Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a puppy Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844) / Hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional em filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844)

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH) is a metabolic disorder that mainly affects young animals. This disease causes imbalance between the levels of calcium and phosphorus, culminating in bone changes. Wild animals raised in captivity can develop the disease when they are given an inadequate diet. The aim of this study is to report the clinical findings, the complementary exams and the therapeutics utilized in a Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat) cub originated from captivity with NSH. The animal went through complementary imaging exams and biochemical evaluation that respectively revealed generalized osteopenia and pathological fracture of the right femur, reduction of serum calcium level and elevation of serum phosphorus level. The diagnosis of NSH was established by associating the history, clinical signs, and findings of ancillary exams. The treatment was based on diet correction, mineral and vitaminic supplementation and sun exposure. The NSH diagnosis was stablished by associating history, clinical signs, imaging exams findings and serum biochemicals. The early identification of this disease is of paramount importance, because in this way corrections can be made in food management, in order to provide successful clinical recovery and promote quality of life for wild captive animals.(AU)

O hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (HSN) é uma desordem metabólica que acomete principalmente animais jovens. Essa doença cursa com desequilíbrio entre os níveis de cálcio e fósforo, culminando com alterações ósseas. Animais silvestres quando criados em cativeiro podem desenvolver a doença quando recebem uma dieta inadequada. O obje-tivo deste estudo é relatar os achados clínicos, os exames complementares e a terapêutica utilizada em um filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (gato-do-mato-grande)proveniente de cativeiro com HSN. O animal passou por exames complementares de imagem e avaliação bioquímica que revelaram respectivamente osteopenia generalizada e fratura patológica de fêmur direito, redução dos níveis séricos de cálcio e elevação do fósforo. O diagnóstico de HSN foi estabelecido associando o histórico, sinais clínicos e achados dos exames complementares. O tratamento foi baseado na correção da dieta, suplementação mineral e vitamínica e exposição solar. A identificação precoce dessa doença é de suma importância, pois dessa forma podem ser feitas correções no manejo alimentar, afim de proporcionar a recuperação clínica com êxito e promover qualidade de vida para os animais selva-gens de cativeiro.(AU)

Nasal mucosal mineralization, ulceration and epistaxis in a dog with uremia caused by chronic renal failure / Mineralização, ulceração e epistaxe em um cão com uremia causada por insuficiência renal crônica

ABSTRACT: Soft tissue mineralization and epithelial ulceration are common findings in dogs with uremia, being commonly reported in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and pleura. This report described a case of nasal mucosal mineralization and ulceration contributing to recurrent epistaxis in a dog with chronic renal failure and uremia. A dog with recurrent epistaxis accompanied by elevated urea and creatinine was hospitalized. Platelet count and coagulation tests were within normal limits. Chronic renal failure was diagnosed, and the dog was euthanized. On necropsy, the kidneys were small, with an irregular capsular surface. The nasal conchae were slightly reddish. Histopathology revealed chronic glomerulonephritis, with gastric mineralization and bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia. Vascular and basal lamina mineralization, epithelial ulceration and hemorrhage were seen in the nasal conchae. The observed findings indicated that nasal mineralization and ulceration were caused by uremia. The severity of histopathological findings suggested that nasal mineralization/ulceration may have caused or at least contributed to epistaxis in this dog. We hope to stimulate further investigations into possible association between uremia, nasal mucosa mineralization/ulceration and epistaxis in dogs.

RESUMO: Mineralização dos tecidos moles e ulceração epitelial são achados comuns em cães com uremia, sendo geralmente observados no trato gastrointestinal, pulmões e pleura. O objetivo desse relato é reportar um caso de mineralização e ulceração da mucosa nasal contribuindo para epistaxe recorrente em um cão com insuficiência renal crônica e uremia. Um cão com epistaxe recorrente e aumento da ureia e creatinina foi hospitalizado. A contagem plaquetária e os testes de coagulação não tinham alterações. Foi diagnosticado insuficiência renal crônica, e o cão foi submetido a eutanásia. Na necropsia, o cão tinha os rins diminuídos, com superfície irregular. As conchas nasais estavam levemente avermelhadas. Histologicamente, foi diagnosticada uma glomerulonefrite crônica com mineralização gástrica e hiperplasia das paratireoides. As conchas nasais tinham mineralização da parede de vasos e membrana basal, úlceras e hemorragia. Os achados histopatológicos indicam que a mineralização e ulceração nasal foram causadas pela uremia. A severidade das lesões histológicas sugere que a mineralização/ulceração nasal pode ter causado, ou pelo menos contribuído, para a epistaxe deste cão. Espera-se, com esse relato, estimular futuros estudos que investiguem uma possível associação entre uremia, mineralização/ulceração nasal e epistaxe em cães.

Nasal mucosal mineralization, ulceration and epistaxis in a dog with uremia caused by chronic renal failure / Mineralização, ulceração e epistaxe em um cão com uremia causada por insuficiência renal crônica

Soft tissue mineralization and epithelial ulceration are common findings in dogs with uremia, being commonly reported in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and pleura. This report described a case of nasal mucosal mineralization and ulceration contributing to recurrent epistaxis in a dog with chronic renal failure and uremia. A dog with recurrent epistaxis accompanied by elevated urea and creatinine was hospitalized. Platelet count and coagulation tests were within normal limits. Chronic renal failure was diagnosed, and the dog was euthanized. On necropsy, the kidneys were small, with an irregular capsular surface. The nasal conchae were slightly reddish. Histopathology revealed chronic glomerulonephritis, with gastric mineralization and bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia. Vascular and basal lamina mineralization, epithelial ulceration and hemorrhage were seen in the nasal conchae. The observed findings indicated that nasal mineralization and ulceration were caused by uremia. The severity of histopathological findings suggested that nasal mineralization/ulceration may have caused or at least contributed to epistaxis in this dog. We hope to stimulate further investigations into possible association between uremia, nasal mucosa mineralization/ulceration and epistaxis in dogs.

