Ferramentas da reprodução na conservação dos mamíferos aquáticos da Amazônia / Reproductive tools in the conservation of Amazonian aquatic mammals

O peixe-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inunguis) e o boto-vermelho (Inia geoffrensis) são os mamíferos aquáticos da Amazônia com maior risco de extinção. Deste modo, esta revisão apresenta os avanços no conhecimento sobre a biologia reprodutiva destas espécies, bem como as lacunas no conhecimento existentes, podendo estas ser, de grande importância, para futura aplicação de biotecnologias como aliada na conservação destas espécies.(AU)

The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) and the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) are the most threatened aquatic mammals of the Amazon. Therefore, this review highlights the advances on knowledge about reproductive biology of these species, as well as the information gaps, which is of great importance to the future use of biotechnologies as a tool for the conservation of those species.(AU)

Ferramentas da reprodução na conservação dos mamíferos aquáticos da Amazônia / Reproductive tools in the conservation of Amazonian aquatic mammals

O peixe-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inunguis) e o boto-vermelho (Inia geoffrensis) são os mamíferos aquáticos da Amazônia com maior risco de extinção. Deste modo, esta revisão apresenta os avanços no conhecimento sobre a biologia reprodutiva destas espécies, bem como as lacunas no conhecimento existentes, podendo estas ser, de grande importância, para futura aplicação de biotecnologias como aliada na conservação destas espécies.

The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) and the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) are the most threatened aquatic mammals of the Amazon. Therefore, this review highlights the advances on knowledge about reproductive biology of these species, as well as the information gaps, which is of great importance to the future use of biotechnologies as a tool for the conservation of those species.

Ecomorphological relationships of fish assemblages in a trans-Andean drainage, Upper Magdalena River Basin, Colombia

Ecomorphological patterns of the fish community were evaluated in the trans-Andean Alvarado River drainage, Colombia. A total of 29 species using 25 ecomorphological indices were analyzed to test how well the ecomorphological patterns are related to the fish assemblage. Although a significant correlation was found (Mantel test) between morphological attributes and trophic guilds, habitat use and distribution across the altitudinal gradient, only the last two were significantly independent of the phylogenetic relationships (partial Mantel test). Regarding the ecomorphological space, two main trends were defined. First, benthic periphytivores and invertivores were characterized by having dorsal or dorsolateral eyes, labial appendages, depressed bodies and well-developed pectoral, ventral and caudal fins, which provide them the ability to stabilize over the substrate and make rapid movements. Second, nektonic detritivore-invertivores and insectivores were found to have laterally compressed bodies, lateral eyes and larger eyes and anal fins. These species use vision during predation, are good continuous swimmers and possess higher maneuverability and stability. These results show that the fish assemblages in the Alvarado River drainage are structured ecomorphologically mainly by habitat and the altitudinal gradient. Therefore, this is evidence of the importance of habitat structure to maintain the functionality of the ecosystem.(AU)

Se evaluaron los patrones ecomorfológicos de la comunidad íctica en la cuenca transandina del Río Alvarado, Colombia. Se analizaron 29 especies empleando 25 índices ecomorfológicos con el fin de evaluar los patrones ecomorfológicos con el ensamblaje de peces. A pesar de que se encontró una correlación significativa (Prueba de Mantel) de los atributos morfológicos con los gremios tróficos, preferencia de hábitat y la distribución de las especies a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal, solamente las dos últimas fueron independientes de la filogenia (Prueba parcial de Mantel). Con relación al espacio ecomorfológico dos patrones fueron identificados. Primero, las especies bentónicas perifitívoras e invertívoras, caracterizadas por ojos dorsales o dorsolaterales, cuerpos deprimidos y aletas desarrolladas, proporcionando la capacidad de estabilizarse sobre el sustrato y realizar movimientos rápidos. Segundo, especies nectónicas detritívoras-invertivoras e insectívoras con cuerpos comprimidos, ojos laterales y mayor área relativa de ojos y aleta anal; estos usan la visión durante la actividad predatoria, con mayor capacidad de maniobrabilidad y estabilización. Estos resultados muestran que el ensamblaje de peces en la cuenca está estructurado principalmente por el uso de hábitat y el gradiente altitudinal, esto podría ser evidencia de la importancia de la estructura del hábitat para garantizar la funcionalidad del ecosistema.(AU)

