Diagnóstico hematológico de coinfecção por Ehrlichia spp. e Hepatozoon canis em cães no semiárido da Paraíba / Hematogical diagnosis of coinfection by Ehrlichia spp. and Hepatozoon canis in dogs in the semi-arid of Paraiba

Dentre as hemoparasitoses com maior frequência de transmissão por carrapatos pode-se destacar a Erliquiose, a Hepatozoonose, a Anaplasmose e a Babesiose. A coinfecção por esses agentes são frequentes na rotina clínica; no entanto, poucas são as descrições sobre a ocorrência simultânea desses agentes em hemogramas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar os casos de quatro cães diagnosticados com coinfecção por Ehrlichia spp. e Hepatozoon canis, os quais foram atendidos no Hospital Veterinário Adílio Santos de Azevedo (HV-ASA) do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba (IFPB), campus Sousa. Durante a avaliação clínica, relatou-se que os pacientes apresentavam, de maneira em comum, oligodipsia e hiporexia, além de histórico de presença de carrapatos. Em seguida, foram realizados hemogramas, que revelaram que todos os animais apresentavam anemia leve a moderada. Além disso, notou-se que o animal 1 estava com trombocitopenia e os animais 2 e 3, neutrofilia. Na pesquisa de hemoparasitas em esfregaço sanguíneo, observou-se coinfecção por H. canis e E. spp. nos quatro animais. Desta forma, este relato demonstrou a importância do uso do hemograma e da pesquisa dos agentes causadores das hemoparasitoses, através do esfregaço sanguíneo. Ressalte-se que o esfregaço sanguíneo, embora seja um método inespecífico e de baixa sensibilidade, pode e deve ser adotado como rotina, por ser uma técnica simples, rápida, barata, pouco invasiva e de diagnóstico definitivo.

Among the hemoparasitoses with the highest frequency of transmission by ticks, ehrlichiosis, hepatozoonosis, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis may be highlighted. The coinfection with these agents is frequent in clinical routine; however, there are few descriptions of the simultaneous occurrence of these agents in blood counts. Therefore, this work aimed to report the cases of four dogs diagnosed with Ehrlichia spp. and Hepatozoon canis, which were treated at the Adílio Santos de Azevedo Veterinary Hospital (HV-ASA), of the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Paraíba (IFPB), Sousa campus. During the clinical evaluation, it was reported that the patients had oligodipsia and hyporexia in common, in addition to a history of tick presence. Then, blood counts were performed, which revealed that all animals had mild to moderate anemia. In addition, it was noted that animal 1 had thrombocytopenia and animals 2 and 3 had neutrophilia. In the investigation of hemoparasites in blood smears, co-infection with H. canis and E. spp. was observed in the four animals. Thus, this report demonstrated the importance of using the blood count and researching the causative agents of hemoparasitosis, through the blood smear. It should be noted that the blood smear, although it is a non-specific and low-sensitivity method, can and should be adopted as a routine, as it is a simple, fast, inexpensive, minimally invasive, and definitive diagnostic technique.

Natural infection of Trypanosoma sp. in domestic sheep from Ecuador / Infecção natural do Trypanosoma sp. em ovelhas domésticas do Equador

Trypanosomosis in sheep is a hemoparasitic disease of worldwide interest due to its effects on the health of animals and the economic impact on producers, is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma sp. In the present study, the occurrence of Trypanosoma sp. in sheep from the urban-rural area of the canton Salitre was determined, through an applied study with a qualitative descriptive prospective cross-sectional approach, carried out between October 1, 2019, and February 19, 2020. Blood samples were extracted from the jugular vein and analyzed by the blood smear method using the Giemsa and Diff-Quick staining techniques. Previously, in a first study realized between 2018 and 2019, 2 cases (2%) of Trypanosoma sp., 1 case of Babesia sp. (1%), and 4 cases of Anaplasma marginale (4%) were identified, but without the presence of symptoms of the disease. However, in this new research study, of 170 animals sampled from 5 herds and aged between 3 and 8 years, 34 (20%) were positive for Trypanosoma sp., 6 for Babesia sp. (3.52%) and 6 for A. marginale (3.52%) with coinfection between them. In this research, deteriorated clinical aspects and low hematological values were also determined in positive animals; besides of the total of positive cases, 25 presented symptoms of hemoparasitic disease, 3 sheep had abortions and 8 died. The results of this study showed that Trypanosoma sp. could already become an endemic parasitosis in sheep in the country, representing a serious problem of animal health.

A tripanossomose em ovinos é uma doença hemoparasitária de interesse mundial devido a seus efeitos sobre a saúde dos animais e o impacto econômico sobre os produtores, Esta doença é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma sp. No presente estudo, foi determinada a ocorrência de Trypanosoma sp. em ovelhas da área urbano-rural do Cantão Salitre, através de um estudo aplicado com uma abordagem transversal descritiva qualitativa prospectiva, realizado entre dia primeiro de outubro de 2019, à 19 de fevereiro de 2020. Amostras de sangue foram extraídas da veia jugular e analisadas pelo método de esfregaço de sangue usando as técnicas de coloração Giemsa e Diff-Quick. Anteriormente, em um primeiro estudo realizado entre 2018 e 2019, dois casos (2%) de Trypanosoma sp., foram identificados um caso de Babesia sp. (1%), e quatro casos de Anaplasma marginale (4%), mas sem a presença de sintomas da doença. Entretanto, neste novo estudo de pesquisa, de 170 animais amostrados de cinco rebanhos e com idades entre três e oito anos, 34 (20%) foram positivos para Trypanosoma sp., seis para Babesia sp. (3,52%) e seis para A. marginale (3,52%) com coinfecção entre eles. Nesta pesquisa, aspectos clínicos deteriorados e baixos valores hematológicos também foram determinados em animais positivos; além do total de casos positivos, 25 apresentaram sintomas de doença hemoparasítica, três ovelhas tiveram abortos e oito morreram. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o Trypanosoma sp. já poderia se tornar uma parasitose endêmica em ovinos no país, representando um grave problema de saúde animal.

Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in shelter-housed cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, Brazil / Inquérito sorológico para Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii em um abrigo de gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina, Brasil

Felines play a leading role in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection, but there is scarce information about the epidemiology of Neospora caninum, particularly in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats. Cats seropositive to T. gondii do not usually show symptoms unless they are immunosuppressed, such as FIV-infected cats. The same relationship remains poorly known for N. caninum, although it has been associated with neurological disorders in HIV-infected people. Since FIV-infected cats are prone to develop encephalitis of unknown etiology, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of specific antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum in a shelter for stray cats naturally infected with FIV. A total of 104 serum samples from cats living in a shelter, located in São Paulo city (Brazil), was assessed for T. gondii and N. caninum specific antibody by indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT). Of the 104 cats, 25 (24%) were infected with FIV and, aside from these, 8 (32%) had antibodies against T. gondii (titers from 16 to 128). Only 1 (4%) of the FIV-infected cats had antibodies against N. caninum, which was the first record of coinfection. Among the FIV-naïve cats, 11 (14%) were positive for T. gondii(titers from 16 to 256) and only 1 (1.2%) had antibodies against N. caninum. Serologically positive reactions to T. gondii and N. caninum were not correlated with age or sex (p>0.05), and there was no correlation between FIV and the occurrence of anti-T. gondii or anti-N. caninum antibodies (p>0.05). Further studies encompassing larger cat populations from different origins and locations are essential to clarify the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies in FIV-positive cats.(AU)

Os felinos têm um papel importante na epidemiologia da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii, mas pouco se sabe sobre a epidemiologia da infecção por Neospora caninum em gatos, particularmente em gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV). Gatos soropositivos para Toxoplasma gondii geralmente não apresentam sintomas a não ser que estejam imunossuprimidos, como gatos infectados com FIV. A mesma relação ainda é pouco conhecida para N. caninum, embora tenha sido associada a distúrbios neurológicos em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Considerando que gatos infectados com FIV são propensos a desenvolver encefalite de etiologia desconhecida, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de anticorpos específicos para T. gondii e N. caninum em gatos infectados com FIV. Um total de 104 amostras de soro de gatos residentes em um abrigo na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, foram avaliadas para a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Dos 104 gatos, 25 (24%) estavam infectados com FIV e destes 8, (32%) tinham anticorpos contra T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 128). Apenas 1 (4%) dos gatos infectados com FIV apresentava anticorpos contra N. caninum, sendo este o primeiro registro dessa coinfecção. Entre os gatos não infectados com FIV, 11 (14%) foram positivos para T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 256) e apenas 1 (1,2%) tinha anticorpos contra N. caninum. A reação sorologicamente positiva para T. gondii e N. caninum não foi correlacionada com a idade ou sexo (p> 0,05), nem houve correlação entre FIV e ocorrência de anticorpos para T. gondii ou N. caninum(p> 0,05). Estudos subsequentes abrangendo populações maiores de gatos de diferentes origens e locais são essenciais para esclarecer a prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum em animais acometidos por FIV.(AU)

Retrospective study of poxviruses diagnosed in cattle from Goiás State, Brazil (2010-2018) / Estudo retrospectivo de poxviroses diagnosticadas em bovinos no estado de Goiás (2010-2018)

A retrospective study of poxvirus infections diagnosed in cattle from Goiás state (GO), Brazil, from 2010 to 2018, was performed. All cases have been investigated by the GO Official Veterinary Service (Agrodefesa), from which technical forms and protocols of veterinary diagnosis laboratories were reviewed. In most cases, samples of oral or cutaneous tissues and/or swabs were submitted for virological diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or virus isolation. Thirty seven outbreaks/cases of vesicular disease were notified in cattle of 25 counties; in 33 cases the animals presented lesions clinically compatible with poxviruses. The etiology of 25 out of 33 outbreaks/cases was confirmed as poxviruses by PCR and/or viral isolation: 13 as bovine vaccinia virus (VACV), six as pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), five as bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and one coinfection (VACV and an Orf virus-like parapoxvirus). The laboratory confirmed that cases occurred mainly in dairy cattle (19/25) and during the dry season (22/25). In adult cattle, gross changes were observed mainly in the teats and udder and included vesicles, ulcers, crusts, papules and scars and varied of type, severity and affected region, depending on the poxvirus species. In calves, the main lesions were ulcers in the mouth and muzzle. Zoonotic lesions compatible with poxvirus infections were observed for all diagnosed poxviruses, affecting especially the hands of milkers and other farm workers. Our data demonstrate the sanitary and economic relevance of these diseases and the wide circulation of different poxviruses in cattle from GO.

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das infecções por poxvírus diagnosticadas em bovinos do estado de Goiás (GO), entre 2010 e 2018. Todos os casos foram investigados pela Agência Goiana de Defesa Agropecuária (Agrodefesa). Foram revisados formulários técnicos e protocolos de laboratórios de diagnóstico veterinário. Na maioria dos casos, amostras de tecidos orais ou cutâneos e/ou swabs foram encaminhadas para diagnóstico virológico. Foram notificados 37 surtos/casos de doença vesicular em bovinos em 25 municípios; em 33 casos os animais apresentavam lesões clinicamente compatíveis com poxvírus. A etiologia de 25 de 33 surtos/casos foi confirmada como poxvírus por PCR e/ou isolamento viral: 13 como vírus vaccínia (VACV), seis como vírus pseudocowpox (PCPV), cinco como vírus da estomatite papular bovina (BPSV) e um caso de coinfecção (VACV e um parapoxvírus semelhante ao Orf vírus). Os casos confirmados laboratorialmente ocorreram principalmente em bovinos leiteiros (19/25) e durante a estação seca (22/25). Em bovinos adultos, alterações macroscópicas foram observadas principalmente nas tetas e úbere e incluíram vesículas, úlceras, crostas, pápulas e cicatrizes e variaram quanto ao tipo, gravidade e região afetada, dependendo da espécie do poxvírus. Em bezerros, as principais lesões foram úlceras na boca e focinho. Lesões zoonóticas compatíveis com infecção por poxvírus foram observadas em todas as poxviroses diagnosticadas, afetando principalmente as mãos dos ordenhadores e outros trabalhadores rurais. Nossos dados demonstram a relevância sanitária e econômica dessas doenças e a ampla circulação de diferentes poxvírus em bovinos de GO.