Mineralização dos tecidos moles e ulceração epitelial são achados comuns em cães com uremia, sendo geralmente observados no trato gastrointestinal, pulmões e pleura. O objetivo desse relato é reportar um caso de mineralização e ulceração da mucosa nasal contribuindo para epistaxe recorrente em um cão com insuficiência renal crônica e uremia. Um cão com epistaxe recorrente e aumento da ureia e creatinina foi hospitalizado. A contagem plaquetária e os testes de coagulação não tinham alterações. Foi diagnosticado insuficiência renal crônica, e o cão foi submetido a eutanásia. Na necropsia, o cão tinha os rins diminuídos, com superfície irregular. As conchas nasais estavam levemente avermelhadas. Histologicamente, foi diagnosticada uma glomerulonefrite crônica com mineralização gástrica e hiperplasia das paratireoides. As conchas nasais tinham mineralização da parede de vasos e membrana basal, úlceras e hemorragia. Os achados histopatológicos indicam que a mineralização e ulceração nasal foram causadas pela uremia. A severidade das lesões histológicas sugere que a mineralização/ulceração nasal pode ter causado, ou pelo menos contribuído, para a epistaxe deste cão. Espera-se, com esse relato, estimular futuros estudos que investiguem uma possível associação entre uremia, mineralização/ulceração nasal e epistaxe em cães.

Fibrous osteodystrophy due to secondary renal hyperparathyroidism in a senile dog / Osteodistrofia fibrosa decorrente de hiperparatireodismo secundário renal em cão senil

Renal hyperparathyroidism stands out among the complications of kidney disease in dogs due to phosphorus retention with a predisposition to hypocalcemia, parathyroid hormone stimulation with mobilization of calcium from the bones, characterizing fibrous osteodystrophy, unusual in the elderly. The objective was to report it in 12-year-old Labrador with polyuria, polydipsia, and emesis for five months due to maxillary and mandibular volume increase, followed by loosely fixed teeth, and facial deformity. Blood tests showed anemia, thrombocytosis, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperphosphatemia and urinalysis showed low density, glycosuria, proteinuria, and moderate caudate and transitional epithelial cells. Oral x-rays showed loss of dental bone support and decreased bone radiopacity. Chest radiographs showed decreased density in the ribs and costochondral junction; on the other hand, organs of the cardiorespiratory system showed no changes. The electrocardiogram and echocardiogram did not show impairment. Abdominal ultrasound revealed kidneys with asymmetry, increased echogenicity of the cortical and poorly preserved cortico-medullary definition. Oral histopathology showed intense fibroplasia associated with bone reabsorption. Support therapy was instituted, but the patient died ten days after consultation. Thus, although uncommon in the elderly, fibrous osteodystrophy should be investigated in dogs with advanced-stage chronic kidney disease and, even with conservative therapies, the prognosis is unfavorable.

O hiperparatireoidismo renal destaca-se entre as complicações da doença renal em cães, pela retenção de fósforo com predisposição à hipocalcemia, estimulação de paratormônio com mobilização do cálcio dos ossos, caracterizando a osteodistrofia fibrosa, incomum em idosos. O objetivo foi relatá-la em Labrador de 12 anos com poliúria, polidipsia e vômitos há cinco meses, além de aumento de volume maxilar e mandibular seguido de dentes frouxamente fixados e deformidade facial. Os exames sanguíneos denotaram anemia, trombocitose, azotemia, hipoalbuminemia, hiperfosfatemia, urinálise, baixa densidade, glicosúria, proteinúria e moderadas células caudadas e epiteliais de transição. Pelos raios X orais, houve perda da sustentação óssea dentária e diminuição da radiopacidade óssea. As radiografias de tórax demonstraram diminuição da densidade óssea na região dos arcos costais e junção costocondral; em contrapartida, órgãos do sistema cardiorrespiratório se mostraram sem alterações aparentes. O eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma não incidiram comprometimento. O ultrassom abdominal revelou rins com assimetria, aumento da ecogenicidade cortical e definição corticomedular pouco preservada, e a histopatologia oral apontou intensa fibroplasia associada à reabsorção óssea. Foi instituída terapia suporte, mas o paciente veio a óbito 10 dias após a consulta. Assim, mesmo que incomum em idosos, a osteodistrofia fibrosa deve ser investigada em cães com doença renal crônica em estágio avançado, mesmo com as terapias conservadoras, o prognóstico é desfavorável.

Comparison between different sources of minerals in horses with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism / [Comparação entre diferentes fontes de minerais em cavalos com hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional]

Minerals perform several functions in the body, such as coagulation actions, muscle contraction, enzymatic and hormonal production, among others. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a 150 days chelated and not chelated mineral supplementation with and without potassium oxalate on serological parameters and bone mineral density of horses. Twenty-four crossbred yearlings (12 females and 12 males) with an average age of 21±3 months and body weight of 330.8±37.9kg were divided into four groups containing six equines in each (three females and three males) in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were: 1 - chelated minerals compound; 2 - chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate; 3 - not chelated minerals compound; and 4 - not chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate. Clinical signs of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) were observed only in treatment 4. Results showed no treatment effect in bone biopsy for calcium, phosphorus and bone density. There were significant reductions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) means concentrations in treatments 2 and 4 during supplementation. Animals supplemented with chelated minerals compounds avoided mineral imbalances and NSH even when in dietary potassium oxalate challenged.(AU)