Ecomorphological relationships of fish assemblages in a trans-Andean drainage, Upper Magdalena River Basin, Colombia

Ecomorphological patterns of the fish community were evaluated in the trans-Andean Alvarado River drainage, Colombia. A total of 29 species using 25 ecomorphological indices were analyzed to test how well the ecomorphological patterns are related to the fish assemblage. Although a significant correlation was found (Mantel test) between morphological attributes and trophic guilds, habitat use and distribution across the altitudinal gradient, only the last two were significantly independent of the phylogenetic relationships (partial Mantel test). Regarding the ecomorphological space, two main trends were defined. First, benthic periphytivores and invertivores were characterized by having dorsal or dorsolateral eyes, labial appendages, depressed bodies and well-developed pectoral, ventral and caudal fins, which provide them the ability to stabilize over the substrate and make rapid movements. Second, nektonic detritivore-invertivores and insectivores were found to have laterally compressed bodies, lateral eyes and larger eyes and anal fins. These species use vision during predation, are good continuous swimmers and possess higher maneuverability and stability. These results show that the fish assemblages in the Alvarado River drainage are structured ecomorphologically mainly by habitat and the altitudinal gradient. Therefore, this is evidence of the importance of habitat structure to maintain the functionality of the ecosystem.(AU)

Se evaluaron los patrones ecomorfológicos de la comunidad íctica en la cuenca transandina del Río Alvarado, Colombia. Se analizaron 29 especies empleando 25 índices ecomorfológicos con el fin de evaluar los patrones ecomorfológicos con el ensamblaje de peces. A pesar de que se encontró una correlación significativa (Prueba de Mantel) de los atributos morfológicos con los gremios tróficos, preferencia de hábitat y la distribución de las especies a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal, solamente las dos últimas fueron independientes de la filogenia (Prueba parcial de Mantel). Con relación al espacio ecomorfológico dos patrones fueron identificados. Primero, las especies bentónicas perifitívoras e invertívoras, caracterizadas por ojos dorsales o dorsolaterales, cuerpos deprimidos y aletas desarrolladas, proporcionando la capacidad de estabilizarse sobre el sustrato y realizar movimientos rápidos. Segundo, especies nectónicas detritívoras-invertivoras e insectívoras con cuerpos comprimidos, ojos laterales y mayor área relativa de ojos y aleta anal; estos usan la visión durante la actividad predatoria, con mayor capacidad de maniobrabilidad y estabilización. Estos resultados muestran que el ensamblaje de peces en la cuenca está estructurado principalmente por el uso de hábitat y el gradiente altitudinal, esto podría ser evidencia de la importancia de la estructura del hábitat para garantizar la funcionalidad del ecosistema.(AU)

Genetic monitoring by rapd markers for repopulation programs of Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characiformes) - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i2.15904 / Genetic monitoring by rapd markers for repopulation programs of Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characiformes) - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i2.15904

The preservation of the genetic variability of hatchery stocks used to supplement natural populations is a priority. Current study employed RAPD markers to examine the genetic diversity of dourado samples from the middle Paranapanema river and from the broodstock used in the stock enhancement program of the Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Station at the Salto Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant. Nineteen RAPD primers were analyzed, which generated 299 bands and the latter were used for genetic analysis. The percentage of polymorphic fragments was higher in stock captured in the Paranapanema river than from fry stocks. The genetic diversity was lower in the broodstock than in natural population. Amova results showed that most inter-population genetic variation lay within stocks (83.9%) and not between them (16.1%). Moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.16) was reported. Nevertheless, differentiation decreased when the four fry stocks were mixed and analyzed as a single population (FST = 0.07). Instead of releasing each lot separately into the water, mixing specimens produced in the various fry stocks before releasing them in the river would be more feasible. The restocked population will have a genetic structure closer to natural populations.

