Reproductive response of synchronized and extensively grazed Blackbelly ewes during the summer in the tropics

The present experiment aimed to evaluate the reproductive response of Blackbelly ewes synchronized with low doses of eCG during the summer in a tropical climate. Sixty multiparous hair ewes were divided into three groups (20 ewes/group): control group (CG; 0 IU of eCG), treated group 1 (TG-1; 140 IU of eCG) and treated group 2 (TG-2; 300 IU of eCG). The study found that the three groups of ewes showed differences in their reproductive behavior (P < 0.01). Indeed, all the ewes in the TG-1 and TG-2 groups presented a higher response to estrus than the CG (P < 0.01). In the same way, TG1 and TG-2 had an onset to estrus in less time (P < 0.01). On the other hand, prolificacy was also higher in TG-1 and TG-2 (P < 0.05). Likewise, ewes from TG-1 and TG-2 had more lambs than those from CG (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the variables of fertility and gestation length were similar regardless of the group of ewes (P > 0.05). It´s concluded that the ewes treated with eCG presented good reproductive behavior, and the majority did so in the first 24 to 36 h after removing the intravaginal device.

Strategic re-use of intravaginal progesterone devices increases conception rate in primiparous Nellore cows / Reutilização estratégica de dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona aumenta a taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore primíparas

In the present study, we investigate the effect of the presence or absence of corpus luteum (CL) at the beginning of a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol and to evaluate the impact of one-time use of intravaginal progesterone device (P4 device) in cows with or without CL. A total of 776 primiparous Nellore cows were subjected to FTAI approximately 45 days postpartum. In Experiment 1, 476 cows were divided into two experimental groups: with (CL-present, n=113) or without (CL-absent, n=363) CL, after ultrasound evaluation. On day 0 (D0), all cows received a new P4 device (1.0 g) and 2.0 mg estradiol benzoate (EB). Eight days later (D8), the P4 devices were withdrawn, and prostaglandin (15 mg), estradiol cypionate (0.5 mg), and eCG (300 IU) were administered i.m. All cows were inseminated 48 h after P4 device withdrawal (D10). In Experiment 2, the cows (n= 300) received (at D0) P4 devices that were previously used once in other cows with (n=109) or without CL (n=191) and 2 mg of EB. The same protocol as that used in Experiment 1 was performed from D8 onwards. In Experiment 1, the overall conception rate after FTAI was 55% (262/476). No difference was found in the conception rate between CL-present and CL-absent cows (52.2 vs. 55.5%). In Experiment 2, the conception rate obtained with P4 devices previously used in cows with CL (58.7%) was greater (P<0.05) than that obtained with P4 devices previously used in cows without CL (42.9%). Thus, this strategy resulted in a 15.8% increase in conception rate. In conclusion, the presence or absence of CL at the beginning of the FTAI protocol did not affect the conception rate in cows synchronized with the new P4 device, but the insertion of P4 devices previously used in cows with CL enhanced the conception rates in cows without CL.

No presente estudo, investigamos o efeito da presença ou ausência de corpo lúteo (CL) no início de um protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) e avaliamos o impacto do uso único de dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (dispositivo P4) em vacas com ou sem CL. Um total de 776 vacas Nelore primíparas, aproximadamente 45 dias pós-parto foram submetidas à IATF. No Experimento 1, após avaliação ultrassonográfica, 476 vacas foram divididas em dois grupos experimentais: com (CL-presente, n=113) ou sem (CL-ausente, n=363) CL. No dia 0 (D0), todas as vacas receberam um novo dispositivo de P4 (1,0 g) e 2.0 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE). Após 8 dias (D8), os dispositivos P4 foram retirados e prostaglandina (15 mg), cipionato de estradiol (0,5 mg) e eCG (300 UI) foram administrados i.m. Todas as vacas foram inseminadas 48 horas após a retirada do dispositivo de P4 (D10). No Experimento 2, as vacas (n= 300) receberam (no D0) um dispositivo de P4 previamente utilizado uma única vez em outras vacas com (n=109) ou sem CL (n=191) e 2 mg de BE. O mesmo protocolo utilizado no Experimento 1 foi realizado a partir do D8. No experimento 1, a taxa geral de concepção após IATF foi de 55% (262/476). Não foi encontrada diferença na taxa de concepção entre as vacas com CL presente e CL ausente (52,2 vs. 55,5%). No Experimento 2, a taxa de concepção obtida com dispositivos P4 previamente utilizados em vacas com CL-presente (58,7%) foi maior (P<0,05) quando comparada aos dispositivos P4 previamente utilizados em vacas com CL-ausente (42,9%). Essa estratégia resultou em aumento de 15,8% na taxa de concepção. Em conclusão, a presença ou ausência de CL no início do protocolo de IATF não afetou a taxa de concepção em vacas sincronizadas com dispositivo novo de P4; e a eficácia dos dispositivos de P4 previamente utilizados em vacas com CL é maior durante seu segundo uso em vacas sem CL.

Effect of 20 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA) sponges on reproductive parameters of dairy ovine breeds in Southern Italy