Retrospective study of poxviruses diagnosed in cattle from Goiás State, Brazil (2010-2018) / Estudo retrospectivo de poxviroses diagnosticadas em bovinos no estado de Goiás (2010-2018)

A retrospective study of poxvirus infections diagnosed in cattle from Goiás state (GO), Brazil, from 2010 to 2018, was performed. All cases have been investigated by the GO Official Veterinary Service (Agrodefesa), from which technical forms and protocols of veterinary diagnosis laboratories were reviewed. In most cases, samples of oral or cutaneous tissues and/or swabs were submitted for virological diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or virus isolation. Thirty seven outbreaks/cases of vesicular disease were notified in cattle of 25 counties; in 33 cases the animals presented lesions clinically compatible with poxviruses. The etiology of 25 out of 33 outbreaks/cases was confirmed as poxviruses by PCR and/or viral isolation: 13 as bovine vaccinia virus (VACV), six as pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), five as bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and one coinfection (VACV and an Orf virus-like parapoxvirus). The laboratory confirmed that cases occurred mainly in dairy cattle (19/25) and during the dry season (22/25). In adult cattle, gross changes were observed mainly in the teats and udder and included vesicles, ulcers, crusts, papules and scars and varied of type, severity and affected region, depending on the poxvirus species. In calves, the main lesions were ulcers in the mouth and muzzle. Zoonotic lesions compatible with poxvirus infections were observed for all diagnosed poxviruses, affecting especially the hands of milkers and other farm workers. Our data demonstrate the sanitary and economic relevance of these diseases and the wide circulation of different poxviruses in cattle from GO.(AU)

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das infecções por poxvírus diagnosticadas em bovinos do estado de Goiás (GO), entre 2010 e 2018. Todos os casos foram investigados pela Agência Goiana de Defesa Agropecuária (Agrodefesa). Foram revisados formulários técnicos e protocolos de laboratórios de diagnóstico veterinário. Na maioria dos casos, amostras de tecidos orais ou cutâneos e/ou swabs foram encaminhadas para diagnóstico virológico. Foram notificados 37 surtos/casos de doença vesicular em bovinos em 25 municípios; em 33 casos os animais apresentavam lesões clinicamente compatíveis com poxvírus. A etiologia de 25 de 33 surtos/casos foi confirmada como poxvírus por PCR e/ou isolamento viral: 13 como vírus vaccínia (VACV), seis como vírus pseudocowpox (PCPV), cinco como vírus da estomatite papular bovina (BPSV) e um caso de coinfecção (VACV e um parapoxvírus semelhante ao Orf vírus). Os casos confirmados laboratorialmente ocorreram principalmente em bovinos leiteiros (19/25) e durante a estação seca (22/25). Em bovinos adultos, alterações macroscópicas foram observadas principalmente nas tetas e úbere e incluíram vesículas, úlceras, crostas, pápulas e cicatrizes e variaram quanto ao tipo, gravidade e região afetada, dependendo da espécie do poxvírus. Em bezerros, as principais lesões foram úlceras na boca e focinho. Lesões zoonóticas compatíveis com infecção por poxvírus foram observadas em todas as poxviroses diagnosticadas, afetando principalmente as mãos dos ordenhadores e outros trabalhadores rurais. Nossos dados demonstram a relevância sanitária e econômica dessas doenças e a ampla circulação de diferentes poxvírus em bovinos de GO.(AU)

Successful treatment and management of canine ehrlichiosis-leishmaniosis-heartworm comorbidity

Background: Canine vector borne diseases (CVBD) are common in tropical countries where the climate favors arthropods abundance. Comorbidity with one or more CVBD are reported as clinical complication and worsen prognostic. Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CanL) is an endemic zoonotic disease in Brazil caused by Leishmania infantum, with several restrictions to canine treatment and suggestion of reservoirs euthanasia for disease control. Heartworm (HW) is a helminthic disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. It is a chronic heart disease, which can lead to death by congestive heart failure. Canine ehrlichiosis (CE) is caused by Ehrlichia canis bacterial infection with a zoonotic potential and fatal to dogs in acute and chronic presentations. Exposed the above, this study aims to describe a successful treatment and management of a dog with CanL, CE, and HW comorbidity. Case: A 3-year-old male uncastrated black Labrador dog, weighing 35 kg, was admitted to the veterinary clinic due to immunochromatographic CanL positive test performed by municipal zoonosis control center active surveillance. Clinical exam showed a mild shedding, intermittent eye white/yellow discharge and popliteal lymph nodes enlargement. After positive for CanL, veterinary requested more laboratorial exams. IFAT and ELISA were positive for CanL, blood smear showed presence of microfilaria, and bone marrow cytology showed Ehrlichia spp. morulae and microfilaria. Initial treatment prescribed was oral doxycycline, omeprazole, ranitidine, and domperidone for 30 days, and allopurinol and ivermectin until further recommendation. Additionally, repellent collar, repellent spray and vitamin supplement was indicated. After first month, marbofloxacin for 30 days and three doses of immunostimulant drug were administrated. After three months of treatment, dog still positive for heartworm, ehrlichiosis, and CanL. Doxycycline protocol was repeated. Dog became consistently negative for all pathogens one year later with persistent thrombocytopenia but without clinical signs, ergo allopurinol and ivermectin were discontinued. After 4 years of follow up, the animal had an acute pancreatitis and died, with unremarkable total blood count and negative for all pathogens. Discussion: CVBD coinfections are commonly reported as worsen prognostic in endemic regions. The pathogens reported here share a host immunomodulation competence. L. infantum and Ehrlichia spp. downregulates Th1 response, whereas D. immitis increase as Th2 profile. The therapeutic protocol was iniciated by staging CanL. Since the patient had clinical signs, allopurinol was prescribed as a well-established drug for CanL. Marbofloxacin was added due to its high safety drug in clinical improvement of infected dogs with and without renal disease and in vitro effectiveness against L. infantum. Domperidone was used to promote Th1 cytokine profile as INF-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α. We used an immunostimulant protocol to favor polarization to the Th1 profile comprised by 30 days of domperidone protocol followed by a vaccine and an immunomodulator. Doxycycline was used successfully for Ehrlichia spp. and HE clearance after 2 treatment courses and 1 year of ivermectin every 15 days. The animal presented intermittent coughing episodes on the first treatment course, but no medical intervention was needed besides exercise restriction. Our report shows the successful management of one dog with CanL, CE and HE comorbidity. This success was possible due to early detection and good therapeutic choice.(AU)

A fatal pneumonia due to coinfection of Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a laboratory beagle dog

Background: Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) is widely distributed in the environment, and sometimes caused nosocomialinfections in human beings, but no case of infection has been reported in beagle dogs. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius(S. pseudintermedius) is a natural cutaneous bacterium in dogs and occasionally causes purulent infections of the skin yetrarely causes pneumonia. Both bacteria are opportunistic pathogens. Dogs, even well-controlled laboratory beagle dogs,maybe infected by the bacterium in certain conditions like this report. In order to provide information and give suggestionto veterinarians involved in dogs study, a complete profile of the coinfection was drawn in this report.Case: It is presented a case of an 8-month-old beagle dog, weighing 6 kg that suffered from coinfection of P. putida andS. pseudintermedius during a treatment of chemotherapy. The animal was confirmed as normal by appearance, physicalexamination and laboratory tests before arrival according to the applicable guidelines. After 14-day acclimation period, theanimal was administrated with a tyrosinase inhibitor once daily via oral gavage. From Day 8, coughing, decreased activity, hyporeflexia, squinting, shortness of breath (abdominal breathing), and discharge around the nose as well as cracklesin the lung and rapid heart rate were noted. Since the poor conditions progressed quickly and have not been improved bytreatment of ceftriaxone and dexamethasone. On Day 9, the animal was euthanized for humanitarian reasons. To define thepathogen, hilar lymph node and thoracic swab were collected for bacteria isolation and purification in special mediums,and at last characterized by Gram staining and 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis and positive PCR-restriction fragmentlength polymorphism. In clinical pathological examination, an increase in WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes...

