Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) a magic enzyme: its role in diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis, interactions with fluroquionlones. A mini-review

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimers disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.

Resumo O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) a magic enzyme: its role in diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis, interactions with fluroquionlones. A mini-review / Glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3), uma enzima mágica: seu papel no diabetes mellitus e na homeostase da glicose: interações com fluoroquinolonas. Uma mini-revisão

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimers disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.(AU)

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.(AU)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) a magic enzyme: it's role in diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis, interactions with fluroquionlones. A mini-review / Glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3), uma enzima mágica: seu papel no diabetes mellitus e na homeostase da glicose: interações com fluoroquinolonas. Uma mini-revisão

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.

Resumo O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis ​​pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.

Study of the mutation causing type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in a Mangalarga Marchador population used in breeding programs / Estudo da mutação causadora da miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo tipo 1 em uma população de cavalos Mangalarga Marchador utilizados em programas de melhoramento

The Mangalarga Marchador (MM) breed, which originated in Brazil, constitutes the largest number of horses in the country. The animals are versatile and used in several sports because of major investments made for the genetic improve-ment of the breed. In recent decades, advances in molecular techniques enabled the identification of genetic diseases in hor-ses. Conducting molecular tests and determining the occurrence of mutations are fundamental for the early identification and prevention of abnormalities. Among the known genetic diseases that occur in horses, the c.926G>A mutation in the GYS1gene that causes type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1) stands out, because it has been identified in several breeds of horses. Although myopathy is common in MM horses, the occurrence of the c.926G>A mutation in the GYS1 gene has not yet been evaluated. The lack of knowledge about the possible presence of PSSM1 averts the adoption of control measures to prevent the spread of the disease in MM horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of the muta-tion that causes PSSM1 in MM horses used in breeding programs. Blood DNA was extracted and the region of the GYS1gene containing the mutation was amplified and sequenced. No mutation in the GYS1 gene was found in the evaluated sam-ples. However, since clinical signs of myopathy are frequently observed in MM horses, further studies, including histological analysis, are necessary to establish the underlying causes. In addition, if there is a genetic pattern of occurrence, molecular studies should be considered.(AU)

A raça Mangalarga Marchador (MM), originária do Brasil, constitui a raça de maior número de equinos no país. Os animais são versáteis e utilizados em diversos esportes devido aos seus grandes investimentos em melhoramento genético. Nas últimas décadas, o avanço das técnicas moleculares permitiu a identificação de doenças genéticas em cavalos. A realização de testes moleculares e a determinação da ocorrência de mutações são fundamentais para a identificação precoce e prevenção de anormalidades. Dentre as doenças genéticas conhecidas em equinos, destaca-se a mutação c.926G>A no gene GYS1 causadora da miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo tipo 1 (PSSM1), pois foi identificada em diversas raças equinas. Embora a miopatia seja comum em cavalos MM, a ocorrência da mutação c.926G>A no gene GYS1 ainda não foi avaliada. A falta de conhecimento sobre a possível presença de PSSM1 inviabiliza a adoção de medidas de controle para prevenir a disseminação da doença em equinos MM. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência da mutação causadora de PSSM1 em cavalos MM utilizados em programas de melhoramento. O DNA sanguíneo foi extraído e a região do gene GYS1contendo a mutação foi amplificada e sequenciada. Nenhuma mutação no gene GYS1 foi encontrada nas amostras avaliadas. No entanto, como sinais clínicos de miopatia são frequentemente observados em cavalos com MM, mais estudos, incluindo análises histológicas, são necessários para estabelecer as causas subjacentes. Além disso, se houver um padrão genético de ocorrência, estudos moleculares devem ser considerados.(AU)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) a magic enzyme: it’s role in diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis, interactions with fluroquionlones. A mini-review / Glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3), uma enzima mágica: seu papel no diabetes mellitus e na homeostase da glicose: interações com fluoroquinolonas. Uma mini-revisão

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.

