In situ ruminal degradability of forage cactus-based diets associated with pornunça silage / Degradabilidade ruminal in situ de dietas a base de palma forrageira associada à silagem de pornunça

The knowledge of ruminal degradation kinetics of forage cactus-based diets associated with Euphorbiaceae species of the genus Manihot assist in understanding nutrient quality and use, contributing to the indication of combinations of these ingredients in ruminant diets. This study aimed to evaluate the in situ ruminal degradability of diets with increasing association of forage cactus Elephant Ear (MEE) and pornunça (Manihot sp.) silage, as well as to analyze and evaluate the indigestible neutral detergent fiber (FDNi) content of forage cactus MEE and pornunça silage. The treatments consisted of diets with cactus pear associated with pornunça silage in the roughage portion in the proportions of 375, 250, 125 and 0 g kg-1 of DM. The feed was composed of 50% roughage and 50% concentrate of dry matter. Incubation times of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 144 hours were evaluated for the ingredients and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours for the diets. Incubation to obtain the iNDF was given for 288 hours. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with three replications. Regarding roughage ingredients, MEE showed higher average disappearance, potential degradability (PD), and effective degradability (ED) in relation to pornunça silage, as well as lower NDFi content. The proportion of 375 g kg-1 MEE and 125 g kg-1 pornunça silage provided higher fractions a, b, and c, increasing ED considering the three passage rates, with higher PD. In conclusion, the association between MEE and pornunça silage at a proportion of 375 g kg-1 MEE and125g kg-1 pornunça silage of the roughage portion increases the in situ degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber.

O conhecimento da cinética de degradação ruminal de dietas compostas por palma-forrageira associadas com espécies de Euphorbiaceae do gênero Manihot auxiliam na compreensão da qualidade e aproveitamento dos nutrientes, com contribuição para a indicação de combinações destes ingredientes em dietas para ruminantes. Objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal in situ de dietas com crescente associação de palma-forrageira Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) e silagem de pornunça (Manihot sp.), assim como, avaliar o teor de fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) da palma OEM e da silagem de pornunça. Os tratamentos consistiram em dietas com palma forrageira associada à silagem de pornunça na porção volumosa nas proporções de 375, 250, 125 e 0 g kg-1 na MS. A dieta foi composta por 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado da matéria seca. Foram avaliados os tempos de incubação de 0, 6,12, 24, 48, 96 e 144 para os ingredientes e 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ,12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 para as dietas. A incubação para a obtenção do FDNi foi realizada por 288 horas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Quanto aos ingredientes volumosos, a palma OEM apresentou maior desaparecimento médio, degradabilidade potencial (DP) e degradabilidade efetiva (DE) em relação à silagem de pornunça, bem como menor teor de FDNi. A proporção de 375 g kg-1 OEM e 125 g kg-1 de silagem de pornunça propiciou maiores frações a, b e c, atuando no aumento da DE considerando as três taxas de passagem, com maior DP. Conclui-se que à associação de palma OEM e silagem de pornunça na proporção de 375 g kg-1 OEM e 125 g kg-1 da silagem de pornunça da porção volumosa aumenta a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers grains coensiled with wholeplant maize and its feeding value for lambs

ABSTRACT: The high moisture content of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The coensiling with wholeplant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers grains (WPMS + DDGS), and wholeplant maize (WPM) coensiled with WDGS (WPM WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPMWDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGSbased diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMSbased diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, coensiling WDGS with wholeplant maize provides the opportunity for the longterm storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Evaluation of nutritional and ruminal degradability potential of sandbox (Hura crepitans L. ) seeds in stabled Blackbelly sheep

