Biomedical role of L-carnitine in several organ systems, cellular tissues, and COVID-19 / Papel biomédico da L-carnitina em vários sistemas de órgãos, tecidos celulares e COVID-19

Carnitine is a conditionally necessary vitamin that aids in energy creation and fatty acid metabolism. Its bioavailability is higher in vegetarians than in meat-eaters. Deficits in carnitine transporters occur because of genetic mutations or in conjunction with other illnesses. Carnitine shortage can arise in health issues and diseases­including hypoglycaemia, heart disease, starvation, cirrhosis, and ageing­because of abnormalities in carnitine control. The physiologically active form of L-carnitine supports immunological function in diabetic patients. Carnitine has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, several painful neuropathies, and other conditions. It has been used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of heart disease, and it also aids in the treatment of obesity and reduces blood glucose levels. Therefore, L-carnitine shows the potential to eliminate the influences of fatigue in COVID-19, and its consumption is recommended in future clinical trials to estimate its efficacy and safety. This review focused on carnitine and its effect on tissues, covering the biosynthesis, metabolism, bioavailability, biological actions, and its effects on various body systems and COVID-19.

A carnitina é uma vitamina condicionalmente necessária que auxilia na geração de energia e no metabolismo de ácidos graxos. Sua biodisponibilidade é maior em vegetarianos do que em carnívoros. Déficits nos transportadores de carnitina ocorrem devido a mutações genéticas ou em conjunto com outras doenças. A escassez de carnitina pode surgir em problemas de saúde e doenças ­ incluindo hipoglicemia, doenças cardíacas, fome, cirrose e envelhecimento ­ devido a anormalidades no controle da carnitina. A forma fisiologicamente ativa da L-carnitina suporta a função imunológica em pacientes diabéticos. A carnitina demonstrou ser eficaz no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer, várias neuropatias dolorosas e outras condições. Tem sido utilizado como suplemento dietético para o tratamento de doenças cardíacas, também auxilia no tratamento da obesidade e reduz os níveis de glicose no sangue. Portanto, a L-carnitina mostra potencial para eliminar as influências da fadiga na COVID-19 e seu consumo é recomendado em futuros ensaios clínicos para estimar sua eficácia e segurança. Esta revisão enfocou a carnitina e seu efeito nos tecidos, abrangendo a biossíntese, metabolismo, biodisponibilidade, ações biológicas e seus efeitos em vários sistemas corporais e COVID-19.

Hipoglicemia associada à cetose em cadelas na fase final de gestação / Hypoglycemia associated with ketosis in bitches in the final phase of gestation

Background: Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia and ketonemia, resulted from the inability of the animal to maintain an adequate energetic balance associated with increased corporal fat mobilization to supply energetic requirement, that can place the health and life of the bitch and their fetus at risk. Despite well recognized in sheep as pregnancy toxemia and in women as preeclampsia, hypoglycemia and ketosis is an uncommon condition in bitches. Apparently, five documented cases have been published since 1964. The objective of this work is to discuss clinical cases of hypoglycemia and ketosis.Cases: Two cases of gestational ketosis in bitches on late gestational phase are reported. Case 1. In the first one, a small bitch was presented in labor, with fetus insinuation, prostration, dehydration, pale mucous membranes with laboratorial signs of normochromic and normocytic anemia and anisocytosis, signals of fetal distress in abdominal ultrasonography, hypoglycemia (43 mg/dL) and ketonemia (3.6 mmol/L). Therapeutic course consisted of correction of dehydration and 50% glucose replacement at the dose of 0.5 mg / kg, followed by caesarean section and ovariohysterectomy. Except for the insinuated fetus, all the five remainings were born alive and survived, and the post-surgical recovery occurred without complications. Case 2. The second case involved a small 55-day pregnant bitch, presenting depression, apathy, anorexia, dehydration, abdominal distention compatible with final third of pregnancy without delivery signs. There were signs of fetal distress at ultrasonographic examination, with depression and lack of responses to mechanical stimuli. Laboratory findings include microccytic hypochromic anemia, hypoglycemia (31 mg/dL) and ketonemia detected by urinalysis reagent tape. Three hours after intravenous administration of 50% glucose at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg, the animal was alert and nourished.[...]