Polysaccharide storage myopathy in two Percheron horses / Miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo em dois equinos da raça Percheron

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a genetic disorder or by undetermined cause characterized by the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and polysaccharides in skeletal muscle fibers. The present report describes two Percheron horses, from different properties in the municipality of Pouso Redondo -SC, with locomotor clinical signs that started after work. The clinical signs observed were rigid gait, mainly of the pelvic limbs, muscle weakness, and recumbency. In the first case, the animal was diagnosed with severe multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, moderate multifocal myoglobin nephrosisand severe diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic gastritis. PSSM was confirmed by the presence of polysaccharide inclusions in myofiber sarcolemma visualized by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the second case, the horse presented two episodes ofmuscle disorder after work. The therapeutic protocol was based on penicillin, flunixin meglumine and fluid therapy with ringer lactate. An increase in creatine kinase (669.0 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (669.0 UI/L) was observed in the serum biochemical evaluation. Research for mutation in the GYS1 gene was performed, with a positive heterozygote result. After rest and gradual recovery, the horse was only submitted to light work, with no return of the clinical condition since then. Thus, this report describes two cases of PSSM with distinct clinical evolution and diagnostic methods.(AU)

A miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeos (PSSM) é uma desordem genética ou de causa indeterminada caracterizada pelo acúmulo anormal de glicogênio e polissacarídeos nas fibras musculares esqueléticas. O presente relato descreve dois cavalos Percheron, oriundos de diferentes propriedades do município de Pouso Redondo ­SC, com sinais clínicos locomotores que iniciaram após o trabalho. Os sinais clínicos observados foram marcha rígida, principalmente dos membros pélvicos, fraqueza muscular, e decúbito. No primeiro caso, o animal foi diagnosticado com rabdomionecrose multifocal acentuada, nefrose mioglobínica multifocal moderada e gastrite fibrinonecrótica transmural difusa acentuada. A PSSM foi confirmada pela presença de inclusões polissacarídicas no sarcolema de miofibras visualizadas pela coloração com ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No segundo caso, o equino apresentou dois episódios de disfunção muscular após o trabalho. O protocolo terapêutico foi baseado em penicilina, flunixin megluminee fluidoterapia com ringer lactato. Um aumento de creatina quinase (669,0 UI/L) e aspartato aminotransferase (669,0 UI/L) foi observado na avaliação bioquímica sérica. Foi realizada pesquisa de mutação nogene GYS1, com resultado heterozigoto positivo. Após repouso e recuperação gradual, o cavalo foi submetido apenas a trabalhos leves, sem retorno do quadro clínico desde então. Assim, este relato descreve dois casos com PSSM com evolução clínica e métodos diagnósticos distintos.(AU)

Comparison of meat quality from Naïma and DanBred hybrid sows mated with P-76 boars / Comparação da qualidade da carne de porcas híbridas Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was the comparative analysis of selected attributes of nutritional and technological quality of pork from Naïma and DanBred gilts mated with P-76 boars. The research was carried on 50 pigs (25 in each group) reared under the same environmental conditions and slaughtered at about 115±5.0 kg. Both analyzed crossbreds populations were characterized by overall good nutritional and technological quality. However the loins from DanBred×P-76 compared with those from Naïma×P-76 had significantly greater glycogen and less lactate concentration in early post mortem period, higher pH at all measurement points (besides no statistical differences in pH measured 2 hours post mortem), lower thermal drip and drip loss measured 96 and 144 hours post mortem and lower lightness (except no differences measured 48 hours post mortem). Additionally loins from DanBred×P-76 contained more protein and less water. No statistical differences in IMF content between both analysed groups were noted (their average values were below 2%). Aforementioned may suggest that crossing both Naïma and DanBred hybrids with P-76 boars may not improve IMF content or increase marbling scores to the levels preferred for culinary purposes.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi a análise comparativa de atributos selecionados de qualidade nutricional e tecnológica de suínos provenientes de marrãs Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76. A pesquisa foi realizada em 50 suínos (25 em cada grupo) criados nas mesmas condições ambientais e abatidos com cerca de 115 ± 5,0 kg. Ambas as populações de mestiços analisadas foram caracterizadas por uma boa qualidade nutricional e tecnológica geral. No entanto, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 em comparação com os de Naïma × P-76 tinham glicogênio significativamente maior, e menor concentração de lactato no período post mortem inicial, pH mais alto em todos os pontos de medição (além de nenhuma diferença estatística no pH medido 2 horas post mortem), menor gotejamento térmico e perda de gotejamento medido 96 e 144 horas post mortem e menor leveza (exceto nenhuma diferença medida 48 horas post mortem). Além disso, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 continham mais proteína e menos água. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas no conteúdo do FMI entre os dois grupos analisados (seus valores médios estavam abaixo de 2%). O resumido acima pode sugerir que o cruzamento de híbridos Naïma e DanBred com machos P-76 pode não melhorar o conteúdo de IMF ou aumentar as pontuações de marmoreio para os níveis preferidos para fins culinários.

