Evaluation of iron dextran application programs to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets / Avaliação de programas para aplicação de ferro dextrano na prevenção da anemia ferropriva de leitões

To evaluate the effect of different iron dextran application programs on the performance, fecal score, and skin color of suckling piglets, as well as sow performance, 288 piglets from 24 sows were allocated to four treatments in six replications with 12 piglets per experimental unit, in a block design. The treatments were as follows: T200_000, T200_100, T200_200, and T100_100, whose respective values (in mg) corresponded to the applications of the first dose of iron dextran on the second day of life and of the second dose on the 10th day. Piglets on T200_000 and T200_200 showed the highest feed intake. In the period from 10 to 22 days, piglets receiving T100_100 exhibited the highest fecal score. On the 10th day of age, the lowest lightness (L*) value on the ear was obtained with T200_100, and the highest with T100_100. Treatments T200_000, T200_100, and T200_200 generated the highest red color (a*) intensity on the ear, whereas T100_100 provided the lowest hue and parameter b* values on the leg and snout. On the 22nd day of age, the highest b* and hue values of the ear and snout were found in the group fed T100_100. In conclusion, all evaluated programs were efficient in preventing iron deficiency anemia in newborn piglets. To reduce expenses, we recommend administering a single dose of 200 mg of iron dextran to piglets on the second day of life.(AU)

Foram utilizados 288 leitões de 24 matrizes, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições, com 12 leitões por unidade experimental com objetivo de avaliar diferentes programas de aplicação de ferro dextrano sobre desempenho, escore fecal e coloração de pele de leitões em aleitamento, assim como as repercussões sobre o desempenho das matrizes. Os tratamentos consistiram em: T200_000; T200_100; T200_200; e T100_100; nos quais os valores corresponderam, respectivamente (em mg), à aplicação da primeira dose de ferro dextrano no segundo dia de vida e à aplicação da segunda dose no 10º dia. Os leitões que foram submetidos a T200_000 e a T200_200 tiveram maior consumo de ração. No período de 10 a 22 dias, os leitões de T100_100 obtiveram maior escore fecal. Ao 10º dia de idade dos leitões, o menor valor de luminosidade (L*) da orelha foi em T200_100 e o maior valor em T100_100. A maior intensidade da cor vermelha (a*) na orelha foi obtida em T200_000, T200_100 e T200_200. Na tonalidade e no parâmetro b* do pernil e do focinho, T100_100 foi aquele que apresentou menor valor. No 22º dia de idade dos leitões, o maior valor de b* e da tonalidade da orelha e do focinho foi verificado em T100_100. Conclui-se que todos os programas avaliados foram eficientes na prevenção da anemia ferropriva em leitões neonatos. Visando a redução de gastos, recomenda-se a administração de uma única dose de 200 mg de ferro dextrano no segundo dia de vida dos leitões.(AU)

Assessment of grape volatile composition using fluorescence indices of leaves in vineyards affected by iron chlorosis

Multiplex 330 (MX) is a portable, non-invasive fluorescence sensor that provides different multiparametric indices that are sensitive to the concentration of chlorophylls, flavonols, and anthocyanins on the leaf surface. This study investigated the use of these indices to assess the variability on free volatile composition of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in the field as well as other components of their quality potential in vineyards affected by iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). Twenty non-irrigated Tempranillo/110 Richter vineyard subzones from non-affected to moderately affected by IDC were monitored in Ribera del Duero area (Spain) during two seasons. The results indicated that MX can characterize the spatial variation of leaf pigment concentrations, agronomic performance, and grape quality in vineyards affected by IDC. The MX indices measured at the leaf level close to harvest had better predictive values for the concentrations of free alcohols, volatile acids, C13-norisoprenoids, esters and acetates in the must than vine vigor, size or degree of technological maturity of the grapes. Our study demonstrates that the MX indices to estimate leaf pigment concentrations can be helpful to assess the technological maturity and free volatile composition of wine grapes in vineyards affected by IDC; nevertheless, the efficacy of the indexes may vary according to the year season.(AU)

Micromineral concentrations (copper, cobalt, iron, molybdenum and zinc) in the liver of dairy cows from Campos Gerais Region, Paraná state, Brazil / Concentrações de microminerais (cobre, cobalto, ferro, molibdênio e zinco) no fígado de vacas leiteiras da Região de Campos Gerais, Paraná, Brasil

This study collected samples from 50 Holstein cows, most intensively bred, and from the Campos Gerais region, Paraná, with an average milk production of 30.21L/day. Samples of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes were collected to determine the levels of copper, cobalt, iron, molybdenum and zinc. Spleen and lymph nodes were subjected to histological analysis and evaluation of the degree of hemosiderosis. The average concentrations of copper (495.05ppm), molybdenum (4.19ppm), and zinc (274.49ppm) were higher than those established for the bovines. For cobalt 26% of the animals presented levels below the established level, which characterized cobalt deficiency. Only iron (299.12ppm) exhibited an adequate average level. Histopathologically hemosiderosis was observed mainly in the spleen (78%) and less frequently in the lymph nodes (20%). The observation of hemosiderin in the spleen and lymph nodes is not related to copper deficiency. Still it may be related to high levels of molybdenum, zinc, iron, or other undetermined causes.