Background: Intravaginal devices containing progestins are widely used for oestrus synchronization in sheep. Progestins give economic benefits to farmers but may have some limitations and the efficacy strictly depends on farm management. There are different devices, with different molecules (progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, fluorogestone acetate), different dosages and long (12-14 days) and short-term (5-7 days) protocols. Experimental studies often include a limited number of animals and are held at different latitudes and with different system of management. To our knowledge, there are few reports in the literature on field application of the recently licensed 20 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA) sponges in large ewe flocks, excluding the registration trials. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was designed to evaluate oestrous synchronization in 2 different breeds. A total of 1100 Lacaune (L) and 618 Sarda (S) were assigned to 8 groups, comparing multiparous (M) and nulliparous (N) and those synchronized in November (n) and May (m). The groups were: LMm (n. 556), LNm (n. 180), SMm (n. 70), SNm (n. 32), LMn (n. 242), LNn (n. 222), SMn (n. 440) e SNn (n. 76). The intravaginal sponge was inserted for 14 days. At sponge withdrawal, eCG (400 IU, IM) was injected, and rams were joined into flocks 30 h later with a male/female ratio of 1:8. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed for pregnancy diagnosis after 30 days. Fertility parameters such as oestrus (OR), pregnancy (PR), lambing rates (LR) and prolificacy were calculated. Fisher exact test was used to compare parameters of each group with the corresponding and significance was set at P < 0.01. The use of intravaginal sponges in this study was easily performed in all animals. In nulliparous groups, digital insertion of the sponge, instead of the applicator, was preferred to avoid discomfort. Sponge loss was observed in 2% of treated ewes. At the removal of the sponge, mild vaginal contamination was observed in 90% of the ewes. Ultrasound finding of embryo resorption, pseudopregnancy and pyometra were found in rates under 2%. The loss of pregnancy ranged from 0 to 3.6% without significant differences among groups. The SMn group showed the best performances (0.91 OR, 0.88 PR, 0.85 LR), significantly higher than the other groups. Prolificacy was maximum in the LMn (1.68) and minimum in the SNm group (1.06), without significant differences among groups. Discussion: The 14-day regimen based on 20 mg FGA-releasing intravaginal devices is an easy and satisfactory synchronization regimen to improve the productivity and the fertility of sheep farm, and this can be managed and optimized in different breeding conditions. In this study, Sarda breed shows a good adaption to the environment with adult ewes giving the best results in reproductive season. However young Sarda ewes were less productive especially in non-breading season. Lacaune showed good reproductive potential, young and adult ewes responded to progestins in reproductive and non-reproductive season. It was confirmed that the reproductive performance is affected by season, age, and breed. This study encourages the breeding of indigenous breeds by implementing the management with modern technologies. The imported highly productive breeds, if well managed, can give a production less influenced by seasonal variables and age.

Efeitos da progesterona injetável em vacas de corte com diferentes escores de cio antes do início do protocolo de IATF / Effects of injectable progesterone in beef cows with different etrus scores before the start of the FTAI protocol / Efectos de la progesterona inyectable en vacas de carne con diferentes puntuaciones de estro antes del inicio del protocolo IATF

A IATF é uma biotecnologia da reprodução que permite o melhoramento genético dos rebanhos de corte, pois possibilita a sincronização da ovulação e realização da inseminação artificial sem necessidade de detecção do cio. O objetivo deste estudo, foi avaliar a eficiência da pré-sincronização com a utilização prévia de progesterona (P4) injetável, sua influência e efeitos na taxa de prenhez, por meio da realização de um protocolo de IATF em vacas de corte multíparas, em quatro fazendaslocalizadas no Mato Grosso do Sul-SP. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 396 vacas nelores, os animais de cada fazenda foram alocados em grupos distintos experimental e controle. Foram avaliadas 196 vacas pertencentes ao grupo controle, e 200 vacas tratadas com progesterona no total, sendo as fazendas descritas neste estudo como fazenda A, B, C e D. Dez dias antes do início do protocolo (D-10), foi aplicado progesterona injetável, via intramuscular em animais do mesmo lote, no D0 foi aplicado benzoato de estradiol e colocado o dispositivo intravaginal com liberação de progesterona, além da classificação dos animais que apresentavam ou não o corpo lúteo. No D8 o dispositivo foi retirado e aplicado uma dose de gonadotrofina coriônica equina, e cipionato de estradiol e de prostaglandina. A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo foi realizada no D10, com a utilização de sêmen de touros provados. O diagnóstico de gestação foi feito no D40, comparando os resultados das taxas de prenhez das vacas dos diferentes grupos, que foram tratadas ou não com progesterona de forma prévia ao protocolo. Sobre as taxas de prenhez dos animais tratados com progesterona, foram encontrados os resultados da fazenda A= 6,60%, fazenda B=10,80%, fazenda C= 3,90% e fazenda D= 3,70%, assim ficando evidente que essa biotecnologia da reprodução é lucrativa e contribui positivamente para a cadeia de produção de bovinos de corte. Baseado nos resultados, pode-se concluir que o uso da P4 (injetável) obteve êxito no índice de prenhez.(AU)

The IATF is a reproduction biotechnology that allows the genetic improvement of beef herds,as it allows the synchronization of ovulation and artificial insemination without the need for heat detection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of pre-synchronization with the previous use of injectable progesterone (P4), its influence and effects on the pregnancy rate, through the performance of an IATF protocol in multiparous beef cows, in four farms located in Mato Grosso do Sul-SP. For the study, 396 Nelore cows were used, the animals from each farm were allocated into different experimental and control groups. A total of 196 cows belonging to the control group were evaluated, and 200 cows treated with progesterone in total, being the farms described in this study as farms A, B, C and D. Ten days before the beginning of the protocol (D-10), injectable progesterone was administered , intramuscularly in animals of the same batch, on D0 estradiol benzoate was applied and the intravaginal device was placed with progesterone release, in addition to the classification of animals that had or did not have the corpus luteum. On D8, the device was removed and a dose of equine chorionic gonadotropin, estradiol and prostaglandin cypionate was applied.Fixed-time artificial insemination was performed on D10, using semen from proven bulls. The pregnancy diagnosis was made on D40, comparing the results of the pregnancy rates of the cows of the different groups, which were treated or not with progesterone prior to the protocol. From the pregnancy rates of animals treated with progesterone, the results were found for farm A= 6.60%, farm B= 10.80%, farm C= 3.90% and farm D= 3.70%, thus becoming evident that this reproductive biotechnology is profitable and contributes positively to the beef cattle production chain. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of P4 (injectable) was successful in the pregnancy rate.(AU)