The preservation of the genetic variability of hatchery stocks used to supplement naturalpopulations is a priority. Current study employed RAPD markers to examine the genetic diversity of douradosamples from the middle Paranapanema river and from the broodstock used in the stock enhancement programof the Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Station at the Salto Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant. Nineteen RAPDprimers were analyzed, which generated 299 bands and the latter were used for genetic analysis. The percentageof polymorphic fragments was higher in stock captured in the Paranapanema river than from fry stocks. Thegenetic diversity was lower in the broodstock than in natural population. Amova results showed that most interpopulationgenetic variation lay within stocks (83.9%) and not between them (16.1%). Moderate geneticdifferentiation (FST = 0.16) was reported. Nevertheless, differentiation decreased when the four fry stocks weremixed and analyzed as a single population (FST = 0.07). Instead of releasing each lot separately into the water,mixing specimens produced in the various fry stocks before releasing them in the river would be more feasible.The restocked population will have a genetic structure closer to natural populations.

Genetic monitoring by rapd markers for repopulation programs of Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characiformes) / Monitoramento genético utilizando marcadores RAPD em programas de criação em cativeiro de Dourado

The preservation of the genetic variability of hatchery stocks used to supplement natural populations is a priority. Current study employed RAPD markers to examine the genetic diversity of dourado samples from the middle Paranapanema river and from the broodstock used in the stock enhancement program of the Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Station at the Salto Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant. Nineteen RAPD primers were analyzed, which generated 299 bands and the latter were used for genetic analysis. The percentage of polymorphic fragments was higher in stock captured in the Paranapanema river than from fry stocks. The genetic diversity was lower in the broodstock than in natural population. Amova results showed that most inter-population genetic variation lay within stocks (83.9%) and not between them (16.1%). Moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.16) was reported. Nevertheless, differentiation decreased when the four fry stocks were mixed and analyzed as a single population (FST = 0.07). Instead of releasing each lot separately into the water, mixing specimens produced in the various fry stocks before releasing them in the river would be more feasible. The restocked population will have a genetic structure closer to natural populations.

Conservar a variabilidade genética dos estoques de alevinos de peixes para suplementar populações naturais é uma prioridade. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a diversidade genética por meio dos marcadores de RAPD de amostras de peixes reprodutores de dourado do médio Paranapanema (população natural) e alevinos usados no programa de repovoamento da estação de aquicultura da UHE de Salto Grande. Foram analisados 19 primers de RAPD, que geraram 299 bandas, as quais foram utilizadas para as análises genéticas. A porcentagem de fragmentos polimórficos foi mais elevada na população natural do que nos estoques. A diversidade genética também foi mais baixa nos alevinos. Os resultados da Amova mostraram que a maior parte de variação genética interpopulacional está dentro dos estoques (83,9%) e não entre eles (16,1%). Foi observada uma diferenciação genética moderada (FST = 0.16). Esta diferenciação diminuiu quando os quatro estoques de alevinos eram misturados e analisados como uma única população (FST = 0.07). Em vez de liberar cada lote separadamente no ambiente, seria melhor misturar todos os indivíduos produzidos nos vários estoques de alevinos antes de liberá-los no rio. Desta maneira, a população reintroduzida terá uma estrutura genética mais perto da população natural.

Fish ecological assessment of an Austrian impoundment (HEPP Freudenau, Vienna) with cluster and discriminant analysis implicating dominances after Tischler (1949) / Avaliação ecológica dos peixes de uma represa austríaca (HEPP Freudenau, Viena) com cluster e análise discriminante implicando dominâncias após Tischler (1949)

According to the demands of the European Union Water Framework Directive, natural structures and habitats were implemented during the construction of the hydropower plant Freudenau. Ecological data were processed and evaluated from the years 1999 to 2000 as well as from the years 2003 till 2004. The study area was divided into five parts, which were further divided into 19 habitats. The statistical software SPSS (© SPSS Inc. 2007) was used for statistical analysis. The dominances after Tischler were calculated and consulted for further analysis. In the context of this project an increase in the number of fish species from 1993 to 2004, showing a peak before and after the power station construction, was demonstrated. The CPUE values proved high magnitudes in the habitats B, D and I. The lowest number of individuals shows the Free Flowing Stretches. Both juvenile and adult fish could be proved in many habitats. A more exact analysis with the dominances after Tischler confirmed previous results. Nevertheless the change in the current spectrum of fish species points out interventions to the habitats. Anthropogenically created habitats are only substitutes for natural habitats.(AU)