Os minerais desempenham diversas funções no organismo, como ações de coagulação, contração muscular, produção enzimática e hormonal, entre outras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de minerais quelatados e não quelatados, por 150 dias, com e sem oxalato de potássio, sobre parâmetros sorológicos e densidade mineral óssea em equinos. Vinte e quatro filhotes mestiços (12 fêmeas e 12 machos), com idade média de 21±3 meses e peso corporal de 330,8±37,9kg, foram divididos em quatro grupos contendo seis equinos cada (três fêmeas e três machos), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com repetição medida em arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os tratamentos foram: 1 - composto mineral quelatado; 2 - composto mineral quelatado e oxalato de potássio; 3 - composto mineral não quelatado; e 4 - composto mineral não quelatado e oxalato de potássio. Os sinais clínicos do hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (NSH) foram observados apenas no tratamento 4. Os resultados não mostraram efeito de tratamento na biópsia óssea para cálcio, fósforo e densidade óssea. Houve redução significativa do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) em concentrações médias nos tratamentos 2 e 4 durante a suplementação. Os animais suplementados com compostos minerais quelatados evitaram desequilíbrios minerais e NSH, mesmo quando desafiados no oxalato de potássio na dieta.(AU)

Calcium, phosphorus, urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus and parathormone in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis / Cálcio, fósforo, fração de excreção urinária de fósforo e paratormônio em cães com leishmaniose visceral

The kidneys perform an essential role in the regulation of serum phosphorus concentration. In visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the decline of the glomerular filtration rate leads to hyperphosphatemia, whose primary consequence is the development of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism. This study aimed to determine the concentration of serum phosphorus, ionized calcium (Cai), urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus (uFEP), and parathormone (PTH) in azotemic and non-azotemic dogs with VL and evaluate the uFEP as a marker of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism. The study comprised 31 dogs, divided into 24 sick animals and 07 healthy animals used as a control group (GC). The sick animals were classified into groups as azotemic (GA) and non-azotemic (GNA). The serum levels of phosphorus, creatinine, Cai, and the plasma levels of PTH were measured and compared between groups. The uFEP was calculated using values of serum and urinary levels of phosphorus and creatinine. The Kruskal-Wallis test with a 0.05 significance level was used, followed by the Mann-Whitney test as a post hoc test, with a 0.016 significance level. The levels of serum phosphorus were higher in the GA group, whereas for the PTH, the GNA and GA groups demonstrated high values compared to the GC. The uFEP was significantly higher in the GA when compared to the GNA, although there was no statistical difference betw

Os rins desempenham um papel essencial na regulação da concentração sérica de fósforo. Na leishmaniose visceral (LV), o declínio da taxa de filtração glomerular leva à hiperfosfatemia, cuja consequência primária é o desenvolvimento de hiperparatireoidismo renal secundário. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a concentração de fósforo sérico, cálcio ionizado (Cai), excreção urinária fracionada de fósforo (uFEP) e paratormônio (PTH) em cães azotêmicos e não azotêmicos com LV e avaliar o uFEP como marcador dohiperparatireoidismo secundária renal. O estudo envolveu 31 cães, classificadosem 24 animais doentes e 07 animais saudáveis utilizados como grupo controle (GC). Os animais doentes foram classificados em azotêmicos (GA) e não azotêmicos (GNA). Os níveis séricos de fósforo, creatinina, Caie os níveis plasmáticos de PTH foram medidos e comparados entre os grupos. A uFEP foi calculada usando-se os valores dos níveis sérico e urinário de fósforo e creatinina. Foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com nível de significância de 0,05, seguido do teste de Mann-Whitney como post hocteste, com nível de significância de 0,016. Os níveis de fósforo sérico foram maiores no grupo GA, enquanto para o PTH os grupos GNA e GA demonstraram valores elevados em relação ao GC. O uFEP foi significativamente maior no GA quando comparado ao GNA, emboranão ocorradiferença estatística entre o GC e o GNA. O uFEP mostrou ser um marcador tardio de doença renal crônica e hiperparatireoidismo secundário em cães com leishmaniose visceral.

Calcium, phosphorus, urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus and parathormone in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis / Cálcio, fósforo, fração de excreção urinária de fósforo e paratormônio em cães com leishmaniose visceral

The kidneys perform an essential role in the regulation of serum phosphorus concentration. In visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the decline of the glomerular filtration rate leads to hyperphosphatemia, whose primary consequence is the development of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism. This study aimed to determine the concentration of serum phosphorus, ionized calcium (Cai), urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus (uFEP), and parathormone (PTH) in azotemic and non-azotemic dogs with VL and evaluate the uFEP as a marker of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism. The study comprised 31 dogs, divided into 24 sick animals and 07 healthy animals used as a control group (GC). The sick animals were classified into groups as azotemic (GA) and non-azotemic (GNA). The serum levels of phosphorus, creatinine, Cai, and the plasma levels of PTH were measured and compared between groups. The uFEP was calculated using values of serum and urinary levels of phosphorus and creatinine. The Kruskal-Wallis test with a 0.05 significance level was used, followed by the Mann-Whitney test as a post hoc test, with a 0.016 significance level. The levels of serum phosphorus were higher in the GA group, whereas for the PTH, the GNA and GA groups demonstrated high values compared to the GC. The uFEP was significantly higher in the GA when compared to the GNA, although there was no statistical difference betw

Os rins desempenham um papel essencial na regulação da concentração sérica de fósforo. Na leishmaniose visceral (LV), o declínio da taxa de filtração glomerular leva à hiperfosfatemia, cuja consequência primária é o desenvolvimento de hiperparatireoidismo renal secundário. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a concentração de fósforo sérico, cálcio ionizado (Cai), excreção urinária fracionada de fósforo (uFEP) e paratormônio (PTH) em cães azotêmicos e não azotêmicos com LV e avaliar o uFEP como marcador dohiperparatireoidismo secundária renal. O estudo envolveu 31 cães, classificadosem 24 animais doentes e 07 animais saudáveis utilizados como grupo controle (GC). Os animais doentes foram classificados em azotêmicos (GA) e não azotêmicos (GNA). Os níveis séricos de fósforo, creatinina, Caie os níveis plasmáticos de PTH foram medidos e comparados entre os grupos. A uFEP foi calculada usando-se os valores dos níveis sérico e urinário de fósforo e creatinina. Foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com nível de significância de 0,05, seguido do teste de Mann-Whitney como post hocteste, com nível de significância de 0,016. Os níveis de fósforo sérico foram maiores no grupo GA, enquanto para o PTH os grupos GNA e GA demonstraram valores elevados em relação ao GC. O uFEP foi significativamente maior no GA quando comparado ao GNA, emboranão ocorradiferença estatística entre o GC e o GNA. O uFEP mostrou ser um marcador tardio de doença renal crônica e hiperparatireoidismo secundário em cães com leishmaniose visceral.(AU)