La IATF es una biotecnología de la reproducción que permite la mejora genética de rebaños de carne, ya que permite sincronizar la ovulación y la inseminación artificial sin necesidad de detección de celo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficiencia de la presincronización con el uso previo de progesterona inyectable (P4), su influencia y efectos en la tasa de preñez, mediante la realización de un protocoloIATF en vacas de carne multíparas, en cuatro fincas ubicadas en Mato Grosso do Sul-SP. Para el estudio se utilizaron 396 vacas Nelore, los animales de cada finca se distribuyeron en diferentes grupos experimentales y de control. Se evaluaron un total de 196 vacas pertenecientes al grupo control, y 200 vacas tratadas con progesterona en total, siendo las fincas descritas en este estudio como fincas A, B, C y D. Diez días antes del inicio del protocolo (D-10), se administró progesterona inyectable, por vía intramuscular en animales del mismo lote, sobre D0 se aplicó benzoato de estradiol y se colocó el dispositivo intravaginal con liberación de progesterona, además de la clasificación de animales que tenían o no cuerpo lúteo. El D8 se retiró el dispositivo y se aplicó una dosis de gonadotropina coriónica equina, estradiol y cipionato de prostaglandina. Se realizó inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo en D10, utilizando semen de toros probados. El diagnóstico de preñez se realizó el D40, comparando los resultados de las tasas de preñez de las vacas de los diferentes grupos, que fueron tratadas o no con progesterona previo al protocolo. A partir de las tasas de preñez de los animales tratados con progesterona se encontraron los resultados para la finca A= 6.60%, finca B= 10.80%, finca C= 3.90% y finca D= 3.70%, evidenciándose así que esta biotecnología reproductiva es rentable y contribuye positivamente a la cadena productiva del ganado vacuno de carne. Con base en los resultados, se puede concluir que el uso de P4 (inyectable) fue exitoso en la tasa de embarazo.(AU)

Reproductive performance of fixed-time artificial insemination in heifers supplemented with a homeopathic complex / Desempenho reprodutivo à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em novilhas suplementadas com complexo homeopático

For this study, ½ blood Nelore × Aberdeen Angus heifers (n = 40; 14 months) were divided into two groups: control (n=20; 310 kg) and Pró-Cio (n=20; 304 kg). For Pró-Cio group, 20g of homeopathic product (Pró-cio®, Real H, Campo Grande, Brazil) was supplied together with corn eighteen days prior (D-18) to the beginning of the fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI). On D0, all females received an intravaginal P4 device and 2 mg BE. On D5, the AFC was assessed by ultrasound and blood was collected for AMH dosage. On D8, P4 device was removed; 300 IU eCG, 0.530 mg of cloprostenol sodium and 0.5 mg of EC were administered; an estrus-identifying adhesive was fixed at the tail insertion and the diameter of the dominant follicle (DF) was measured. On D10, all heifers were inseminated, estrus manifestation was assessed and the preovulatory follicle (POF) was measured. On D20, the CL area was measured and blood flow was assessed using Doppler ultrasound. Data were analyzed by Student, Mann-Whitney or Friedman test. The rates of heat expression, ovulation, and blood flow score with Doppler were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and pregnancy rate by binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in AFC or AMH dosage (P > 0.05). Pró-Cio group had greater diameters of the DF (9.94 ± 0.42 mm) and POF (11.61 ± 0.56 mm) than the controls (DF: 7.72 ± 0.34 mm and POF: 9.91 ± 0.37 mm), as well a larger CL area (3.26 ± 0.26 versus 2.35 ± 0.16 cm2) and a higher mean CL vascularization score (3.06 versus 2.26; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between estrus manifestation or conception rate for control and Pró-Cio groups. Heifers supplemented with the homeopathic product showed larger follicular diameters at the end of the FTAI protocol and CL with better blood flow scores compared to the control group.

Para esse estudo, novilhas ½ sangue Nelore x Aberdeen Angus (n = 40; 14 meses) foram divididas em dois grupos: Controle (n = 20; 310 kg) e Pró-cio (n = 20; 304 kg). Para o grupo Pró-Cio, 20 g/animal de produto homeopático (Pró-cio®, Real H, Campo Grande, Brazil) foi fornecido juntamente com o milho dezoito dias antes (D-18) de inicar o protocolo de inseminaçãoa artificial em tempo-fixo (IATF). No D0, todas as fêmeas receberam um dispositivo intravaginal de P4 e 2 mg BE. No D5, avaliou-se a contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) por ultrassonografia e realizou-se coleta de sangue para dosagem de AMH. No D8, procedeu-se a retirada do dispositivo de P4; aplicação de 300 UI de eCG, 0,530 mg de cloprostenol sódico e 0,5 mg de CE; um adesivo identificador de estro foi fixado na inserção da cauda e foi feita a mensuração do diâmetro do folículo dominante (FD). No D10, todas as novilhas foram inseminadas, foi realizada a avaliação da manifestação de estro e mensuração do folículo pré-ovulatório (FPO). No D20, realizou-se mensuração da área e avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo do CL por ultrassonografia Doppler. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Student, Mann-Whitney ou Friedman. As taxas de expressão de estro, ovulação e escore de fluxo sanguíneo com Doppler foram analisadas usando o teste exato de Fisher e taxa de prenhez pelo modelo de regressão logística binária (p ≤ 0,05). Não houve diferença na CFA nem na dosagem de AMH (p > 0,05). O grupo PróCio apresentou maior diâmetro do FD (9,94 ± 0,42 mm) e FPO (11,61 ± 0,56 mm) em relação ao controle (FD: 7,72 ± 0,34 mm e FPO: 9,91 ± 0,37 mm), além de maior área do CL (3,26 ± 0,26 versus 2,35 ± 0,16 cm2; p < 0,05) e maior escore de vascularização médio do CL (3,06 versus 2,26; p < 0,05). Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) na taxa de manifestação de estro e nem na taxa de concepção entre os grupos Controle e Pró-Cio, respectivamente. Novilhas suplementadas com o produto homeopático apresentaram maiores diâmetros foliculares ao final do protocolo de IATF e CL com melhores escores de fluxo sanguíneo em relação ao grupo controle.