A fatal pneumonia due to coinfection of Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a laboratory beagle dog

Background: Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) is widely distributed in the environment, and sometimes caused nosocomialinfections in human beings, but no case of infection has been reported in beagle dogs. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius(S. pseudintermedius) is a natural cutaneous bacterium in dogs and occasionally causes purulent infections of the skin yetrarely causes pneumonia. Both bacteria are opportunistic pathogens. Dogs, even well-controlled laboratory beagle dogs,maybe infected by the bacterium in certain conditions like this report. In order to provide information and give suggestionto veterinarians involved in dogs study, a complete profile of the coinfection was drawn in this report.Case: It is presented a case of an 8-month-old beagle dog, weighing 6 kg that suffered from coinfection of P. putida andS. pseudintermedius during a treatment of chemotherapy. The animal was confirmed as normal by appearance, physicalexamination and laboratory tests before arrival according to the applicable guidelines. After 14-day acclimation period, theanimal was administrated with a tyrosinase inhibitor once daily via oral gavage. From Day 8, coughing, decreased activity, hyporeflexia, squinting, shortness of breath (abdominal breathing), and discharge around the nose as well as cracklesin the lung and rapid heart rate were noted. Since the poor conditions progressed quickly and have not been improved bytreatment of ceftriaxone and dexamethasone. On Day 9, the animal was euthanized for humanitarian reasons. To define thepathogen, hilar lymph node and thoracic swab were collected for bacteria isolation and purification in special mediums,and at last characterized by Gram staining and 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis and positive PCR-restriction fragmentlength polymorphism. In clinical pathological examination, an increase in WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes...(AU)

A molecular survey reveals high occurrence of co-infections in intensive pork production farms with increased rates of mummified swine fetuses in Southern Brazil / [Pesquisa molecular revela alta ocorrência de coinfecções em granjas de produção intensiva de suínos com altas taxas de mumificação fetal no sul do Brasil]

Neste estudo, 308 amostras de fetos mumificados foram testadas para parvovírus suíno (PPV), circovírus suíno tipos 2 e 3 (PCV2 e PCV3) e leptospiras patogênicas. A idade gestacional no momento da perda gestacional e a frequência da mumificação fetal de acordo com a ordem de parto também foram investigadas. As amostras foram coletadas em granjas comerciais de criação de suínos da região sul do Brasil que apresentassem taxas de mumificação fetal igual ou maiores a 2,5%. Fragmentos de pulmão, rim, fígado e coração de fetos suínos mumificados foram coletados para análise molecular. Resultados da PCR foram classificados de acordo com a região de origem das amostras, tendo Santa Catarina, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul contabilizado 87 (28,25%), 89 (28,90%) e 132 (42,86%) do total de amostras de fetos suínos mumificados, respectivamente. Coinfecções foram observadas na maioria dos casos e PCV3 foi o agente mais prevalente detectado, encontrado em 298 amostras (96,75%). A maioria das perdas gestacionais foi observada entre 50 e 70 dias de gestação (168; 54,5%) e a mumificação fetal não foi associada à ordem de parto das matrizes. Os achados sugerem que as altas taxas de fetos suínos mumificados na região Sul do Brasil podem ser explicadas pela infecção com esses agentes virais.(AU)

Changes in somatic cell count, composition and cytokine levels in milk from cows with mastitis due to mixed infections

Mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that is very common worldwide, mostly caused by bacteria, and causes enormous economic losses. Many microorganisms cause this disease. The most common causes of mastitis by these microorganisms are Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae). The anti-inflammatory properties of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß include: 1) limiting interferon (IFN)-γ production; 2) increasing the expression of the interleukine (IL)-1 receptor antagonist; 3) inhibiting macrophage production of chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen intermediates; and 4) increasing macrophage clearance of bacterial debris and damaged parenchymal cells. It is stated that cytokines and milk composition change in case of mastitis. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the changes in milk TGF-ß1 and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations and milk composition in mixed infections caused by three pathogens causing mastitis. In this study, milk samples from 90 cows were divided into 5 groups. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations and milk composition were determined in these milk samples. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the cows included in the study and scoring was done. According to the CMT results of the milk samples taken, CMT(-) cows were included in group 1 (n = 22). Those with the CMT(+) were sent to the microbiology laboratory for analysis within 2 h. After the bacteria was determined, combination groupings were formed. Group 2 (n = 17), in which S. aureus and E. coli grew together, group 3 (n = 21), in which S. aureus and S. agalactiae grew together, group 4 (n = 8), in which S. agalactiae and E. coli grew together in milk samples, and milk samples without any bacterial growth in CMT (+) formed group 5 (n = 22), respectively. Somatic cell count was measured with the DeLaval Cell Counter® (Cell Counter DCC) device. Mineral matter, fat, protein, lactose, electrical conductivity and specific gravity were measured in milk samples using Lactoscan Milk Analyzer (Milkotronic/EUROPE). Milk samples were then stored at -80°C to measure TGF-ß1 and TNF-α. Tumor necrosis factor-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations in milk samples were measured using ELISA kits (Sunred Biological Technology). Changes in milk TNF-α and TGF-ß1 concentration and milk composition were determined in milk samples with mastitis caused by mixed infection. The TNF-α concentration of group 4 was higher than the other groups. On the other hand, the highest concentration of TGF-ß1 was found in group 2. While the number of somatic cells in group 1 was lower than in groups 2, 3, and 4, there was no statistical difference between groups 1 and 5. The lowest milk fat ratio was found in group 1, and it was found to be statistically lower than groups 2, 3, and 4. While the rate of solid-non-fat of group 1 increased compared to groups 2 and 3, the highest protein ratio was found in groups 1 and 5. There was no difference between the 5 groups in terms of mineral matter ratios. While the specific gravity was highest in group 1, there was no statistical difference between the other 4 groups. Overall, it was concluded that there was an increase in TNF-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations and a change in milk composition in samples with bacterial growth.(AU)