Maxillomandibular deformity in a canine with fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease

Background: Cases of renal fibrous osteodystrophy are usually associated with nutritional causes, which of renal causesare considered uncommon in dogs. This disorder is characterized by the intense proliferation of fibrous connective tissue inbones, impairing bone stiffness. The aim of this study was to report a case of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronickidney disease in a canine with a “rubber jaw” facial deformity.Case: A 4-year-old male unneutered mongrel dog weighing 5.2 kg had a history of apathy, progressive weight loss andvomiting for one month, and polyuria and polydipsia for more than three months. In addition, the owner complained aboutthe deformed appearance in the muzzle region of the animal, which was evidenced flexibility of the same, with a displacement of the mandible and maxilla on physical examination, similar to the “rubber jaw”. Blood tests revealed macrocyticanemia, elevated total plasma proteins, and lymphopenia-associated neutrophilia, as well as hyperphosphatemia (24 mg/dL), uremia (283.6 mg/dL) and increased creatinine (8.6 mg/dL), ALT (143.2 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (3222.2UI/L), while calcium (8.8 mg/dL) and albumin (1.9 g/dL) were decreased. A serological test for visceral leishmaniasis wasalso performed, which was negative. Abdominal ultrasound imaging revealed kidneys with alterations in tissue architecture, increased thickness and complete loss of cortico-medullary relationship, while the parathyroid gland was enlargedand spindle-shaped. Cranial radiography showed marked radiopacity of the bilateral maxillary bones, with destructionof the nasal, turbinate and frontal bones, as well as loosening of the teeth and destruction of the mandibular bone matrix,characterizing an aspect of “rubber jaw”. Based on the history, history and evidence of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia andloss of facial bone density, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney...

Maxillomandibular deformity in a canine with fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease

Background: Cases of renal fibrous osteodystrophy are usually associated with nutritional causes, which of renal causesare considered uncommon in dogs. This disorder is characterized by the intense proliferation of fibrous connective tissue inbones, impairing bone stiffness. The aim of this study was to report a case of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronickidney disease in a canine with a “rubber jaw” facial deformity.Case: A 4-year-old male unneutered mongrel dog weighing 5.2 kg had a history of apathy, progressive weight loss andvomiting for one month, and polyuria and polydipsia for more than three months. In addition, the owner complained aboutthe deformed appearance in the muzzle region of the animal, which was evidenced flexibility of the same, with a displacement of the mandible and maxilla on physical examination, similar to the “rubber jaw”. Blood tests revealed macrocyticanemia, elevated total plasma proteins, and lymphopenia-associated neutrophilia, as well as hyperphosphatemia (24 mg/dL), uremia (283.6 mg/dL) and increased creatinine (8.6 mg/dL), ALT (143.2 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (3222.2UI/L), while calcium (8.8 mg/dL) and albumin (1.9 g/dL) were decreased. A serological test for visceral leishmaniasis wasalso performed, which was negative. Abdominal ultrasound imaging revealed kidneys with alterations in tissue architecture, increased thickness and complete loss of cortico-medullary relationship, while the parathyroid gland was enlargedand spindle-shaped. Cranial radiography showed marked radiopacity of the bilateral maxillary bones, with destructionof the nasal, turbinate and frontal bones, as well as loosening of the teeth and destruction of the mandibular bone matrix,characterizing an aspect of “rubber jaw”. Based on the history, history and evidence of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia andloss of facial bone density, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney...(AU)

CRESCIMENTO MORFOMÉTRICO DE POTROS MANGALARGA MARCHADOR ALIMENTADOS COM CAPIM-ELEFANTE (Pennisetum purpureum) E CONCENTRADOS COM DIFERENTES RELAÇÕES CA:P

O desenvolvimento de potros Mangalarga Marchador (MM) é afetado pelo hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário causado pela ingestão de forrageiras tropicais com excesso de oxalatos, o que pode comprometer sua conformação e futuro desempenho atlético. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento corporal de 16 potros MM desmamados alimentados por 60 dias com capim-elefante (P. purpureum; relação Ca:oxalatos de 0, 22:1 a -0, 26:1) à vontade + 1,2% PV de concentrado formulado com relações Ca:P diferindo de acordo com o grupo experimental: (A- 2:1; B- 3:1; C- 5:1; D6:1) + 60g/animal de núcleo mineral comercial. Na primeira e última semana do período experimental os potros dos quatro grupos tinham, respectivamente334,5 ± 48,5 e 390,5 ±48,5 dias de idade; 154,9 ± 33,9 kg e 180,8 ± 37,0 kg PV; escores de condição corporal variando entre 2 a 3. Foram mensuradas oito medidas lineares [alturas na cernelha (AC),garupa (AG) e costado (ACO); comprimento corporal (CC); perímetros de tórax (PT),antebraço (PAB), joelho (PJ) e canela (PC)]; e seis medidas angulares [ângulo escápulasolo (AES), ângulo escápula-umeral (AEU); ângulo pelve-solo (APS); ângulo pelvefemoral (APF); ângulo metacarpo-falangeano (AMF), ângulo do casco anterior esquerdo (ANC)]. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, sendo os dados analisados por modelos mistos incluindo os efeitos fixos de tratamento (dietas), período (no caso de ganhos mensais das medidas corporais) ou dia de avaliação (no caso de índices de conformação) e suas interações (p<0,05), considerando o valor inicial de cada parâmetro estudado como covariável. O estudo da evolução de crescimento em função da idade foi desenvolvido através de equações de regressão. Houve diferença (p<0,05) nas médias mensais de ganhos das medidas de PT, PA e PC dos potros alimentados com diferentes relações Ca:P na dieta avaliados entre os tratamentos A (2:1), B(3:1), C(5:1) e D(6:1), sendo que as medidas dos animais do grupo C (5:1) foi superior aos 30 dias após o início do período experimental, no entanto, 60 dias após o início do período experimental todas as medidas, apresentaram ganhos (p<0,05). Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a influência que a relação Ca:P da dieta exerce na conformação dos potros mostrando a importância de se balancear a dieta obedecendo as recomendações do NRC