Expression of the NSE,SP,NFH and DβH in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camel

Abstract Neuroendocrine substances play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of testicles. The purpose of this study is to explore the localization and effects of four neuroendocrine markers (NSE, SP, NFH and DβH) in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camels using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that cryptorchidism caused a reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and decreased glycogen positivity in the basement membrane. The ultrastructure revealed that macrophages were always found around the Leydig cells, crowded with swelling mitochondria in cryptorchidism. Expression of NSE in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism was significantly weakened compared to that in the normal group(p<0.01). We found that SP was always distributed along the nerve fibers in normal testes and was expressed in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism. However, expression of NFH in the cryptorchidic tissue was strongly positive in the spermatogenic epithelium, with limited expression in Leydig cells and no expression in peritubular myoid cells. Therefore, the expression of DβH in the Sertoli cells was comparatively strong in both the normal and cryptorchidism groups. NFH and DβH expression was significantly increased in the cryptorchidism group compared with the normal group (p<0.01). These findings indicated that the underdeveloped seminiferous epithelium and pathological changes in cryptorchid tissue in Bactrian camels were potentially related to a disorder in glycoprotein metabolism. Our results suggest that NSE and SP could help judge the pathological changes of cryptorchidism. The present study provides the first evidence at the protein level for the existence of NFH and DβH in Sertoli and Leydig cells in Bactrian camel cryptorchidism and provides a more in-depth understanding of neuroendocrine regulation is crucial for animal cryptorchidism.

Antinutritional effect of lectin from faveira (Parkia platycephala) seeds in tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus) / Efeito antinutricional da lectina de sementes de faveira (Parkia platycephala) em tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus)

This study investigated the possible antinutritional effects of Parkia platycephala lectin (0, 20, 40, or 60 mg kg-1 of diet) on tambatinga feeding for 60 days as well as methods of inactivating this protein. Weight gain, specific growth rate, and relative weight gain decreased, and the feed conversion rate increased with the increase in dietary lectin. The hepatic glycogen levels of fish fed 60 mg kg-1 were higher than those of fish fed 20 and 40 mg kg-1. Diets containing 40 and 60 mg kg-1 increased muscle glucose levels compared to the control group. Fish-fed diets containing lectin showed reduced muscle glycogen compared to those receiving the control diet. Fish fed 60 mg kg-1 presented lower muscle protein levels than those fed 20 mg kg-1. In vitro tests showed that the hemagglutination activity of lectin was inhibited by d-mannose, d-glucose, and α-methyl-d-mannopyranoside. Thermal treatment at 50­60°C was sufficient to reduce the action of lectin, as well as a pH below and above the 6­7 range. Therefore, the use of P. platycephala meals as a dietary ingredient for tambatinga with no lectin inac-tivation is not recommended as it can negatively affect the fish's biochemical parameters and growth. Acid or alkaline solutions can be an alternative for inactivating the protein and improving its use by fish and other animals.(AU)

Este estudo investigou possíveis efeitos antinutricionais da lectina de Parkia platycephala (0, 20, 40 ou 60 mg kg-1 de dieta) na alimentação de tambatinga por 60 dias, bem como métodos de inativação dessa proteína. O ganho de peso, a taxa de crescimento específico e o ganho de peso relativo diminu-íram, enquanto o índice de conversão alimentar aumentou com o incremento de lectina na dieta. Os níveis de glicogênio hepático dos peixes alimentados com 60 mg kg-1 foram superiores aos dos que ingeriram 20 e 40 mg kg-1. Dietas contendo 40 e 60 mg kg-1 aumentaram os níveis de glicose muscular em comparação com os que receberam a dieta controle. Nos animais cuja dieta continha lectina, redu-ziu-se o glicogênio muscular em comparação com os da dieta controle. Os espécimes alimentados com 60 mg kg-1 apresentaram menor nível de proteína muscular do que aqueles que consumiram 20 mg kg-1. Testes in vitro mostraram que a atividade de hemaglutinação da lectina foi inibida por D-mano-se, D-glicose e α-metil-D-manopiranosídeo. O tratamento térmico entre 50 e 60°C foi suficiente para reduzir a ação da lectina, assim como o pH abaixo de 6 e acima de 7. Portanto, usar farelo de P. pla-tycephala como ingrediente em dieta para tambatinga sem inativação da lectina não é recomendado, pois pode afetar negativamente os parâmetros bioquímicos e o crescimento dos exemplares. Soluções ácidas ou alcalinas podem ser uma alternativa para inativar a proteína e melhorar sua utilização em peixes e outros animais.(AU)