This study evaluated chemical composition, in situ dry matter degradability (DMD), energy utilization, and amino acid profile of the sandbox seed meal (SSM) obtained from ground seeds of Hura crepitans trees. Two cannulated male Blackbelly sheep (initial weight of 40 kg) were fed a balanced feed ad libitum for 21 days; rumen samples of animals were collected for seven days using the nylon bag technique for degradability. The results were interpreted in reference to incubation times from 0 to 72 h, evaluating degradation kinetics with an exponential model. The SSM showed crude protein and dry matter contents of 251.1 and 931.7 g/kg, respectively. The highest DMD value was recorded from 0 to 3 h with a change rate of 41%, and the energy contained in SSM had a gradual ruminal disappearance with a maximum value of energy utilization of 14.6% after 72 h post-incubation. The most representative amino acids of SSM were glutamic (16.9%), arginine (13.0%), and aspartic (9.7%) acids. The results suggest that SSM has adequate nutritional quality and ruminal DMD for ovine feeding systems.(AU)

Use of biostimulants in elephant grass cv. Napier / Uso de bioestimulantes em capim-elefante cultivar Napier

This study was developed to examine the growth, yield, chemical composition and in situ degradability of elephant grass cv. Napier (Pennisetum purpureum). Five spraying protocols with biostimulants were tested, namely, Control - no application; 1BR - bioregulator at seven days; 2BR - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days; 2BR2 - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days + ethylene inhibitor at 30 days; and 3BR - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days + ethylene inhibitor and bioregulator at 30 days. The grass was cut evenly at a height of 15 cm and harvested at 70 days of regrowth. The experimental area was divided into two blocks according to the slope. Ninety plots were used, totaling an area of 4,608 m2. Each plot was composed of four 4-m rows spaced 80 cm apart. Chemical composition, morphological traits and forage digestibility data were evaluated. The 3BR protocol, with more bioregulator-based applications, resulted in higher canopy (9.78%) and stem (9.58%) compared with control group. The 2BR and 2BR2 treatments provided a 6.5% higher stem than control treatment. The improvement in the nutritional value of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier was due to the 17.55% increase in crude protein (CP) content provided by protocol 3BR relative to control group. Treatments 2BR2 and 3BR improved the effective degradability of dry matter (DM). The application of biostimulant protocols increased the potential degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (+4.1%), with the greatest response seen in treatment 2BR2 in comparison with control treatment. Biostimulant protocols increase the canopy and stem heights and CP content. The application of a bioregulator associated with foliar fertilization and ethylene inhibitor improves the effective degradability of DM and NDF and the potential degradability of NDF in Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier harvested at 70 days of regrowth.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, a produtividade, a composição bromatológica e a degradabilidade in situ do capim-elefante cv. Napier (Pennisetum purpureum). Foram efetuados cinco diferentes protocolos de pulverização com bioestimulantes: Controle - nenhuma aplicação, 1BR - biorregulador aos 7 dias; 2BR - biorregulador aos 7 dias, biorregulador e adubação foliar aos 20 dias; 2BR2 - biorregulador aos 7 dias, biorregulador e adubação foliar aos 20 dias, inibidor de etileno aos 30 dias; 3BR - biorregulador aos 7 dias, biorregulador e adubação foliar aos 20 dias, inibidor de etileno e biorregulador aos 30 dias. Foi realizado o corte de uniformização do capim a 15 centímetros de altura, sendo a colheita efetuada aos 70 dias de rebrota. A área experimental foi dividida em dois blocos de acordo com a declividade. Foram utilizadas 90 parcelas, totalizando 4.608 m2 de área. Cada parcela foi composta por quatro linhas de quatro metros cada, com espaço entrelinhas de 80 centímetros. Os dados foram avaliados quanto à composição química, características morfológicas e digestibilidade da forragem. O protocolo 3BR, com mais aplicações à base de biorreguladores, resultou em dossel maior (9,78%) e maior altura de caule (9,58%) em relação ao grupo controle, bem como os tratamentos 2BR e 2BR2 promoveram aumento da altura de caule em 6,5% se comparado com tratamento controle. A melhoria no valor nutricional do Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier se deu em função da elevação no teor de proteína bruta (PB) de 17,55% em relação ao grupo controle com o protocolo 3BR. Houve aumento da degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca (MS) para os tratamentos 2BR2 e 3BR. A aplicação dos protocolos de bioestimulantes aumentou a degradabilidade potencial da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (+4,1%), com maior resposta para o tratamento 2BR2 em relação ao tratamento controle. Os protocolos de bioestimulantes elevam a altura do dossel e do caule e incrementam o teor de PB. A aplicação de biorregulador, associado à adubação foliar e inibidor de etileno melhora a degradabilidade efetiva da MS e FDN e a degradabilidade potencial da FDN do Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier cortado aos 70 dias de rebrota.(AU)