Devido às demandas da Directiva Quadro da Água da União Europeia, estruturas naturais e habitats foram implementados na represa durante a construção da usina hidrelétrica Freudenau.Dados ecológicos dos peixes dos anos 1999/2000 e 2003/2004 foram analisados e avaliados. A área de estudo na região da UHEFreudenau foi dividida em cinco seções e estas subdivididas em 19 habitats. O programa estatística SPSS (© SPSS Inc. 2007) foi usado para análises estatísticas. A dominância de Tischler foi calculado para fazer comperações entre as análises. O contexto deste projeto mostrou um aumento de número de peixes entre os anos 1993 e 2004, antes e depois da construção da UHE Freudenau. Através de captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) foi comprovado que a maioria de peixes permanace nos habitats B, D e I; o menor número de espécies foi encontrado na Zona de Corrente Livre. Tanto peixes adultos quanto os juvenís foram capturados nos hábitats artificiais e análises exatas, calculadas com a dominância de Tischler, afirmaram os resultados prévios. No entanto, as alterações na estrutura das comunidades demonstram as intervenções nos hábitats. Hábitats criados artificialmente são apenas substitutos de hábitats naturais.(AU)

Genetic monitoring by rapd markers for repopulation programs of Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characiformes) / Monitoramento genético utilizando marcadores RAPD em programas de criação em cativeiro de Dourado

The preservation of the genetic variability of hatchery stocks used to supplement natural populations is a priority. Current study employed RAPD markers to examine the genetic diversity of dourado samples from the middle Paranapanema river and from the broodstock used in the stock enhancement program of the Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Station at the Salto Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant. Nineteen RAPD primers were analyzed, which generated 299 bands and the latter were used for genetic analysis. The percentage of polymorphic fragments was higher in stock captured in the Paranapanema river than from fry stocks. The genetic diversity was lower in the broodstock than in natural population. Amova results showed that most inter-population genetic variation lay within stocks (83.9%) and not between them (16.1%). Moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.16) was reported. Nevertheless, differentiation decreased when the four fry stocks were mixed and analyzed as a single population (FST = 0.07). Instead of releasing each lot separately into the water, mixing specimens produced in the various fry stocks before releasing them in the river would be more feasible. The restocked population will have a genetic structure closer to natural populations.(AU) 

Conservar a variabilidade genética dos estoques de alevinos de peixes para suplementar populações naturais é uma prioridade. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a diversidade genética por meio dos marcadores de RAPD de amostras de peixes reprodutores de dourado do médio Paranapanema (população natural) e alevinos usados no programa de repovoamento da estação de aquicultura da UHE de Salto Grande. Foram analisados 19 primers de RAPD, que geraram 299 bandas, as quais foram utilizadas para as análises genéticas. A porcentagem de fragmentos polimórficos foi mais elevada na população natural do que nos estoques. A diversidade genética também foi mais baixa nos alevinos. Os resultados da Amova mostraram que a maior parte de variação genética interpopulacional está dentro dos estoques (83,9%) e não entre eles (16,1%). Foi observada uma diferenciação genética moderada (FST = 0.16). Esta diferenciação diminuiu quando os quatro estoques de alevinos eram misturados e analisados como uma única população (FST = 0.07). Em vez de liberar cada lote separadamente no ambiente, seria melhor misturar todos os indivíduos produzidos nos vários estoques de alevinos antes de liberá-los no rio. Desta maneira, a população reintroduzida terá uma estrutura genética mais perto da população natural.(AU)

Fish ecological assessment of an Austrian impoundment (HEPP Freudenau, Vienna) with cluster and discriminant analysis implicating dominances after Tischler (1949) / Avaliação ecológica dos peixes de uma represa austríaca (HEPP Freudenau, Viena) com cluster e análise discriminante implicando dominâncias após Tischler (1949)