The development of Mangalarga Marchador (MM) foals is affected by secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism caused by the ingestion of tropical forages with excess of oxalates, which can compromise their conformation and future athletic performance. The objective was to evaluate the body growth of 16 weaned MM foals fed for 60 days with elephant grass (P. purpureum; Ca: oxalates ratio of 0.22: 1 to -0, 26: 1) at will + 1.2% PV of concentrate formulated with Ca: P ratios differing according to the experimental group: (A- 2: 1; B- 3: 1; C- 5: 1; D- 6: 1) + 60g / animal of commercial mineral core . In the first and last week of the experimental period, the foals of the four groups were, respectively, 344.5 ± 48.5 and 390.5 ± 48.5 days old; 154.9 ± 33.9 kg and 180.8 ± 37.0 kg PV; body condition scores ranging from 2 to 3. Eight linear measures were measured [height at withers (AC), rump (AG) and side (ACO); body length (WC);chest (PT), forearm (PAB), knee (PJ) and shin (PC) perimeters]; and six angular measurements [scapula-soil angle (AES), scapula-humeral angle (AEU); pelvis-soil angle (PHC); pelvis-femoral angle (APF); metacarpal-phalangeal angle (MFA), angle of the left anterior hull (ANC)]. The design was in randomized blocks, the data being analyzed by mixed models including the fixed effects of treatment (diets), period (in the case of monthly gains from body measurements) or evaluation day (in the case of conformation indices) and their interactions (p <0.05), considering the initial value of each parameter studied as a covariate. The study of the evolution of growth as a function of age was developed using regression equations. There was a difference (p <0.05) in the monthly averages of gains of the PT, PA and CP measures of foals fed with different Ca: P ratios in the diet evaluated between treatments A (2: 1), B (3: 1) , C (5: 1) and D (6: 1), and the measurements of animals in group C (5: 1) were greater than 30 days after the beginning of the experimental period, however, 60 days after the beginning of the experimental period. experimental period, all measures showed gains (p <0.05). The results of this study show the influence that the Ca: P ratio of the diet has on the conformation of the foals, showing the importance of balancing the diet according to the recommendations of the NRC

Maxillofacial Fibrous Osteodystrophy in Equine: Case Report

A 14 year-old pregnant mare developed poor body condition (2/5) and diarrhea while grazing in kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Clinical findings included bulging of nasal and maxillary bones and mouth lacerations associated to spicules on the surface of molars and premolars. Teeth were easily fragmented and fell off. Necropsy findings included severe softening of the maxillary and mandibular bones. The mandible was easily breakable near to the masseter´s fossa. The parathyroid gland was increased in size. Histological findings were characterized by multiple irregular and very thin bone spicules in the bone tissue, most of them with microfractures, severe osteoclasts-mediated bone resorption and fibrous connective tissue proliferation. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of parathyroid chief cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization were also observed. In conclusion, maxillofacial fibrous osteodystrophy caused by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism developed in a pregnant mare while grazing kikuyu grass for long periods of time without appropriate supplements. Kikuyu grass is characterized by high levels of oxalic acid that forms insoluble oxalates responsible for low calcium absorption in the small intestine and the progress of hyperparathyroidism.

Maxillofacial Fibrous Osteodystrophy in Equine: Case Report

A 14 year-old pregnant mare developed poor body condition (2/5) and diarrhea while grazing in kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Clinical findings included bulging of nasal and maxillary bones and mouth lacerations associated to spicules on the surface of molars and premolars. Teeth were easily fragmented and fell off. Necropsy findings included severe softening of the maxillary and mandibular bones. The mandible was easily breakable near to the masseter´s fossa. The parathyroid gland was increased in size. Histological findings were characterized by multiple irregular and very thin bone spicules in the bone tissue, most of them with microfractures, severe osteoclasts-mediated bone resorption and fibrous connective tissue proliferation. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of parathyroid chief cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization were also observed. In conclusion, maxillofacial fibrous osteodystrophy caused by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism developed in a pregnant mare while grazing kikuyu grass for long periods of time without appropriate supplements. Kikuyu grass is characterized by high levels of oxalic acid that forms insoluble oxalates responsible for low calcium absorption in the small intestine and the progress of hyperparathyroidism.(AU)

Efeitos da terapia celular sobre o metabolismo mineral na doença renal crônica em cães