New findings of intestinal alkaline phosphatase: effects on intestinal and organ health of piglets challenged with ETEC F4 (K88)

The aim of this study was to assess the addition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) to diets on the count of bacterial populations, pH of digestive organ contents, histopathological description, proinflammatory markers, hepatic glycogen reserve, and diarrhoea incidence of piglets challenged with Escherichia coli. Sixty-four crossbred piglets (7.16±0.28 kg body weight, 25-days-old) were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomised block design: negative control (NC), NC + antibiotic (ANT), NC + 15 mg IAP, or NC + 30 mg IAP kg−1 of diet, eight replications of two piglets per experimental unit. All piglets were orally challenged with 6 mL of a solution containing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 at 106 CFU mL−1 at 15 days of experimentation. The study lasted for 19 days. At the end of the experimental period, the piglets were slaughtered (six animals per treatment). Enterobacteriaceae in caecum and colon was lower in piglets on 30 mg IAP than with ANT and NC, ANT or 15 mg IAP, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae adhered to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was greater in piglets fed ANT than the other treatments. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in caecum was greater in piglets fed NC and ANT. In MLN, LAB count was greater in ANT and 30 mg IAP-fed piglets compared with 15 mg IAP. Piglets in 30 mg IAP in diet showed a tendency for lowering tissue necrosis compared with NC or ANT. Piglets fed 30 mg IAP showed a reduction in diarrhoea incidence in the pre- and post-challenge compared with 15 mg IAP and all other treatments, respectively. Based on the criteria, addition of 30 mg IAP to diet inhibits Enterobacteriaceae population and suggests a potential effect in mitigating intestinal injuries, as observed in piglets in the NC for some of the parameters investigated.(AU)

The sperm mitochondria: clues and challenges

Sperm cells rely on different substrates to fulfil thei energy demand for different functions and diverse moments of their life. Species specific mechanism involve both energy substrate transport and their utilization: hexose transporters, a protein family of facilitative passive transporters of glucose and other hexose, have been identified in spermatozoa of different species and, within the species, their localization has been identified and, in some cases, linked to specific glycilitic enzyme presence. The catabolism of hexose sources for energy purposes has been studied in various species, and recent advances has been made in the knowledge of metabolic strategies of sperm cells. In particular, the importance of aerobic metabolism has been defined and described in horse, boar and even mouse spermatozoa; bull sperm cells demonstrate to have a good adaptability and capacity to switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation; finally, dog sperm cells have been demonstrated to have a great plasticity in energy metabolism management, being also able to activate the anabolic pathway of glycogen syntesis. In conclusion, the study of energy management and mitochondrial function in spermatozoa of different specie furnishes important base knowledge to define new media for preservation as well as newbases for reproductive biotechnologies.(AU)

Comparison of meat quality from Naïma and DanBred hybrid sows mated with P-76 boars / Comparação da qualidade da carne de porcas híbridas Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76