Nutritional quality of wet distillers’ grains co–ensiled with whole–plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co–ensiling with whole–plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole–plant maize (WPM) co–ensiled with WDGS (WPM – WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS–based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05). In conclusion, co–ensiling WDGS with whole–plant maize provides the opportunity for the long–term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers' grains co-ensiled with whole-plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co­ensiling with whole­plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole­plant maize (WPM) co­ensiled with WDGS (WPM ­ WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p < 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPM­WDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS­based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p < 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMS­based diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, co­ensiling WDGS with whole­plant maize provides the opportunity for the long­term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Effects of antibiotic growth promoters and concentrate on intake, digestibility, degradability, and ruminal variables in beef steers / [Efeitos de antibióticos promotores de crescimento e do concentrado sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, degradabilidade e variáveis ruminais de novilhos de corte]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of antibiotic growth promoters to concentrate on intake, digestibility, in situ degradability and ruminal variables in steers. Four steers in a Latin square design were fed hay (ad libitum), concentrate [10g kg-1 of body weight (BW)] and mineral mix (0.272g kg-1 of BW). The additives (0.75mg kg-1 of BW) were incorporated in the mineral mix as follows: Control (no antibiotics), lasalocid (LASA), salinomycin (SALI) or virginiamycin (VIRG). Antibiotic did not affect intake, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The LASA and SALI tended (P=0.09) to reduce the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The SALI and VIRG tended (P=0.09) to reduce the DM disappearance, and VIRG tended (P=0.06) to reduce the NDF disappearance in the rumen. The SALI and VIRG reduced the effective degradation and only SALI reduced the concentration of N-NH3 in the rumen. Thus, the antibiotics did not affect intake, pH, VFA and digestibility, but decreased the degradation of fiber and only SALI reduced the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) in the rumen.

O objetivo foi avaliar a adição de antibióticos promotores de crescimento ao concentrado sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, degradabilidade in situ e variáveis ruminais de novilhos. Quatro novilhos em um delineamento quadrado latino foram alimentados com feno (ad libitum), concentrado [10g kg-1 do peso corporal (PC)] e mistura mineral (0,272g kg-1 do PC). Os antibióticos (0,75mg kg-1 do PC) foram incorporados à ração: Controle (sem antibióticos), lasalocida (LASA), salinomicina (SALI) ou virginiamicina (VIRG). Os antibióticos não afetaram o consumo, pH, ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) e digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e carboidratos não fibrosos. A LASA e a SALI tenderam (P=0,09) a reduzir a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A SALI e a VIRG tenderam (P=0,09) a reduzir o desaparecimento da MS, e a VIRG tendeu (P=0,06) a reduzir o desaparecimento da FDN no rúmen. A SALI e a VIRG reduziram a degradação efetiva e somente a SALI reduziu a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) no rúmen. Assim, os antibióticos não afetaram o consumo, pH, AGV e digestibilidade, mas diminuiram a degradação da fibra e somente a SALI reduziu a concentração de N-NH3 no rúmen.

Bromatological composition and ruminal degradability of Xaraés palisade grass under grazing in integrated systems

To evaluate the bromatological composition and ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of Xaraés palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha ‘Xaraes syn Brachiaria brizantha) under grazing in integrated crop, livestock (ICL), and forest (ICLF) systems, we conducted an in situ degradability trial in randomized blocks with three non-lactating 3/4 Gyr × 1/4 Holstein cows, provided with ruminal cannula. The management of Xaraés palisade grass was similar in both systems, differing only regarding shading in the ICLF system provided by eucalyptus trees (average 65% crown cover). Grass samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Considering the passage rate 2% h-1, the Xaraés palisade grass of ICL system had greater NDF effective degradability in relation to ICLF (46.38% vs 44.98%). However, the palisade grass CP potential degradability was greater in the ICLF than in the ICL system (68.92% vs. 65.40%). The presence of trees in the pasture has effect on nutritional traits of the Xaraés palisade grass, increasing its protein content and degradability and reducing its fiber degradability.(AU)