Para este estudo foram coletadas amostras de 50 vacas, da raça Holandesa, a maior parte criada intensivamente e oriunda da região dos Campos Gerais/PR, com média individual de produção de leite de 30,21L/dia. Foram coletadas amostras de fígado, baço e linfonodos para determinação dos níveis de cobre (Cu), cobalto (Co), ferro (Fe), molibdênio (Mo) e zinco (Zn). Baço e linfonodo foram submetidos à análise histológica e avaliação do grau de hemossiderose. A média das concentrações de Cu (495,05ppm), Mo (4,19ppm) e Zn (274,49ppm) encontrava-se acima dos níveis estabelecidos para bovinos. Para o Co, observou-se que 26% dos animais apresentaram níveis abaixo do estabelecido, o que caracterizou deficiência de Co. Apenas o Fe (299,12ppm) apresentou níveis médios adequados. Na histopatologia, hemossiderose foi observada, principalmente no baço (78%) e com menos frequência nos linfonodos (20%). A observação de hemossiderina no baço e linfonodos não está relacionada à deficiência de Cu, porém pode estar relacionada a elevados níveis de Mo, Zn e Fe ou a outras causas não determinadas.

Foliar application of graphene oxide, Fe, and Zn on Artemisia dracunculus L under salinity

Salinity is an abiotic stressor that greatly influences crop growth and yield. Scientists are always exploring diverse methods to combat salinity depression. Here, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the effects of NaCl salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM) under the foliar spray with zinc-oxide, nano zinc-oxide, iron-chelate, magnetized-Fe, and graphene-oxide on tarragon. The results revealed that the treatment with foliar spray of graphene showed the highest K+/Na+. Salinity of 50 and 100 mM × all foliar applications increased superoxide dismutase activity, whereas 100 mM NaCl raised the malondialdehyde content to its highest level. All salinity levels × Zn foliar spray improved the catalase activity. The foliar spray and salinity experiment exposed to Zn-treated plants attained the highest contents of essential oils. Proline and total phenolics showed the greatest amounts with 50 and 100 mM of NaCl, respectively. The GC/MS analysis revealed 38 compounds in the oil of Artemisia dracunculus L. as estragole (81-91.8 %) was the most dominant constituent. The highest amounts of estragole were found at 50 and 100 mM NaCl foliar sprayed with ZnO. Cis-Ocimene (0.1-6.4 %) was another major constituent with a high variation between the treatments. The highest cis-ocimene content was recorded at 100 mM NaCl × foliar Fe-chelated and in the graphene treatment. Overall, salinity adversely affected the physiological responses of tarragon; however, foliar spray with both forms of Fe and Zn partially ameliorated the adverse salinity effects.

An analytical method for the quantitative determination of iron ion chelating capacity: development and validation

Iron is a fundamental microelement for human life; however, deficiencies or excesses of these metal ions can cause severe complications and mortality. Chelators are compounds that bind and inhibit iron. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric methods are key analytical tools in the identification of chemical entities, with the benefits of having good precision and accuracy, and the equipment being easily available as well as quick and simple to implement. In this study, we aimed to provide an alternative, cheaper method for the quantification of iron ion chelation by substituting ferrozine for gallic acid and validating its use with UV-vis according to official ANVISA and ICH guidelines. The parameters assessed were specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and finally, the percentage of iron ions chelating was calculated. The results demonstrated that this method was accurate, simple, specific, selective, precise, and reproducible, and was successfully validated for the determination of iron ions chelating. The percentage of iron ions chelating, promoted by the standard chelator EDTA, was 45% and 47% for Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively. It is concluded that this new method is beneficial in terms of its simplicity, rapidness, low cost, and the fact that it produces very low levels of dangerous residues.(AU)

Detection of Fur, AmoA and pvcAB genes in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from aquatic organisms and impact on bacterial growth under different iron concentrations / Detecção dos genes Fur, AmoA e pvcAB em Aeromonas hydrophila isoladas de organismos aquáticos e o impacto da presença desses genes sobre o crescimento bacteriano com diferentes concentrações de ferro

Infection caused by Aeromonas brings great harm to fish farming. Among the factors associated with bacterial pathogenesis, iron uptake can contribute to the survival and virulence of bacteria within hosts. The aim of this study was to check the presence of genes related to iron uptake in Aeromonas hydrophila deriving from aquatic organisms in the São Francisco Valley and associate the presence of these genes with the ability to grow in media containing different concentrations of iron. The DNAs of 41 isolates were extracted and used in PCRs to verify the presence of the Fur, AmoA and pvcAB genes related to iron uptake. The growth of the isolates belonging to different genetic profiles was verified in culture media containing different iron concentrations. Two isolates were positive for the presence of the Fur gene, seven for the AmoA gene and two for the pvcAB gene. The growth test showed that the low availability of iron did not interfere in the growth of the isolates, nor in the isolate that did not contain any of the genes evaluated in this study, suggesting that the iron uptake's mechanisms of the tested isolates may be related to other genes and proteins.