Hipoglicemia associada à cetose em cadelas na fase final de gestação / Hypoglycemia associated with ketosis in bitches in the final phase of gestation

Background: Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia and ketonemia, resulted from the inability of the animal to maintain an adequate energetic balance associated with increased corporal fat mobilization to supply energetic requirement, that can place the health and life of the bitch and their fetus at risk. Despite well recognized in sheep as pregnancy toxemia and in women as preeclampsia, hypoglycemia and ketosis is an uncommon condition in bitches. Apparently, five documented cases have been published since 1964. The objective of this work is to discuss clinical cases of hypoglycemia and ketosis.Cases: Two cases of gestational ketosis in bitches on late gestational phase are reported. Case 1. In the first one, a small bitch was presented in labor, with fetus insinuation, prostration, dehydration, pale mucous membranes with laboratorial signs of normochromic and normocytic anemia and anisocytosis, signals of fetal distress in abdominal ultrasonography, hypoglycemia (43 mg/dL) and ketonemia (3.6 mmol/L). Therapeutic course consisted of correction of dehydration and 50% glucose replacement at the dose of 0.5 mg / kg, followed by caesarean section and ovariohysterectomy. Except for the insinuated fetus, all the five remainings were born alive and survived, and the post-surgical recovery occurred without complications. Case 2. The second case involved a small 55-day pregnant bitch, presenting depression, apathy, anorexia, dehydration, abdominal distention compatible with final third of pregnancy without delivery signs. There were signs of fetal distress at ultrasonographic examination, with depression and lack of responses to mechanical stimuli. Laboratory findings include microccytic hypochromic anemia, hypoglycemia (31 mg/dL) and ketonemia detected by urinalysis reagent tape. Three hours after intravenous administration of 50% glucose at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg, the animal was alert and nourished.[...](AU)

Perfil glicêmico: efeito da estreptozotocina e do yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) em ratos Wistar / Glycemic profile: effect of estreptozotocin and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) in Wistar rats

Yacon é considerado um alimento funcional, que tem entre suas propriedades capacidadehipoglicêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito modulador do yaconno perfil glicêmico de ratos Wistar. O experimento teve duração de 60 dias com 32animais. A matriz alimentar desidratada (yacon pó / YP) foi adicionada à dieta dos gruposque receberam intervenção na dose de 7,5% de frutanos tipo inulina (FTI). As variáveisanalisadas foram: composição centesimal e conteúdo de frutanos tipo inulina, ganhode peso, peso relativo do ceco (PRC), consumo alimentar, coeficiente de eficiênciaalimentar e glicemia. Todas as análises seguiram os protocolos da AOAC. Na análiseestatística foram utilizados os seguintes testes: ANOVA ou Kruskal Wallis seguidosde testes de comparação de médias, teste t e teste t pareado. O nível de significânciaestatística foi p <0,05 para todas as análises. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê deÉtica em Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, protocolo nº. 698/2015.Os resultados mostraram que no grupo controle que recebeu YP, houve uma reduçãosignificativa nos valores glicêmicos. Em todos os grupos que receberam YP houve umaumento significativo do ceco, como esperado. O desenvolvimento de diabetes nãofoi observado com o uso de estreptozotocina associado a 35% de sacarose. Portanto,a avaliação do efeito do yacon sobre a hipoglicemia foi prejudicada. Isto sugere queestudos nesta linha sejam encorajados para elucidações adicionais.

Yacon is considered a functional food, which has among its properties, and has ahypoglycemic capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effectof yacon in the glycemic profile of Wistar rats. The experiment lasted 60 days with32 animals. Was used the dehydrated food matrix (yacon powder / YP) added tothe diet of the groups that received intervention in the dose of 7.5% of inulin typefructan (ITF). The analyzed variables were: centesimal composition and content ofinulin type frutans, weight gain, relative weight of cecum (RWC), food consumption,coefficient of food efficiency and glycemia. All analyzes followed the AOAC protocols.In the statistical analysis, the following tests were used: ANOVA or Kruskal Wallisfollowed by comparison tests of means, t test and paired t test. The level of statisticalsignificance was p <0.05 for all analyzes. This study was approved by the EthicsCommittee on the Use of Animals of the Federal University of Alfenas, protocol nº698/2015. The results showed that in the control group receiving YP, was a significantreduction in glycemic values. In all groups receiving YP there was a significantincrease of cecum, as expected. The development of diabetes was not observeddue to the use of streptozotocin with 35% sucrose. Therefore, the evaluation of theeffect of yacon on hypoglycaemia has been impaired. This suggests that studies inthis line are encouraged for further elucidations.

