Concomitant occurrence of multicentric hemangiosarcoma and histiocytic sarcoma in a dog

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is uncommon malignant neoplasia of round cells with marked predilection in Rottweiler and Bernese Mountain. The disseminated form, which mainly affects the spleen, lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin, and subcutis, presents a quick and aggressive clinical behavior. Hemangiosarcoma (HAS) is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial vessel cells commonly reported to affect the right atrium of dogs' hearts. A male Rottweiler, five years old, presented flaccid paraplegia and progressive muscular atrophy in the temporal, masseter, and limbs muscles; Due to the clinical stage of the animal, euthanasia was conducted. During the necroscopic examination, it was noticed that several masses presented different sizes; some were whitish, and others were reddish and spread in multiple organs (lungs, heart, spleen, stomach, kidneys, brain, medulla, skeletal muscle, and pre-scapular lymph node). Microscopically, in some organs such as the stomach, right ventricle, lungs, and medulla, it was noticed a proliferation of myeloid cells, highly cellular, with poor demarcation, no encapsulation, and with the infiltrative growth pattern of cells with high pleomorphism. Numerous tumoral emboli were observed in the spleen, brain, skeletal muscle, and lymph node. These cells were submitted for immunohistochemistry and were positive for CD18 (HS antibody). In the right atrium, liver, and kidney it was observed malignant and infiltrative endothelial proliferation (HSA) and emboli in the medulla. Therefore, we conclude that both neoplasms (HS and HSA) cause the animal's paraplegia due to their embolism and metastasis to the spinal cord and skeletal muscle.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch - sonographic findings

Background: A 10-year-old spayed bitch with hip dysplasia was referred for periarticular ultrasound evaluation. A poorly marginated structure of mixed echogenicity, predominantly hypoechoic, with heterogeneous echotexture, was identified in the vastus lateralis muscle of the right pelvic limb with increased stiffness, assessed using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, compared to that of the adjacent muscle tissues, and intense vascularization by pulsed Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Guided biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma. The objective of this study was to describe B-mode ultrasound, CEUS, and ARFI findings of hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch. Case: A 10-year-old spayed bitch Golden Retriever weighing 36 kg was evaluated for pelvic limb lameness. The patient presented with bilateral pain during hip extension. The primary diagnostic suspicion was degenerative joint disease and secondary hip dysplasia. The patient was referred for imaging evaluation of the hip joints (radiography and ultrasound) under anesthesia. Right lateral and ventrodorsal projections with the pelvic limbs extended were obtained to confirm the diagnosis. In the right pelvic limb, an amorphous hypoechoic structure with irregular contours and heterogeneous echotexture was observed in the vastus lateralis muscle. In ARFI elastography, it was possible to identify differences in tissue stiffness between healthy and compromised portions. Pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation demonstrated an arterial waveform pattern with a peak systolic velocity of 38.8 cm/s, end-diastolic velocity of 6.9 cm/s, pulsatility index of 1.76, and resistive index of 0.82. CEUS study identified a mean peak of 27.26 %, mean time to peak of 39.95 s, and mean transmission time of 49.96 s. The popliteal lymph node was hyperechoic and heterogeneous in B-mode. In ARFI elastography, the average stiffness was 2.52 m/s, and the CEUS obtained an average peak of 19.98%, average time to peak of 17.52 s, and mean transit time of 22.83 s. Doppler assessment revealed no clear vascularization in the lymph node. Thoracic radiography in 3 projections and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Radiographic evidence of pulmonary nodules was not observed. On abdominal ultrasound evaluation, it was possible to identify changes in the spleen, which presented with splenomegaly, mixed echogenicity, and heterogeneous echotexture. The animal underwent ultrasound-guided muscle biopsy, which confirmed the presence of hemangiosarcoma in the muscle. The bitch was referred for splenectomy and lymphadenectomy of the right popliteal, which confirmed neoplastic involvement of the same neoplasm. Discussion: On B-mode ultrasound, the observed changes were similar to those in a report of hemangiosarcoma in the muscles of the chest wall in dogs, which contributed to the diagnosis. Although it was only one patient, ARFI elastography results suggest that muscle hemangiosarcoma tends to follow the same elastographic characteristics as malignant lesions in other tissues. Additionally, the popliteal lymph node had a stiffness suggestive of malignancy (mean 2.52 m/s) because it presented a similar result and greater elasticity of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in bitches (>2.5 m/s) and women (> 1.44 m/s) with breast tumor. With CEUS, it was possible to identify vascularization in the sentinel lymph node that was not visible by pulsed Doppler, and in muscle mass. The findings of this report provided relevant results on muscle hemangiosarcoma in a bitch and demonstrated that the information obtained with the association of imaging methods supported the malignancy criteria described in other studies.