Infecções causadas por Aeromonas trazem grandes prejuízos à piscicultura. Entre os fatores associados à patogênese bacteriana, a captação de ferro pode contribuir para a sobrevivência e a virulência das bactérias dentro dos hospedeiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença de genes relacionados à captação de ferro em Aeromonas hydrophila provenientes de organismos aquáticos do Vale do São Francisco e associar a presença desses genes com a capacidade de as bactérias crescerem em meios contendo diferentes concentrações de ferro. Os DNAs de 41 isolados foram extraídos e utilizados em PCRs para verificar a presença dos genes Fur, AmoA e pvcAB relacionados à captação de ferro. O crescimento dos isolados pertencentes a diferentes perfis genéticos foi verificado em meios de cultura contendo diferentes concentrações de ferro. Dois isolados foram positivos para a presença do gene Fur, sete para a do gene AmoA e dois para a do gene pvcAB. O teste de crescimento mostrou que a baixa disponibilidade de ferro não interferiu no crescimento dos isolados nem no isolado que não continha nenhum dos genes avaliados neste estudo, sugerindo que os mecanismos de captação de ferro dos isolados testados podem estar relacionados a outros genes e proteínas.

Copper deficiency in dairy goats and kids / Deficiência de cobre em cabras leiteiras e cabritos

The clinical, pathological and reproductive aspects of an outbreak of copper deficiency in dairy goats and kids from the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil are described. Ten adult dairy goats with clinical signs of deficiency and four kids presenting enzootic ataxia born from copper deficient does were separated from the herd, and examined. In the dairy goats, the average serum concentration of copper was 6.1±2.8mmol/L and iron was 39.5±8.2mmol/L. In kids, the average serum concentration of copper was 3.8±0.9mmol/L and iron was 38.5±4.1mmol/L. Clinical signs in dairy goats consisted of pale mucous membranes, anemia, emaciation, diarrhea, achromotrichia, brittle hair and alopecia. The main reproductive alterations consisted of prolonged anestrus, embryonic resorption and high indices of retained placenta. The kids born from copper deficient dairy goats were weak, and presented neonatal or late ataxia until 70 days of life. Six dairy goats and four kids were necropsied. Most ovaries examined were small, firm and did not present viable follicles on their surface. Microscopically, there was reduction of viable follicles in addition to disorganization of follicular and stromal structures, with marked follicular atresia. Microscopically, changes in kids with enzootic ataxia consisted of neuronal chromatolysis and axonal degeneration, mainly in neurons of the spinal cord. In this study, the source of high iron was not identified, but it is known that outbreaks of copper deficiency can occur due to excess iron intake, mainly when adequate mineral supplementation is not provided for the goat herds.

Descrevem-se os aspectos clínicos, patológicos e reprodutivos de um surto de deficiência de cobre em cabras leiteiras e em cabritos da região semiárida de Pernambuco, Brasil. Dez cabras leiteiras adultas com sinais clínicos de deficiência de cobre e quatro cabritos com ataxia enzoótica nascidos dessas cabras foram separados do rebanho e examinados. Nas cabras leiteiras, a concentração média de cobre sérico foi de 6,1±2,8mmol/L e a concentração média de ferro sérico foi de 39,5±8,2mmol/L. Nos cabritos, a concentração média de cobre sérico foi de 3,8±0,9mmol/L e a concentração média de ferro sérico foi de 38,5±4,1mmol/L. Os sinais clínicos nas cabras consistiram em mucosas pálidas, anemia, diarreia, acromotriquia, pelos opacos e quebradiços e alopecia. As principais alterações reprodutivas consistiram em anestro prolongado, reabsorção embrionária e aumento da taxa de retenção de placenta. Os cabritos nascidos vivos dessas cabras nasceram fracos, com ataxia neonatal ou desenvolveram ataxia tardia em até 70 dias de vida. Seis cabras leiteiras e quatro cabritos foram necropsiados. Nas cabras, a maioria dos ovários examinados macroscopicamente eram pequenos, firmes e não apresentavam folículos viáveis em sua superfície. Microscopicamente, houve redução de folículos viáveis, além de desorganização das estruturas foliculares, com marcada atresia folicular. Macroscopicamente não foram observadas alterações nos cabritos com ataxia enzoótica. As lesões histológicas observadas nesses cabritos consistiram em cromatólise neuronal e degeneração axonal, principalmente em neurônios da medula espinhal. Neste estudo a fonte dos altos teores de ferro no soro não foi identificada, mas sabe-se que surtos de deficiência de cobre podem ocorrer devido ao excesso de ingestão de ferro, principalmente quando não é fornecida suplementação mineral adequada para os rebanhos caprinos.

Recent progress in magnetic nanoparticles and mesoporous materials for enzyme immobilization: an update / Progresso recente em nanopartículas magnéticas e materiais mesoporosos para imobilização de enzimas: uma atualização

Enzymes immobilized onto substrates with excellent selectivity and activity show a high stability and can withstand extreme experimental conditions, and their performance has been shown to be retained after repeated uses. Applications of immobilized enzymes in various fields benefit from their unique characteristics. Common methods, including adsorption, encapsulation, covalent attachment and crosslinking, and other emerging approaches (e.g., MOFs) of enzyme immobilization have been developed mostly in recent years. In accordance with these immobilization methods, the present review elaborates the application of magnetic separable nanoparticles and functionalized SBA-15 and MCM-41 mesoporous materials used in the immobilization of enzymes.