Perfil glicêmico: efeito da estreptozotocina e do yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) em ratos Wistar / Glycemic profile: effect of estreptozotocin and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) in Wistar rats

Yacon é considerado um alimento funcional, que tem entre suas propriedades capacidadehipoglicêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito modulador do yaconno perfil glicêmico de ratos Wistar. O experimento teve duração de 60 dias com 32animais. A matriz alimentar desidratada (yacon pó / YP) foi adicionada à dieta dos gruposque receberam intervenção na dose de 7,5% de frutanos tipo inulina (FTI). As variáveisanalisadas foram: composição centesimal e conteúdo de frutanos tipo inulina, ganhode peso, peso relativo do ceco (PRC), consumo alimentar, coeficiente de eficiênciaalimentar e glicemia. Todas as análises seguiram os protocolos da AOAC. Na análiseestatística foram utilizados os seguintes testes: ANOVA ou Kruskal Wallis seguidosde testes de comparação de médias, teste t e teste t pareado. O nível de significânciaestatística foi p <0,05 para todas as análises. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê deÉtica em Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, protocolo nº. 698/2015.Os resultados mostraram que no grupo controle que recebeu YP, houve uma reduçãosignificativa nos valores glicêmicos. Em todos os grupos que receberam YP houve umaumento significativo do ceco, como esperado. O desenvolvimento de diabetes nãofoi observado com o uso de estreptozotocina associado a 35% de sacarose. Portanto,a avaliação do efeito do yacon sobre a hipoglicemia foi prejudicada. Isto sugere queestudos nesta linha sejam encorajados para elucidações adicionais.(AU)

Yacon is considered a functional food, which has among its properties, and has ahypoglycemic capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effectof yacon in the glycemic profile of Wistar rats. The experiment lasted 60 days with32 animals. Was used the dehydrated food matrix (yacon powder / YP) added tothe diet of the groups that received intervention in the dose of 7.5% of inulin typefructan (ITF). The analyzed variables were: centesimal composition and content ofinulin type frutans, weight gain, relative weight of cecum (RWC), food consumption,coefficient of food efficiency and glycemia. All analyzes followed the AOAC protocols.In the statistical analysis, the following tests were used: ANOVA or Kruskal Wallisfollowed by comparison tests of means, t test and paired t test. The level of statisticalsignificance was p <0.05 for all analyzes. This study was approved by the EthicsCommittee on the Use of Animals of the Federal University of Alfenas, protocol nº698/2015. The results showed that in the control group receiving YP, was a significantreduction in glycemic values. In all groups receiving YP there was a significantincrease of cecum, as expected. The development of diabetes was not observeddue to the use of streptozotocin with 35% sucrose. Therefore, the evaluation of theeffect of yacon on hypoglycaemia has been impaired. This suggests that studies inthis line are encouraged for further elucidations.(AU)