A doenca renal cronica (DRC) e uma afeccao prevalente em caes, de carater irreversivel e de natureza progressiva. Ferramentas terapeuticas que possam retardar a progressao desta enfermidade tem sido objeto de pesquisas; dentre as novas modalidades de tratamento sob investigacao, esta a terapia celular. Estudos em modelos pre-clinicos de DRC demonstraram que as celulas-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) exercem efeito prorregenerativo, associado a liberacao de fatores antifibroticos e vasculotroficos. Diante destes resultados promissores, aventa-se a aplicabilidade das CTMs como recurso terapeutico na DRC de ocorrencia natural em caes. Os disturbios do metabolismo mineral, frequentemente associados a esta condicao, constituem importantes fatores de progressao e implicam no aumento da mortalidade; recursos terapeuticos que possam retardar a DRC e, por conseguinte, o desenvolvimento destes disturbios sao de grande relevancia clinica. Desta forma, a hipotese do presente estudo e que a terapia com CTMs possa atenuar o desenvolvimento dos disturbios do metabolismo mineral em caes doentes renais cronicos, e o objetivo e avaliar os efeitos da terapia celular sobre o metabolismo mineral na doenca renal cronica, nestes animais. Para tanto, foram selecionados 28 caes, nos estagios 2 (grupo A) e 3 (grupo B) da DRC (IRIS), provenientes da rotina de atendimento do Servico de Clinica Medica do Hospital Veterinario da FMVZ/USP (HOVET/USP). Os animais foram, entao, divididos em subgrupos, conforme o tratamento com solucao fisiologica (A SF, n= 6; ou B SF, n= 7) ou celulas-tronco-mesenquimais (A CTM, n= 6; ou B CTM, n= 9), e acompanhados clinicamente por um ano, ou ate o obito. Nao houve diferenca entre os tratamentos para as variaveis do metabolismo mineral; entretanto, a tendencia de incremento nas medias das mensuracoes sericas de 1,25(OH)2D3 e 25(OH)D3 nos grupos A CTM e B CTM, em comparacao ao placebo, foi observada. O delta dos valores de 25(OH)D3 apresentou diferenca significativa (p <0,05) entre os subgrupos A CTM e A SF, de modo que o grupo que recebeu a terapia celular apresentou maiores concentracoes deste metabolito. Quanto as variaveis PTH, calcio ionico, calcio total, fracao de excrecao urinaria de calcio, FGF-23, fosforo serico e fracao de excrecao urinaria de fosforo, nao houve diferenca entre os tratamentos com solucao fisiologica ou celulas-tronco mesenquimais, nos grupos A e B. O delta dos valores de ureia e fosforo serico tenderam a ser menores no subgrupo A CTM, em comparacao ao placebo. A analise de sobrevida, nao houve diferenca entre os tratamentos com terapia celular ou placebo, tanto para o grupo A, quanto para o B. Independentemente do tratamento, a proporcao de sobrevida tendeu a ser menor naqueles caes doentes renais cronicos que apresentaram as determinacoes sericas de 1,25(OH)2D3 < 35 pg/mL. No atinente ao PTH, os caes que obtiveram valores < 8,0 pmol/L apresentaram proporcoes de sobrevida significativamente menores, em comparacao aos demais, independente do tratamento recebido (p< 0,0001). A partir dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, nao e possivel concluir acerca dos efeitos da terapia celular sobre o metabolismo mineral na doenca renal cronica em caes, nos estagios 2 e 3; por ora, sugere-se que o tratamento com celulas-tronco mesenquimais possa trazer maiores beneficios para aqueles caes em estagios iniciais da DRC.

Chronic Kidney Disease in dogs is a highly prevalent illness, which is irreversible and progressive. A variety of therapeutic approaches that aim to slow CKD progression have been investigated, including the therapy with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Several studies performed with preclinical models showed positive results, regarding the antifibrotic effects of MSC on experimental CKD. However, it remains to be determined the benefits of MSC in dogs with naturally occurring CKD. One of the most concerning issue in patients with CKD is the development of Mineral Disorders (MD-CKD), since it is associated with disease progression and mortality. Our hypothesis is that MSC therapy could attenuate the development of MD-CKD in dogs; our aim is to evaluate the effects of MSC therapy on mineral metabolism in dogs with CKD. We recruited 28 CKD dogs with stages 2 (group A) and 3 (group B), in accordance with IRIS criteria. All of the dogs were treated at the Clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. The dogs were assigned to receive placebo (A SF, n= 6; B SF, n= 7) or MSC therapy (A CTM, n= 6; B CTM, n= 9), and they were then followed up during one year or until death. There was no difference between the effects of placebo or MSC therapy on mineral metabolism. A trend was note regarding the serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3, which seemed to be increased in dogs that received MSC therapy (A CTM and B CTM), in comparison with placebo. The delta of 25(OH)D3 was significantly higher (p< 0,05) in dogs from the A CTM group, in comparison with those from A SF group. There were no differences between placebo or MSC therapy for both groups (A and B), regarding PTH, ionized calcium, total calcium, urinary fractional excretion of calcium, FGF-23, serum phosphorus and urinary fractional excretion of phosphorus. A trend was note in the delta of urea and phosphorus, which were lower in the A CTM group, in comparison with placebo. There was no difference in the survival rates of dogs whose received placebo or MSC therapy, in both goups (A and B). Regardless the applied treatment, the dogs that had the lowest values of calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3 < 35 pg/mL) showed a trend to exhibit the lowest rate of survival. Similar results were obtained in those dogs that had the lowest levels of PTH (PTH < 8,0 pmol/L), whose showed the lowest survival rates (p< 0,0001). It is not possible to conclude the effects of MSC therapy on mineral metabolism in CKD dogs with stages 2 and 3. Our results suggest that the MSC therapy may have some benefit in the early stages of CKD in dogs.

Serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in cats with chronic kidney disease / Avaliação das concentrações séricas de paratormônio intacto em gatos com doença renal crônica

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently observed in cats and it is characterized as a multisystemic illness, caused by several underlying metabolic changes, and secondary renal hyperparathyroidism (SRHPT) is relatively common; usually it is associated with the progression of renal disease and poor prognosis. This study aimed at determining the frequency of SRHPT, and discussing possible mechanisms that could contribute to the development of SRHPT in cats at different stages of CKD through the evaluation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, as well as acid-base status. Forty owned cats with CKD were included and divided into three groups, according to the stages of the disease, classified according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) as Stage II (n=12), Stage III (n=22) and Stage IV (n=6). Control group was composed of 21 clinically healthy cats. Increased serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations were observed in most CKD cats in all stages, and mainly in Stage IV, which hyperphosphatemia and ionized hypocalcemia were detected and associated to the cause for the development of SRHPT. In Stages II and III, however, ionized hypercalcemia was noticed suggesting that the development of SRHPT might be associated with other factors, and metabolic acidosis could be involved to the increase of serum ionized calcium. Therefore, causes for the development of SRHPT seem to be multifactorial and they must be further investigated, mainly in the early stages of CKD in cats, as hyperphosphatemia and ionized hypocalcemia could not be the only factors involved.(AU)