Bromatological composition and ruminal degradability of Xaraés palisade grass under grazing in integrated systems

To evaluate the bromatological composition and ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of Xaraés palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha ‘Xaraes’ syn Brachiaria brizantha) under grazing in integrated crop, livestock (ICL), and forest (ICLF) systems, we conducted an in situ degradability trial in randomized blocks with three non-lactating 3/4 Gyr × 1/4 Holstein cows, provided with ruminal cannula. The management of Xaraés palisade grass was similar in both systems, differing only regarding shading in the ICLF system provided by eucalyptus trees (average 65% crown cover). Grass samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Considering the passage rate 2% h-1, the Xaraés palisade grass of ICL system had greater NDF effective degradability in relation to ICLF (46.38% vs 44.98%). However, the palisade grass CP potential degradability was greater in the ICLF than in the ICL system (68.92% vs. 65.40%). The presence of trees in the pasture has effect on nutritional traits of the Xaraés palisade grass, increasing its protein content and degradability and reducing its fiber degradability.

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leucocephala) leaves on in vitro gas production, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo

This study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala leaves in proportions of 25, 50 and 100% on in vitro gas production (GP) parameter, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo. Results showed that the volume of GP at 2 to 12 hours after incubation was significantly affected by replacing alfalfa hay with L. leucocephala leaves. In vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMD) differed significantly between treatment as it declined by increasing the alfalfa hay substitution rate from 25 to 100%. The microbial crude protein (MCP) differed significantly between treatments and was the greatest of 589 and 599 mg g-1 of dry matter (DM) when L. leucocephala leaves replaced alfalfa hay at 25 and 50%. The in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) increased significantly at 50% L. leucocephala replacement rate. Moreover, substituting alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala had a significant effect on the in situ degradability parameters. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (B) and potential of degradability (A+B) significantly increased for treatment contain 50% L. leucocephala leaves. The effective degradability (ED) was significantly different between dietary treatments and was the greatest when alfalfa hay was replaced by 25 and 50% L. leucocephala. In conclusion, L. leucocephala leaves can substitute 25 to 50% of dietary alfalfa hay in buffalo rations without effect on rumen efficiency.(AU)

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leucocephala) leaves on in vitro gas production, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo

This study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala leaves in proportions of 25, 50 and 100% on in vitro gas production (GP) parameter, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo. Results showed that the volume of GP at 2 to 12 hours after incubation was significantly affected by replacing alfalfa hay with L. leucocephala leaves. In vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMD) differed significantly between treatment as it declined by increasing the alfalfa hay substitution rate from 25 to 100%. The microbial crude protein (MCP) differed significantly between treatments and was the greatest of 589 and 599 mg g-1 of dry matter (DM) when L. leucocephala leaves replaced alfalfa hay at 25 and 50%. The in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) increased significantly at 50% L. leucocephala replacement rate. Moreover, substituting alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala had a significant effect on the in situ degradability parameters. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (B) and potential of degradability (A+B) significantly increased for treatment contain 50% L. leucocephala leaves. The effective degradability (ED) was significantly different between dietary treatments and was the greatest when alfalfa hay was replaced by 25 and 50% L. leucocephala. In conclusion, L. leucocephala leaves can substitute 25 to 50% of dietary alfalfa hay in buffalo rations without effect on rumen efficiency.