The objective of this study was the comparative analysis of selected attributes of nutritional and technological quality of pork from Naïma and DanBred gilts mated with P-76 boars. The research was carried on 50 pigs (25 in each group) reared under the same environmental conditions and slaughtered at about 115±5.0 kg. Both analyzed crossbreds populations were characterized by overall good nutritional and technological quality. However the loins from DanBred×P-76 compared with those from Naïma×P-76 had significantly greater glycogen and less lactate concentration in early post mortem period, higher pH at all measurement points (besides no statistical differences in pH measured 2 hours post mortem), lower thermal drip and drip loss measured 96 and 144 hours post mortem and lower lightness (except no differences measured 48 hours post mortem). Additionally loins from DanBred×P-76 contained more protein and less water. No statistical differences in IMF content between both analysed groups were noted (their average values were below 2%). Aforementioned may suggest that crossing both Naïma and DanBred hybrids with P-76 boars may not improve IMF content or increase marbling scores to the levels preferred for culinary purposes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi a análise comparativa de atributos selecionados de qualidade nutricional e tecnológica de suínos provenientes de marrãs Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76. A pesquisa foi realizada em 50 suínos (25 em cada grupo) criados nas mesmas condições ambientais e abatidos com cerca de 115 ± 5,0 kg. Ambas as populações de mestiços analisadas foram caracterizadas por uma boa qualidade nutricional e tecnológica geral. No entanto, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 em comparação com os de Naïma × P-76 tinham glicogênio significativamente maior, e menor concentração de lactato no período post mortem inicial, pH mais alto em todos os pontos de medição (além de nenhuma diferença estatística no pH medido 2 horas post mortem), menor gotejamento térmico e perda de gotejamento medido 96 e 144 horas post mortem e menor leveza (exceto nenhuma diferença medida 48 horas post mortem). Além disso, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 continham mais proteína e menos água. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas no conteúdo do FMI entre os dois grupos analisados (seus valores médios estavam abaixo de 2%). O resumido acima pode sugerir que o cruzamento de híbridos Naïma e DanBred com machos P-76 pode não melhorar o conteúdo de IMF ou aumentar as pontuações de marmoreio para os níveis preferidos para fins culinários.

Kukoamine A activates Akt/GSK-3ß signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and relieve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury refers to a pathological condition of treatment of myocardial infarction. Oxidative stress and inflammation are believed to be important mechanisms mediating MI/R injury. Kukoamine A (KuA), a sperm, is the main bioactive component extracted from the bark of goji berries. In this study, we wanted to investigate the possible effects of KuA on MI/R injury. Methods: In this experiment, all rats were divided into sham operation group, MI/R group, KuA 10 mg + MI/R group, KuA 20 mg + MI/R group. After 120 min of ischemia/reperfusion treatment, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), maximal rates of rising and fall of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax), and ischemic area were detected. Serum samples of rats in each group were collected. The enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), CK muscle/brain (CK-MB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The apoptosis of myocardium in each group was detected according to the instructions of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expressions of mammalian target of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSH-3ß) and protein kinase B (Akt) mRNA level in myocardial tissues were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: MI/R rats showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, we showed that KuA significantly improved the myocardial function such as LVSP, left ventricular ejection fraction, +dp/dt, and -dp/dt. Here, it attenuated dose-dependent histological damage in ischemia-reperfused myocardium, which is associated with the enzyme activities of SOD, GSH-PX, and levels of MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, L-1ß. Conclusions: KuA inhibited gene expression of Akt/GSK-3ß, inflammation, oxidative stress and improved MR/I injury. Taken together, our results allowed us to better understand the pharmacological activity of KuA against MR/I injury.

Expression of the NSE, SP, NFH and DbetaH in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camel

Neuroendocrine substances play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of testicles. The purpose of this study is to explore the localization and effects of four neuroendocrine markers (NSE, SP, NFH and DβH) in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camels using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that cryptorchidism caused a reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and decreased glycogen positivity in the basement membrane. The ultrastructure revealed that macrophages were always found around the Leydig cells, crowded with swelling mitochondria in cryptorchidism. Expression of NSE in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism was significantly weakened compared to that in the normal group(p<0.01). We found that SP was always distributed along the nerve fibers in normal testes and was expressed in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism. However, expression of NFH in the cryptorchidic tissue was strongly positive in the spermatogenic epithelium, with limited expression in Leydig cells and no expression in peritubular myoid cells. Therefore, the expression of DβH in the Sertoli cells was comparatively strong in both the normal and cryptorchidism groups. NFH and DβH expression was significantly increased in the cryptorchidism group compared with the normal group (p<0.01). These findings indicated that the underdeveloped seminiferous epithelium and pathological changes in cryptorchid tissue in Bactrian camels were potentially related to a disorder in glycoprotein metabolism. Our results suggest that NSE and SP could help judge the pathological changes of cryptorchidism. The present study provides the first evidence at the protein level for the existence of NFH and DβH in Sertoli and Leydig cells in Bactrian camel cryptorchidism and provides a more in-depth understanding of neuroendocrine regulation is crucial for animal cryptorchidism.(AU)

Comparison of meat quality from Naïma and DanBred hybrid sows mated with P-76 boars / Comparação da qualidade da carne de porcas híbridas Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76