Co-infection by Neopora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, destined to exportation / Coinfecção por Neospora caninum e vírus da diarreia viral bovina em bovinos do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, destinados à exportação

Reproductive tests in cattle are of great economic importance, given the impact it can have on the production system and may be caused by agents. Neospora caninum and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) are considered of great importance as reproductive and should be considered responsible for keeping animals persistently infected. The present study included 479 calf serum samples for export in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). All samples were screened for BVDV by an ELISA antigen. BVDV antigen-positive ELISA samples were isolated from BVDV in cell culture. An indirect immunofluorescence (IFT) technique was used to detect anti-N. caninum antibodies. Of the 479 export-treated serum samples, 361 were positive for BVDV antigens by ELISA and/or viral isolation test (361/479-75.36%), and 109 IFT-positive samples for N. caninum (109/479-22.75%). Despite detection of antibodies anti-N. caninum did not differ statistically between naturally infected BVDV and non-BVDV infected animals suggesting that there is no interference of BVDV infection on infection or detection rate of animals with N. caninum, positive animals in viral isolation and high DO in BVDV-Ag ELISA. may present active disease and consequent immunosuppression, contributing to a potential reactivation of N. caninum.(AU)

Testes reprodutivos em bovinos são de grande importância econômica, dado o impacto que podem ter no sistema de produção e podem ser causados por agentes. O Neospora caninum e o vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina (BVDV) são considerados de grande importância como reprodutivos e devem ser considerados responsáveis por manter os animais persistentemente infectados. O presente estudo incluiu 479 amostras de soro de bezerro para exportação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Todas as amostras foram rastreadas para BVDV por um antígeno ELISA. As amostras de ELISA positivas para o antigénio BVDV foram isoladas a partir de BVDV em cultura de células. Uma técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFT) foi utilizada para detectar anticorpos anti-N caninum. Das 479 amostras de soro tratadas para exportação, 361 foram positivas para antígenos de BVDV por ELISA e/ou teste de isolamento viral (361/479-75,36%) e 109 amostras positivas para IFT para N. caninum (109/479-22,75%). Apesar da detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum não diferiu estatisticamente entre animais infectados naturalmente BVDV e não BVDV sugerindo que não há interferência da infecção pelo BVDV na infecção ou taxa de detecção de animais com N. caninum, animais positivos em isolamento viral e alta DO em BVDV-Ag ELISA, pode apresentar doença ativa e consequente imunossupressão, contribuindo para uma potencial reativação de N. caninum.(AU)

Co-infection by Neopora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, destined to exportation / Coinfecção por Neospora caninum e vírus da diarreia viral bovina em bovinos do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, destinados à exportação

Reproductive tests in cattle are of great economic importance, given the impact it can have on the production system and may be caused by agents. Neospora caninum and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) are considered of great importance as reproductive and should be considered responsible for keeping animals persistently infected. The present study included 479 calf serum samples for export in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). All samples were screened for BVDV by an ELISA antigen. BVDV antigen-positive ELISA samples were isolated from BVDV in cell culture. An indirect immunofluorescence (IFT) technique was used to detect anti-N. caninum antibodies. Of the 479 export-treated serum samples, 361 were positive for BVDV antigens by ELISA and/or viral isolation test (361/479-75.36%), and 109 IFT-positive samples for N. caninum (109/479-22.75%). Despite detection of antibodies anti-N. caninum did not differ statistically between naturally infected BVDV and non-BVDV infected animals suggesting that there is no interference of BVDV infection on infection or detection rate of animals with N. caninum, positive animals in viral isolation and high DO in BVDV-Ag ELISA. may present active disease and consequent immunosuppression, contributing to a potential reactivation of N. caninum.(AU)

Testes reprodutivos em bovinos são de grande importância econômica, dado o impacto que podem ter no sistema de produção e podem ser causados por agentes. O Neospora caninum e o vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina (BVDV) são considerados de grande importância como reprodutivos e devem ser considerados responsáveis por manter os animais persistentemente infectados. O presente estudo incluiu 479 amostras de soro de bezerro para exportação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Todas as amostras foram rastreadas para BVDV por um antígeno ELISA. As amostras de ELISA positivas para o antigénio BVDV foram isoladas a partir de BVDV em cultura de células. Uma técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFT) foi utilizada para detectar anticorpos anti-N caninum. Das 479 amostras de soro tratadas para exportação, 361 foram positivas para antígenos de BVDV por ELISA e/ou teste de isolamento viral (361/479-75,36%) e 109 amostras positivas para IFT para N. caninum (109/479-22,75%). Apesar da detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum não diferiu estatisticamente entre animais infectados naturalmente BVDV e não BVDV sugerindo que não há interferência da infecção pelo BVDV na infecção ou taxa de detecção de animais com N. caninum, animais positivos em isolamento viral e alta DO em BVDV-Ag ELISA, pode apresentar doença ativa e consequente imunossupressão, contribuindo para uma potencial reativação de N. caninum.(AU)

Black queen cell virus and Nosema ceranae coinfection in Africanized honey bees from southern Brazil / Coinfecção por vírus da realeira negra (BQCV) e Nosema ceranae em abelhas africanizadas no sul do Brasil

Bees are fundamental in several aspects, especially in relation to plant biodiversity and pollination. Recently, immense losses are being faced in the number of Brazilian colonies, mainly in southern states of the country, which has a strong beekeeping activity. There are indications that, among the reasons for the losses, pathogens that affect the health of bees may be involved. Among them, the microsporidium Nosema and the black queen cell virus (BQCV) stand out for their prevalence. In this study, 92 colonies of 17 apiaries from southern Brazil were evaluated for infection by Nosema ceranae, Nosema apis and BQCV. Nucleic acid extractions and cDNA synthesis were performed from adult bee samples, followed by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and multiplex PCR. Eight BQCV positive samples were subjected to sequencing. The results showed that N. ceranae and BQCV are circulating in the Southern region of the country, which may be the reason for the loss of colonies. N. apis was not found. N. ceranae was found in 57.6% (53/92) of the colonies and BQCV in 32.6% (30/92). Co-infection was found in 25% (23/92) of the colonies studied, a factor that is suggested to be reducing the hosts' longevity due to the synergistic action of the pathogens. The samples submitted to sequencing indicated similarity of 96.8 to 100% between them, in addition to strong similarity with sequences from Asia, United States, Germany and Peru. This study reports the circulation of N. ceranae and BQCV in apiaries in southern Brazil, in addition to being the first phylogenetic analysis of the Brazilian BQCV sequence.(AU)