Ruminal parameters and in-situ degradability of rations with wheat middling substitution for corn / Parâmetros ruminais e degradabilidade in situ de rações com triguilho em substituição ao milho

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting corn with wheat middling on the in-situ degradability of foods and ruminal parameters of cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Ruminant Studies Unit and the Laboratory of Food Analysis and Animal Nutrition of Londrina State University. Five rumen-fistulated cattle with an average weight of 521 ± 38.22 kg were housed in individual stalls. The experimental design used was a Latin square with five treatments (100% C, 75% C 25% WM, 50% C 50% WM, 25% C 75% WM, and 100% WM) and five periods of 25 days each. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in ruminal fluid was measured before feeding and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding in subdivided parcels. The in-situ degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by incubating silage samples and measuring concentrates in the rumen of cattle. The levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling did not alter the pH and N-NH3 values but was influenced by the collection time. The N-NH3 presented quadratic behavior with a point of maximum rumen concentration (5.31 mgdL-¹) reached 1.12 h after feeding. The pH presented quadratic behavior with a point of minimum (6.04) reached 4.32 h after feeding. The effective degradability (ED) of DM with 2, 5 and 8%h-¹ of passage rate was influenced by the substitution of corn by wheat middling, with increasing linear behavior. The ED 2%h-¹ varied from 46.19% to 50.24%, the ED 5%h-¹ varied from 33.76% to 38.68%, and the ED 8%h-¹ values ranged from 28.16% to 32.92% for the 100% C and 100% WM treatments. Higher values, for treatments with higher levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling, occurred owing to the lower fiber content and to the largest soluble fractions and degradation rate of DM in rations with wheat middling. The ED of CP and NDF with passage rates of [...].

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho por triguilho sobre a degradabilidade in situ das rações e os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Estudos de Ruminantes (UNER) e no Laboratório de Análises de Alimentos e Nutrição Animal (LANA) da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 521 ± 38,22 kg, alojados em baias individuais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino, com cinco tratamentos, sendo as proporções de milho e triguilho (100% M, 75% M 25% T, 50% M, 50% T, 25% M 75% T e 100% T) e cinco períodos de 25 dias cada. O pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) do líquido ruminal foram mensurados antes da alimentação e 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após alimentação, em parcelas subdivididas. A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram determinadas com a incubação das amostras de silagem e concentrados no rúmen dos animais. Os teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho não influenciaram os valores de N-NH3 e pH ruminal, mas os mesmos foram influenciados pelos tempos de coleta. O N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de máxima concentração no rúmen (5,31 mgdL-¹) 1h12 após a alimentação. O pH apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de mínima (6,04) 4h32 após a alimentação dos animais. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS com 2, 5 e 8%h-¹ de taxa de passagem foram influenciadas pela substituição do milho por triguilho, observando comportamento linear crescente. A DE 2%h-¹ apresentou variação de 46,19% a 50,24%, a DE 5%h-1 variou de 33,76% a 38,68% e a DE 8%h-¹ apresentou valores de 28,16% a 32,92% para os tratamentos 100% M e 100% T. Os valores superiores, observados nos tratamentos com maiores teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho, ocorreram devido ao [...].

Ruminal parameters and in-situ degradability of rations with wheat middling substitution for corn / Parâmetros ruminais e degradabilidade in situ de rações com triguilho em substituição ao milho