Histopathological case study of canine hemangiosarcoma with multiple organ metastases

We studied a 14-year-old male dog necropsied. Gross findings were hemorrhagic nodules in the spleen, liver, heart and abdominal and thoracic lymph nodes. Histologically, we homogeneously observed tumor cells often with prominent, bulging and mitotic nuclei that were pleomorphic and hyperchromatic, forming small blood vessels. Tumors in all organs were diagnosed as capillary hemangiosarcomas. No tumor cells were detected in the lungs. We presume that the primary tumor was present in the spleen, from where it metastasized multiple organs via lymphatic vessels.(AU)

Canine splenic tumors: Histopathological study of 9 cases in Uruguay, 2019-2020

There are no reports of what kind of spleen tumors have developed within a certain period of time in Uruguay. Therefore, we investigated spleen tumors that were surgically resected and brought into our laboratory for a year (2019-2020). As a result, 9 splenic tumors were observed. Hemangiosarcomas occurred at the highest incidence in 6 of 9 cases. In addition, 1 case each of lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, and perivascular wall tumor was observed. Furthermore, the perivascular wall tumor, which has not been reported so far, was observed in a seven years-old female Cocker Spaniel.(AU)

Scrotal hemangiosarcoma in a Large White boar / Hemangiossarcoma na bolsa escrotal de um reprodutor Large White

Tumors are rarely diagnosed in swine specie because of the short lifespan of production animals. Normally, these tumors do not present any clinical signs and are often detected at the time of slaughter. A 2-year-old Large White boar, used in the reproductive management of a farm and without a history of pre-existing problems, was examined for skin lesions on the scrotum. Samples were collected from skin segments containing lesions for histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis. Microscopically, the nodes in the scrotum pouch consisted of poorly demarcated, highly cellular, expansile, and multifocally invasive neoplasms, composed of immature endotheliocytes organized into neovascular formations. The tumor cells were pleomorphic, slightly oval to spindle-shaped, with eosinophilic cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei with one to three nucleoli. All the nodules analyzed were compatible with hemangiosarcoma. After immunohistochemical evaluation, for the quantification of tissue angiogenesis the neoplastic cells immunoexpressed the CD31 monoclonal antibodies and factor VIII, through the identification of proteins expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. The Ki67 cell proliferation marker was positive in approximately 10% of the neoplastic cells, demonstrating a high degree of malignancy. Hemangiosarcoma in swine species has already been identified in several organs and tissues; however, to date, no study has demonstrated the diagnosis of this condition on the skin of the scrotum, as reported in this study. Therefore, it is expected that this report will contribute to the knowledge of the frequency of neoplasms in swine species.

Na espécie suína os tumores são pouco diagnosticados devido a curta vida útil dos animais de produção. Normalmente não causam sinais clínicos, sendo, muitas vezes, encontrados no momento do abate. Um reprodutor com dois anos de idade, da raça Large White, utilizado no manejo reprodutivo de uma granja, sem histórico de problemas pré-existentes, foi examinado em função de lesões na pele da bolsa escrotal. Foram coletadas amostras de segmentos de pele contendo lesões para o diagnóstico histopatológico e imunohistoquímico. Microscopicamente os nodos em bolsa escrotal consistiam em neoplasias mal demarcadas, altamente celulares, expansivas e multifocalmente invasivas composta por endoteliócitos imaturos organizados em formações neovasculares. As células tumorais eram pleomórficas, levemente ovais a fusiformes com citoplasma eosinofílico e núcleos hipercromáticos e com um a três nucléolos. Todos os nódulos analisados foram compatíveis com hemangiossarcoma. Para a quantificação da angiogênese tecidual, após a avaliação imunohistoquímica, as células neoplásicas imunoexpressaram os anticorpos monoclonais CD31 e Fator VIII, através da identificação de proteínas expressas na superfície das células endoteliais. Observou-se o marcador de proliferação celular Ki67 positivo em aproximadamente 10% das células neoplásicas, demonstrando um alto grau de malignidade. O hemangiossarcoma na espécie suína já foi identificado em vários órgãos e tecidos, mas, até o momento, nenhum trabalho demonstrou o diagnóstico na pele da bolsa escrotal, como reportado, ineditamente, neste estudo. Face o exposto, espera-se que este relato contribua para a frequência de neoplasias encontradas na espécie suína.

Hemangiosarcoma of the third eyelid in an American Pit Bull Terrier

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant neoplasm arising from the endothelial cells of blood vessels. It has fast growth, and severe local infiltration and metastasis power, in addition to risk of hemorrhage due to the fragility of its vessels. HSA develops in dogs aged 8 to 13 years but can affect younger animals too. Ocular involvement in HSA is rare, but when identified, the third eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva close to the limbus are the most affected sites by this neoplasm. This study aimed to report the clinicopathological aspects of a case of HSA in the third eyelid of an American Pit Bull Terrier breed. Case: A 10-year-old male American Pit Bull Terrier with a history of a red hemorrhagic mass on the third eyelid of the left eye was examined at a veterinary clinic. On physical examination, the animal showed signs of ocular discomfort and bleeding. On ophthalmologic examination, a raised red mass, approximately 2 cm in diameter, was identified on the anterior surface of the third eyelid. The mass was surgically excised. The excised tissue fragment was fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for 24 h and sent for histopathological examination. Macroscopically, the fragment was irregular, soft, and brownish and measured 2.0 × 1.0 × 0.5 cm. Histologically, proliferation of non-delimited and non-encapsulated atypical endothelial cells, which were organized in vascular arrangements forming small lakes filled with red blood cells, was observed. The cells exhibited elongated and basophilic cytoplasm, oval nuclei with coarse chromatin, and evident nucleoli. Moderate anisocytosis and anisocariosis were observed, with no mitotic figures. Epithelial hyperplasia with mild mixed inflammatory infiltrate was noted. Surgical margins were compromised. Sections of neoplastic tissue were processed...