As abelhas mostram-se fundamentais em diversos aspectos, especialmente com relação à biodiversidade de plantas e polinização. Recentemente, estão sendo enfrentadas imensas perdas no número de colônias brasileiras, principalmente nos estados do sul do país, com forte atividade apícola. Há indicativos de que, dentre as razões para as perdas, possam estar envolvidos patógenos que afetam a saúde das abelhas. Dentre eles, o microsporídio Nosema e o vírus da realeira negra (BQCV) destacam-se pela prevalência. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas 92 colônias, de 17 apiários do sul do Brasil, a respeito da infecção por Nosema ceranae, Nosema apis e BQCV. Foram realizadas extrações de ácidos nucleicos e síntese de cDNA a partir de amostras de abelhas adultas, seguidos de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase-Transcriptase Reversa (RT-PCR). Oito amostras positivas para BQCV foram submetidas a sequenciamento. Os resultados mostraram que N. ceranae e BQCV estão circulando na região sul do país, podendo ser a razão para as perdas de colônias. N. apis não foi encontrado. N. ceranae foi encontrado em 57.6% (53/92) das colônias e BQCV em 32.6% (30/92). Foi encontrada coinfecção por ambos em 25% (23/92) das colônias estudadas, fator que sugere a diminuição da longevidade do hospedeiro por ação sinérgica dos patógenos. As amostras submetidas ao sequenciamento indicaram similaridade de 96.8 a 100% entre elas, além de forte similaridade com sequências da Ásia, Estados Unidos, Alemanha e Peru. Este estudo relata a circulação de N. ceranae e BQCV nos apiários do sul do Brasil, além de ser a primeira análise filogenética da sequência do BQCV brasileiro.(AU)

Black queen cell virus and Nosema ceranae coinfection in Africanized honey bees from southern Brazil / Coinfecção por vírus da realeira negra (BQCV) e Nosema ceranae em abelhas africanizadas no sul do Brasil

Bees are fundamental in several aspects, especially in relation to plant biodiversity and pollination. Recently, immense losses are being faced in the number of Brazilian colonies, mainly in southern states of the country, which has a strong beekeeping activity. There are indications that, among the reasons for the losses, pathogens that affect the health of bees may be involved. Among them, the microsporidium Nosema and the black queen cell virus (BQCV) stand out for their prevalence. In this study, 92 colonies of 17 apiaries from southern Brazil were evaluated for infection by Nosema ceranae, Nosema apis and BQCV. Nucleic acid extractions and cDNA synthesis were performed from adult bee samples, followed by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and multiplex PCR. Eight BQCV positive samples were subjected to sequencing. The results showed that N. ceranae and BQCV are circulating in the Southern region of the country, which may be the reason for the loss of colonies. N. apis was not found. N. ceranae was found in 57.6% (53/92) of the colonies and BQCV in 32.6% (30/92). Co-infection was found in 25% (23/92) of the colonies studied, a factor that is suggested to be reducing the hosts' longevity due to the synergistic action of the pathogens. The samples submitted to sequencing indicated similarity of 96.8 to 100% between them, in addition to strong similarity with sequences from Asia, United States, Germany and Peru. This study reports the circulation of N. ceranae and BQCV in apiaries in southern Brazil, in addition to being the first phylogenetic analysis of the Brazilian BQCV sequence.(AU)

As abelhas mostram-se fundamentais em diversos aspectos, especialmente com relação à biodiversidade de plantas e polinização. Recentemente, estão sendo enfrentadas imensas perdas no número de colônias brasileiras, principalmente nos estados do sul do país, com forte atividade apícola. Há indicativos de que, dentre as razões para as perdas, possam estar envolvidos patógenos que afetam a saúde das abelhas. Dentre eles, o microsporídio Nosema e o vírus da realeira negra (BQCV) destacam-se pela prevalência. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas 92 colônias, de 17 apiários do sul do Brasil, a respeito da infecção por Nosema ceranae, Nosema apis e BQCV. Foram realizadas extrações de ácidos nucleicos e síntese de cDNA a partir de amostras de abelhas adultas, seguidos de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase-Transcriptase Reversa (RT-PCR). Oito amostras positivas para BQCV foram submetidas a sequenciamento. Os resultados mostraram que N. ceranae e BQCV estão circulando na região sul do país, podendo ser a razão para as perdas de colônias. N. apis não foi encontrado. N. ceranae foi encontrado em 57.6% (53/92) das colônias e BQCV em 32.6% (30/92). Foi encontrada coinfecção por ambos em 25% (23/92) das colônias estudadas, fator que sugere a diminuição da longevidade do hospedeiro por ação sinérgica dos patógenos. As amostras submetidas ao sequenciamento indicaram similaridade de 96.8 a 100% entre elas, além de forte similaridade com sequências da Ásia, Estados Unidos, Alemanha e Peru. Este estudo relata a circulação de N. ceranae e BQCV nos apiários do sul do Brasil, além de ser a primeira análise filogenética da sequência do BQCV brasileiro.(AU)

Prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina e coinfecções em região periurbana no Distrito Federal - Brasil / Prevalence of visceral canine leishmaniosis and co-infections in periurban region in the Federal District - Brazil

Objetivou-se verificar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) em área periurbana com foco de transmissão no Distrito Federal (DF) e também avaliar a prevalência de coinfecções como dirofilariose, anaplasmose, erliquiose e doença de Lyme em cães sororreagentes para LVC. Inicialmente, amostras de soros dos cães da área de estudo foram testadas à reação imunocromatográfica que contém dois antígenos recombinantes ̶ rK39 e rK26 − (DPP) para Leishmania sp. O soro dos animais reagentes ao teste de DPP foi confirmado para LVC com ELISA. As amostras reagentes a ambos os testes foram analisadas para possíveis coinfecções através do teste de SNAP (IDEXX 4Dx Plus). Foram avaliados 240 cães, dos quais 132 (55%) obtiveram resultados reagentes para DPP e para ELISA concomitantemente, sendo diagnosticados com LVC. Destes, 26 (20%) foram reagentes para Ehrlichia canis ou E. ewangii, 9 (7%) apresentaram positividade para Anaplasma phagocytophilum ou A. platys e, nessas amostras que se apresentaram reagentes, observou-se a ocorrência de coinfecção de anaplasmose, erliquiose e leishmaniose em 3 (2,3%) animais. Verificou-se alta prevalência da LVC na região periurbana do DF, destacando-se a necessidade de diagnóstico mais preciso quanto a coinfecções que possivelmente podem influenciar no prognóstico e manifestação do quadro clínico desses pacientes.