Refinamento das técnicas de anestesia injetável em hamsters

Garantir uma conduta ética e humanitária aos animais é premissa básica na área de experimentação animal. Inclui-se aqui o estabelecimento de protocolos anestésicos que proporcionem segurança e bem-estar aos animais, com redução da porcentagem de óbitos. Considerando que os fármacos, individualmente, não possuem todas as propriedades necessárias para promover uma anestesia ideal, é interessante o estabelecimento de protocolos anestésicos multimodais a fim de potencializar as propriedades anestésicas e analgésicas das drogas e minimizar os efeitos adversos. Ainda, a maioria dos autores não menciona a administração de protocolos anestésicos com associação de mais de dois fármacos em pequenos roedores. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a segurança e a duração de dois protocolos de anestesia injetável em hamsters, com associação de fármacos anestésicos e analgésicos, bem como suas alterações em parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos. Ambas associações promoveram anestesia cirúrgica e se mostraram seguras para hamsters, sem ocorrência de óbitos. Entretanto, o protocolo AXCM promoveu uma anestesia de maior duração e menor período de indução e recuperação para ambos os sexos, parecendo ser mais adequada para hamsters do que o protocolo AXCT. Os machos levaram mais tempo para entrar em plano de anestesia cirúrgica e tiveram menor período de anestesia quando comparados com fêmeas. Em ambos os protocolos observamos que os parâmetros fisiológicos se mantiveram mais altos para as fêmeas durante todo o período anestésico. Ambas associações promoveram diminuição de saturação de oxigênio, a qual foi muito expressiva nas fêmeas do grupo AXCT e prontamente corrigida com a utilização de máscara de oxigênio. A queda de temperatura, crítica em pequenos roedores, foi controlada por meio do fornecimento de calor, tendo sido mínima e permanecendo estável. O monitoramento dos parâmetros fisiológicos por meio de equipamento adequado para a espécie mostra-se também como importante auxiliar na manutenção do bem-estar animal, permitindo uma pronta intervenção caso necessário. A hiperglicemia promovida pelo uso de agonistas de receptores 2-adrenérgicos, e mais discretamente pelo uso de cetamina e acepromazina, pode ser prevenida ou reduzida a partir de um período de jejum curto de até quatro horas e não mais do que isso uma vez que os pequenos roedores possuem um metabolismo acelerado, estando muito suscetíveis a hipoglicemia. Por último, torna-se importante avaliar a trombocitopenia sob o ponto de vista clínico, uma vez que essa condição pode determinar um aumento no risco de sangramento durante procedimentos cirúrgicos.

Ensuring ethical and humane conduct for animals is a basic premise in the area of animal experimentation. This includes the establishment of anesthetic protocols that provide safety and welfare to animals, and reducing the percentage of deaths. Considering that drugs individually do not possess all the properties necessary to promote optimal anesthesia, it is interesting to establish multimodal anesthetic protocols in order to enhance the anesthetic and analgesic properties of drugs and minimize adverse effects. Still, most authors do not mention the administration of anesthetic protocols with the association of more than two drugs in small rodents. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the safety and duration of two injectable anesthesia protocols in hamsters, with an association of anesthetic and analgesic drugs, as well as their alterations in biochemical and hematological parameters. Both associations promoted surgical anesthesia and proved safe for hamsters, with no deaths. However, the AXCM protocol promoted longer anesthesia and shorter induction and recovery period for both sexes, which seems to be more appropriate for hamsters than the AXCT protocol. Males took longer to enter the surgical anesthesia plan and had a shorter anesthetic period when compared to females. In both protocols, we observed that the physiological parameters remained higher for females throughout the anesthetic period. Both associations promoted decrease in oxygen saturation, which was very expressive in females of the AXCT group and promptly corrected with the use of oxygen mask. The temperature drop, critical in small rodents, was controlled by heat supply, having been minimal and remaining stable. Monitoring of physiological parameters by appropriate equipment for the species is also an important aid in maintaining animal welfare, allowing prompt intervention if necessary. Hyperglycemia promoted by the use of 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists, and more discreetly by the use of ketamine and acepromazine, can be prevented or reduced from a short fasting period of up to four hours, since small rodents have an accelerated metabolism and are very susceptible to hypoglycaemia. Finally, it is important to evaluate thrombocytopenia from a clinical point of view, as this condition may increase the risk of bleeding during surgical procedures.