Influence of eCG and reproductive management in the resynchronization of ovulation in dairy goats

Resynchronization protocols have been proposed as a way of shortening females' unproductive time in the flock, with good results in cattle and sheep. In goats, initial studies have shown that a second progestogen device inserted before luteolysis and pregnancy diagnosis does not interfere with the corpus luteum lifespan or functionality. This study aimed to evaluate the follicular growth, ovulation pattern and pregnancy rate after insertion of a second and new progestogen device for resynchronizing, with or without equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin (eCG), submitted to natural mating (NM) or artificial insemination (AI) to propose a viable resynchronization protocol for dairy goats. A total of 38 multiparous Saanen goats underwent a short-term progesterone protocol [six days exposed to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) intravaginal sponges + 200 IU eCG and 0.12 mg of cloprostenol sodium on the 5th day + 0.025 mg of lecirelin 34 hours after sponge withdrawal] and, on day 16th after the ovulation, received a new MAP device which was retained until day 21. At this moment females were split into four groups: GeCG+NM ­ 100 IU eCG with NM; GSal+NM ­ saline solution with NM; GeCG+AI ­ 100 IU eCG with AI; and GSal+AI ­ saline solution with AI. Ultrasound scans were performed every 12 h from sponge withdrawal (day 21) until 108 h after sponge withdrawal (day 25) for follicular dynamics evaluation, at 240 h (day 31) for assessing the presence of active corpus luteum, and on day 60 for pregnancy diagnosis. No differences were found regarding ovulation time, synchronization and follicle size. However, GeCG+NM presented a greater estrus manifestation rate (100%) and pregnancy rate (62.5%) when compared to GSal+AI. In conclusion, resynchronization protocols in dairy goats may present satisfactory results.(AU)

Effects of heat-stress on oocyte number and quality and in vitro embryo production in Holstein heifers

Background: This study aimed to determine the effects of environmental temperature on the number and quality of oocytes and embryo production rates obtained by performing ovum pick up (OPU). Heat stress leads to long-term, short-term, visible, and invisible effects in dairy cows. Its effects on reproduction are evident in all stages, from oocyte development to birth. Disturbance in ovarian follicle development, follicular dominance deficiency, anoestrus, polyspermia, embryonic losses, decreased fetal growth, and abortion are some examples of responses to these effects. The aim of the present study was aimed to determine the effects of ambient temperature on oocyte quality and number and embryo production rates. Materials, Methods & Results: The animal material used in this study comprised 10 Holstein heifers. At the beginning of the study, the heifers were 13-15 months old. OPU was performed at different times of the year, and weather conditions were recorded. Grouping according to ambient temperature was done as < 10°C (group 1), 10-25°C (group 2), and > 25°C (group 3). The veterinary ultrasonography device and a set of compatible intravaginal OPU probe, catheter, and aspiration device were used for OPU application. All antral follicles with diameters of 2-8 mm in the ovaries were aspirated. The aspirated follicle fluids were examined under a stereo microscope, and the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were collected and classified according to their structure. A, B, and C-quality oocytes were included in the in vitro embryo production process. After performing 69 OPUs on random days of the cycle, the number of oocytes per OPU was found to be 8.72, 6.32, and 6.85 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.05). The number of viable oocytes per OPU was 6.83, 4.64, and 4.65 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.05). The statistical difference between the first group and the other groups was significant for cleavage and blastocyst counts (P < 0.05). Discussion: All the negative effects of heat stress on animals resulted from the increased body temperature. Reproductive performance is adversely affected by high temperatures and humidity during periods of high ambient temperatures. Metabolic heat is released, and the heat load increases due to the metabolism of nutrients in cattle. Internal body temperature is regulated via the dissipation of metabolic heat to the environment. The amount of heat dissipated via conduction and convection depends on the unit body weight, surface area, skin and coat color, difference in temperature gradient of the animal and ambient temperature, and humidity. In the present study, it was determined that the blastocyst development rates of the oocytes obtained in the warm season (>25°C [group 3]) were lower than those of the other groups. It was concluded that this may be because the oocytes developed under chronic heat stress in the animals, and several cycles were required to enhance oocyte quality and developmental potential. Additional studies are needed to investigate the response of oocytes obtained with OPU to heat stress during embryonic developmental stages and to determine the sensitivity and effects of embryonic tissue damage according to developmental stages. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that performing OPU and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) when the ambient temperature is close to the thermoneutral limits may increase the blastocyst development rates.

Intravaginal progesterone device (1. 9g) and estradiol benzoate for follicular control in the mare during spring and summer / [Implante intravaginal de progesterona (1, 9g) e benzoato de estradiol no controle folicular de éguas durante a primavera e o verão]

The objective of this study was to evaluate follicular growth and ovulatory rates in mares treated with an intravaginal progesterone device (P4) during the 10-day period, associated with the use of estradiol benzoate (EB). The results were compared during the transition period (ET) in the spring and the breeding season in the summer (ER). The variables were submitted to ANOVA (Tukey's test), considering P<0.05. No ovulation occurred during the permanence of the P4 implant in both experimental periods. The ovulatory rate in the ER was 100% (n = 8) and in the ET 62.5% (n = 5; P = 0.0547). Significant differences were observed (<0.001), in both periods, comparing follicular growth rates during the permanence of P4 device (ER: 1.33 ± 0.89mm/d; ET: 1.00 ± 0.81mm/d) to the period without P4 (ER: 3.63 ± 1.33 mm/d; ET: 3.31 ± 1.66 mm/d). The present study demonstrated applicability and efficiency of a hormonal protocol using P4 intravaginal device and EB for follicular control in mares, both during ET and ER.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de crescimento folicular e a taxa ovulatória em éguas tratadas com dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (P4) durante o período de 10 dias, associado à utilização de benzoato de estradiol (BE). Os resultados foram comparados durante o período de transição (ET) da primavera com a época de reprodução no verão (ER). As variáveis foram submetidas à ANOVA (teste de Tukey), considerando-se P<0,05. Nenhuma ovulação ocorreu durante a permanência do dispositivo de P4 em ambos os períodos experimentais. A taxa ovulatória na ER foi de 100% (n = 8) e na ET, de 62,5% (n=5; P=0,0547). Diferença significativas (<0,001) foram observadas, em ambos os períodos experimentais, comparando as taxas de crescimento folicular durante a permanência da P4 (ER: 1,33 ± 0,89mm/d; ET: 1,00 ± 0,81mm/d) com o período sem P4 (ER: 3,63 ± 1,33mm/d; ET: 3,31 ± 1,66mm/d). O presente estudo demonstrou aplicabilidade e eficiência do protocolo hormonal utilizando dispositivo intravaginal de P4 e BE para controle folicular de éguas, tanto na ET quanto na ER.