Lobectomia total como tratamento de hemangiossarcoma hepático em um cão - relato de caso / Total lobectomy as treatment of hepatic hemangiosarcoma in a dog - case report / Lobectomía total como tratamiento de hemangiosarcoma hepático en un perro - reporte de caso

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia mesenquimal maligna agressiva com elevada taxa de morbidade e de mortalidade em cães e gatos; que se desenvolve mais frequentemente em baço, fígado, coração, ossos além de poder manifestar metástases regionais. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso de um canino diagnosticado com hemangiossarcoma hepático em lobo caudado submetido a uma lobectomia total. A técnica cirúrgica consistiu na utilização da sutura de guilhotina modificada na base do lobo acometido utilizando fio de polidioxanona e, com o auxílio de um bisturi elétrico unipolar, e respeitando o distanciamento de 0,5 cm da sutura, foi realizada a lobectomia. Após a remoção do lobo, foi fixada uma esponja hemostática de colágeno na região da incisão como forma de auxílio no controle hemorrágico. Foi indicado também a realização de tratamento quimioterápico adjuvante, entretanto o tutor do animal optou pela não realização da mesma. Ainda assim, o paciente do presente relato obteve uma boa resposta ao procedimento, e o tutor ficou muito satisfeito, relatando que houve uma grande melhora na qualidade de vida do animal e que ele não sentia mais dor, voltando a ter o seu comportamento habitual.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma is an aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with a high rate of morbidity and mortality in dogs and cats; which develops more frequently in the spleen, liver, heart, bones, in addition to being able to manifest regional metastases. The present report aims to describe a case of a canine diagnosed with hepatic hemangiosarcoma in the caudate lobe submitted to a total lobectomy. The surgical technique consisted of using a modified guillotine suture at the base of the affected lobe using polydioxanone thread and, with the aid of a unipolar electric scalpel, and respecting the distance of 0.5 cm from the suture, lobectomy was performed. After removing the lobe, a hemostatic collagen sponge was fixed in the region of the incision as an aid in hemorrhagic control. Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment was also indicated, however the animal's tutor chose not to perform it. Even so, the patient in the present report had a good response to the procedure, and the tutor was very satisfied, reporting that there was a great improvement in the animal's quality of life and that he no longer felt pain, returning to his usual behavior.(AU)

El hemangiosarcoma es una neoplasia mesenquimatosa maligna agresiva con una alta tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad en perros y gatos; la cual se desarrolla con mayor frecuencia en bazo, hígado, corazón, huesos, además de poder manifestar metástasis regionales. El presente reporte tiene como objetivo describir un caso de un canino con diagnóstico de hemangiosarcoma hepático en el lóbulo caudado sometido a una lobectomía total. La técnica quirúrgica consistió en utilizar una sutura de guillotina modificada en la base del lóbulo afectado con hilo de polidioxanona y, con la ayuda de un bisturí eléctrico unipolar, y respetando la distancia de 0,5 cm de la sutura, se realizó la lobectomía. Después de retirar el lóbulo, se fijó una esponja hemostática de colágeno en la región de la incisión como ayuda para el control hemorrágico. También se indicó tratamiento de quimioterapia adyuvante, sin embargo el tutor del animal optó por no realizarlo. Aun así, el paciente del presente reporte tuvo una buena respuesta al procedimiento, y el tutor quedó muy satisfecho, informando que hubo una gran mejoría en la calidad de vida del animal y que ya no sintió dolor, volviendo a su comportamiento habitual.(AU)

Hemangiossarcoma pouco diferenciado grau II em seio nasal esquerdo de cão: relato de caso / Grade II poorly differentiated hemangiosarcoma in the left nasal sinus of dog: case report

Hemangiossarcoma é um câncer com alto poder de malignidade e metástase, tendo origem em células endoteliais de vasos sanguíneos, é frequentemente encontrado em baço, pele e raramente em cavidade nasal de cães. Foi atendido um cão, SRD, de 13 anos, com secreção nasal hemorrágica em narina esquerda e aumento de volume dorsal ao nariz que se estendia até seio frontal, com exoftalmia de globo ocular esquerdo, tendo se instalado de forma aguda. Pela radiografia de crânio nas projeções latero-lateral obliqua e dorso ventral, observou-se lise óssea dos seios nasal, frontal e orbital. Colhido material para Citopatologia, o diagnóstico presuntivo foi osteossarcoma. A fim de se planejar o ato cirúrgico, realizou se a tomografia computadorizada de crânio, que evidenciou formação na cavidade nasal esquerda, com expansão até o osso orbital, sem acometimento de linfonodos regionais. A fim de se avaliar a hemostasia e possibilidades de tromboembolismo no pós-cirúrgico, realizou-se o tromboelastograma e o paciente tinha possibilidades de realizar trombo. Ele foi operado com sucesso, removida a maior parte da massa tumoral e utilizada a eletroquimioterapia no leito cirúrgico. O diagnóstico histopatológico foi hemangiossarcoma pouco diferenciado grau 2. O paciente recebeu tratamento com anti-coagulante nos dias seguintes, teve uma recuperação satisfatória e iniciou-se a quimioterapia adjuvante com doxorubicina após 1 mês da cirurgia, entretanto, ele apresentou quadro de sangramento difuso compatível com CID e veio a óbito. Os hemangiossarcomas são raros na cavidade nasal de cães e parece adotar um pior comportamento nesta região, quando comparado ao baço e pele, inclusive com possibilidade de síndrome para-neoplásica. O trombolestograma tem se mostrado um exame importante para avaliação do equilíbrio hemostático no controle as doenças neoplásicas.