Pancreatic islets isolated from 2 adrenergic receptor knockout mice show reduced insulin secretion in response to nutrients / Ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas de camundongos com deleção do receptor adrenérgico 2 apresenta reduzida secreção de insulina em resposta a nutrientes

Activation of 2 adrenergic receptors by catecholamine or catecholamine-mimetic substances may enhance insulin secretion. We herein investigated KCl- and nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic islets isolated from 2 knockout (2KO) mice. 2KO mice showed reduced body weight, fasting hypoglycaemia associate to a similar fasting insulinemia compared to control. 2KO mice also showed reduced glucose tolerance despite the higher sensitivity to insulin. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was impaired in pancreatic islets isolated from 2KO mice. Leucine-induced (20mM) insulin secretion was diminished in pancreatic islets isolated from 2KO mice when compared to control one. The depolarizing effect of KCl on insulin secretion was also impaired in pancreatic islets from 2KO mice. These results suggested a possible role of 2 adrenergic receptors on nutrient-induced insulin secretion.(AU)

A ativação dos receptores 2-adrenérgicos por catecolaminas ou miméticos a catecolaminas podem aumentar a secreção de insulina. Nós investigamos a secreção de insulina estimulada por nutrients e KCl em ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas de camundongos com deleção dos receptores 2-adrenérgicos (2KO). Camudongos 2KO apresentaram reduzido peso corporal, hipoglicemia de jejum associada a semelhante concentração de insulina plasmática de jejum comparada ao grupo controle. Camundongos 2KO apesar de apresentarem aumento da sensibilidade a insulina também apresentaram reduzida tolerância a glicose. A secreção de insulina induzida com glicose foi alterada em ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas de camundongos 2KO. Secreção de insulina induzida por leucina (20mM) foi diminuída em ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas de camundongos 2KO quando comparado ao controle. O efeito despolarizante do KCl sobre a secreção de insulina também foi alterado em ilhotas pancreáticas de camundongos 2KO. Estes resultados sugerem um possível papel dos receptores 2- adrenérgicos na secreção de insulina induzida por nutrientes.(AU)

Perfil metabólico de vacas receptoras e de bezerros da raça Nelore produzidos por fertilização in vitro (FIV)

PAIOLA, I. A. A. Perfil metabólico de vacas receptoras e de bezerros da raça Nelore produzidos por fertilização in vitro (FIV). 2018. 62f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2018 A biotecnologia de fertilização in vitro (FIV) de embriões aplicadas a reprodução em bovinos permitiu grandes avanços genéticos para a pecuária mundial, particularmente no Brasil. A massificação do uso comercial da FIV no Brasil se deve, em parte, ao predomínio da raça Nelore na pecuária de corte nacional, devido às características da fisiologia reprodutiva. Entretanto as condições sub-ótimas no ambiente embrionário in vitro, geram distúrbios no desenvolvimento do embrião, da placenta e do feto, resultando em morte embrionária, abortamentos e falhas na adaptação neonatal a vida extrauterina. Distúrbios cardio-respiratórios com hipóxia, hipercapnia e acidose, hipoglicemia e hipotermia associados a macrossomia são frequentemente diagnosticados nesses neonatos. Para caracterizar as diferenças do metabolismo energético de bezerros da raça Nelore produzidos por fertilização in vitro daqueles produzidos por inseminação artificial (IA); as possíveis repercussões da hipóxia sobre o metabolismo energético no final da gestação; da macrossomia sobre o metabolismo energético materno no final da gestação; documentar o controle glicêmico dos fetos e das vacas durante o último mês de gestação; a determinação da existência ou não de resistência à insulina nos bezerros recémnascidos de FIV, o presente projeto compreendeu: No primeiro experimento, avaliar o último mês de gestação de 8 vacas receptoras de embriões de FIV da raça Nelore e 12 vacas Nelores com gestações por IA submetidas a cesariana sendo colhido amostras de sangue venoso em 5 momentos (270, 280 dias de gestação, antes da indução do parto, 12 horas após a indução do parto e 24 horas após a indução, antes da cesariana), para determinação dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, -glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato. Nos respectivos bezerros obtidos por cesariana foram avaliados e colhidos sangue venoso em 11 momentos (0, 3, 6, 12,24, 48, 72 horas após o nascimento, 5, 7, 15 e 30 dias após o nascimento) para determinação dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, -glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA e, teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato, frutosamina ao nascimento e insulina sérica nos momentos (0, 12, 24 horas e 7 dias após o nascimento) . No segundo experimento foram avaliadas 17 e 16 vacas receptoras de embriões de FIV da raça Nelore com bezerros de peso padrão e de peso elevado, respectivamente e 16 vacas Nelores com gestações por IA com parto natural e colhido amostras de sangue venoso em 2 momentos (288 dias de gestação e após o parto), sendo realizado as determinações supracitadas das vacas do experimento 1. Nos respectivos bezerros nascidos naturalmente foram avaliados e colhidos sangue venoso em 2 momentos (até 6 horas de vida e entre 24 a 36 horas de vida) para realização das determinações dos teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, proteína, albumina, -glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, insulina e teores plasmáticos de glicose e lactato.