The objective of this study was the comparative analysis of selected attributes of nutritional and technological quality of pork from Naïma and DanBred gilts mated with P-76 boars. The research was carried on 50 pigs (25 in each group) reared under the same environmental conditions and slaughtered at about 115±5.0 kg. Both analyzed crossbreds populations were characterized by overall good nutritional and technological quality. However the loins from DanBred×P-76 compared with those from Naïma×P-76 had significantly greater glycogen and less lactate concentration in early post mortem period, higher pH at all measurement points (besides no statistical differences in pH measured 2 hours post mortem), lower thermal drip and drip loss measured 96 and 144 hours post mortem and lower lightness (except no differences measured 48 hours post mortem). Additionally loins from DanBred×P-76 contained more protein and less water. No statistical differences in IMF content between both analysed groups were noted (their average values were below 2%). Aforementioned may suggest that crossing both Naïma and DanBred hybrids with P-76 boars may not improve IMF content or increase marbling scores to the levels preferred for culinary purposes.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi a análise comparativa de atributos selecionados de qualidade nutricional e tecnológica de suínos provenientes de marrãs Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76. A pesquisa foi realizada em 50 suínos (25 em cada grupo) criados nas mesmas condições ambientais e abatidos com cerca de 115 ± 5,0 kg. Ambas as populações de mestiços analisadas foram caracterizadas por uma boa qualidade nutricional e tecnológica geral. No entanto, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 em comparação com os de Naïma × P-76 tinham glicogênio significativamente maior, e menor concentração de lactato no período post mortem inicial, pH mais alto em todos os pontos de medição (além de nenhuma diferença estatística no pH medido 2 horas post mortem), menor gotejamento térmico e perda de gotejamento medido 96 e 144 horas post mortem e menor leveza (exceto nenhuma diferença medida 48 horas post mortem). Além disso, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 continham mais proteína e menos água. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas no conteúdo do FMI entre os dois grupos analisados (seus valores médios estavam abaixo de 2%). O resumido acima pode sugerir que o cruzamento de híbridos Naïma e DanBred com machos P-76 pode não melhorar o conteúdo de IMF ou aumentar as pontuações de marmoreio para os níveis preferidos para fins culinários.(AU)

Effect of Lippia grata essential oil as a feed additive on the performance of tambatinga juveniles / Efeito do óleo essencial de Lippia grata como aditivo alimentar sobre o desempenho de juvenis de tambatinga

Lippia grata (formerly known as Lippia gracillis) is an aromatic plant native to Brazil, with leaves rich in essential oils that possess significant biological activities. We evaluated the effect of essential oil of L. grata (EOLG) as a dietary additive on the growth, somatic indices, and biochemical parameters of juveniles (5.25 ± 0.26 g) of tambatinga, a hybrid fish obtained by crossing tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) with pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomum) of great economic importance in north and northeastern Brazil. We evaluated four dietary treatments, consisting of EOLG supplemented at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL kg-1, over 60 days. Carcass yield was significantly higher in fish fed all EOLG diets compared to those fed the control diet (0.0 mL kg-1). Animals that received the 0.5 mL kg-1 treatment gained significantly more weight and showed a higher specific growth rate than those treated with 1.0 and 2.0 ml kg-1 EOLG, although none differed significantly from the control. The feed conversion rate was significantly lower in the 0.5 than in the 1.0 mL kg-1 treatment. Compared with higher concentrations, the diet containing 0.5 mL kg-1 EOLG increased the use of muscle glycogen, glucose, and lactate to meet energy demands, avoiding the use of muscle protein. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with EOLG significantly improves carcass yield in tambatinga juveniles but that concentrations above 0.5 mL kg-1 may compromise growth rates and carbohydrate metabolism in this fish.(AU)