Hemangiosarcoma is a cancer with high power of malignancy and metastasis, originating in endothelial cells of blood vessels, it is often found in the spleen, skin and rarely in the nasal cavity of dogs. A dog, SRD, 13 years old, was treated with hemorrhagic nasal discharge in the left nostril and increase in volume dorsal to the nose that extended to the frontal sinus, with exophthalmos of the left eyeball, which had been installed acutely. On the skull X-ray in the lateral oblique and dorsal-ventral projections, bone lysis of the nasal, frontal and orbital sinuses was observed. After collecting material for cytopathology, the presumptive diagnosis was osteosarcoma. In order to plan the surgical act, a computed tomography scan of the skull was performed, which showed formation in the left nasal cavity, with expansion up to the orbital bone, without involvement of regional lymph nodes. In order to assess hemostasis and possibilities of thromboembolism in the postoperative period, a thromboelastogram was performed and the patient had possibilities of having a thrombus. He was successfully operated on, removing most of the tumor mass and using electrochemotherapy in the surgical bed. The histopathological diagnosis was grade 2 poorly differentiated hemangiosarcoma. The patient received treatment with anticoagulants in the following days, had a satisfactory recovery and adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin was started 1 month after surgery, however, he presented compatible diffuse bleeding. with ICD and died. Hemangiosarcomas are rare in the nasal cavity of dogs and seem to have a worse behavior in this region when compared to the spleen and skin, including the possibility of paraneoplastic syndrome. The thrombolestogram has been shown to be an important test for evaluating the hemostatic balance in the control of neoplastic diseases.

Hemoperitoneum in a cow with lumbar muscle hemangiosarcoma

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with an infiltrative growth pattern. Hemangiosarcomas are frequently reported in canines and rare in felines, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle. Few cases of hemangiosarcoma were reported in cattle. In the present report, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a bovine muscle hemangiosarcoma. Case: A 6-year-old, Girolando cow from the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, presented sternal decubitus. Clinical signs were markedly pale mucous membranes, moderate dehydration, respiratory distress, and increased heart rate. The hematological examination revealed intense regenerative anemia. Due to the worsening of the clinical condition, the cow was submitted to euthanasia. The necropsy and collection of various fragments of organs were performed, which were sent to the "Setor de Anatomia Patológica" (SAP-UFRRJ). Tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The external mucous membranes were markedly pale. Multifocal areas of 1.5 x 1.0 cm, irregular and dark red were observed dissecting the quadratus lumborum muscle (hemangiosarcoma) fibers. These neoplasms were associated with an extensive cruoric clot adhered to the muscle fibers. The extensive, red, friable mass measured approximately 76 x 55 x 20 cm on the serous surfaces of the organs of the peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The spleen was moderately reduced. The bone marrow was markedly pale. Histologically, it was observed that there was an extensive proliferation of endothelial cells in the quadratus lumbar muscle mass dissecting the epimysium and perimysium. Endothelial cells had moderate pleomorphism, organized in vascular channels and forming multifocally solid areas with a significant amount of eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin). Sections of muscle neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibody, which showed a multifocal moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling of neoplastic endothelial cells. Discussion: There are few reports of striated muscle hemangiosarcoma in cattle. Muscular hemangiosarcomas were reported in a 4-month-old calf in the left cervical trapezius muscle and a 6-year-old Holstein cow with left pelvic limb mass lateral and distal to the knee. Some reports presented hemangiosarcoma in the iliopsoas muscle, left cervical trapezius muscle, pelvic limb muscles and right cervical muscle of the bovine. In the presented report, hemoperitoneum occurred as a result of hemorrhages from muscle hemangiosarcoma. Other studies have demonstrated cavity hemorrhages in joint, pelvic, pleural and cranial cavities associated with hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiosarcoma with regenerative anemia must be distinguished from other diseases that cause anemia. The main differential diagnoses of bovine with anemia are vena cava syndrome, coumarin derivatives poisoning, acute poisoning by Pteridium spp., tick fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Hemangiosarcoma should be differentiated from other lesions as hemangioma, vascular tumor of lymphatic endothelium and perivascular wall tumors. Cases with poorly differentiated morphology should be submitted for immunohistochemistry. In the present hemangiosarcoma case, we have used the von Willebrand factor for immunohistochemistry diagnosis. Expression of angiogenic growth factors such as CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) have also been used in the diagnosis of vascular proliferation lesions. Hemangiosarcoma in cattle should be included mainly in the differential diagnosis of diseases that cause acute anemia in cattle.