Enzimas imobilizadas em substratos com excelente seletividade e atividade apresentam alta estabilidade e podem suportar condições experimentais extremas, e seu desempenho foi mantido após repetidos usos. As aplicações de enzimas imobilizadas em vários campos se beneficiam de suas características únicas. Métodos comuns, incluindo adsorção, encapsulamento, ligação covalente e reticulação, e outras abordagens emergentes (por exemplo, MOFs) de imobilização de enzima, foram desenvolvidos principalmente nos últimos anos. De acordo com esses métodos de imobilização, a presente revisão elabora a aplicação de nanopartículas magnéticas separáveis e materiais mesoporosos funcionalizados SBA-15 e MCM-41 usados na imobilização de enzimas.

Bio-efficacy of iron and zinc fortified wheat flour along with bio-assessment of its hepatic and renal toxic potential / Bioeficácia da farinha de trigo fortificada com ferro e zinco e bioavaliação do seu potencial tóxico hepático e renal

Study was planned to assess the bio-efficiency along with toxicity of iron and zinc fortified whole wheat flour in Sprague dawley albino rats. Whole wheat flour was fortified with different dosage of sodium iron EDTA (NaFeEDTA), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). The rats (n=3) in each group were fed on fortified wheat flour for 2 months. Liver biomarkers including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin were recorded from serum samples. Increased concentration of ZnSO4 affected the liver biomarkers to be highest among all whereas, bilirubin levels were less than the rats fed on control diet. The above mentioned fortificants have negligible effect on renal biomarkers including creatinine and urea. Moreover, hematological parameters were also checked and reportedly, sodium iron EDTA fed rats presented highest amount of hemoglobin, iron and total iron binding capacity. Highest zinc level was observed in rats fed on whole wheat flour fortified with 60mg/Kg Zinc oxide. Microscopic observation of liver tissue depicted that rats fed on iron and zinc fortified wheat flour have more toxic effects whereas, histopathology presentation of kidney tissue has least toxic impact. It has been concluded that mandatory fortification of wheat flour with iron and zinc may cause increased serum biomarkers along with toxicity of vital organs like liver, hence fraction of wheat flour may be fortified to fulfill the requirements of deprived and vulnerable group.

O estudo foi planejado para avaliar a bioeficiência juntamente com a toxicidade da farinha de trigo integral fortificada com ferro e zinco em ratos albinos Sprague dawley. A farinha de trigo integral foi fortificada com diferentes dosagens de ferro sódico EDTA (NaFeEDTA), sulfato ferroso (FeSO4), óxido de zinco (ZnO) e sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4). Os ratos (n = 3) de cada grupo foram alimentados com farinha de trigo fortificada por 2 meses. Biomarcadores hepáticos incluindo fosfatase alcalina (ALP), alanina transaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e bilirrubina foram registrados a partir de amostras de soro. O aumento da concentração de ZnSO4 afetou os biomarcadores hepáticos como sendo os mais altos entre todos, enquanto os níveis de bilirrubina foram menores do que os ratos alimentados com dieta controle. Os fortificantes mencionados acima têm efeito insignificante nos biomarcadores renais, incluindo creatinina e ureia. Além disso, os parâmetros hematológicos também foram verificados e, segundo relatos, os ratos alimentados com EDTA de sódio e ferro apresentaram maior quantidade de hemoglobina, ferro e capacidade total de ligação de ferro. O maior nível de zinco foi observado em ratos alimentados com farinha de trigo integral fortificada com 60 mg/Kg de óxido de zinco. A observação microscópica do tecido hepático mostrou que ratos alimentados com farinha de trigo fortificada com ferro e zinco têm mais efeitos tóxicos, enquanto a apresentação histopatológica do tecido renal tem menos impacto tóxico. Concluiu-se que a fortificação obrigatória da farinha de trigo com ferro e zinco pode causar aumento dos biomarcadores séricos juntamente com toxicidade de órgãos vitais como o fígado, portanto a fração da farinha de trigo pode ser fortificada para atender os requisitos do grupo carente e vulnerável.

Inclusão da ligadura da artéria e veia córnea com abraçadeira de naylon para descorna em bovinos / Inclusion of ligadura artery and vein cornea naylon with the clamp to dehorning in cattle / Inclusión de ligadura arteria y la vena cornea naylon con la pinza para descorne de los bovinos

A descorna cirúrgica a campo ainda e uma prática comum em animais de produção, apesar deste procedimento na maioria ainda se realizado por leigos, ou realizada em animais com menos de um ano de idade com ferro candente (avermelhado), esta conduta geralmente é efetuada na propriedade, sendo executada pelo próprio proprietário ou funcionário. O presente experimento usando anestesia geral e bloqueio local do nervo córneo e circularmente na base do corno com abraçadeira de naylon para sutura de pele, associada a ligadura da artéria e veia cornual mostrou ser eficiente reduzindo o tempo cirúrgico a campo e promovendo uma prevenção antecipada de hemorragia que é frequente para este procedimento.(AU)