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) in periurban area focusing on transmissions that occurred on Distrito Federal (DF), and also, evaluate the prevalence of co-infections like dirofilariosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and Lyme disease in dogs seroreagents to CLV. Initially the serum of the dogs inhabitants of the study area was tested according to the immunochromatographic reaction that contained two recombinant antigens - rK39 e rK26 - (DPP) to Leishmania sp. The animal plasma that reacted to the DPP test was confirmed for CVL with ELI-SA. Through confirmation of diagnose of VL by both tests, the samples were analyzed for possible co-infections through SNAP test (IDEXX 4Dx Plus). 240 dogs were tested, 132 (55%) of which obtained reacting results for DPP and for ELISA concomitantly, being diagnosed with CVL. Amongst those, 26 (20%) were positive for Ehrlichia canis or E. ewangii, meanwhile 9 (7%) presented positive results for Anaplasma phagocytophilum or A. platys, from those samples that showed to be positive, co-infection of anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and leishmaniasis was observed in 3 (2.3%) dogs. The high prevalence of CVL was observed in the periurban region of DF, highlighting the need for more precise diagnosis regarding co-infections that may possibly influence on the prognosis and clinical manifestation of these patients.

Prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina e coinfecções em região periurbana no Distrito Federal - Brasil / Prevalence of visceral canine leishmaniosis and co-infections in periurban region in the Federal District - Brazil

Objetivou-se verificar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) em área periurbana com foco de transmissão no Distrito Federal (DF) e também avaliar a prevalência de coinfecções como dirofilariose, anaplasmose, erliquiose e doença de Lyme em cães sororreagentes para LVC. Inicialmente, amostras de soros dos cães da área de estudo foram testadas à reação imunocromatográfica que contém dois antígenos recombinantes ̶ rK39 e rK26 − (DPP) para Leishmania sp. O soro dos animais reagentes ao teste de DPP foi confirmado para LVC com ELISA. As amostras reagentes a ambos os testes foram analisadas para possíveis coinfecções através do teste de SNAP (IDEXX 4Dx Plus). Foram avaliados 240 cães, dos quais 132 (55%) obtiveram resultados reagentes para DPP e para ELISA concomitantemente, sendo diagnosticados com LVC. Destes, 26 (20%) foram reagentes para Ehrlichia canis ou E. ewangii, 9 (7%) apresentaram positividade para Anaplasma phagocytophilum ou A. platys e, nessas amostras que se apresentaram reagentes, observou-se a ocorrência de coinfecção de anaplasmose, erliquiose e leishmaniose em 3 (2,3%) animais. Verificou-se alta prevalência da LVC na região periurbana do DF, destacando-se a necessidade de diagnóstico mais preciso quanto a coinfecções que possivelmente podem influenciar no prognóstico e manifestação do quadro clínico desses pacientes.(AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) in periurban area focusing on transmissions that occurred on Distrito Federal (DF), and also, evaluate the prevalence of co-infections like dirofilariosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and Lyme disease in dogs seroreagents to CLV. Initially the serum of the dogs inhabitants of the study area was tested according to the immunochromatographic reaction that contained two recombinant antigens - rK39 e rK26 - (DPP) to Leishmania sp. The animal plasma that reacted to the DPP test was confirmed for CVL with ELI-SA. Through confirmation of diagnose of VL by both tests, the samples were analyzed for possible co-infections through SNAP test (IDEXX 4Dx Plus). 240 dogs were tested, 132 (55%) of which obtained reacting results for DPP and for ELISA concomitantly, being diagnosed with CVL. Amongst those, 26 (20%) were positive for Ehrlichia canis or E. ewangii, meanwhile 9 (7%) presented positive results for Anaplasma phagocytophilum or A. platys, from those samples that showed to be positive, co-infection of anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis and leishmaniasis was observed in 3 (2.3%) dogs. The high prevalence of CVL was observed in the periurban region of DF, highlighting the need for more precise diagnosis regarding co-infections that may possibly influence on the prognosis and clinical manifestation of these patients.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo e comparativo da prevalência de Giardia sp. em cães, gatos e pequenos ruminantes em áreas endêmicas em diferentes estados brasileiros / Retrospective and comparative study of Giardia sp. prevalence in dogs, cats, and small ruminants in endemic areas in different Brazilian states

Background: Giardia, an intestinal parasite of asexual reproduction, is an important etiologic agent of diarrhea in animals andhumans, transmitted by orofecal route. The disease caused by this agent, giardiasis, is endemic in the world and representingan important public health problem. The aim of the present study was do a retrospective study to determine the prevalence ofGiardia sp. in fecal samples from dogs, cats, sheep and goats (small ruminants) evaluated at FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP. Inaddition, this study presents a review of the literature on the prevalence of this protozoan in dogs, cats and small ruminants indifferent states of Brazil, according to the environmental of these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: During 2011 to 2017, 2,698 fecal samples of dogs, 359 fecal samples of cats and 320 fecalsamples of goats and sheep were analyzed. A total of 18.9% of the dogs, 24.8% of the cats, and 6.6% of the goats and sheep werepositive for Giardia sp. Only previous studies that used the zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation (Faust technique) were includedfor comparation of prevalence. The prevalence of Giardia sp. in samples of centrifugation-fluctuation in zinc sulfate was similarin dogs, higher in cats and lower for small ruminants when compared to previous investigations. 4.4% and 6.7% of the positivesamples from dogs and cats, respectively, were associated with some co-infection. Co-infections by Cystoisospora spp., Ancylostoma spp. and/ or Toxocara spp. were the most common for dogs and cats.Discussion: This study reveals the presence of Giardia sp. in different animal species...