According to the demands of the European Union Water Framework Directive, natural structures and habitats were implemented during the construction of the hydropower plant Freudenau. Ecological data were processed and evaluated from the years 1999 to 2000 as well as from the years 2003 till 2004. The study area was divided into five parts, which were further divided into 19 habitats. The statistical software SPSS (© SPSS Inc. 2007) was used for statistical analysis. The dominances after Tischler were calculated and consulted for further analysis. In the context of this project an increase in the number of fish species from 1993 to 2004, showing a peak before and after the power station construction, was demonstrated. The CPUE values proved high magnitudes in the habitats B, D and I. The lowest number of individuals shows the Free Flowing Stretches. Both juvenile and adult fish could be proved in many habitats. A more exact analysis with the dominances after Tischler confirmed previous results. Nevertheless the change in the current spectrum of fish species points out interventions to the habitats. Anthropogenically created habitats are only substitutes for natural habitats.

Devido às demandas da Directiva Quadro da Água da União Europeia, estruturas naturais e habitats foram implementados na represa durante a construção da usina hidrelétrica Freudenau.Dados ecológicos dos peixes dos anos 1999/2000 e 2003/2004 foram analisados e avaliados. A área de estudo na região da UHEFreudenau foi dividida em cinco seções e estas subdivididas em 19 habitats. O programa estatística SPSS (© SPSS Inc. 2007) foi usado para análises estatísticas. A dominância de Tischler foi calculado para fazer comperações entre as análises. O contexto deste projeto mostrou um aumento de número de peixes entre os anos 1993 e 2004, antes e depois da construção da UHE Freudenau. Através de captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) foi comprovado que a maioria de peixes permanace nos habitats B, D e I; o menor número de espécies foi encontrado na Zona de Corrente Livre. Tanto peixes adultos quanto os juvenís foram capturados nos hábitats artificiais e análises exatas, calculadas com a dominância de Tischler, afirmaram os resultados prévios. No entanto, as alterações na estrutura das comunidades demonstram as intervenções nos hábitats. Hábitats criados artificialmente são apenas substitutos de hábitats naturais.

Ichthyoplankton of arvoredo biological marine reserve, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Arvoredo Island, located in Santa Catarina state - south Brazil, and its surrounding area were defined as a Conservation Unit (CU) in the category of Biological Reserve since 1990. This research aimed to analyze the inter-annual and seasonal (winter and summer) variations of ichthyoplankton densities at Arvoredo Biology Marine Reserve (ABMR), and their relationship with environmental variables in 1997/1998 (Campaign 1), 2007/2008 (Campaign 2) and 2008/2009 (Campaign 3). Fish eggs and larvae were sampled using a WP-2 net with 200 µm mesh size. The study area was influenced by three water masses, (i) Coastal Water throughout the whole year, (ii) Subtropical Shelf Water during the winter, and (iii) South Atlantic Central Water mainly in summer. A total of 4,891 eggs were collected and classified as Engraulidae and Sardinella brasiliensis (Clupeidae). The total number of larvae was 467 belonging to 5 orders, 19 families, and 21 species. Taxonomic composition demonstrated a seasonal pattern among periods, with the highest densities of Engraulidae occurring in winter and the families Carangidae, Clupeidae and Gerreidae in summer. The high number of families and abundance of ichthyoplankton observed in ABMR may be important in supplying the adjacent coastal areas impacted by fishing.(AU)

A Ilha do Arvoredo, localizada em Santa Catarina, Brasil, e sua região de entorno foram definidas como Unidade de Conservação, na Categoria de Reserva Biológica Marinha, em 1990. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as variações sazonais (inverno e verão) e interanuais das densidades do ictioplâncton na região da Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo (RBMA), e suas relações com as variáveis ambientais em 1997/1998 (Campanha 1), 2007/2008 (Campanha 2) e 2008/2009 (Campanha 3). Os ovos e larvas de peixes foram coletados com uma rede WP-2 de 200 µm. A área de estudo foi influenciada por três massas d'água, (i) Água Costeira durante o ano todo, (ii) Água de Plataforma Subtropical durante o inverno, e (iii) Água Central do Atlântico Sul principalmente no verão. Um total de 4.891 ovos foram amostrados e classificados como Engraulidae e Sardinella brasiliensis (Clupeidae). Um total de 467 larvas foram coletadas e identificadas em 5 ordens, com 19 famílias e 21 espécies. A composição taxonômica mostrou sazonalidade entre os períodos, com as maiores densidades de Engraulidae no inverno e de Carangidae, Clupeidae e Gerreidae no verão. O número elevado de famílias e a abundância do ictioplâncton observada na RBMA podem ser importantes para o enriquecimento das áreas costeiras adjacentes impactadas pela pesca.(AU)