The surgical dehorning the field and still a common practice in farm animals, although this procedure in most still held by lay people, or performed on animals less than one year old with red-hot iron (red), this conduct is usually done on the property, being executed by the owner himself or employee. This experiment using general anesthesia and local lock of corneal nerve and round the horn base with clamp naylon for skin suture, associated with ligature of the artery and vein cornual is efficient by reducing surgical time field and promoting an early prevention of bleeding is frequent for this procedure.(AU)

El quirúrgica descorne el campo quieto y una práctica común en los animales de granja, aunque este procedimiento en la mayoría todavía en manos de los laicos, o lleva a cabo en animales de menos de un año de edad con hierro al rojo vivo (rojo), este comportamiento se realiza generalmente en la propiedad, los trabajos realizados por el propietario o el propio empleado. Este experimento usando anestesia bloques general y local de los nervios de la córnea y alrededor de la base del cuerno con naylon pinza de sutura de la piel, asociados con la ligadura de la vena y la arteria cornual fue eficiente que reduce el tiempo quirúrgico el campo y la promoción de una prevención temprana sangrado que es común para este procedimiento.(AU)

Utilização da fisioterapia na reabilitação de bezerro com poliartrite e paresia neuromuscular: relato de caso / Use of physiotherapy in the rehabilitation of calves with polyarthritis and neuromuscular paresis: case report / Uso de la fisioterapia en la rehabilitación de un ternero con poliartritis y parisia neuromuscular: reporte de caso

A reabilitação animal na medicina veterinária é um campo recente, porém crescente a cada dia. Neste sentido, a fisioterapia veterinária atua trazendo inúmeros benefícios, como melhoria dos movimentos, redução da dor, edema e outras. Interfere ainda no tempo de recuperação, redução de custos para o proprietário, podendo ser hoje utilizada como um tratamento na recuperação pós-cirúrgica. Desta forma, objetivou-se relatar o uso da fisioterapia em uma bezerra com poliartrite e paresia neuromuscular. O animal apresentou um aumento de volume nas articulações cárpicas e társicas após histórico de onfalite, permanecendo em decúbito esternal por vários dias. O proprietário resolveu aplicar ferro dextrano na região glútea do animal, o que causou uma lesão de nervo isquiático. Foram instituídos protocolos medicamentosos e fisioterápicos, que culminaram no estímulo da marcha, propriocepção, além de hipertrofia muscular. Porém, em virtude de complicações resultantes de onfalite, o animal veio a óbito.(AU)

Animal rehabilitation in veterinary medicine is a recent field, but growing every day. In this sense, veterinary physiotherapy works bringing numerous benefits, such as improved movements, reduced pain, edema and others. Reducing the recovery time, reducing costs for the owner, and today it can be used as a treatment in post-surgical recovery. In this sense, the objective was to report the use of physiotherapy in a heifer with polyarthritis and neuromuscular paresis. The animal showed an increase in volume in the carpal and tarsal joints after a history of omphalitis, remaining in sternal decubitus for several days. The owner decided to apply iron dextran to the animal's gluteal region, which caused an injury to the sciatic nerve. Medicinal and physical therapy protocols were instituted, which culminated in the stimulation of gait, proprioception, in addition to muscle hypertrophy. However, due to complications resulting from omphalitis, the animal died.(AU)

La rehabilitación animal en medicina veterinaria es un campo reciente, pero en crecimiento cada día. En este sentido, la fisioterapia veterinaria actúa aportando numerosos beneficios, como mejora de los movimientos, reducción del dolor, edemas y otros. Disminución del tiempo de recuperación, reducción de costos para el propietario, pudiendo ser utilizado hoy en día como tratamiento en la recuperación posquirúrgica. En ese sentido, el objetivo fue reportar el uso de fisioterapia en una vaquilla con poliartritis y paresia neuromuscular. El animal presentó un aumento de volumen en las articulaciones del carpo y del tarso tras un antecedente de onfalitis, permaneciendo en decúbito esternal durante varios días. El propietario decidió aplicar hierro dextrano en la región glútea del animal, lo que provocó una lesión en el nervio ciático. Se instauraron protocolos farmacológicos y de fisioterapia, que culminaron con estimulación de la marcha, propiocepción, además de hipertrofia muscular. Sin embargo, debido a complicaciones derivadas de la onfalitis, el animal falleció.(AU)

Iron Uptake by Fungi Isolated from Arcelor Mittal -Annaba- in the Northeast of Algeria

The Metal pollution is one of the major risks in the world nowadays. Iron is an essential metal for growth and proliferation of a vast majority of organisms, but it can be toxic to human health and other living beings in the environment at high concentrations due to its increased industrial activity. Fungi have a remarkable capacity to uptake and detoxify iron metal using different mechanisms such as bioaccumulation. Thus, the aim of this work is to study the ability of iron uptake by the fungal strains isolated from Arcelor Mittal -Annaba- in Algeria. Three strains were screened at high concentration of iron (1 g/l) and their capacity to uptake iron has been studied on Czapek Yeast Agar medium. The amounts of uptaken iron ions were estimated in the same liquid medium using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results of the iron uptake by these screened strains showed that Cladosporium cladosporioides uptakes the highest concentration of iron (347.7 ppm), Aspergillus niger was able to accumulate up to 170 ppm of this metal while, the lowest uptake of this metal was shown by Penicillium citrinum with 106.43 ppm. It was found that the spore germination of three fungal strains was low when the medium is supplemented with high concentrations of iron. This indicated the potential of these fungal strains as biological agents for removal of iron from the industrial effluents containing high concentrations of it.(AU)