Primary corneal hemangiosarcoma in a tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant vascular tumor commonly described in veterinary ophthalmology as emerging at the margin of the third eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva. The primary corneal attachment of the tumor is considered rare, as the cornea is an avascular structure, but there are sparse reports of primary occurrences in the cornea of dogs, cats, and horses. No reports were found in wild animals. The Tapirus terrestris, commonly known as Tapir, is a perissodactyl mammal that inhabits South America regions, being considered the largest terrestrial mammal of Brazil and one of the most popular animals in zoos in various countries. This paper aims to report the first case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma in a 25-year-old female Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) held in captivity. Case: A 25-year-old Tapirus terrestris female presented an irregular mass in the right cornea, mucopurulent secretion, and inconclusive previous cytological evaluation. It also had a history of a milky cornea for many years, and in the last 12 months, a tissue growth was observed, as well as the occurrence of mucopurulent secretion. The menace response in the right eye was negative. In the ophthalmologic examination, a red-colored, lobed, hemorrhagic, and ulcerated mass occupying approximately 90% of the cornea was observed, and in the peripheral cornea, there was an intense discoloration. Due to the extension of the mass and visual loss, the transpalpebral enucleation was performed under general inhalation anesthesia. The histopathological analysis evidenced a vascular tumor restricted to the central peripheral cornea, composed of blood vessels of small and large caliber, showing polygonal endothelial cells with moderate atypia, anisocytosis, and anisocariasis, in addition to dense stroma and inflammatory cells. The mass occupied the anterior corneal stroma, and there was no involvement of bulbar conjunctiva, sclera, or intraocular structures. The immunohistochemical study revealed the positivity of neoplastic cells for CD31, and the proliferative index of the lesion was evaluated by the Ki-67 as inferior to 10%. Discussion: The histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations evidenced a hypercellular lesion, and the diagnosis of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma (HSA) was possible due to the significant cellular atypia identified in the lesion. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of corneal hemangiosarcoma described in Tapirus terrestris. The HAS is a malignant neoplasm originating in the vascular endothelial cells. There is a significant correlation between the HSA and prolonged exposure to solar radiation. The tapir of this report lived in a high-altitude region with exposure to ultraviolet rays; therefore, it might be an important predisposing factor for the HSA emergence. The chosen treatment for vascular tumors according to the visual prognostic is the lamellar keratectomy; however, the transpalpebral enucleation was the elected treatment since the eye was not visual, the neoplasm had a great extension, the animal was in advanced age and lived in captivity, and it was difficult to handle the animal without sedation to perform adjuvant therapies. Since the mass corresponded to 90% of the cornea, total removal with free edges would not be possible as described in the literature, and, therefore, there was an increased risk of relapse. In the follow-up after 3 years of surgical excision, the animal remained free of metastasis, reinforcing the diagnosis of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma.

Ocurrence enzootic hematuria in buffaloes in Brazil: epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects

ABSTRACT: It is reported the occurrence of enzootic hematuria (EH) in buffaloes in Brazil after performing an epidemiological survey and clinicopathological analises. To date, EH caused by ingestion of Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, a radiomimetic plant popularly known as bracken fern, has not been described in this species in Brazil. Bovine EH is responsible for high economic losses in Brazils Southeast Region not only because of the deaths it causes, but also owing to its negative effect on productivity. In São José do Barreiro County, São Paulo, some farmers in areas with a high incidence of bovine EH have been replacing cattle with buffaloes, based on the premise that the latter would be more resistant to poisoning by ingestion of Pteridium spp. However, even though initial observations indicated that buffaloes are indeed less sensitive than cattle to the toxic principle of Pteridium spp., cases of hematuria in this species have been reported. According to preliminary date, EH only occurs in buffaloes over six years of age. Macroscopic examination revealed a thickened urinary vesicle mucosa, along with multiple foci of ulcerated, exophytic, verrucous, and pedunculated lesions. In one of the buffaloes studied, the bladder wall was ruptured and exhibited marked secondary inflammation. Histologically, neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes similar to those described in cattle poisoned by Pteridium spp. were observed. The neoplasms found included papilloma, carcinoma in situ, urothelial carcinoma (low and high grade), inverted, microcystic, and trabecular variants, urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation (squamous and glandular), squamous cell carcinoma, lymphangioma, hemangioma, and hemangiosarcoma. There was also coexistence of epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms. Bovine papillomavirus particles were not detected by polymerase chain reaction in the bladder samples analyzed.

RESUMO: Descreve-se, através de levantamento epidemiológico e avaliação clínico-patológica, a ocorrência de hematúria enzoótica (HE) em búfalos no Brasil. Essa condição, causada pela ingestão da planta radiomimética Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, conhecida popularmente como samambaia ou samambaia do campo, até então não havia sido descrita nessa espécie no Brasil. Na Região Sudeste, a HE bovina é responsável por elevadas perdas econômicas, devidas não apenas aos óbitos, mas também em função da queda de produtividade. No município de São José do Barreiro/SP, alguns produtores de áreas com alta incidência de HE bovina, vêm substituindo os bovinos por búfalos, com base na premissa de que estes seriam mais resistentes à intoxicação. Embora, de acordo com observações iniciais, os búfalos realmente sejam menos sensíveis que os bovinos ao princípio tóxico de Pteridium spp., ainda assim, tem-se verificado a ocorrência de casos de hematúria nessa espécie. De acordo com o levantamento inicial, a HE só ocorre em búfalos com idade a partir de seis anos. Ao exame macroscópico, verificou-se a mucosa da bexiga espessa, com múltiplos focos de lesões ulceradas, exofíticas, papiliformes, verrucosas, pedunculadas. Histologicamente, foram observadas alterações neoplásicas e não neoplásicas semelhantes às descritas nos bovinos com HE. Entre as neoplasias foram encontrados papiloma, carcinoma in situ, carcinoma urotelial (baixo e alto grau), variantes invertida, microcística e trabecular, carcinoma urotelial com diferenciação divergente (escamosa e glandular), carcinoma de células escamosas, linfangioma, hemangioma e hemangiossarcoma. Ocorreu também coexistência entre neoplasias epiteliais e mesenquimais. Não foram detectadas partículas de papilomavírus bovino pelo teste PCR nas amostras de bexiga analisadas.