Use of estradiol cypionate to induce ovulation in buffalo raised in floodplain areas of Itacoatiara, Amazonas / [Uso do cipionato de estradiol na indução da ovulação de búfalas criadas em várzea da região de Itacoatiara, Amazonas]

This study aimed to determine the efficiency of estradiol cypionate (EC) as an ovulation inducer in a Timed Artificial Insemination protocol. 69 buffalo cows received an intravaginal progesterone device and 2mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) at D0. On D9, the intravaginal device was removed and 0.53mg of prostaglandin (PGF2α) and 400UI of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) were applied. The cows were distributed into two groups: the first group received 1mg of EC (ECG) in D9, and the second group received 1mg of EB (EBG) in D10. Inseminations occurred on D11. Ovarian activity and pregnancy diagnosis were analyzed by ultrasonography. There was no difference (P>0.05) in follicular diameter (9.6 ± 0.89mm vs. 10.7 ± 1.12mm; P=0.06), in ovulation rate (90.9% vs. 90.9%; P=1) and pregnancy rate (58.8% vs. 62.9%; P=0.79), however, buffalo cows from the ECG treatment have less time between P4 removal and ovulation when compared to EBG buffalos (37.4h vs. 52.8h; P=0.001), respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the implantation of TAI in the floodplain of Amazonas is feasible and the use of EC results in successful rates, similar to EB.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiência do cipionato de estradiol (CE) como indutor de ovulação em um protocolo de inseminação artificial de tempo fixo. Para isso, 69 búfalas receberam no D0 um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona e 2mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE). No D9, o dispositivo intravaginal foi removido e foram aplicados 0,53mg de prostaglandina (PGF2α) e 400UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG), para, então, os animais serem divididos em dois grupos: um deles (GCE) recebeu 1mg de CE no D9, e o outro (GBE) recebeu 1mg de BE 24h após. As inseminações ocorreram no D11. A atividade ovariana e o diagnóstico de prenhez foram avaliados por ultrassonografia. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no diâmetro folicular (9,6 ± 0,89mm vs. 10,7 ± 1,12mm; P=0,06), na taxa de ovulação (90,9% vs. 90,9%; P=1) e na taxa de prenhez (58,8% vs. 62,9%; P=0,79), no entanto búfalas do tratamento GCE apresentaram menor tempo entre a remoção da P4 e a ovulação, quando comparadas com as búfalas do GBE (37,4h vs. 52,8h; P=0,001), respectivamente. A implantação da IATF nas várzeas do Amazonas é viável e a utilização do CE resulta em taxas de sucesso similares ao BE.(AU)

Prostaglandin F2α as ovulatory stimulus in dairy cows and buffaloes raised in the Amazon biome / Prostaglandina F2α como estímulo ovulatório em vacas e búfalas leiteiras criadas no bioma Amazônia

This study evaluated the effect of a prostaglandin F2? (PGF) analogue as an ovulatory stimulus in dairy cows and buffaloes raised in the Amazon biome. To this end, three experiments were performed in the state of Rondônia, located in the Amazon biome. In Experiment 1, 22 lactating dairy buffaloes received 2 mg of intramuscular (I.M.) estradiol benzoate (EB) on day 0 and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR) from day 0 to day 9 of the protocol. On days 8 and 9, all cows were given 500 ?g of I.M. d-cloprostenol (PGF analogue). On day 10, buffaloes were divided into two groups to receive 500 ?g of PGF (PGF group, n = 8) or no treatment (CTL group, n = 14), respectively. In Experiment 2, 16 lactating crossbred dairy cows (Holstein x Gir) received 2 mg of EB on day 0 and a CIDR insert from day 0 to day 8. On days 7 and 8, all cows were given 500 ?g of d-cloprostenol. On day 9, cows were divided into two groups to receive 500 ?g of d-cloprostenol (PGF group, n = 8) or no treatment (CTL group, n = 8), respectively. In Experiment 3, 16 lactating crossbred dairy cows (Holstein x Gir) were handled and treated similarly as in Experiment 2, although cows did not receive d-cloprostenol on day 8. Single-point outcome variables were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), while proportions with dichotomous outcomes were analyzed with the chi-square test.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um análogo de prostaglandina F2α (PGF) como indutor ovulatório em vacas leiteiras e búfalas. Para este fim, três experimentos foram realizados no estado de Rondônia, localizado no bioma Amazônia. No Experimento 1, 22 búfalas leiteiras em lactação receberam 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (EB) im, no Dia 0 e um dispositivo intravaginal de liberação de progesterona (CIDR) do Dia 0 ao Dia 9 do protocolo. Nos Dias 8 e 9, todas as vacas receberam 150μg de d-Cloprostenol (análogo PGF), im. No Dia 10, as búfalas foram divididas em dois grupos para receber 150μg de PGF (Grupo PGF, n = 8) ou nenhum tratamento (Grupo CTL, n = 14). No experimento 2, 16 vacas leiteiras mestiças (Holandês x Gir) receberam 2 mg de EB no Dia 0 e um dispositivo intravaginal (CIDR) do Dia 0 ao Dia 8. Nos Dias 7 e 8 todas as vacas receberam 150μg de d-Cloprostenol. No Dia 9, as vacas foram divididas em dois grupos para receber 150μg de d-Cloprostenol (Grupo PGF, n = 8) ou nenhum tratamento (Grupo CTL, n = 8). No Experimento 3, 16 vacas leiteiras mestiças (Holandês x Gir) foram tratadas da mesma forma que no Experimento 2, porém, as vacas não receberam d-Cloprostenol no Dia 8. Variáveis quantitativas foram analisados por análise de variância - one-way ANOVA e variáveis dicotômicas foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. No Experimento 1, não houve diferença (P = 0,30) na taxa de ovulação entre os grupos, em média 68% das búfalas ovularam após o tratamento. Além disso, não houve diferença entre os grupos no intervalo de ovulação (P = 0,61) e no diâmetro do folículo pré-ovulatório (P = 0,47). No Experimento 2, apenas uma vaca do Grupo PG não ovulou. Não houve diferenças no intervalo de ovulação entre os grupos CTL e PG (P = 0,69). Em média, a ovulação ocorreu 82 horas após a remoção do CIDR. No Experimento 3, vacas tratadas com PGF ovularam antes do Grupo CTL (62,5 ± 5,8 vs 94,5 ± 13,5 h; P = 0,05). Coletivamente, esses resultados sugeriram que a PGF antecipa a ovulação em vacas leiteiras em lactação, porém seu efeito não foi observado em búfalas.(AU)