Estudo retrospectivo e comparativo da prevalência de Giardia sp. em cães, gatos e pequenos ruminantes em áreas endêmicas em diferentes estados brasileiros / Retrospective and comparative study of Giardia sp. prevalence in dogs, cats, and small ruminants in endemic areas in different Brazilian states

Background: Giardia, an intestinal parasite of asexual reproduction, is an important etiologic agent of diarrhea in animals andhumans, transmitted by orofecal route. The disease caused by this agent, giardiasis, is endemic in the world and representingan important public health problem. The aim of the present study was do a retrospective study to determine the prevalence ofGiardia sp. in fecal samples from dogs, cats, sheep and goats (small ruminants) evaluated at FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP. Inaddition, this study presents a review of the literature on the prevalence of this protozoan in dogs, cats and small ruminants indifferent states of Brazil, according to the environmental of these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: During 2011 to 2017, 2,698 fecal samples of dogs, 359 fecal samples of cats and 320 fecalsamples of goats and sheep were analyzed. A total of 18.9% of the dogs, 24.8% of the cats, and 6.6% of the goats and sheep werepositive for Giardia sp. Only previous studies that used the zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation (Faust technique) were includedfor comparation of prevalence. The prevalence of Giardia sp. in samples of centrifugation-fluctuation in zinc sulfate was similarin dogs, higher in cats and lower for small ruminants when compared to previous investigations. 4.4% and 6.7% of the positivesamples from dogs and cats, respectively, were associated with some co-infection. Co-infections by Cystoisospora spp., Ancylostoma spp. and/ or Toxocara spp. were the most common for dogs and cats.Discussion: This study reveals the presence of Giardia sp. in different animal species...(AU)

Uso do geoprocessamento na avaliação da leishmaniose visceral canina em Currais Novos/RN e sua relação com a leishmaniose humana / Use of geoprocessment in the evaluation of canine visceral Leishmaniosis in Currais Novos/RN and its relation with human Leishmaniosis

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum transmitida pelo vetor Lutzomya longipalpis, sendo o cão considerado o principal reservatório doméstico. O Brasil passa atualmente pelo processo de expansão e urbanização da leishmaniose. Este trabalho fez-se necessário devido à falta de conhecimento sobre a situação epidemiológica referente a doença no município de Currais Novos/RN. Utilizando o software de geoprocessamento QGIS, foi construído um mapa epidemiológico dos casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Currais Novos registrados nos últimos 3 anos. Os dados coletados a partir do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses foram comparados com a distribuição de casos humanos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte e no Brasil, de 2013 a 2017. Pode-se verificar que a ocorrência de casos humanos no município de Currais Novos parece estar interligada ao quantitativo de cães infectados, no ano de 2015, o bairro Doutor José Bezerra apresentou o quantitativo de 27 casos da doença em cães e 1 caso humano notificado. A prevalência da LVC em alguns bairros da cidade é notória, sendo que os bairros Sílvio Bezerra e Paizinho Maria são os que apresentam maior prevalência na zona urbana, e os sítios Cachoeira e Totoró os de maior prevalência na zona rural. Concluiu-se que a criação de mapas temáticos por meio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento demonstrou ser de grande valia para identificação de áreas de risco, e que a realização de inquéritos sorológicos caninos demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficaz de alerta para o surgimento de possíveis casos humanos.

Visceral canine leishmaniasis (LVC) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum transmitted by the Lutzomya longipalpis vector, the dog being considered the main domestic reservoir. Brazil is currently undergoing the process of expansion and urbanization of leishmaniasis. This work was made necessary due to lack of knowledge about the epidemiological situation regarding the disease in the municipality of Currais Novos / RN. Using the QGIS geoprocessing software, an epidemiological map of the cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis was constructed in the municipality of Currais Novos, registered in the last 3 years. Data collected from the Zoonoses Control Center were compared with the distribution of human cases in the state of Rio Grande do Norte and Brazil from 2013 to 2017. It can be verified that the occurrence of human cases in the municipality of Currais Novos seems to be interconnected to the number of infected dogs. In the year 2015, the district Doctor José Bezerra presented the quantitative of 27 cases of the disease in dogs and 1 reported human case. The prevalence of LVC in some neighborhoods of the city is notorious, with the neighborhoods Sílvio Bezerra and Paizinho Maria being the ones with the highest prevalence in the urban zone and the Cachoeira and Totoró sites with the highest prevalence in the rural area. It was concluded that the creation of thematic maps through geoprocessing tools proved to be of great value for the identification of areas of risk and that the performance of canine serological surveys proved to be an effective tool to alert the emergence of possible human cases.

Uso do geoprocessamento na avaliação da leishmaniose visceral canina em Currais Novos/RN e sua relação com a leishmaniose humana / Use of geoprocessment in the evaluation of canine visceral Leishmaniosis in Currais Novos/RN and its relation with human Leishmaniosis

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum transmitida pelo vetor Lutzomya longipalpis, sendo o cão considerado o principal reservatório doméstico. O Brasil passa atualmente pelo processo de expansão e urbanização da leishmaniose. Este trabalho fez-se necessário devido à falta de conhecimento sobre a situação epidemiológica referente a doença no município de Currais Novos/RN. Utilizando o software de geoprocessamento QGIS, foi construído um mapa epidemiológico dos casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Currais Novos registrados nos últimos 3 anos. Os dados coletados a partir do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses foram comparados com a distribuição de casos humanos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte e no Brasil, de 2013 a 2017. Pode-se verificar que a ocorrência de casos humanos no município de Currais Novos parece estar interligada ao quantitativo de cães infectados, no ano de 2015, o bairro Doutor José Bezerra apresentou o quantitativo de 27 casos da doença em cães e 1 caso humano notificado. A prevalência da LVC em alguns bairros da cidade é notória, sendo que os bairros Sílvio Bezerra e Paizinho Maria são os que apresentam maior prevalência na zona urbana, e os sítios Cachoeira e Totoró os de maior prevalência na zona rural. Concluiu-se que a criação de mapas temáticos por meio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento demonstrou ser de grande valia para identificação de áreas de risco, e que a realização de inquéritos sorológicos caninos demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficaz de alerta para o surgimento de possíveis casos humanos.(AU)

Visceral canine leishmaniasis (LVC) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum transmitted by the Lutzomya longipalpis vector, the dog being considered the main domestic reservoir. Brazil is currently undergoing the process of expansion and urbanization of leishmaniasis. This work was made necessary due to lack of knowledge about the epidemiological situation regarding the disease in the municipality of Currais Novos / RN. Using the QGIS geoprocessing software, an epidemiological map of the cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis was constructed in the municipality of Currais Novos, registered in the last 3 years. Data collected from the Zoonoses Control Center were compared with the distribution of human cases in the state of Rio Grande do Norte and Brazil from 2013 to 2017. It can be verified that the occurrence of human cases in the municipality of Currais Novos seems to be interconnected to the number of infected dogs. In the year 2015, the district Doctor José Bezerra presented the quantitative of 27 cases of the disease in dogs and 1 reported human case. The prevalence of LVC in some neighborhoods of the city is notorious, with the neighborhoods Sílvio Bezerra and Paizinho Maria being the ones with the highest prevalence in the urban zone and the Cachoeira and Totoró sites with the highest prevalence in the rural area. It was concluded that the creation of thematic maps through geoprocessing tools proved to be of great value for the identification of areas of risk and that the performance of canine serological surveys proved to be an effective tool to alert the emergence of possible human cases.(AU)