Exposição crônica ao cloridrato de metformina e à glibenclamida causa alterações comportamentais, glicêmicas e de mortalidade em Hemigrammus caudovittatus e Danio rerio / Chronic exposure to metformin chloridrate and glibenclamide causes behavioral, blood glucose and mortality changes of Hemigrammus caudovittatus and Danio rerio

Hemigrammus caudovittatus e Danio rerio foram expostos aos hipoglicemiantes orais (HOs) cloridrato de metformina a 40µg/L e 120µg/L e glibenclamida a 0,13µg/L e 0,39µg/L durante 100 dias. Foram avaliados os efeitos tóxicos dos fármacos em relação ao peso, ao comportamento animal, à glicemia e à mortalidade. H. caudovittatus expostos à menor concentração dos fármacos apresentaram aumento significativo (P<0,05) no evento Respiração Aérea. Ainda, foi observado aumento no comportamento Descansar quando os animais foram expostos à glibenclamida a 0,39µg/L. Em D. rerio expostos ao cloridrato de metformina a 120µg/L, foi observado aumento (P<0,05) no comportamento Descansar. A glibenclamida provocou redução (P<0,05) na glicemia de H. caudovittatus. Ambos os fármacos causaram efeito letal na espécie D. rerio, contudo a glibenclamida foi mais tóxica, causando 100% de mortalidade em 30 dias de exposição. Os animais que vieram a óbito apresentaram congestão nos arcos branquiais e hemorragia. Os HOs foram desenvolvidos para apresentarem efeitos fisiológicos em mamíferos, entretanto efeitos tóxicos foram encontrados nas duas espécies de peixe estudadas. Isso levanta a preocupação sobre possíveis efeitos tóxicos de HOs e sobre quais métodos serão utilizados para a sua degradação no ambiente aquático.(AU)

Hemigrammus caudovittatus and Danio rerio were exposed to oral hypoglycemic drugs (HOs) metformin hydrochloride at 40µg/L and 120µg/L and to glibenclamide at 0.13µg/L and 0.39µg/L during 100 days. Toxic effects of the drugs were evaluated based on weight, animal behavior, blood glucose and mortality. H. caudovittatus exposed to lowest concentration of the drugs showed significant increase (P< 0.05) in the Air breathing event. Furthermore, increase in Rest event was observed when animals were exposed to glibenclamide at 0.39µg/L. An increase (P< 0.05) in the frequency of Rest behavior in the D. rerio exposed to metformin hydrochloride at 120µg/L was observed. Glibenclamide caused decrease (P< 0.05) in the blood glucose of H. caudovittatus. Both drugs caused lethal effect against D. rerio. Nevertheless, glibenclamide was more toxic causing 100% of mortality after 30 days of exposure. The animals that died showed congestion on the branchial arches and hemorrhage. The HOs were developed to have physiological effects in mammals. However, toxic effects were found in both species of fish studied. This raises concerns about possible toxic effects of HOs and what methods will be used for their degradation in the aquatic environment.(AU)

Exposição crônica ao cloridrato de metformina e à glibenclamida causa alterações comportamentais, glicêmicas e de mortalidade em Hemigrammus caudovittatus e Danio rerio / Chronic exposure to metformin chloridrate and glibenclamide causes behavioral, blood glucose and mortality changes of Hemigrammus caudovittatus and Danio rerio

Hemigrammus caudovittatus e Danio rerio foram expostos aos hipoglicemiantes orais (HOs) cloridrato de metformina a 40µg/L e 120µg/L e glibenclamida a 0,13µg/L e 0,39µg/L durante 100 dias. Foram avaliados os efeitos tóxicos dos fármacos em relação ao peso, ao comportamento animal, à glicemia e à mortalidade. H. caudovittatus expostos à menor concentração dos fármacos apresentaram aumento significativo (P<0,05) no evento Respiração Aérea. Ainda, foi observado aumento no comportamento Descansar quando os animais foram expostos à glibenclamida a 0,39µg/L. Em D. rerio expostos ao cloridrato de metformina a 120µg/L, foi observado aumento (P<0,05) no comportamento Descansar. A glibenclamida provocou redução (P<0,05) na glicemia de H. caudovittatus. Ambos os fármacos causaram efeito letal na espécie D. rerio, contudo a glibenclamida foi mais tóxica, causando 100% de mortalidade em 30 dias de exposição. Os animais que vieram a óbito apresentaram congestão nos arcos branquiais e hemorragia. Os HOs foram desenvolvidos para apresentarem efeitos fisiológicos em mamíferos, entretanto efeitos tóxicos foram encontrados nas duas espécies de peixe estudadas. Isso levanta a preocupação sobre possíveis efeitos tóxicos de HOs e sobre quais métodos serão utilizados para a sua degradação no ambiente aquático.(AU)