A Critical Review of the risk factors associated with Canine Squamous Cell Carcinoma development

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common neoplastic skin disease that is highly prevalent in tropical countries. As the skin has a variety of cells, overexposure to environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light, can affect this organ, resulting in malignancies, such as cutaneous SCC, hemangioma, and hemangiosarcoma. SCC arises from keratinocytes in the skin and is locally invasive with low metastatic rates, commonly affecting unpigmented skin in sites with high exposure to sunlight, such as ventral regions. SCC has a variable etiology that is not well understood. Therefore, literature review aimed to critically evaluate the risk factors involved in the SCC development.(AU)

Ocurrence enzootic hematuria in buffaloes in Brazil: epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects / Ocorrência de hematúria enzoótica em búfalos no Brasil: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos

It is reported the occurrence of enzootic hematuria (EH) in buffaloes in Brazil after performing an epidemiological survey and clinicopathological analises. To date, EH caused by ingestion of Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, a radiomimetic plant popularly known as "bracken fern", has not been described in this species in Brazil. Bovine EH is responsible for high economic losses in Brazil's Southeast Region not only because of the deaths it causes, but also owing to its negative effect on productivity. In São José do Barreiro County, São Paulo, some farmers in areas with a high incidence of bovine EH have been replacing cattle with buffaloes, based on the premise that the latter would be more resistant to poisoning by ingestion of Pteridium spp. However, even though initial observations indicated that buffaloes are indeed less sensitive than cattle to the toxic principle of Pteridium spp., cases of hematuria in this species have been reported. According to preliminary date, EH only occurs in buffaloes over six years of age. Macroscopic examination revealed a thickened urinary vesicle mucosa, along with multiple foci of ulcerated, exophytic, verrucous, and pedunculated lesions. In one of the buffaloes studied, the bladder wall was ruptured and exhibited marked secondary inflammation. Histologically, neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes similar to those described in cattle poisoned by Pteridium spp. were observed. The neoplasms found included papilloma, carcinoma in situ, urothelial carcinoma (low and high grade), inverted, microcystic, and trabecular variants, urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation (squamous and glandular), squamous cell carcinoma, lymphangioma, hemangioma, and hemangiosarcoma. There was also coexistence of epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms. Bovine papillomavirus particles were not detected by polymerase chain reaction in the bladder samples analyzed.

Descreve-se, através de levantamento epidemiológico e avaliação clínico-patológica, a ocorrência de hematúria enzoótica (HE) em búfalos no Brasil. Essa condição, causada pela ingestão da planta radiomimética Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, conhecida popularmente como "samambaia" ou "samambaia do campo", até então não havia sido descrita nessa espécie no Brasil. Na Região Sudeste, a HE bovina é responsável por elevadas perdas econômicas, devidas não apenas aos óbitos, mas também em função da queda de produtividade. No município de São José do Barreiro/SP, alguns produtores de áreas com alta incidência de HE bovina, vêm substituindo os bovinos por búfalos, com base na premissa de que estes seriam mais resistentes à intoxicação. Embora, de acordo com observações iniciais, os búfalos realmente sejam menos sensíveis que os bovinos ao princípio tóxico de Pteridium spp., ainda assim, tem-se verificado a ocorrência de casos de hematúria nessa espécie. De acordo com o levantamento inicial, a HE só ocorre em búfalos com idade a partir de seis anos. Ao exame macroscópico, verificou-se a mucosa da bexiga espessa, com múltiplos focos de lesões ulceradas, exofíticas, papiliformes, verrucosas, pedunculadas. Histologicamente, foram observadas alterações neoplásicas e não neoplásicas semelhantes às descritas nos bovinos com HE. Entre as neoplasias foram encontrados papiloma, carcinoma in situ, carcinoma urotelial (baixo e alto grau), variantes invertida, microcística e trabecular, carcinoma urotelial com diferenciação divergente (escamosa e glandular), carcinoma de células escamosas, linfangioma, hemangioma e hemangiossarcoma. Ocorreu também coexistência entre neoplasias epiteliais e mesenquimais. Não foram detectadas partículas de papilomavírus bovino pelo teste PCR nas amostras de bexiga analisadas.

Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in a buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) with lung metastasis

Hemangiosarcomas are malignant neoplasms arising from endothelial cells of blood vessels. A three-year-old male buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (HV-UFPB) due to a recurrent tan nodular mass in the pericloacal region. Surgery for excision of the mass was attempted but the bird died during the surgical procedure. The nodule and the carcass were sent for gross and histological evaluation. Histopathology revealed large blood-filled vascular spaces lined by pleomorphic endothelial cells, which were also observed in the lungs. These findings suggested the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma that was confirmed by immunohistochemistry against factor VIII-related antigen.

Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in a buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) with lung metastasis

Hemangiosarcomas are malignant neoplasms arising from endothelial cells of blood vessels. A three-year-old male buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (HV-UFPB) due to a recurrent tan nodular mass in the pericloacal region. Surgery for excision of the mass was attempted but the bird died during the surgical procedure. The nodule and the carcass were sent for gross and histological evaluation. Histopathology revealed large blood-filled vascular spaces lined by pleomorphic endothelial cells, which were also observed in the lungs. These findings suggested the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma that was confirmed by immunohistochemistry against factor VIII-related antigen.(AU)

Tamponamento cardíaco secundário ao hemangiossarcoma em cães / Cardiac tamponade secondary to hemangiosarcoma in a dog