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting corn with wheat middling on the in-situ degradability of foods and ruminal parameters of cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Ruminant Studies Unit and the Laboratory of Food Analysis and Animal Nutrition of Londrina State University. Five rumen-fistulated cattle with an average weight of 521 ± 38.22 kg were housed in individual stalls. The experimental design used was a Latin square with five treatments (100% C, 75% C 25% WM, 50% C 50% WM, 25% C 75% WM, and 100% WM) and five periods of 25 days each. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in ruminal fluid was measured before feeding and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding in subdivided parcels. The in-situ degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by incubating silage samples and measuring concentrates in the rumen of cattle. The levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling did not alter the pH and N-NH3 values but was influenced by the collection time. The N-NH3 presented quadratic behavior with a point of maximum rumen concentration (5.31 mgdL-¹) reached 1.12 h after feeding. The pH presented quadratic behavior with a point of minimum (6.04) reached 4.32 h after feeding. The effective degradability (ED) of DM with 2, 5 and 8%h-¹ of passage rate was influenced by the substitution of corn by wheat middling, with increasing linear behavior. The ED 2%h-¹ varied from 46.19% to 50.24%, the ED 5%h-¹ varied from 33.76% to 38.68%, and the ED 8%h-¹ values ranged from 28.16% to 32.92% for the 100% C and 100% WM treatments. Higher values, for treatments with higher levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling, occurred owing to the lower fiber content and to the largest soluble fractions and degradation rate of DM in rations with wheat middling. The ED of CP and NDF with passage rates of [...].(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho por triguilho sobre a degradabilidade in situ das rações e os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Estudos de Ruminantes (UNER) e no Laboratório de Análises de Alimentos e Nutrição Animal (LANA) da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 521 ± 38,22 kg, alojados em baias individuais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino, com cinco tratamentos, sendo as proporções de milho e triguilho (100% M, 75% M 25% T, 50% M, 50% T, 25% M 75% T e 100% T) e cinco períodos de 25 dias cada. O pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) do líquido ruminal foram mensurados antes da alimentação e 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após alimentação, em parcelas subdivididas. A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram determinadas com a incubação das amostras de silagem e concentrados no rúmen dos animais. Os teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho não influenciaram os valores de N-NH3 e pH ruminal, mas os mesmos foram influenciados pelos tempos de coleta. O N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de máxima concentração no rúmen (5,31 mgdL-¹) 1h12 após a alimentação. O pH apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de mínima (6,04) 4h32 após a alimentação dos animais. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS com 2, 5 e 8%h-¹ de taxa de passagem foram influenciadas pela substituição do milho por triguilho, observando comportamento linear crescente. A DE 2%h-¹ apresentou variação de 46,19% a 50,24%, a DE 5%h-1 variou de 33,76% a 38,68% e a DE 8%h-¹ apresentou valores de 28,16% a 32,92% para os tratamentos 100% M e 100% T. Os valores superiores, observados nos tratamentos com maiores teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho, ocorreram devido ao [...].(AU)

Degradabilidade e cinética ruminal de alimentos energéticos utilizados em dietas para ruminantes / Ruminal kinetics and degradability of energetic feedstuffs used in diets for ruminants

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar alimentos energéticos quanto a composição química, degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca (DMS), cinética ruminal e taxa de desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca. Foram avaliados sete alimentos (tratamentos): grão de milho moído, grão de aveia moído, grão de cevada moído, farelo de trigo, casca de soja, radícula de malte e gérmen de milho, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições cada. Para a incubação dos materiais foram utilizados dois bovinos com cânula ruminal, e cada tratamento foi submetido a sete períodos de exposição ao rúmen (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 e 24 horas). Dentre os alimentos avaliados, a casca de soja teve o maior teor de fibra em detergente neutro (68,91%) e apresentou a menor DMS em 24 h (64,91%). O grão de cevada moído e o grão de milho moído tiveram os menores níveis de fração solúvel (FS) (26,34% e 28,7%, respectivamente), porém o grão de cevada moído apresentou a maior DMS em 24 h (90,48%), que por conciliar estes parâmetros teve a maior taxa de desaparecimento ruminal (2,50%.h-¹), enquanto o grão de aveia moído teve a maior FS (47,75%) e a menor taxa de desaparecimento ruminal (1,09%.h-¹).

This study aimed to evaluate energetic feedstuffs regarding chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability of dry matter (DMD), ruminal kinetics and ruminal disappearance rate of dry matter. Seven feedstuffs (treatments) were evaluated: ground corn, ground oat, ground barley, wheat bran, soybean hull, malt root and corn germ, in a completely randomized design of four repetitions each. Two bovines ruminally cannulated were used for incubation, wherein each treatment was subjected to seven periods of exposure to the rumen (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hours). Among the evaluated feedstuffs, soybean hull had the highest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (68.91%) and the lowest DMD at 24 h (64.91%). Ground barley and ground corn contained the lowest content of soluble fraction (SF) (26.34 and 28.7%, respectively), among which ground barley had the highest DMD at 24 h (90.48%) and therefore showed the highest rumen disappearance rate (2.50%.h-¹) by combining both parameters, while the ground oat presented the highest SF (47.75%) and the lowest rumen disappearance rate (1.09%.h-¹).