Iron Uptake by Fungi Isolated from Arcelor Mittal -Annaba- in the Northeast of Algeria

The Metal pollution is one of the major risks in the world nowadays. Iron is an essential metal for growth and proliferation of a vast majority of organisms, but it can be toxic to human health and other living beings in the environment at high concentrations due to its increased industrial activity. Fungi have a remarkable capacity to uptake and detoxify iron metal using different mechanisms such as bioaccumulation. Thus, the aim of this work is to study the ability of iron uptake by the fungal strains isolated from Arcelor Mittal -Annaba- in Algeria. Three strains were screened at high concentration of iron (1 g/l) and their capacity to uptake iron has been studied on Czapek Yeast Agar medium. The amounts of uptaken iron ions were estimated in the same liquid medium using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results of the iron uptake by these screened strains showed that Cladosporium cladosporioides uptakes the highest concentration of iron (347.7 ppm), Aspergillus niger was able to accumulate up to 170 ppm of this metal while, the lowest uptake of this metal was shown by Penicillium citrinum with 106.43 ppm. It was found that the spore germination of three fungal strains was low when the medium is supplemented with high concentrations of iron. This indicated the potential of these fungal strains as biological agents for removal of iron from the industrial effluents containing high concentrations of it.

Sombric-like horizon and xanthization in polychrome subtropical soils from Southern Brazil: implications for soil classification

The occurrence of dark subsurface horizons rich in organic matter (OM) associated with polychrome in the B horizon (yellowish over reddish hue) is common in soils from Southern Brazil. The formation of these horizons and the combination with such morphological attributes has not been properly documented, and neither has the cause effect relationship. Four soil profiles with such sombric-like horizons with a yellowish color at the upper part of the B horizon over red subsoil were studied in Southern Brazil. Results from micromorphology, extractable sesquioxide minerals, clay mineralogy and isomorphic substitution of Fe by Al in iron minerals showed that melanization, xanthization, bioturbation, moderate shrinking/swelling and moderate ferralitization were the most evident pedogenetic processes in role. Xanthization is closely related to the sombric-like horizon formation. In the studied area the findings demonstrated that no clay and OM illuviation had taken place. Therefore, the classification of these soils was revisited, so as to take into account the processes that underlie their genesis with emphasis on xanthization, clay illuviation and soil aggregation. The results suggest that the sombric horizon may need redefinition, unless profiles can be found in which illuviation of clay and/or OM can be proven.(AU)

Sombric-like horizon and xanthization in polychrome subtropical soils from Southern Brazil: implications for soil classification

The occurrence of dark subsurface horizons rich in organic matter (OM) associated with polychrome in the B horizon (yellowish over reddish hue) is common in soils from Southern Brazil. The formation of these horizons and the combination with such morphological attributes has not been properly documented, and neither has the cause effect relationship. Four soil profiles with such sombric-like horizons with a yellowish color at the upper part of the B horizon over red subsoil were studied in Southern Brazil. Results from micromorphology, extractable sesquioxide minerals, clay mineralogy and isomorphic substitution of Fe by Al in iron minerals showed that melanization, xanthization, bioturbation, moderate shrinking/swelling and moderate ferralitization were the most evident pedogenetic processes in role. Xanthization is closely related to the sombric-like horizon formation. In the studied area the findings demonstrated that no clay and OM illuviation had taken place. Therefore, the classification of these soils was revisited, so as to take into account the processes that underlie their genesis with emphasis on xanthization, clay illuviation and soil aggregation. The results suggest that the sombric horizon may need redefinition, unless profiles can be found in which illuviation of clay and/or OM can be proven.

Aroma composition of Tempranillo grapes as affected by iron deficiency chlorosis and vine water status

Water deficit and iron nutritional deficiency (iron chlorosis) are frequent environmental stresses affecting grapevine production in the Mediterranean region. The objectives of this work were (i) to study the combined effects of both stresses on aromatic profile of Tempranillo grapes, occurring simultaneously in the vineyard, and (ii) to evaluate the viability of foliar chlorophyll content at veraison (Chl) to early assess aromatic quality potential of grapes in those conditions. Twenty non-irrigated vineyard subzones (10 m × 10 m each), affected and non-affected by iron chlorosis, were monitored in Ribera del Duero Appellation of Origin (North-Central Spain) during two consecutive seasons. Factorial ANOVA was performed to study the effects of predawn leaf water potential and Chl measured at veraison on the must composition parameters and, specifically, on the concentrations of free and bound aromatic compounds. Water deficit tended to increase color intensity and extractable anthocyanin content of the grapes, whereas the incidence of iron deficiency enhanced total phenolic compound content within subzones with better water status. More water or iron stressed subzones restricted C6-alcohols contents than less stressed subzones. Without significant effects on vine vigor, yield or berry size, the incidence of iron chlorosis increased the concentrations of some specific terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, volatile acids and volatile phenols. These results showed that low to moderate iron stress can have positive effects on grape aromatic quality, and demonstrated that Chl can be a useful tool in precision viticulture to map the aromatic potential within rainfed vineyards affected by iron chlorosis.

