados revelaram que as variáveis de gênero e idade têm efeitos de mascaramento perceptíveis, enquanto o nível de escolaridade tem um efeito limiar típico. As descobertas gerais fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas enfatizarem o desenvolvimento de cooperativas agrícolas, melhorar o mecanismo de vinculação de risco e interesse e construir o sistema RPPW. Essas implicações também são favoráveisaos formuladores de políticas em outros países em desenvolvimento.
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Based on the apple acreage and output data of 23 provinces in China, the LMDI decomposition method and the barycenter analysis model were used to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of apple production in China from 1978 to 2016. The results showed that the apple acreage and output continued to increase, and the apple production layout has moved to south-westward; Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning, and Xinjiang were the main contributors to the apple output increase in China; yield contributed more to apple output increase, the increase of yield was a significant contributing factor to the apple output growth in 17 provinces, whereas the expansion of apple acreage was a significant contributing factor in the other 6 provinces; the barycenter of apple acreage and output respectively moved to the southwest by 506.63 kilometers and 574.12 kilometers, and the barycenter of apple production gradually shifted to the Loess Plateau. To stabilize the effective supply of apple and maintain industrial security, the policymakers should attach importance to the fundamental role of technological progress in the development of the apple industry, and bring into play the technological progress, economic, social, and environmental effects of apple industry agglomeration by optimizing the apple production layout and strengthening policy guidance and regulatory measures.(AU)
Com base nos dados de área cultivada e produção de maçã de 23 províncias na China, o método de decomposição do LMDI e o modelo de análise de barcenter foram utilizados para analisar sistematicamente as características espaço-temporais da produção de maçã na China entre 1978 e 2016. Os resultados mostraram que a área cultivada de maçã e a produção continuou a aumentar, e o layout da produção da maçã mudou para o Sudoeste; Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning e Xinjiang foram os principais contribuintes para o aumento da produção de maçãs na China; o rendimento contribuiu mais para o aumento da produção de maçã, o aumento do rendimento foi fator de contribuição significativo para o crescimento da produção de maçã em 17 províncias, enquanto a expansão da área cultivada de maçã foi fator de contribuição significativo nas outras 6 províncias; o baricentro da área cultivada e a produção de maçãs se deslocaram para o Sudoeste em 506,63 quilômetros e 574,12 quilômetros respectivamente. O baricentro da produção de maçãs mudou gradualmente para o platô de Loess. Para estabilizar o fornecimento efetivo de maçã e manter a segurança industrial, os formuladores de políticas devem atribuir importância ao papel fundamental do progresso tecnológico no desenvolvimento da indústria da maçã e colocar em jogo o progresso tecnológico, os efeitos econômicos, sociais e ambientais da indústria da maçã aglomeração, otimizando o layout da produção da maçã e fortalecendo a orientação política e as medidas regulatórias.(AU)
Assuntos
Frutas , Abastecimento de Alimentos/métodos , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , TecnologiaResumo
Ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households (FHH) in Gansu Province, China are stricken with poverty. Solving the poverty problem in this or other poverty pockets across China has special importance for the countrys political stability, ethnic unity, social well-being, and ecological security. This paper calculates the multidimensional poverty situation of ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households of Gansu Province, China by using the Alkire-Foster method. Twelve indicators are included in the multidimensional poverty indicator system. Results showed that 1) in the single indicator measure, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x3), the home toilet type (x7), and the labor availability (x2) showed a higher incidence of deprivation, 2) many FHH in the Tibetan areas of the Gansu Province are facing multidimensional poverty but the proportion of extreme poverty is very small, and 3) from the perspective of contribution rate, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x3), labor availability (x2), self-health assessment (x1), home toilet type (x7), and school-age children dropout rate (x4) occupied the top five positions as obtained from the equal weight to dimensions (DEW) method.(AU)