Background: Nonspecific clinical manifestations such as apathy, anorexia and diarrhea are common in the clinical routine, and therefore may mask the severity of its triggering factor. When patients presenting this symptomatology are referred to the care center, it is essential that a thorough investigation is performed to clarify the primary causes of these manifestations, and for this, complementary imaging exams may be necessary. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical and imaging aspects of a canine with cardiac hemangiosarcoma and to correlate with the pathophysiology of the alterations observed, in order to optimize the clinical care of patients with nonspecific clinical signs and affected by this alteration. Case: A 10-year-old Pitbull dog was treated with a history of vomiting, loss of appetite and diarrhea. Upon clinical examination, the animal presented dehydration level and distended abdomen. On ultrasound examination, hepatomegaly was observed, associated with signs of double layer in the gallbladder wall and the presence of moderate peritoneal effusion. On chest radiography, the cardiac silhouette showed an important increase in size with loss of shape and contours. Dorsal displacement of the trachea, greater contact of the heart with the sternum and displacement of the caudal vena cava were observed. In addition, an amorphous and poorly defined structure with radiopacity of soft tissues was observed in the region of the atrium and right ventricle, causing the obliteration of pulmonary fields. On echocardiographic examination, a significant amount of free anechogenic fluid was observed in the pericardial sac, confirming the suspicion of pericardial effusion, with consequent collapse of the wall of the right heart chambers during systole. Furthermore, an amorphous, poorly defined and heterogeneous structure was observed in the right atrium wall. Due to the location of the neoformation, the patient's general clinical condition, euthanasia was chosen. During the necropsy, the ocular, oral and preputial mucosae were moderately pale. In the abdomen, the presence of hydroperitoneum and hepatomegaly was observed. In the thoracic cavity, hemothorax, enlarged heart were identified and, in the right atrium, a reddish mass was identified. In addition, the lungs were whitish and hypercrepitating at the edges of the cranial lobes; the rest of the organ was moderately hyperemic, hypocrepitating. In histopathological examination of the liver, the centrilobular region showed chronic passive congestion associated with necrosis and multifocal degeneration of hepatocytes. Neoplastic proliferation of mesenchymal cells, moderately cellular, non-encapsulated, of infiltrative growth was observed in the heart. Neoplastic cells formed bundles, with a tendency to organize themselves into small blood vessels filled with red blood cells. The cytoplasm was moderate, elongated, indistinct, eosinophilic and homogeneous. The nucleus was large, unique, elongated, with finely dotted chromatin and sometimes with one or two nucleoli evident. Anisocytosis, anisocariosis and cell pleomorphism were moderate. Interwoven with neoplastic cells, a moderate presence of multifocal lymphohistioplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrate was observed. The definitive diagnosis of cardiac changes was hemangiosarcoma. Discussion: Hemangiosarcoma is a vascular endothelial cell neoplasm with high metastatic power and unfavorable prognosis. When located in the heart, it is commonly found in the auricle and right atrium and the cardiovascular changes caused by this neoplasm as well as the severity of these changes vary according to size and location. Clinical manifestations can be quite nonspecific and are usually associated with hemodynamic impairment, causing signs of right or left congestive heart failure.

Aneurisma em veia cava caudal de cão: relato de caso / Caudal vena cava aneurysm: case report

Uma paciente da espécie canina de 9 anos de idade, SRD, foi encaminhado ao serviço de oncologia, após a retirada de um hemangiossarcoma dérmico em região de abdome. Após pesquisa de metástase, constatou por meio da radiografia de tórax presença de uma formação circular, homogênea de 4 cm em hemitórax direito em topografia de lobo acessório pulmonar. Foi então realizado exames complementares cardiológicos e de imagem tais como ecocardiograma e posteriormente tomografia computadorizada com contraste, que confirmou a presença de aneurisma em veia cava caudal. A paciente apresentava-se assintomática, portanto, tendo sido considerado um achado em estadiamento clínico. O aneurisma é uma dilatação vascular, patologia rara em cães, principalmente em veia cava caudal e suas causas ainda permanecem incertas, tendo na genética como a mais provável. Embora o hemangiosarcoma não seja a causa principal para o desenvolvimento do aneurisma, serviu de gatilho para esse achado. Essa patologia ainda permanece rara na medicina veterinária, mesmo sendo os animais utilizados como principais modelos de estudos para tratamento de aneurismas em humanos.

A 9-year-old canine patient, SRD, was referred to the oncology service after removal of a dermal hemangiosarcoma in the abdomen. After searching for metastasis, he found through chest radiography the presence of a circular, homogeneous 4 cm formation in the right hemithorax in topography of the pulmonary accessory lobe. Complementary cardiological and imaging exams, such as echocardiography and later contrast-enhanced computed tomography, were performed, which confirmed the presence of aneurysm in the caudal vena cava. The patient was asymptomatic, therefore, having been considered a finding in clinical staging. Aneurysm is a vascular dilation, a rare pathology in dogs, mainly in the caudal vena cava and its causes are still uncertain, with genetics as the most plausible and probable. Although hemangiosarcoma is not the main cause for the development of the aneurysm, it served as a trigger for this finding. This pathology still remains rare in veterinary medicine, even though animals are used as the main study models for the treatment of aneurysms in humans.