Aroma composition of Tempranillo grapes as affected by iron deficiency chlorosis and vine water status

Water deficit and iron nutritional deficiency (iron chlorosis) are frequent environmental stresses affecting grapevine production in the Mediterranean region. The objectives of this work were (i) to study the combined effects of both stresses on aromatic profile of Tempranillo grapes, occurring simultaneously in the vineyard, and (ii) to evaluate the viability of foliar chlorophyll content at veraison (Chl) to early assess aromatic quality potential of grapes in those conditions. Twenty non-irrigated vineyard subzones (10 m × 10 m each), affected and non-affected by iron chlorosis, were monitored in Ribera del Duero Appellation of Origin (North-Central Spain) during two consecutive seasons. Factorial ANOVA was performed to study the effects of predawn leaf water potential and Chl measured at veraison on the must composition parameters and, specifically, on the concentrations of free and bound aromatic compounds. Water deficit tended to increase color intensity and extractable anthocyanin content of the grapes, whereas the incidence of iron deficiency enhanced total phenolic compound content within subzones with better water status. More water or iron stressed subzones restricted C6-alcohols contents than less stressed subzones. Without significant effects on vine vigor, yield or berry size, the incidence of iron chlorosis increased the concentrations of some specific terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, volatile acids and volatile phenols. These results showed that low to moderate iron stress can have positive effects on grape aromatic quality, and demonstrated that Chl can be a useful tool in precision viticulture to map the aromatic potential within rainfed vineyards affected by iron chlorosis.(AU)

Bioavailability of soil Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from soil fractions / Biodisponibilidade de Cu, Fe, Mn, e Zn em frações do solo

Cationic micronutrients bioavailability depends on the chemical characteristics of soil fractions. Fourteen soils received individual doses of five micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) arranged in seven treatments set according a Baconian Matrix. The soils incubated with treatments during 15 days had corn cultivated in greenhouse for 30 days, in three consecutive growth cycles. The cationic micronutrients were determined in the corn shoots after each growth cycle. Soil samples collected before the first and after each growth cycle had the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn determined by single extractions (Mehlich-1 and DTPA-pH 7.3) and by sequential extraction. Correlation analysis was performed for the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations determined in the corn shoots, the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soils (Mehlich-1 and DTPA) and the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil fractions (sequential extraction). The distribution of available metals forms in fractions reflected their affinity with soil components. Soil available Cu correlated with Cu bound to organic matter. The exchangeable fraction was the main source of soil available Mn and Zn. The Fe availability related mainly to the Mn oxides, Fe oxides, and exchangeable fractions. The plants absorbed Cu mainly from the Mn-oxides and organic matter fractions.(AU)

A biodisponibilidade dos micronutrientes catiônicos depende das características químicas das frações do solo. Quatorze solos receberam doses individuais de cinco micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) em sete tratamentos, estabelecidos conforme uma Matriz Baconiana. Os solos, com os tratamentos, foram incubados em vasos plásticos durante 15 dias, cultivando-se milho durante 30 dias, em três ciclos consecutivos. Amostras de solo e planta foram coletadas após cada ciclo de crescimento. Os metais foram determinados na parte aérea das plantas e correlacionados com sua disponibilidade no solo (DTPA/Mehlich-1) e concentrações nas frações do solo (extração sequencial). A distribuição dos metais disponíveis nas frações refletiu sua afinidade com os componentes do solo. O Cu disponível correlacionou-se com o ligado à matéria orgânica. Enquanto a fração trocável foi a principal fonte de Mn e Zn disponíveis, a disponibilidade de Fe esteve ligada às frações óxidos de Mn, óxidos de Fe, e fração trocável. As plantas absorveram o Cu, principalmente, das frações óxidos de Mn e matéria orgânica; o Mn das frações trocável e óxidos de Mn; e o Zn da fração trocável. As extrações com DTPA e Mehlich-1 se correlacionaram positivamente com Cu, Mn e Zn absorvidos pelas plantas(AU)

Bioavailability of soil Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from soil fractions / Biodisponibilidade de Cu, Fe, Mn, e Zn em frações do solo

Cationic micronutrients bioavailability depends on the chemical characteristics of soil fractions. Fourteen soils received individual doses of five micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) arranged in seven treatments set according a Baconian Matrix. The soils incubated with treatments during 15 days had corn cultivated in greenhouse for 30 days, in three consecutive growth cycles. The cationic micronutrients were determined in the corn shoots after each growth cycle. Soil samples collected before the first and after each growth cycle had the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn determined by single extractions (Mehlich-1 and DTPA-pH 7.3) and by sequential extraction. Correlation analysis was performed for the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations determined in the corn shoots, the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soils (Mehlich-1 and DTPA) and the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil fractions (sequential extraction). The distribution of available metals forms in fractions reflected their affinity with soil components. Soil available Cu correlated with Cu bound to organic matter. The exchangeable fraction was the main source of soil available Mn and Zn. The Fe availability related mainly to the Mn oxides, Fe oxides, and exchangeable fractions. The plants absorbed Cu mainly from the Mn-oxides and organic matter fractions.