A doença renal crônica (DRC) em gatos é frequentemente observada e caracteriza-se como alteração multissistêmica, causada por alterações metabólicas, e o hiperparatireoidismo secundário renal (HPTSR) seria o mais comum e usualmente está associada com progressão da doença renal e mau prognóstico. Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência do HPTSR, e discutir os possíveis mecanismos que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de SRHPT em gatos em diferentes estágios de DRC, pela avaliação do metabolismo do cálcio e fósforo, bem como do equilíbrio ácido-base. Quarenta gatos com DRC foram divididos em três subgrupos, de acordo com a classificação proposta pela International Renal Interest Society (IRIS), Estágio II (n=12), Estágio III (n=22) e Estágio IV (n=6). O grupo-controle foi composto por 21 gatos clinicamente saudáveis. O aumento das concentrações séricas de paratormônio intacto (PTHi) foi observado na maioria dos casos, mas principalmente no Estágio IV, no qual a hiperfosfatemia e a hipocalcemia ionizada parecem estar associadas ao desenvolvimento do HPTSR. No entanto, nos Estágios II e III, observou-se hipercalcemia ionizada, sugerindo que, nestes estágios, o desenvolvimento do HPTSR possa estar associado a outros fatores, e a acidose metabólica pode estar envolvida com o desenvolvimento de hipercalcemia ionizada. Assim, outros fatores, além da hiperfosfatemia e da hipocalcemia ionizada, possam estar envolvidos com o desenvolvimento do HPTSR, principalmente nos estágios iniciais da DRC. Futuros estudos são necessários para uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia do HPTSR em gatos.(AU)

Aspectos radiográficos do hiperparatireoidismo nutricional em uma suçuarana (Puma concolor) / Radiographic aspects of nutritional hyperparathyroidism in a cougar (Puma concolor)

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic findings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impaction caused by exacerbated accumulation of segmented, highly radiopaque feces. Discussion: In their natural habitat, wild carnivores eat not only meat but also organs like liver, intestines and bones, which suffice the body's needs for essential minerals and vitamins. A meat exclusive diet with no calcium and vitamin D supplementation results in imbalance of calcium and phosphorus levels as well as an increase in the parathyroid hormone levels in the serum. Increased levels of this hormone cause bone resorption and generalized decrease in skeletal density and resistance which can be identified by means of radiographic exams. In this report, the animal exhibited history, clinical signs and radiographic findings similar to cases of SNH in other large felines. Prolonged meat exclusive diet administration caused marked deformities of the pelvis and hind limb bones which were reflected by severe problems in locomotion and defecation. Radiographs showed the existence of angular deformities in several long bones, alterations in shape and of the cortical and medullary portions of the bones, and also the presence of numerous radiopaque lines indicative of fracture consolidation. However, contrary to findings described in other reports, there was only a focal reduction in bone density, probably owing to the balanced diet and treatment employed before the radiographs were taken. Furthermore, in this case constipation occurred simultaneously to the skeletal problems. As reported for domestic animals, the most plausible explanation for the fecal retention observed is mechanical compression of the rectum by the deformed pelvic bones. The present report demonstrates that nutritional hyperparathyroidism can occur in cougars, with characteristics similar to those observed in domestic cats and other large felines. Additionally, it can be diagnosed based on epidemiological data, clinical findings and radiographic imaging.

Hiperparatireoidismo nutricional em um cão: relato de caso / Secondary hyperparathyroidism nutrition in a dog: case report / Hiperparatiroidismo nutricional em un perro: relato de caso

No hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário ocorre uma secreção excessiva de paratormônio em resposta à deficiência dietética do cálcio, podendo ser estabelecido o diagnóstico através da história clínica do animal e exames complementares. A deficiência mineral é compensada parcialmente pelo aumento da absorção intestinal de cálcio, diminuição da excreção urinária de cálcio e reabsorção de cálcio nos ossos, podendo fazer com que o animal apresente graus variados de problemas locomotores, dor à palpação dos ossos, resistência ao apoiar uma extremidade, fraturas e até mesmo incapacidade para se manter em pé. O tratamento do HNS requer correção da deficiência dietética e reparo de qualquer anormalidade óssea que estiver presente.(AU)

In the secondary hyperparathyroidism nutrition occurs an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone in response to dietary deficiency of calcium, which can be set by the diagnosis through the medical history of the animal and laboratory tests. The mineral deficiency is partially offset by increased intestinal calcium absorption, reduction of urinary excretion of calcium, and calcium resorption in bone, which can cause to the animal varying degrees of locomotor problems, pain on palpation of the bones, resistance to support an extremity, fractures and even inability to stand. Treatment of HNS requires correction of the dietary deficiency and repair of any bone abnormalities that are present.(AU)

En hiperparatiroidismo nutricional secundario ocurre una secreción excesiva de la hormona paratiroidea en respuesta a la deficiencia dietética de calcio, que se puede establecer el diagnóstico a través de la historia clínica de los animales y con pruebas adicionales. La deficiencia de minerales se ve parcialmente compensada por el aumento de la absorción intestinal de calcio, la reducción de la excreción urinaria de calcio y la reabsorción de calcio en los huesos, haciendo con que los animales tengan diferentes grados de problemas del aparato locomotor, dolor a la palpación de los huesos, resistencia para apoyar un extremo del cuerpo, trácturas e incluso incapacidad para ponerse de pie. El tratamiento de la HNS requiere la corrección de la deficiência en la dieta y reparar anomalías óseas que están presentes.(AU)

Hiperparatireoidismo nutricional em um cão: relato de caso / Secondary hyperparathyroidism nutrition in a dog: case report / Hiperparatiroidismo nutricional em un perro: relato de caso

No hiperparatireoidismo nutricional secundário ocorre uma secreção excessiva de paratormônio em resposta à deficiência dietética do cálcio, podendo ser estabelecido o diagnóstico através da história clínica do animal e exames complementares. A deficiência mineral é compensada parcialmente pelo aumento da absorção intestinal de cálcio, diminuição da excreção urinária de cálcio e reabsorção de cálcio nos ossos, podendo fazer com que o animal apresente graus variados de problemas locomotores, dor à palpação dos ossos, resistência ao apoiar uma extremidade, fraturas e até mesmo incapacidade para se manter em pé. O tratamento do HNS requer correção da deficiência dietética e reparo de qualquer anormalidade óssea que estiver presente.