Impact of filament denier on functional performance of microfiber in situ bags

In situbags made from microfiber fabrics have a greater surface area and filtration efficiency that retains the fine particles and reduce the variation in the results. Also, it is more durable than that made from traditional fabrics. This work aimed to study the effect of filament denier on the performance of in situbags. Two polyester microfilaments with 0.4 and 0.7 deniers were used in manufacturing of four fabrics. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation to show the efficiency ofthe manufactured samples. In vitro trail was conducted to estimate ruminal degradability after 24 and 48 hours for three feedstuffs using three cannulated rams as replicates. The mechanical properties of manufactured in situbags were significantly affected with both denier per filament and weft densities. According to the statistical analysis of radar chart, sample 2 remarked the highest value which achieved the acceptable ruminal dry matter disappearance compared with Ankom bags in different incubation times.(AU)

Impact of filament denier on functional performance of microfiber in situ bags

In situbags made from microfiber fabrics have a greater surface area and filtration efficiency that retains the fine particles and reduce the variation in the results. Also, it is more durable than that made from traditional fabrics. This work aimed to study the effect of filament denier on the performance of in situbags. Two polyester microfilaments with 0.4 and 0.7 deniers were used in manufacturing of four fabrics. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation to show the efficiency ofthe manufactured samples. In vitro trail was conducted to estimate ruminal degradability after 24 and 48 hours for three feedstuffs using three cannulated rams as replicates. The mechanical properties of manufactured in situbags were significantly affected with both denier per filament and weft densities. According to the statistical analysis of radar chart, sample 2 remarked the highest value which achieved the acceptable ruminal dry matter disappearance compared with Ankom bags in different incubation times.

Soybean meal from damaged grains replacing standard soybean meal in diets of feedlot lambs

Two studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of levels of soybean meal produced from damaged soybean grains replacing normal soybean meal on in vitro and in situ digestibility of ruminant diets as well as on intake, digestibility, and animal performance of growing/finishing lambs. In trial 1, we evaluated the in vitro digestibility of each soybean meals (normal and damaged), as well as diets containing levels of the damaged replacing the normal (0, 333, 667 and 1,000 g.kg−1) soybean meal on kinetic parameters of in vitro cumulative gas production, in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibility, in situ rumen-degradable protein, rumen-undegradable protein, and in vitro intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegradable protein. In trial 2, we used 48 growing/finishing lambs to evaluate the effects of damaged soybean meal levels (0, 333, 667, and 1,000 g.kg−1) replacing normal soybean meal in feedlot diets (20:80 roughage:concentrate ratio) on intake and digestibility of nutrients and on animal performance. The damaged soybean meal presented lower values for total gas production and in vitro dry matter digestibility than normal soybean meal. Higher rumen-undegradable protein was estimated for damaged soybean meal than for the normal and consequently lower rumen-degradable protein for damaged compared to normal. Because of the lower rumen-degradable protein, damaged soybean meal promoted lower in vitro ammonium nitrogen (NH3 -N) concentrations than the normal in feedlot diets. In the in vivo trial, there were no effects of damaged soybean meal levels in the diets on intake and digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and fiber) as well as on total weight gain, average daily gain, carcass yield, or feeding efficiency. Thus, damaged soybean meal can fully replace the normal one in lamb feedlot diets (in up to of 1,000 g.kg−1 of the normal soybean meal) without causing adverse effects on intake and digestibility of nutrients and on animal performance.