Estudo morfológico e histoquímico do tubo digestivo de eleuteroembriões e larvas de Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1836)

Leporinus obtusidens apresenta características zootécnicas interessantes e promissoras para o cultivo em piscicultura. Na maioria das espécies cultivadas, as larvas, ao iniciarem a alimentação exógena, são organismos cujo desenvolvimento ainda não se completou, razão pela qual os órgãos digestivos não estão totalmente definidos e o conteúdo enzimático ainda é deficiente. As pesquisas com larvas de peixes apontam para a alimentação como o fator de maior importância a ser considerado durante o desenvolvimento inicial, pois os organismos estão na fase de diferenciação estrutural e funcional do sistema digestório. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as características histológicas e histoquímicas do tudo digestivo de Leporinus obtusidens nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento. As amostras foram fixadas em solução de Karnovsky e processadas para análises histológicas e histoquímicas. A eclosão dos eleuteroembriões de L. obtusidens ocorreu às 15 horas após a fertilização (28°C) e as reservas de vitelo foram observadas até 120 horas após a eclosão (HAE). A boca sofreu modificações na posição, passando de ventral para subterminal. Com relação ao esôfago, foi possível observar as primeiras células caliciformes com 48 HAE e a partir de 64 HAE intensa positividade ao PAS e ao AB. A partir de 30 HAE foi possível observar o primórdio do estômago, caracterizado pela substituição do epitélio esofágico estratificado por epitélio gástrico simples, com presença de poucas células caliciformes. Com 96 HAE foi observada intensa reação ao PAS no epitélio de revestimento do estômago, o que indica funcionalidade do órgão. Quanto ao intestino, foi observado um desenvolvimento lento, as primeiras células caliciformes foram observadas com 96 HAE. Os cecos pilóricos foram evidenciados...

Leporinus obtusidens husbandry has characteristics very interesting and promising for cultivation in aquaculture programs. Most of the cultivated species, the larvae begin to feed exogenously, are organisms whose metamorphosis is not complete, which is why the digestive organs are not fully defined and the enzyme content is still deficient. The studies with fish larvae feeding point to as the most important factor to be considered during early development, because the organisms are in the process of structural and functional differentiation of the digestive system. Thus the objective of this study was to analyze the histological and histochemical features of digestive L. obtusidens in all stages of development. Samples were collected in the Hydrobiology and Aquaculture Station of Companhia Energetica de São Paulo (CESP) Jupiá, SP. The samples were fixed in Karnovsky solution, processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The outbreak of eleuteroembryo L. obtusidens occurred approximately 15 hours after fertilization (28 ° C) and the yolk reserves were observed up to 120 HAE. The mouth has undergone successive changes during development, the ventral position to the subterminal position. With regard to the esophagus, it was possible to observe the first goblet cells with 48 HAE and and starting at 64 HAE intense positivity to PAS and AB. From 30 HAE was possible to observe the beginnings of the stomach, characterized only by the substitution of an esophageal epithelium stratified by gastric epithelium simple with cuboidal cells, with little presence of goblet cells. Was observed with 96 HAE intense reaction to PAS in the epithelium lining of the stomach, indicating functionality of the organ. As the intestine, we observed a slow development, the first goblet cells were observed...