PAIOLA, I. A. A. Metabolic profile of recipient cows and Nelore calves produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF). 2018 62f. M.Sc. Dissertation Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2018 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of giant calf syndrome (macrossomia) on the metabolic profile and glycemic control of IVF recipients or AI pregnant cows and their calves. This investigation includes four experiments in which venous blood was collected from all animals to determine serum levels of urea, creatinine, protein, albumin, GGT, cholesterol, triglycerides, -HBO, NEFA, glucose and lactate. In the first experiment Nelore embryo recipient cows were used for IVF (n = 8) and AI pregnant Nelore cows submitted to cesarean section (n = 12). Five moments were evaluated: 270, 280 gestation days, before labor induction, 12 and 24 hours after induction. In the second experiment the cesarean section obtained calves were evaluated in 11 moments: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and 5, 7, 15 and 30 days after birth. Besides the birth measured fruitosamine and serum insulin at the moments: 0, 12, 24 hours and 7 days after birth. In the third experiment, Nelore IVF embryo recipient cows were evaluated for standard weight calves (n = 17), high weight (n = 16) and natural calving AI gestation Nelore cows (n = 16) as control group. The evaluated moments were 288 gestation days and up to 6 hours after the natural calving. Two moments were determined: 288 gestation days and after calving. In the fourth experiment, newborn Nelore calves (n = 76) were used, divided in three groups: Nelore calves by term AI (n=27), Nelore calves by term IVF with standard breed weight (n = 32) and Nelore calves by term with macrosomia (n = 17, weight> 45 kg). The evaluated moments were up to 6 hours and between 24 and 36 hours of life. In addition to the fruitosamine measured at the first moment. For statistical analysis in experiments 1 and 2, Tukey's test was used for time and Student for treatment effect, in experiments 3 and 4, Tukey's test was used for treatment effect and Paired t-test for time effect, using the statistical program Sigma Stat 3.5. IVF calves with macrosomia were 33% (16/48). Regarding the urea of the IVF recipient or AI pregnant cows, there was statistical difference between the treatments within each time (cesarean section). Regarding kidney function, there was a statistical difference between urea and creatinine in the first and fourth experiment, respectively. In the evaluation of energy metabolism there was a difference in cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma glucose among the animals of the first and second experiments. Also, in the penultimate there was statistical relevance of the non-esterified fatty acid. In the comparison between the third experiment animals there was difference for cholesterol and triglycerides. In the fourth experiment, there was a difference in cholesterol and plasma lactate (P <0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that the renal and metabolic profile are similar between IVF recipient and AI pregnant cows, as well as among their calves. In addition, it is recommended to monitor IVF calves during the first week of life due to hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of momordica charantia extract in distilled water in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Momordica charantia or Bitter Melon, a tropical vegetable, is a common food in Indian cuisine and has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model for a period of 45 days. The alcoholic extract of Momordica charantia was administered orally at the dose rate of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in distilled water and compared with standard oral hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide. In the study a significant (P 0.001) improvement in the physiological and biochemical parameters such as body weight, hemoglobin concentration, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed in Momordica charantia treated rats as compared to diabetic control rats. In Momordica charantia treated rats there was gradual and progressive alleviation of streptozotocin effects with M. charantia at higher dose rate (200 mg per kg body weight), more effective in normalizing the pancreatic endocrinal architecture, improving the number of b-cells and in enhancing the insulin secretion. Immunohistochemistry and special staining revealed improvement in the insulin secretion in Momordica charantia and glibenclamide treated groups.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of momordica charantia extract in distilled water in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Momordica charantia or Bitter Melon, a tropical vegetable, is a common food in Indian cuisine and has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model for a period of 45 days. The alcoholic extract of Momordica charantia was administered orally at the dose rate of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in distilled water and compared with standard oral hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide. In the study a significant (P 0.001) improvement in the physiological and biochemical parameters such as body weight, hemoglobin concentration, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed in Momordica charantia treated rats as compared to diabetic control rats. In Momordica charantia treated rats there was gradual and progressive alleviation of streptozotocin effects with M. charantia at higher dose rate (200 mg per kg body weight), more effective in normalizing the pancreatic endocrinal architecture, improving the number of b-cells and in enhancing the insulin secretion. Immunohistochemistry and special staining revealed improvement in the insulin secretion in Momordica charantia and glibenclamide treated groups.(AU)