Prostaglandin F2α as ovulatory stimulus in dairy cows and buffaloes raised in the Amazon biome / Prostaglandina F2α como estímulo ovulatório em vacas e búfalas leiteiras criadas no bioma Amazônia

This study evaluated the effect of a prostaglandin F2? (PGF) analogue as an ovulatory stimulus in dairy cows and buffaloes raised in the Amazon biome. To this end, three experiments were performed in the state of Rondônia, located in the Amazon biome. In Experiment 1, 22 lactating dairy buffaloes received 2 mg of intramuscular (I.M.) estradiol benzoate (EB) on day 0 and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR) from day 0 to day 9 of the protocol. On days 8 and 9, all cows were given 500 ?g of I.M. d-cloprostenol (PGF analogue). On day 10, buffaloes were divided into two groups to receive 500 ?g of PGF (PGF group, n = 8) or no treatment (CTL group, n = 14), respectively. In Experiment 2, 16 lactating crossbred dairy cows (Holstein x Gir) received 2 mg of EB on day 0 and a CIDR insert from day 0 to day 8. On days 7 and 8, all cows were given 500 ?g of d-cloprostenol. On day 9, cows were divided into two groups to receive 500 ?g of d-cloprostenol (PGF group, n = 8) or no treatment (CTL group, n = 8), respectively. In Experiment 3, 16 lactating crossbred dairy cows (Holstein x Gir) were handled and treated similarly as in Experiment 2, although cows did not receive d-cloprostenol on day 8. Single-point outcome variables were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), while proportions with dichotomous outcomes were analyzed with the chi-square test.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um análogo de prostaglandina F2α (PGF) como indutor ovulatório em vacas leiteiras e búfalas. Para este fim, três experimentos foram realizados no estado de Rondônia, localizado no bioma Amazônia. No Experimento 1, 22 búfalas leiteiras em lactação receberam 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (EB) im, no Dia 0 e um dispositivo intravaginal de liberação de progesterona (CIDR) do Dia 0 ao Dia 9 do protocolo. Nos Dias 8 e 9, todas as vacas receberam 150μg de d-Cloprostenol (análogo PGF), im. No Dia 10, as búfalas foram divididas em dois grupos para receber 150μg de PGF (Grupo PGF, n = 8) ou nenhum tratamento (Grupo CTL, n = 14). No experimento 2, 16 vacas leiteiras mestiças (Holandês x Gir) receberam 2 mg de EB no Dia 0 e um dispositivo intravaginal (CIDR) do Dia 0 ao Dia 8. Nos Dias 7 e 8 todas as vacas receberam 150μg de d-Cloprostenol. No Dia 9, as vacas foram divididas em dois grupos para receber 150μg de d-Cloprostenol (Grupo PGF, n = 8) ou nenhum tratamento (Grupo CTL, n = 8). No Experimento 3, 16 vacas leiteiras mestiças (Holandês x Gir) foram tratadas da mesma forma que no Experimento 2, porém, as vacas não receberam d-Cloprostenol no Dia 8. Variáveis quantitativas foram analisados por análise de variância - one-way ANOVA e variáveis dicotômicas foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. No Experimento 1, não houve diferença (P = 0,30) na taxa de ovulação entre os grupos, em média 68% das búfalas ovularam após o tratamento. Além disso, não houve diferença entre os grupos no intervalo de ovulação (P = 0,61) e no diâmetro do folículo pré-ovulatório (P = 0,47). No Experimento 2, apenas uma vaca do Grupo PG não ovulou. Não houve diferenças no intervalo de ovulação entre os grupos CTL e PG (P = 0,69). Em média, a ovulação ocorreu 82 horas após a remoção do CIDR. No Experimento 3, vacas tratadas com PGF ovularam antes do Grupo CTL (62,5 ± 5,8 vs 94,5 ± 13,5 h; P = 0,05). Coletivamente, esses resultados sugeriram que a PGF antecipa a ovulação em vacas leiteiras em lactação, porém seu efeito não foi observado em búfalas.

Efeito da expressão do estro sobre características morfofuncionais foliculares, luteais e fertilidade em fêmeas Bos indicus sincronizadas para IATF / Effect of the estrus expression on follicular and luteal morphofunctional characteristics and fertility in Bos indicus females synchronized for FTAI

Background: Recent studies have been conducted with the aim of improving the fertility rates in the FTAI programsin beef females. The observation of the estrus expression constitutes an important indicator of fertility in zebu females.Therefore, this work has as an objective to evaluate the impact of the estrus expression on the follicular, luteal and fertilitymorphofunctional characteristics of Nelore females synchronized for FTAI.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty five lactating female Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) were used. On a random day, denominatedday 0 (D0), the 65 Nelore females received a progesterone-releasing device associated to the application of 2.0 mg of estradiolbenzoate intramuscularly (IM). On D9, the progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices were removed and was administered500 μg of cloprostenol sodium IM; 0.6 mg of estradiol cypionate IM and 300 UI of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin IM. At thispoint, the animals were marked with a marking stick for the determination of the estrus expression. On D11 of the synchronization protocol, the animals were characterized in two groups: without estrus expression WITHOUT ESTRUS and with estrusexpression WITH ESTRUS. The evaluation of the follicle diameter (FOLD), of the follicle wall area (FOLA), of the folliclewall vascularization (FOLV) and the percentage of vascularization in the area of the preovulatory follicle wall (%FOLV) wereconducted on D11 using B-mode ultrasonography and color Doppler and then the artificial inseminations were performed. Theevaluation of the corpus luteum diameter (CLD), the total area of the corpus luteum (CLA), of the area of vascularization of thecorpus luteum (CLV), of the percentage of vascularization of the in the area of the corpus luteum (% CLV) and the collectionof blood for the evaluation of the serum...