As fazendas tibetanas e lares de pastores na província de Gansu, na China, são atingidas pela pobreza. Resolver o problema da pobreza neste ou em outros aglomerados em toda a China tem importância especial para a estabilidade política do país, a unidade étnica, o bem-estar social e a segurança ecológica. Esta pesquisa calcula a situação multidimensional da pobreza das famílias de fazendeiros e pastores tibetanos da Província de Gansu, usando o método Alkire-Foster. Doze indicadores estão incluídos no sistema multidimensional de indicadores de pobreza. Os resultados mostram que: 1) na medida de indicador único, os membros adultos da família receberam o grau de instrução até, pelo menos, a 9ª série (x3); o tipo de banheiro (x7) e a disponibilidade de mão-de-obra (x2) apresentam maior incidência de privação; 2) muitas FHH nas áreas tibetanas da Província de Gansu enfrentam pobreza multidimensional, mas a proporção de pobreza extrema é muito pequena e, 3) do ponto de vista da taxa de contribuição, os membros adultos da família receberam pelo menos a 9ª série (x3), disponibilidade (x2), a análise de auto-avaliação (x1), o tipo de banheiro domiciliar (x7) e a taxa de desistência de crianças em idade escolar (x4) ocuparam as cinco primeiras posições obtidas do método de peso igual a dimensões (DEW).(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Tibet , Indicadores Sociais , China , Fatores SocioeconômicosResumo
Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae. The virus is the aetiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), and detected for the first time in 1978 in England. PED causes acute enteritis and severe diarrheal disease with high mortality, particularly in suckling piglets; massive economic losses in many locations resulted. The severe acute diarrhea outbreak associated with high morbidity and mortality. By now, PEDV cases confirmed by laboratory testing have been reported from a lot of countries (southern China, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and Japan). Gansu is located in the northwest of China; and few case of PEDV infection has been detected. And previous research has shown that the immunity induced by the commercial Korean vaccine do not provide cross-protection to the recent Chinese PEDV strain. So the virus may as a variant PEDV emerging in Gansu. The study was aimed at detecting the presence of piglets positive to PEDV in Gansu province of China. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 120 samples were collected from piglets from different farms in Gansu province, China from March 2011 to December 2012. The clinical symptoms and anatomic pathological changes of diarrheal piglets were observed. The total RNA was extracted from intestinal contents of diarrheal suckling piglets with a commercial High
Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae. The virus is the aetiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), and detected for the first time in 1978 in England. PED causes acute enteritis and severe diarrheal disease with high mortality, particularly in suckling piglets; massive economic losses in many locations resulted. The severe acute diarrhea outbreak associated with high morbidity and mortality. By now, PEDV cases confirmed by laboratory testing have been reported from a lot of countries (southern China, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and Japan). Gansu is located in the northwest of China; and few case of PEDV infection has been detected. And previous research has shown that the immunity induced by the commercial Korean vaccine do not provide cross-protection to the recent Chinese PEDV strain. So the virus may as a variant PEDV emerging in Gansu. The study was aimed at detecting the presence of piglets positive to PEDV in Gansu province of China. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 120 samples were collected from piglets from different farms in Gansu province, China from March 2011 to December 2012. The clinical symptoms and anatomic pathological changes of diarrheal piglets were observed. The total RNA was extracted from intestinal contents of diarrheal suckling piglets with a commercial High
Resumo
Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae. The virus is the aetiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), and detected for the first time in 1978 in England. PED causes acute enteritis and severe diarrheal disease with high mortality, particularly in suckling piglets; massive economic losses in many locations resulted. The severe acute diarrhea outbreak associated with high morbidity and mortality. By now, PEDV cases confirmed by laboratory testing have been reported from a lot of countries (southern China, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and Japan). Gansu is located in the northwest of China; and few case of PEDV infection has been detected. And previous research has shown that the immunity induced by the commercial Korean vaccine do not provide cross-protection to the recent Chinese PEDV strain. So the virus may as a variant PEDV emerging in Gansu. The study was aimed at detecting the presence of piglets positive to PEDV in Gansu province of China. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 120 samples were collected from piglets from different farms in Gansu province, China from March 2011 to December 2012. The clinical symptoms and anatomic pathological changes of diarrheal piglets were observed. The total RNA was extracted from intestinal contents of diarrheal suckling piglets with a commercial High Pure Viral RNA Kit. Real-time RT-PCR was used to investigate enteropathogen. The reverse transcription was prepared in total of 25 µL volume according to the manufacturers' instructions with the following component volumes per well: 8 µL total RNA, nuclease-free water 2.5 µL, RT-PCR reaction liquid 12.5 µL, multiplex RT-PCR enzyme mix 1.0 µL, and fl uorescence probe 1.0 µL. The reaction was performed at 48°C 10 min, 95°C 10 min, 95°C 15 s, 60°C 45 s. Real-time PCR was performed using ABI PRISM 7500 real-time PCR machine. Samples with threshold cycles (Cts) of 35 cycles were considered positive, and those with Cts < 35 were considered negative. Quality control for the PCR reaction included nuclease-free water as negative amplification control in addition to a positive amplification control provided by the manufacturer. The diarrheal piglets showed severe watery diarrhea, dehydration with milk curd vomitus, mild hemorrhage, undigested curdled milk in the stomach, and thin-walled intestines with severe mucosal atrophy and foamy fluid. The Real-time RT-PCR test identified 87 positive piglets - 18 in Jiayuguan (18% of all tested piglets), 12 in Wuwei (10% of all tested piglets), 11 in Shuangta (9.2% of all tested piglets), 30 in Jingning (25% of all tested piglets) and 16 in Tianshui (13.3% of all tested piglets). Discussion: Relatively higher number of positive piglets in the Gansu Province, Northwest China indicates that this is the region where PEDV has entered the country. And the outbreak of PEDV in Gansu caused severe diarrheal disease in piglets; heavy economic losses in many farms resulted (mortality was 60-85%). Given that the infection has been so far reported only from southern China, our study implies the potential of PEDV to cover new territories. Coronavirus is a significant risk pathogen in humans and animals. Animal Coronavirus is a very serious risk to sustained and healthy development of animal husbandry. Therefore, effective biosecurity control and strict sanitary measures are key components of PED prevention and control. Meanwhile the potential mechanism of PEDV interacts with the host antiviral innate system and the molecular mechanisms that regulate the host innate antiviral immune responses should be further studied.
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Diarreia/veterinária , Vírus da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína/patogenicidade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , SuínosResumo
Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae. The virus is the aetiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), and detected for the first time in 1978 in England. PED causes acute enteritis and severe diarrheal disease with high mortality, particularly in suckling piglets; massive economic losses in many locations resulted. The severe acute diarrhea outbreak associated with high morbidity and mortality. By now, PEDV cases confirmed by laboratory testing have been reported from a lot of countries (southern China, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and Japan). Gansu is located in the northwest of China; and few case of PEDV infection has been detected. And previous research has shown that the immunity induced by the commercial Korean vaccine do not provide cross-protection to the recent Chinese PEDV strain. So the virus may as a variant PEDV emerging in Gansu. The study was aimed at detecting the presence of piglets positive to PEDV in Gansu province of China. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 120 samples were collected from piglets from different farms in Gansu province, China from March 2011 to December 2012. The clinical symptoms and anatomic pathological changes of diarrheal piglets were observed. The total RNA was extracted from intestinal contents of diarrheal suckling piglets with a commercial High
Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae. The virus is the aetiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), and detected for the first time in 1978 in England. PED causes acute enteritis and severe diarrheal disease with high mortality, particularly in suckling piglets; massive economic losses in many locations resulted. The severe acute diarrhea outbreak associated with high morbidity and mortality. By now, PEDV cases confirmed by laboratory testing have been reported from a lot of countries (southern China, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and Japan). Gansu is located in the northwest of China; and few case of PEDV infection has been detected. And previous research has shown that the immunity induced by the commercial Korean vaccine do not provide cross-protection to the recent Chinese PEDV strain. So the virus may as a variant PEDV emerging in Gansu. The study was aimed at detecting the presence of piglets positive to PEDV in Gansu province of China. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 120 samples were collected from piglets from different farms in Gansu province, China from March 2011 to December 2012. The clinical symptoms and anatomic pathological changes of diarrheal piglets were observed. The total RNA was extracted from intestinal contents of diarrheal suckling piglets with a commercial High