Perspective for pharmaceutical innovation in Brazil - center for applied toxinology (CEPID- center for research, innovation and dissemination - FAPESP)

The Center for Applied Toxinology (CAT), an institutional research organization based at the Butantan Institute, is one of the several Centers of Research, Innovation and Dissemination (CEPID) created in September 1998. CEPID, a pioneering program of the The State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), was established to stimulate research, disseminate knowledge and foster contact between science and industry. CAT aims at conducting research on compounds derived from naturally occurring toxins, which might be of medical, ecological and economic interest. CAT takes a multidisciplinary approach in the investigation of natural toxins, including isolation and purification, pharmacological action, structural determination, structure-function studies, and molecular biology aspects. The following institutions will be involved in this endeavor: University of São Paulo (USP) [Marine Biology Center; Departments of Physiology and Anatomy, Institute for Biomedical Sciences; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry]; São Paulo State University (UNESP) [Laboratory of Structural Biology and Zoochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, Rio Claro; Laboratory of Crystallography, Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto]; and the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP).(AU)

Genetic monitoring by rapd markers for repopulation programs of Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characiformes) - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i2.15904 / Genetic monitoring by rapd markers for repopulation programs of Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characiformes) - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i2.15904

The preservation of the genetic variability of hatchery stocks used to supplement natural populations is a priority. Current study employed RAPD markers to examine the genetic diversity of dourado samples from the middle Paranapanema river and from the broodstock used in the stock enhancement program of the Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Station at the Salto Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant. Nineteen RAPD primers were analyzed, which generated 299 bands and the latter were used for genetic analysis. The percentage of polymorphic fragments was higher in stock captured in the Paranapanema river than from fry stocks. The genetic diversity was lower in the broodstock than in natural population. Amova results showed that most inter-population genetic variation lay within stocks (83.9%) and not between them (16.1%). Moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.16) was reported. Nevertheless, differentiation decreased when the four fry stocks were mixed and analyzed as a single population (FST = 0.07). Instead of releasing each lot separately into the water, mixing specimens produced in the various fry stocks before releasing them in the river would be more feasible. The restocked population will have a genetic structure closer to natural populations.  

The preservation of the genetic variability of hatchery stocks used to supplement naturalpopulations is a priority. Current study employed RAPD markers to examine the genetic diversity of douradosamples from the middle Paranapanema river and from the broodstock used in the stock enhancement programof the Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Station at the Salto Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant. Nineteen RAPDprimers were analyzed, which generated 299 bands and the latter were used for genetic analysis. The percentageof polymorphic fragments was higher in stock captured in the Paranapanema river than from fry stocks. Thegenetic diversity was lower in the broodstock than in natural population. Amova results showed that most interpopulationgenetic variation lay within stocks (83.9%) and not between them (16.1%). Moderate geneticdifferentiation (FST = 0.16) was reported. Nevertheless, differentiation decreased when the four fry stocks weremixed and analyzed as a single population (FST = 0.07). Instead of releasing each lot separately into the water,mixing specimens produced in the various fry stocks before releasing them in the river would be more feasible.The restocked population will have a genetic structure closer to natural populations.

Fertilization effects on biomass and nutritional quality of zooplancton in feeding of fry in the Furnas (MG, Brazil) hydrobiology and pisciculture station / Efeitos de fertilização na biomassa e qualidade nutricional do zooplâncton utilizado para alimentação de alevinos na estação de hidrobiologia e piscicultura de Furnas, MG

This investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of organic matter (pig manure) and nutrients on the structure of zooplankton in plankton tanks at Furnas hatchery station. Zooplankton is commonly used as food resource of Hoplias lacerdae fry. Total lipid levels, density and biomass of zooplankton were analyzed in two plankton tanks twice a week during 60 days. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and electric conductivity were also monitored daily. Chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus, ammonium and total kejdahl nitrogen (TKN) were measured on a weekly basis. In the first thirty days, nutrient fertilization was performed every five days. In the last thirty days, there was no external input of nutrient or organic material. The interruption of external nutrient load caused a clear and conspicuous modification in most physical and chemical variables as well as in the zooplankton. There was an abrupt and conspicuous reduction in the conductivity, ammonium, TKN, total phosphorus and chlorophyll. On the other hand, dissolved oxygen and pH increased. Biomass of total zooplankton also showed a brief peak following the interruption of external nutrient flux. During this period, the cladocera Moina and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus became the dominant zooplanktons. At the end of the study, the ciclopods became once more the dominant organisms, although there was a higher proportion o