Ruminal kinetics and degradability of energetic feedstuffs used in diets for ruminants / Degradabilida de e cinética ruminal de alimentos energéticos utilizados em dietas para ruminantes

This study aimed to evaluate energetic feedstuffs regarding chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability of dry matter (DMD), ruminal kinetics and ruminal disappearance rate of dry matter. Seven feedstuffs (treatments) were evaluated: ground corn, ground oat, ground barley, wheat bran, soybean hull, malt root and corn germ, in a completely randomized design of four repetitions each. Two bovines ruminally cannulated were used for incubation, wherein each treatment was subjected to seven periods of exposure to the rumen (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hours). Among the evaluated feedstuffs, soybean hull had the highest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (68.91%) and the lowest DMD at 24 h (64.91%). Ground barley and ground corn contained the lowest content of soluble fraction (SF) (26.34 and 28.7%, respectively), among which ground barley had the highest DMD at 24 h (90.48%) and therefore showed the highest rumen disappearance rate (2.50%.h-1) by combining both parameters, while the ground oat presented the highest SF (47.75%) and the lowest rumen disappearance rate (1.09%.h-1).

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar alimentos energéticos quanto a composição química, degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca (DMS), cinética ruminal e taxa de desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca. Foram avaliados sete alimentos (tratamentos): grão de milho moído, grão de aveia moído, grão de cevada moído, farelo de trigo, casca de soja, radícula de malte e gérmen de milho, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições cada. Para a incubação dos materiais foram utilizados dois bovinos com cânula ruminal, e cada tratamento foi submetido a sete períodos de exposição ao rúmen (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 e 24 horas). Dentre os alimentos avaliados, a casca de soja teve o maior teor de fibra em detergente neutro (68,91%) e apresentou a menor DMS em 24 h (64,91%). O grão de cevada moído e o grão de milho moído tiveram os menores níveis de fração solúvel (FS) (26,34% e 28,7%, respectivamente), porém o grão de cevada moído apresentou a maior DMS em 24 h (90,48%), que por conciliar estes parâmetros teve a maior taxa de desaparecimento ruminal (2,50%.h-1), enquanto o grão de aveia moído teve a maior FS (47,75%) e a menor taxa de desaparecimento ruminal (1,09%.h-1).

Investigating the performance of polyester microfibers in situ bags using different weft yarn count and density

Microfiber fabrics are more efficiency in retaining fine-particles that increase the variation in in situ degradability. The aim of this was to examine the performance of in situ bags made from different microfiber fabric for meeting the required specification and their ruminal degradability compared with standard Ankom in situ bags. Four fabrics were manufactured using polyester microfiber with 1.04 denier, weft yarn counts (150 and 300), weft density (22 and 28 picks / inch), plain 1/1 textile structure. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation. Ruminal degradability was measured for three feedstuffs (soybean meal, wheat bran and berseem hay) using three rumen-fistulated rams as a replicates after 24 and 48 hours. Fabric's pore size was significantly decreased as either yarn weft count or density increased. Yarn weft count had a significant effect on all fabric's properties. Air permeability was significantly decreased as fabric's weft yarn count increased. Sample (1) meet the specific requirements for in situ bags and showed the nearest degradability values to those observed using Ankom bags for all feedstuffs in most incubation times. Microfiberin situ bags could be used in in situ ruminal degradation trials to reduce the variation in results due to the present of the fine particles.(AU)

Investigating the performance of polyester microfibers in situ bags using different weft yarn count and density

Microfiber fabrics are more efficiency in retaining fine-particles that increase the variation in in situ degradability. The aim of this was to examine the performance of in situ bags made from different microfiber fabric for meeting the required specification and their ruminal degradability compared with standard Ankom in situ bags. Four fabrics were manufactured using polyester microfiber with 1.04 denier, weft yarn counts (150 and 300), weft density (22 and 28 picks / inch), plain 1/1 textile structure. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation. Ruminal degradability was measured for three feedstuffs (soybean meal, wheat bran and berseem hay) using three rumen-fistulated rams as a replicates after 24 and 48 hours. Fabric's pore size was significantly decreased as either yarn weft count or density increased. Yarn weft count had a significant effect on all fabric's properties. Air permeability was significantly decreased as fabric's weft yarn count increased. Sample (1) meet the specific requirements for in situ bags and showed the nearest degradability values to those observed using Ankom bags for all feedstuffs in most incubation times. Microfiberin situ bags could be used in in situ ruminal degradation trials to reduce the variation in results due to the present of the fine particles.