Efeitos do emprego de amido resistente decorrente do processo de extrusão no controle glicêmico de cães diabéticos.

O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) é uma doença que causa hiperglicemia pela deficiência de insulina, a qual pode levar a morte. A administração de insulina e o manejo alimentar que minimize a glicemia são a base do tratamento. A quantidade, fonte e o processamento do amido podem interferir na curva glicêmica em cães, mas poucas pesquisas avaliaram estes aspectos em cães diabéticos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do amido resistente decorrente do processo de extrusão no controle glicêmico de cães diabéticos. Foram incluídos 10 cães diabéticos, sem outras afecções, selecionados na rotina do HOVET-FMVZ/USP. Os animais foram alimentados com três rações secas extrusadas: Ba (alta fibra e proteína, baixa gordura e moderado amido oriundos de diversas fontes), Co (ervilha e cevada como fontes de amido, moderada gordura, amido, proteína e fibra) e AR (a base de milho e processada para apresentar menor índice de gelatinização do amido). Foi realizada curva glicêmica de 48 horas por sistema de mensuração contínua de glicemia, após 60 dias de tratamento com cada dieta e mesma dose de insulina. Testes estatísticos paramétricos e não paramétricos foram utilizados para comparar a quantidade de alimento e nutrientes ingeridos, efeitos dietéticos em parâmetros glicêmicos e lipídicos entre as diferentes dietas. Os animais alimentados com a ração Co apresentaram menor ingestão de amido (p=0,01), comparado à AR, e entre as duas, a Co resultou em menores valores de glicemia máxima (p=0,02), maior tempo em hipoglicemia (p<0,01), menor tempo em hiperglicemia (p<0,01), e valores semelhantes de colesterolemia em relação ao alimento Ba (p<0,01). Assim, pôde-se concluir que a dieta com o amido de digestão lenta resultou em melhores parâmetros de controle glicêmico e lipídico de cães diabéticos, quando comparado ao alimento processado para apresentar menor índice de gelatinização do amido.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that causes hyperglycemia by insulin deficiency, which can lead to death. Administration of insulin and feeding management that minimizes the glucose are the mainstay of treatment. The amount, source and starch processing may interfere on glycemic curve in dogs, but few researches have evaluated these aspects in diabetic dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resistant starch derived from extrusion process on glycemic control of diabetic dogs. It was included 10 diabetic dogs without other disorders, selected in routine from Veterinary Hospital (School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of São Paulo). The animals were fed three extruded dry feed: Ba (high fiber and protein, low fat and moderate starch from various sources), Co (pea and barley as starch sources, moderate fat, starch, protein and fiber) and RS (use corn as a source of starch and was processed to generate lower gelatinization index of starch). Glucose curve was performed by a continuous glucose measurement system for 48 hours, after 60 days of treatment in every diet and under the same dose of insulin. Statistical tests parametrics and non-parametrics were used to compare the amount of food and nutrient intake and dietary effects on parameters of glucose and lipids concentration. The animals fed with Co presented less starch intake (p=0.01) compared to RS, and between Co and RS, Co resulted in lesser values of maximum glucose (p=0.02), greater time under hypoglycaemia (p<0.01), lesser time under hyperglycemia (p<0.01) and remained similar values of cholesterolemia compared to Ba (p<0.01). Thus, it was concluded that the diet with slow digestion starch resulted in better glycemic and lipidic parameters in diabetic dogs when compared to the food processed to have lower starch gelatinization index.