A biodisponibilidade dos micronutrientes catiônicos depende das características químicas das frações do solo. Quatorze solos receberam doses individuais de cinco micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) em sete tratamentos, estabelecidos conforme uma Matriz Baconiana. Os solos, com os tratamentos, foram incubados em vasos plásticos durante 15 dias, cultivando-se milho durante 30 dias, em três ciclos consecutivos. Amostras de solo e planta foram coletadas após cada ciclo de crescimento. Os metais foram determinados na parte aérea das plantas e correlacionados com sua disponibilidade no solo (DTPA/Mehlich-1) e concentrações nas frações do solo (extração sequencial). A distribuição dos metais disponíveis nas frações refletiu sua afinidade com os componentes do solo. O Cu disponível correlacionou-se com o ligado à matéria orgânica. Enquanto a fração trocável foi a principal fonte de Mn e Zn disponíveis, a disponibilidade de Fe esteve ligada às frações óxidos de Mn, óxidos de Fe, e fração trocável. As plantas absorveram o Cu, principalmente, das frações óxidos de Mn e matéria orgânica; o Mn das frações trocável e óxidos de Mn; e o Zn da fração trocável. As extrações com DTPA e Mehlich-1 se correlacionaram positivamente com Cu, Mn e Zn absorvidos pelas plantas

Potencial do óxido de ferro como marcador fecal em ovinos / Iron oxide potential as a fecal marker in sheep / Potencial de óxido de hierro como marcador fecal em ovejas

Los marcadores son herramientas para ayudar a obtener información que mejore la producción animal, especialmente en nutrición. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las dosis de óxido de hierro como marcador fecal a través de sus efectos sobre la coloración fecal de las ovejas. El diseño experimental fue un cuadrado latino 4 x 4, que comprende cuatro dosis de adición de óxido de hierro (Fe2O3) de 0, 5, 10 y 20% del concentrado, equivalente a 0, 7,5, 15, 30 g de animal-1, respectivamente. Cuatro ovejas macho no castradas fueron mantenidas en jaulas metabólicas adaptadas, alimentadas con una dieta con proporción de forraje: concentrado de 84:16, heno Tifton 85 triturado y el suplemento energético a base de maíz molido. El período experimental duró 47 días, contando 15 días para la adaptación, con cada subperíodo compuesto por 7 días más un descanso. Los animales recibieron tratamientos con dosis de Fe2O3 mezcladas con el concentrado el primer día de cada subperíodo experimental y las colecciones de heces totales fueron seguidas diariamente directamente desde la jaula. No hubo efectos de los tratamientos sobre el consumo voluntario de materia seca, comportamiento y heces totales. El color de las heces de los animales se observó en todos los tratamientos después de 22 h y permaneció bajo diferentes intensidades hasta 130 h, y las dosis de 10 y 20% persistieron hasta 154 h después...

Markers are tools to support getting information that improves animal production, especially in nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate doses of iron oxide as a fecal marker through its effects on fecal coloring of sheep. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square, comprising four doses of iron oxide (Fe2O3) addition of 0, 5, 10 and 20% of the concentrate, equivalent to 0, 7.5, 15, 30 g animal-1, respectively. Four non-castrated male sheep were kept in adapted metabolic cages, fed a diet with proportion of forage: concentrate of   84: 16, with crushed Tifton 85 hay and the energy supplement based on ground corn. The experimental period lasted 47 days, counting 15 days for adaptation, with each subperiod comprising 7 days plus one rest. The animals received treatments with Fe2O3 doses mixed with the concentrate on the first day of each experimental subperiod and total feces collections were followed daily directly from the cage. There were no effects of treatments on voluntary consumption of dry matter, behavior and total feces. The color of the animals' feces was observed in all treatments after 22 h and remained under different intensities until 130 h, and the doses of 10 and 20% persisted until 154 h after supply. The Fe2O3 has the potential to be used as a fecal marker, becoming a tool to support in animal experimentation through its...

Os marcadores são ferramentas que auxiliam a obtenção de informações que aprimoram a produção animal, principalmente em nutrição. Objetivou-se avaliar doses de óxido de ferro como marcador fecal e seus efeitos na coloração das fezes de ovinos. O delineamento experimental foi em quadrado latino 4 x 4, compreendendo quatro doses de adição de óxido de ferro (Fe2O3) de 0, 5, 10 e 20% do concentrado, equivalentes a 0, 7,5, 15, 30 g animal-1, respectivamente. Foram utilizados quatro ovinos machos não castrados mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas adaptadas, alimentados com dieta com relação volumoso: concentrado de 84: 16, sendo feno de Tifton 85 triturado e o suplemento energético a base de milho moído. O período experimental teve duração de 47 dias, contabilizando 15 dias para adaptação, sendo que cada subperíodo compreendeu 7 dias mais um de descanso. Os animais receberam os tratamentos com as doses de Fe2O3 misturadas ao concentrado no primeiro dia de cada subperíodo experimental e seguia-se as coletas de fezes total diariamente diretamente da gaiola. Não foram verificados efeitos dos tratamentos no consumo voluntário de matéria seca, comportamento ingestivo e total de fezes. A coloração das fezes dos animais foi observada em todos os tratamentos a partir das 22 h e permaneceu sob diferentes intensidades até 130 h, sendo que as doses de 10 e 20% persistiram até 154 h após o...