Efeito da expressão do estro sobre características morfofuncionais foliculares, luteais e fertilidade em fêmeas Bos indicus sincronizadas para IATF / Effect of the estrus expression on follicular and luteal morphofunctional characteristics and fertility in Bos indicus females synchronized for FTAI

Background: Recent studies have been conducted with the aim of improving the fertility rates in the FTAI programsin beef females. The observation of the estrus expression constitutes an important indicator of fertility in zebu females.Therefore, this work has as an objective to evaluate the impact of the estrus expression on the follicular, luteal and fertilitymorphofunctional characteristics of Nelore females synchronized for FTAI.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty five lactating female Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) were used. On a random day, denominatedday 0 (D0), the 65 Nelore females received a progesterone-releasing device associated to the application of 2.0 mg of estradiolbenzoate intramuscularly (IM). On D9, the progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices were removed and was administered500 μg of cloprostenol sodium IM; 0.6 mg of estradiol cypionate IM and 300 UI of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin IM. At thispoint, the animals were marked with a marking stick for the determination of the estrus expression. On D11 of the synchronization protocol, the animals were characterized in two groups: without estrus expression WITHOUT ESTRUS and with estrusexpression WITH ESTRUS. The evaluation of the follicle diameter (FOLD), of the follicle wall area (FOLA), of the folliclewall vascularization (FOLV) and the percentage of vascularization in the area of the preovulatory follicle wall (%FOLV) wereconducted on D11 using B-mode ultrasonography and color Doppler and then the artificial inseminations were performed. Theevaluation of the corpus luteum diameter (CLD), the total area of the corpus luteum (CLA), of the area of vascularization of thecorpus luteum (CLV), of the percentage of vascularization of the in the area of the corpus luteum (% CLV) and the collectionof blood for the evaluation of the serum...(AU)

Influência da progesterona injetável na taxa de prenhez e perda gestacional de fêmeas nelore de distintas categorias reprodutivas submetidas a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo / Influence of injectable progesterone on the pregnancy rate and gestational loss of Nellore females of different reproductive categories undergoing fixed-time artificial insemination

Progesterone (P4) is essential for embryonic development and maintenance of pregnancy when deficiency causes early embryonic loss. In this study, we investigated the ability of hormonal supplementation to improve the fertility of Nellore females subjected to fixed-time artificial insemination (IATF) protocols. Here, we evaluated the effect of long-acting injectable progesterone (iP4) supplementation in the D4 after IATF on pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss in Nellore females (Bos taurus indicus) from different reproductive categories in Western Amazonia. Eight hundred thirteen Nellore females from 5 farms were selected and distributed into 2 groups: control [GC; administration of 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline solution, intramuscularly - IM] (n = 407) and a group that received injectable progesterone (iP4) that was long-acting [GiP4; administration of 0.5 mL of iP4, 300 mg, via IM four days after IATF] (n = 406). Each group contained 3 subgroups: heifers, primiparous cows, and multiparous cows. Of the 407 animals in the CG, 103 were heifers, 107 primiparous, and 197 multiparous. Of the 406 animals in the GiP4 group, there were 101 heifers, 107 primiparous, and 198 multiparous. On a random day of the estrous cycle (D0), an intravaginal device containing 1 g of P4 and 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (BE) was inserted by intramuscular injection. On D8, the P4 device was removed and 150 µg of D-cloprostenol (PGF2α), 300 IU eCG, and 1 mg BE were administered IM. Cows were inseminated at D10, 48-52 h after procedure on D8. Pregnancy diagnosis was made between 35 and 40 days after insemination through ultrasound examination. Between 80 and 90 days after insemination, a new ultrasound examination was performed to assess early pregnancy loss. The data were processed using the SAS 9.2. The conception rate, pregnancy loss, and final conception rate were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX according to groups (CG and GiP4), categories (heifers, primiparous and multiparous), and their interactions as variables. The differences in the means of least squares were adjusted using the Tukey­Kramer method. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. The general conception rate was 46% (375/816). Regardless of the animal class, GiP4 animals (51.97%) had higher conception rates (P < 0.05) than CG (40.29%). In the subgroups (heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows), there was a difference (P < 0.05) between animals treated with iP4 (52.48%, 57.94%, and 48.48%, respectively) and those who were not (39.81%, 41.12%, and 40.10%, respectively). Gestational losses, regardless of the animal class, were higher in females in the CG (7.93%) [P < 0.05] compared to those in the GiP4 group (2.84%). Regardless of treatment with iP4, the percentage of gestational loss in heifers was significantly higher (10.64%) than that in primiparous and multiparous cows (3.77% and 2.86%, respectively). The final conception rates were higher in animals that received long-acting iP4, which increased the final pregnancy in all parity categories. In the present study, the use of iP4 increased the pregnancy rate in Nellore females, regardless of the category. Although there has been no consensus on the use of iP4, there is an agreement that increases in the pregnancy rate are related to the moment of exogenous P4 application. In addition to influencing the pregnancy rate, reduction in pregnancy losses is also attributed to iP4 treatment, a fact demonstrated in the present study, where animals treated with iP4 had a lower pregnancy loss rate than normally occurs in beef cattle. Supplementation with long-acting iP4 increased the pregnancy rate at D35-40, reduced pregnancy losses, and increased the conception rate on D80-90 days in Nellore females reared in the Western Amazon, regardless of the animal category.(AU)

Comparison of three doses of estradiol benzoate for synchronization of follicular wave emergence in suckled Bos indicus beef cows