Hemigrammus caudovittatus and Danio rerio were exposed to oral hypoglycemic drugs (HOs) metformin hydrochloride at 40µg/L and 120µg/L and to glibenclamide at 0.13µg/L and 0.39µg/L during 100 days. Toxic effects of the drugs were evaluated based on weight, animal behavior, blood glucose and mortality. H. caudovittatus exposed to lowest concentration of the drugs showed significant increase (P< 0.05) in the Air breathing event. Furthermore, increase in Rest event was observed when animals were exposed to glibenclamide at 0.39µg/L. An increase (P< 0.05) in the frequency of Rest behavior in the D. rerio exposed to metformin hydrochloride at 120µg/L was observed. Glibenclamide caused decrease (P< 0.05) in the blood glucose of H. caudovittatus. Both drugs caused lethal effect against D. rerio. Nevertheless, glibenclamide was more toxic causing 100% of mortality after 30 days of exposure. The animals that died showed congestion on the branchial arches and hemorrhage. The HOs were developed to have physiological effects in mammals. However, toxic effects were found in both species of fish studied. This raises concerns about possible toxic effects of HOs and what methods will be used for their degradation in the aquatic environment.(AU)

Serum concentrations and renal expressions of IL-1 and TNF-a early after hemorrhage in rats under the effect of glibenclamide

PURPOSE:To investigate changes in the serum concentration and renal expression of IL-1 and TNF-α cytokines in rats that received sevoflurane and glibenclamide prior to hemorrhage.METHODS:Two groups of sevoflurane-anesthetized Wistar rats (n=10): G1 (control) and G2 (glibenclamide, 1 µg/g i.v.); hemorrhage of 30% blood volume (10% every 10 min), with replacement using Ringer solution, 5 ml/kg/h. Serum concentrations of IL-1 and TNF-α were studied in the first hemorrhage (T1) and 50 min later (T2), renal expression, at T2.RESULTS:In serum, G1 TNF-α (pg/mL) was T1=178.6±33.5, T2=509.2±118.8 (p<0.05); IL-1 (pg/mL) was T1=148.8±31.3, T2=322.6±115.4 (p<0.05); in G2, TNF-α was T1=486.2±83.6, T2=261.8±79.5 (p<0.05); IL-1 was T1=347.0±72.0, T2= 327.3±90.9 (p>0.05). The expression of TNF-α and IL-1 in the glomerular and tubular cells was significantly higher in the G2 group.CONCLUSIONS:Hemorrhage and glibenclamide elevated TNF-α and IL-1 concentrations in serum and kidneys. High levels of TNF-α already present before the hemorrhage in the glibenclamide group may have attenuated the damages found in the kidneys after the ischemia event.(AU)

Antidiabetic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats

The purpose of the study was to study the hypoglycemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model. G. sylvestre was administered at the dose rate of 50 and 100 mg/kg b w and was compared with standard hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide for its anti hyperglycemic effect. There was improvement in various parameters such as body weight, haemoglobin, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT and antioxidant enzymes in all the treatment groups. G. sylvestre elicited dose dependent effect with 100 mg/kg b w being more effective in alleviating most of the diabetic clinical signs. The findings were clearly substantiated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, G. sylvestre has significant antidiabetic effect at 100 mg/kg b w when administered daily for 45 days.

Antidiabetic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats

The purpose of the study was to study the hypoglycemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model. G. sylvestre was administered at the dose rate of 50 and 100 mg/kg b w and was compared with standard hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide for its anti hyperglycemic effect. There was improvement in various parameters such as body weight, haemoglobin, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT and antioxidant enzymes in all the treatment groups. G. sylvestre elicited dose dependent effect with 100 mg/kg b w being more effective in alleviating most of the diabetic clinical signs. The findings were clearly substantiated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, G. sylvestre has significant antidiabetic effect at 100 mg/kg b w when administered daily for 45 days.(AU)

Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of momordica charantia extract in distilled water in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Momordica charantia or Bitter Melon, a tropical vegetable, is a common food in Indian cuisine and has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model for a period of 45 days. The alcoholic extract of Momordica charantia was administered orally at the dose rate of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in distilled water and compared with standard oral hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide. In the study a significant (P 0.001) improvement in the physiological and biochemical parameters such as body weight, hemoglobin concentration, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed in Momordica charantia treated rats as compared to diabetic control rats. In Momordica charantia treated rats there was gradual and progressive alleviation of streptozotocin effects with M. charantia at higher dose rate (200 mg per kg body weight), more effective in normalizing the pancreatic endocrinal architecture, improving the number of b-cells and in enhancing the insulin secretion. Immunohistochemistry and special staining revealed improvement in the insulin secretion in Momordica charantia and glibenclamide treated groups.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of momordica charantia extract in distilled water in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Momordica charantia or Bitter Melon, a tropical vegetable, is a common food in Indian cuisine and has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model for a period of 45 days. The alcoholic extract of Momordica charantia was administered orally at the dose rate of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in distilled water and compared with standard oral hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide. In the study a significant (P 0.001) improvement in the physiological and biochemical parameters such as body weight, hemoglobin concentration, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed in Momordica charantia treated rats as compared to diabetic control rats. In Momordica charantia treated rats there was gradual and progressive alleviation of streptozotocin effects with M. charantia at higher dose rate (200 mg per kg body weight), more effective in normalizing the pancreatic endocrinal architecture, improving the number of b-cells and in enhancing the insulin secretion. Immunohistochemistry and special staining revealed improvement in the insulin secretion in Momordica charantia and glibenclamide treated groups.(AU)