Lippia grata (previamente conhecida como Lippia gracillis) é uma planta aromática nativa do Brasil, com folhas ricas em óleos essenciais que possuem atividades biológicas significativas. Avaliamos o efeito do óleo essencial de L. grata (OELG) como aditivo alimentar sobre o crescimento, índices somáticos e parâmetros bioquímicos de juvenis (5,25 ± 0,26 g) de tambatinga, um hibrido obtido do cruzamento de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) com pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomum) com grande importância econômica no norte e nordeste do Brazil. Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos dietéticos consistindo na suplementação com OELG em 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mL kg-1 durante 60 dias. O rendimento de carcaça foi significativamente maior nos peixes alimentados com todas as dietas contendo OELG em comparação à dieta controle. Os animais do tratamento 0,5 mL kg-1 ganharam significativamente mais peso e apresentaram maior taxa de crescimento específico do que aqueles tratados com 1,0 e 2,0 mL kg-1 OELG, embora nenhum tenha diferido significativamente do controle. A taxa de conversão alimentar foi significativamente menor no tratamento 0,5 mL kg-1 do que no tratamento 1,0 mL kg-1. Comparada com as concentrações mais altas, a dieta contendo 0,5 mL kg-1 OELG aumentou o uso de glicogênio muscular, glicose e lactato para suprir as demandas energéticas, evitando o uso de proteína muscular. Nossos resultados sugerem que a suplementação dietética com OELG melhora significativamente o rendimento de carcaça de juvenis de tambatinga, mas concentrações acima de 0,5 mL kg-1 podem comprometer as taxas de crescimento e metabolismo de carboidratos desses peixes.(AU)

Impact of atrazine and nitrate on liver and kidney of egyptian toad Sclerophrys regularis: bioindicator alarming on ecosystem

Atrazine and nitrate have been shown to act as potent oxidative stressors in amphibians either alone or in combination under stable laboratory conditions, causing histopathological alternations in liver and kidney structures at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments groups were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine-nitrate treatments with doses of 300 µg L-1, 200 mg L-1 and their combination respectively. Sever distortion in liver and kidney tissues were shown related to the different treatments. The most hepatic lesions were observed depletion in glycogen content, degeneration of hepatocytes, hemorrhage, necrosis, vasodilatation, congestion in blood vessels, cloudy swelling in the hepatocytes and aggregation of melanomacrophage cells in between the hepatocytes that increased in combination treatment group. In kidney, the most lesions were represented in degeneration of renal tubules, fibrosis, hemorrhage, leucocytes infiltration, thickness in the wall of the renal capsule, atrophy of glomerulus, deformation of Bowman's epithelium. These negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.(AU)

Acute response of refeeding in tambaqui submitted to long-term fasting

ABSTRACT This study aimed evaluate energetic mobilization in tambaqui submitted to fasting, after a one-day refeeding. 120 tambaqui juveniles were distributed in 12 310L polyethylene boxes. Three treatments were evaluated: Control (14 days of feeding); Fasting for 14 days; and Refeeding (13 days fasting and one day of feedback). After the experimental period, the fish were anesthetized with eugenol for blood collection and serum and plasma were used to measure glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum protein. Subsequently, fish were euthanized to remove liver and mesenteric fat and were used to determine hepatic glycogen and lipid and mesenteric fat index. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey test when statistical significance was observed (P 0.05). Glucose, triglycerides and serum protein decreased after fasting, differing statistically with the control. Refeeding resulted in the recovery of three blood indicators. Liver analysis shows glycogen was consumed intensely during fasting and partially recovered after refeeding, when compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 14-day fast was not harmful to the fish and the tambaqui are able to quickly adjust their metabolism according to their nutritional status.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou avaliar a mobilização energética em tambaqui submetido ao jejum, após a realimentação de um dia. 120 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 12 caixas de polietileno de 310L. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: grupo controle (14 dias de alimentação); Jejum de 14 dias; e realimentado (13 dias em jejum e um dia de realimentação). Após o período experimental, os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol para coleta de sangue e o soro e o plasma foram utilizados para dosagem de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína sérica. Posteriormente, os peixes foram eutanasiados para remoção de fígado e gordura mesentérica e foram usados na determinação de glicogênio e lipídio hepático e índice de gordura mesentérica. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey quando observada significância estatística (P 0,05). Glicose, triglicérides e proteína sérica reduziram após o jejum, diferindo estatisticamente com o controle. Já a realimentação resultou na recuperação dos três indicadores sanguíneos. A análise no fígado mostra que o glicogênio foi consumido intensamente durante o jejum e recuperou parcialmente após a realimentação, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que o jejum de 14 dias não foi prejudicial aos peixes e os tambaqui são capazes de ajustar rapidamente seu metabolismo de acordo com seu estado nutricional.

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

ABSTRACT: This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

RESUMO: Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.