O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição intensiva de dejetos orgânicos e de nutrientes na qualidade do zooplâncton obtido em tanques de plâncton, empregado na alimentação de alevinos de trairão (Hoplias lacerdae). Os teores de lipídeos totais do zooplâncton bem como sua abundância e biomassa foram acompanhados, através de duas coletas semanais, em dois tanques de produção de plâncton durante dois meses seguidos. Foram medidos ainda a temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica na coluna de água. As concentrações de clorofila-a, fósforo total, amônia e nitrogênio total (TKN) foram acompanhadas semanalmente. Nos primeiros trinta dias, foi feita a adubação a cada cinco dias e, nos últimos trinta dias, não houve qualquer adubação em ambos os tanques. A interrupção da fertilização causou uma notável e rápida mudança na qualidade físico-química da água bem como na estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica. Houve um decréscimo nos teores de condutividade, amônia, nitrogênio total, fósforo total e clorofila-a. Em contraste, houve um aumento nos níveis de oxigênio dissolvido e pH. Logo após a parada da fertilização, houve um pico na biomassa total do zooplâncton que perdurou por cerca de 20 dias, em ambos os tanques. Nesse período, o cladócero Moina reticulata e o rotífero Brachionus calyciflorus foram os mais abundantes. No entanto, ao final do período de estudo

Fertilization effects on biomass and nutritional quality of zooplancton in feeding of fry in the Furnas (MG, Brazil) hydrobiology and pisciculture station / Efeitos de fertilização na biomassa e qualidade nutricional do zooplâncton utilizado para alimentação de alevinos na estação de hidrobiologia e piscicultura de Furnas, MG

This investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of organic matter (pig manure) and nutrients on the structure of zooplankton in plankton tanks at Furnas hatchery station. Zooplankton is commonly used as food resource of Hoplias lacerdae fry. Total lipid levels, density and biomass of zooplankton were analyzed in two plankton tanks twice a week during 60 days. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and electric conductivity were also monitored daily. Chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus, ammonium and total kejdahl nitrogen (TKN) were measured on a weekly basis. In the first thirty days, nutrient fertilization was performed every five days. In the last thirty days, there was no external input of nutrient or organic material. The interruption of external nutrient load caused a clear and conspicuous modification in most physical and chemical variables as well as in the zooplankton. There was an abrupt and conspicuous reduction in the conductivity, ammonium, TKN, total phosphorus and chlorophyll. On the other hand, dissolved oxygen and pH increased. Biomass of total zooplankton also showed a brief peak following the interruption of external nutrient flux. During this period, the cladocera Moina and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus became the dominant zooplanktons. At the end of the study, the ciclopods became once more the dominant organisms, although there was a higher proportion o

O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição intensiva de dejetos orgânicos e de nutrientes na qualidade do zooplâncton obtido em tanques de plâncton, empregado na alimentação de alevinos de trairão (Hoplias lacerdae). Os teores de lipídeos totais do zooplâncton bem como sua abundância e biomassa foram acompanhados, através de duas coletas semanais, em dois tanques de produção de plâncton durante dois meses seguidos. Foram medidos ainda a temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica na coluna de água. As concentrações de clorofila-a, fósforo total, amônia e nitrogênio total (TKN) foram acompanhadas semanalmente. Nos primeiros trinta dias, foi feita a adubação a cada cinco dias e, nos últimos trinta dias, não houve qualquer adubação em ambos os tanques. A interrupção da fertilização causou uma notável e rápida mudança na qualidade físico-química da água bem como na estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica. Houve um decréscimo nos teores de condutividade, amônia, nitrogênio total, fósforo total e clorofila-a. Em contraste, houve um aumento nos níveis de oxigênio dissolvido e pH. Logo após a parada da fertilização, houve um pico na biomassa total do zooplâncton que perdurou por cerca de 20 dias, em ambos os tanques. Nesse período, o cladócero Moina reticulata e o rotífero Brachionus calyciflorus foram os mais abundantes. No entanto, ao final do período de estudo