Phytochemical Analysis and hypoglycemic potential of Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz in alloxan induced diabetic mice / Análise fitoquímica e potencial hipoglicemiante de Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz em camundongos diabéticos induzidos por aloxana

Plants have profound therapeutic benefits, more economical treatments, fewer side effects, and a relatively cheap cost, making them a source of drugs for protective, preventative, curative, or conducive purposes and creating novel phytomedicines. Plant derived medicines are relatively safe compared to synthetic medicines. Many plants have proved to successfully aid in the treatment of diabetes including Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz. The current investigations were therefore designed to assess the phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities of F. hurdwarica. The phytochemical investigations and antioxidant activities of different extracts were carried out using standard chemical tests, DPPH, and H2O2 scavenging assays. F. hurdwarica plant extract in Hydromethanolic solution were prepared by Soxhletation method and stored in refrigerator at 4°C for two days before use. Swiss Albino mice were made diabetic by a single dose of alloxan (150 mg/kg). Hydromethanolic plant extract and fractions of F. hurdwarica were screened for antidiabetic activity and given to the alloxan-induced diabetic mice at a concentration of 150-250 mg/kg of body weight in different groups of 6 diabetic mice each orally once a day for 15 days. Glibenclamide is also given to another group to as a standard drug to support the result at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight orally once a day for 15 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights of mice were measured on 0, 4, 7, 11 and 15th days. The study found that the extract was safe up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg and the dose response effect of chloroform extract (150-250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica showed expressive antihyperglycemic effects and also improved other altered biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. The FTIR and XRD spectra demonstrated the occurrence of phenols, alcohols, alkenes, alkyl halides, ketones, and aromatic compounds and confirmed the amorphous nature of the extract. GC-MS spectral analysis showed the tentative presence of 31 phytochemical constituents in the chloroform extract of F. hurdwarica with different retention time. To conclude, the chloroform extract (250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica revealed considerable antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic potential and is safe for treating diabetes and related complications.

As plantas têm profundos benefícios terapêuticos, tratamentos mais econômicos, menos efeitos colaterais e um custo relativamente barato, tornando-as uma fonte de medicamentos para fins protetores, preventivos, curativos ou propícios e criando novos fitomedicamentos. Medicamentos derivados de plantas são relativamente seguros em comparação com medicamentos sintéticos. Muitas plantas provaram ajudar com sucesso no tratamento de diabetes, incluindo Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz. As investigações atuais foram, portanto, projetadas para avaliar as atividades fitoquímicas, antioxidantes, antidiabéticas e anti-hiperlipidêmicas de F. hurdwarica. As investigações fitoquímicas e atividades antioxidantes de diferentes extratos foram realizadas usando testes químicos padrão, DPPH e ensaios de eliminação de H2O2. O extrato da planta F. hurdwarica em solução hidrometanólica foi preparado pelo método Soxhletation e armazenado em geladeira a 4 °C por dois dias antes do uso. Camundongos Swiss Albino foram tornados diabéticos por uma única dose de aloxana (150 mg/kg). Extrato de planta hidrometanólica e frações de F. hurdwarica foram rastreados quanto à atividade antidiabética e administrados aos camundongos diabéticos induzidos por aloxana em uma concentração de 150-250 mg/kg de peso corporal em diferentes grupos de 6 camundongos diabéticos cada, por via oral, uma vez ao dia por 15 dias. A glibenclamida também é administrada a outro grupo como medicamento padrão para apoiar o resultado na dose de 10 mg/kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez ao dia por 15 dias. Os níveis de glicose no sangue e os pesos corporais dos camundongos foram medidos em 0, 4, 7, 11 e 15 dias. O estudo descobriu que o extrato era seguro até o nível de dose de 2.000 mg/kg e o efeito dose-resposta do extrato de clorofórmio (150-250 mg/kg) de F. hurdwarica mostrou efeitos anti-hiperglicêmicos expressivos e também melhorou outros parâmetros bioquímicos alterados associados com diabete. Os espectros de FTIR e DRX demonstraram a ocorrência de fenóis, álcoois, alcenos, haletos de alquila, cetonas e compostos aromáticos e confirmaram a natureza amorfa do extrato. A análise espectral por GC-MS mostrou a presença tentativa de 31 constituintes fitoquímicos no extrato clorofórmio de F. hurdwarica com diferentes tempos de retenção. Para concluir, o extrato de clorofórmio (250 mg/kg) de F. hurdwarica revelou considerável potencial antioxidante, anti-hiperglicêmico e anti-hiperlipidêmico e é seguro para o tratamento de diabetes e complicações relacionadas.