Aneurisma em veia cava caudal de cão: relato de caso / Caudal vena cava aneurysm: case report

Uma paciente da espécie canina de 9 anos de idade, SRD, foi encaminhado ao serviço de oncologia, após a retirada de um hemangiossarcoma dérmico em região de abdome. Após pesquisa de metástase, constatou por meio da radiografia de tórax presença de uma formação circular, homogênea de 4 cm em hemitórax direito em topografia de lobo acessório pulmonar. Foi então realizado exames complementares cardiológicos e de imagem tais como ecocardiograma e posteriormente tomografia computadorizada com contraste, que confirmou a presença de aneurisma em veia cava caudal. A paciente apresentava-se assintomática, portanto, tendo sido considerado um achado em estadiamento clínico. O aneurisma é uma dilatação vascular, patologia rara em cães, principalmente em veia cava caudal e suas causas ainda permanecem incertas, tendo na genética como a mais provável. Embora o hemangiosarcoma não seja a causa principal para o desenvolvimento do aneurisma, serviu de gatilho para esse achado. Essa patologia ainda permanece rara na medicina veterinária, mesmo sendo os animais utilizados como principais modelos de estudos para tratamento de aneurismas em humanos.(AU)

A 9-year-old canine patient, SRD, was referred to the oncology service after removal of a dermal hemangiosarcoma in the abdomen. After searching for metastasis, he found through chest radiography the presence of a circular, homogeneous 4 cm formation in the right hemithorax in topography of the pulmonary accessory lobe. Complementary cardiological and imaging exams, such as echocardiography and later contrast-enhanced computed tomography, were performed, which confirmed the presence of aneurysm in the caudal vena cava. The patient was asymptomatic, therefore, having been considered a finding in clinical staging. Aneurysm is a vascular dilation, a rare pathology in dogs, mainly in the caudal vena cava and its causes are still uncertain, with genetics as the most plausible and probable. Although hemangiosarcoma is not the main cause for the development of the aneurysm, it served as a trigger for this finding. This pathology still remains rare in veterinary medicine, even though animals are used as the main study models for the treatment of aneurysms in humans.(AU)

Terapia multimodal no tratamento de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo canino / Multimodal therapy in the treatment of cutaneous canine hemangiosarcoma

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia mesenquimal maligna de origem endotelial. Quando manifestada em região cutânea, os sinais clínicos estão ligados a variações hemostáticas, como petéquias e hemorragias. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por exame histopatológico. A conduta cirúrgica é a terapia de escolha, podendo ser necessária a realização de técnicas reconstrutivas a depender da localização da neoplasia. A quimioterapia adjuvante, metronômica ou convencional, pode ser empregada. Um canino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de oito anos de idade, atendido com um nódulo cutâneo em região ventro abdominal. O animal foi submetido a protocolo quimioterápico metronômico, devido à extensão do tumor que impedia a exérese cirúrgica em um primeiro momento. O tratamento levou à citorredução, viabilizando a exérese tumoral, desconsiderando as margens de segurança, em caráter paliativo. Após a cirurgia o protocolo quimioterápico foi retomado e mantido nos dois meses seguintes. O animal permaneceu livre da doença nos seis meses seguintes, realizando revisões periódicas. O presente trabalho relata a abordagem multimodal aplicada em um caso de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo, atingindo qualidade de vida e sobrevida satisfatórias.

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of endothelial origin. When manifested in the cutaneous region, clinical signs are linked to hemostatic variations, such as petechiae and hemorrhages. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological examination. Surgical management is the therapy of choice, and reconstructive techniques may be necessary depending on the location of the neoplasia. Adjuvant chemotherapy, either metronomic or conventional, can be used. An eight-year-old female, mixed-breed canine was treated with a cutaneous nodule in the abdominal ventral region. The animal was submitted to a metronomic chemotherapy protocol, due to the extension of the tumor that prevented surgical excision at first. The treatment led to cytoreduction, making the tumor excision feasible, disregarding the safety margins, in a palliative character. After surgery, the chemotherapy protocol was resumed and maintained for the next two months. The animal remained free of the disease for the following six months, undergoing periodic reviews. The present work reports the multimodal approach applied in a case of cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, achieving satisfactory quality of life and survival.

Terapia multimodal no tratamento de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo canino / Multimodal therapy in the treatment of cutaneous canine hemangiosarcoma

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia mesenquimal maligna de origem endotelial. Quando manifestada em região cutânea, os sinais clínicos estão ligados a variações hemostáticas, como petéquias e hemorragias. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por exame histopatológico. A conduta cirúrgica é a terapia de escolha, podendo ser necessária a realização de técnicas reconstrutivas a depender da localização da neoplasia. A quimioterapia adjuvante, metronômica ou convencional, pode ser empregada. Um canino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de oito anos de idade, atendido com um nódulo cutâneo em região ventro abdominal. O animal foi submetido a protocolo quimioterápico metronômico, devido à extensão do tumor que impedia a exérese cirúrgica em um primeiro momento. O tratamento levou à citorredução, viabilizando a exérese tumoral, desconsiderando as margens de segurança, em caráter paliativo. Após a cirurgia o protocolo quimioterápico foi retomado e mantido nos dois meses seguintes. O animal permaneceu livre da doença nos seis meses seguintes, realizando revisões periódicas. O presente trabalho relata a abordagem multimodal aplicada em um caso de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo, atingindo qualidade de vida e sobrevida satisfatórias.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of endothelial origin. When manifested in the cutaneous region, clinical signs are linked to hemostatic variations, such as petechiae and hemorrhages. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological examination. Surgical management is the therapy of choice, and reconstructive techniques may be necessary depending on the location of the neoplasia. Adjuvant chemotherapy, either metronomic or conventional, can be used. An eight-year-old female, mixed-breed canine was treated with a cutaneous nodule in the abdominal ventral region. The animal was submitted to a metronomic chemotherapy protocol, due to the extension of the tumor that prevented surgical excision at first. The treatment led to cytoreduction, making the tumor excision feasible, disregarding the safety margins, in a palliative character. After surgery, the chemotherapy protocol was resumed and maintained for the next two months. The animal remained free of the disease for the following six months, undergoing periodic reviews. The present work reports the multimodal approach applied in a case of cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, achieving satisfactory quality of life and survival.(AU)