In the secondary hyperparathyroidism nutrition occurs an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone in response to dietary deficiency of calcium, which can be set by the diagnosis through the medical history of the animal and laboratory tests. The mineral deficiency is partially offset by increased intestinal calcium absorption, reduction of urinary excretion of calcium, and calcium resorption in bone, which can cause to the animal varying degrees of locomotor problems, pain on palpation of the bones, resistance to support an extremity, fractures and even inability to stand. Treatment of HNS requires correction of the dietary deficiency and repair of any bone abnormalities that are present.

En hiperparatiroidismo nutricional secundario ocurre una secreción excesiva de la hormona paratiroidea en respuesta a la deficiencia dietética de calcio, que se puede establecer el diagnóstico a través de la historia clínica de los animales y con pruebas adicionales. La deficiencia de minerales se ve parcialmente compensada por el aumento de la absorción intestinal de calcio, la reducción de la excreción urinaria de calcio y la reabsorción de calcio en los huesos, haciendo con que los animales tengan diferentes grados de problemas del aparato locomotor, dolor a la palpación de los huesos, resistencia para apoyar un extremo del cuerpo, trácturas e incluso incapacidad para ponerse de pie. El tratamiento de la HNS requiere la corrección de la deficiência en la dieta y reparar anomalías óseas que están presentes.

Radiographic aspects of nutritional hyperparathyroidism in a cougar (Puma concolor) / Aspectos radiográfi cos do hiperparatireoidismo nutricional em uma suçuarana (Puma concolor)

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic fi ndings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impac

Background: Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (SNH) is a metabolic disease related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and causes generalized bone dystrophy. It occurs especially when animals are fed diets which contain proportionally high levels of phosphorus. SNH has been diagnosed in various large feline species such as jaguars, tigers, lions and leopards by means of biochemical and radiographic exams. Even though the feeding habits of these animals are well known, mistakes regarding administration of diets to animals in captivity are common, the most frequent being feeding them exclusively meat. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic fi ndings of SNH in a cougar kept in captivity. Case: An approximately 9-month-old cougar (Puma concolor) which had been fed an exclusive meat diet was referred to the UFMT Veterinary Hospital after a period of diet correction and oral supplementation with calcium. The animal exhibited hind limb ambulation problems, poor nutritional condition and constipation. Radiographic examination revealed a slight skeletal density reduction, severe angular deformities of the hind limb bones, thickening of the femoral diaphysis, abnormal curvatures of the tibiae and calcanei, lateral displacement of the patellae and narrowing of the pelvic canal. Additionally to the skeletal alterations, there was intense colonic impac

Fibrous Osteodystrophy in a Captive Common Eland Antelope (Taurotragus oryx)

Fibrous osteodystrophy (FO) is a common condition described mainly in domestic species, with only few cases described in wild ones kept in captivity. Herein we report a case of FO in a 2 yr-old female common eland antelope (Taurotragus oryx) maintained in captivity and fed with a horse pelleted ration plus hays. The animal showed a firm bilateral symmetrical enlargement of upper maxillary bones which was submitted to histological evaluation. Microscopic findings were those related to extensive bone resorption and fibroplasia.(AU)

Osteodistrofia fibrosa nutricional em caprinos / Nutritional fibrous osteodystrophy in goats

Seven out of 25 goats from a southern Brazilian flock developed nutritional fibrous osteodystrophy. Affected animals were younger than 1 year of age and were confined in stalls and fed a concentrate ration containing 1:6 calcium:phosphorus ratio. The remaining flock (35 goats) was managed at pasture and showed no disease. Clinical signs were characterized by mandibular and maxillary enlargements, varying degrees of mouth opening and protruding tongue, dyspnea, apart of abnormalities of prehension and mastication. Affected animals had increased seric levels of phosphorus and parathormone, as well as higher alkaline phosphatase activity. Postmortem examination on three succumbed goats revealed bilateral enlargement of the maxilla and mandibula, and loose teeth, apart of multiple incomplete rib fractures in one of them. Severe diffuse proliferation of loose connective tissue surrounded the osteoid trabeculae, many of which were partially or completely non-mineralized. Mineralized osteoid trabeculae showed osteoclasts in the Howship's lacunae.(AU)

Sete de um total de 25 caprinos jovens (menos de um ano de idade) de um rebanho no sul do Brasil desenvolveram osteodistrofia fibrosa nutricional. Os animais afetados eram confinados em baias e alimentados com concentrado, cuja relação Ca:P era 1:6. O restante do rebanho (35 cabras) era mantido na pastagem e não desenvolveu a doença. Os sinais clínicos se caracterizaram por aumento de volume da mandibula e maxila, vários graus de abertura de boca com protrusão da língua, em associação com dispneia e anormalidades de apreensão de alimento e mastigação. Os animais afetados apresentaram os níveis séricos de fósforo e paratormônio aumentados, bem como maior atividade de fosfatase alcalina. Três caprinos foram necropsiados e os achados de necropsia incluíram aumento bilateral da maxi-la e mandíbula, dentes frouxos, além de múltiplas fraturas incompletas de costelas em um caprino. Microscopicamente, havia intensa proliferação de tecido conjuntivo frouxo ao redor de trabéculas ósseas, muitas das quais estavam parcial ou completamente não mineralizadas. Trabéculas ósseas mineralizadas apresentaram osteoclastos em lacunas de Howship.(AU)