We aimed to compare the effect of three estradiol benzoate (EB) doses on follicular wave emergence (FWE) and dominant follicle growth of suckled Nelore cows submitted to TAI (D0). On a random day of estrous cycle (D−10), multiparous (MULT; n=36) and primiparous (PRIM; n=20) suckled Nelore cows received an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device and were assigned in three groups. Cows in the EB-1 (n=20), EB-1.5 (n=15) or EB-2 (n=21) groups received, respectively, an im treatment with 1, 1.5 or 2 mg EB. A subgroup (n=10-13 cows/group) were subject to daily ovarian evaluations from D−10 to D0. On D−2, P4 devices were removed, and all cows received the same treatment: 1 mg estradiol cypionate, 0.53 mg sodium cloprostenol, and 300 IU eCG. Statistical analyses were performed considering only the main effects of treatment group and parity order. The proportion of cows with a synchronized FWE and the moment of the FWE did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatment groups (overall: 80% [28/35] and 4.1 ± 0.4 days); however, the FWE occurred earlier (p=0.007) in MULT (3.8 ± 0.2 days) than PRIM (5.1 ± 0.4) cows. The proportion of animals detected in estrus was greater (86% [31/36] vs. 70% [14/20]; p=0.02) and the dominant follicle was larger on D−2 (9.7 ± 0.3 mm vs. 7.8 ± 0.7 mm; p=0.006) and D0 (11.9 ± 0.4 mm vs. 10 ± 0.5 mm; p=0.008) in MULT than PRIM cows. In conclusion, the three EB doses presented similar efficiency to synchronize the FWE in suckled Nelore cows. Moreover, a delayed FWE and smaller dominant follicle is observed in PRIM cows, contributing to the reduced reproductive performance in this parity category when using similar TAI protocols of MULT cows.

Comparison of three doses of estradiol benzoate for synchronization of follicular wave emergence in suckled Bos indicus beef cows

We aimed to compare the effect of three estradiol benzoate (EB) doses on follicular wave emergence (FWE) and dominant follicle growth of suckled Nelore cows submitted to TAI (D0). On a random day of estrous cycle (D−10), multiparous (MULT; n=36) and primiparous (PRIM; n=20) suckled Nelore cows received an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device and were assigned in three groups. Cows in the EB-1 (n=20), EB-1.5 (n=15) or EB-2 (n=21) groups received, respectively, an im treatment with 1, 1.5 or 2 mg EB. A subgroup (n=10-13 cows/group) were subject to daily ovarian evaluations from D−10 to D0. On D−2, P4 devices were removed, and all cows received the same treatment: 1 mg estradiol cypionate, 0.53 mg sodium cloprostenol, and 300 IU eCG. Statistical analyses were performed considering only the main effects of treatment group and parity order. The proportion of cows with a synchronized FWE and the moment of the FWE did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatment groups (overall: 80% [28/35] and 4.1 ± 0.4 days); however, the FWE occurred earlier (p=0.007) in MULT (3.8 ± 0.2 days) than PRIM (5.1 ± 0.4) cows. The proportion of animals detected in estrus was greater (86% [31/36] vs. 70% [14/20]; p=0.02) and the dominant follicle was larger on D−2 (9.7 ± 0.3 mm vs. 7.8 ± 0.7 mm; p=0.006) and D0 (11.9 ± 0.4 mm vs. 10 ± 0.5 mm; p=0.008) in MULT than PRIM cows. In conclusion, the three EB doses presented similar efficiency to synchronize the FWE in suckled Nelore cows. Moreover, a delayed FWE and smaller dominant follicle is observed in PRIM cows, contributing to the reduced reproductive performance in this parity category when using similar TAI protocols of MULT cows.(AU)

Avaliação metabólica de um dispositivo intravaginal polimérico para a administração de cálcio e magnésio em ruminantes / Metabolic evaluation of a polymer intravaginal device for the administration of calcium and magnesium in ruminants

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a disponibilidade de cálcio (Ca2+) a partir de duas formas farmacêuticas (oral e intravaginal) e o seu efeito sobre o metabolismo de ruminantes. O estudo foi realizado na fazenda experimental da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, foram estudadas 24 ovelhas lactantes, divididas de forma randomizada em 4 grupos: dispositivo tratamento (DT); dispositivo controle (DC); oral tratamento (OT); e oral controle (OC). Os animais tratados receberam formiato de cálcio e cloreto de magnésio, as avaliações foram realizadas após a administração dos tratamentos. Foi feita avaliação de cálcio total (CaT), magnésio (Mg), proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamil transpeptidase (GGT), ureia, albumina e pH urinário, e realizado exame clínico em todos os animais. As concentrações séricas de CaT, CaI e Mg diferiram entre os grupos (P≤ 0,05), os animais dos grupos DT e DC, diferiram nas três avaliações, o grupo DT apresentou as maiores médias, sendo significativamente igual ao grupo OT. Não houve diferença nas concentrações séricas de PPT, AST, GGT, Albumina, Ureia e pH urinário. Conclui-se que a disponibilidade sanguínea de CaT, CaI e Mg é igual quando a administração de formiato de cálcio e magnésio é por via intravaginal ou por via oral, sem alterar outros parâmetros metabólicos avaliados.(AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the availability of calcium (Ca2+) from two pharmaceutical forms (oral and intravaginal) and its effect on the metabolism of ruminants. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Federal University of Pelotas. Twenty-four lactating ewes were randomly divided into 4 groups: treatment device (TD); control device (DC); oral treatment (OT); and oral control (OC). Treated animals received calcium formate and magnesium chloride, evaluations were performed after administration of the treatments. Total calcium (CaT), magnesium (Mg), total plasma proteins (PPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), urea, albumin and urinary pH, and clinical examination were performed on all animals. Serum CaT, CaI and Mg levels differed between the groups (P≤ 0.05), the animals in the DT and DC groups differed in the three evaluations, the DT group had the highest mean values, being significantly equal to the OT group. There was no difference in the serum concentrations of PPT, AST, GGT, Albumin, Urea and urinary pH. In conclusion, the blood availability of CaT, CaI and Mg is the same when administration of calcium and magnesium formate is intravaginal or orally, without altering other metabolic parameters evaluated.(AU)

Avaliação metabólica de um dispositivo intravaginal polimérico para a administração de cálcio e magnésio em ruminantes / Metabolic evaluation of a polymer intravaginal device for the administration of calcium and magnesium in ruminants

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a disponibilidade de cálcio (Ca2+) a partir de duas formas farmacêuticas (oral e intravaginal) e o seu efeito sobre o metabolismo de ruminantes. O estudo foi realizado na fazenda experimental da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, foram estudadas 24 ovelhas lactantes, divididas de forma randomizada em 4 grupos: dispositivo tratamento (DT); dispositivo controle (DC); oral tratamento (OT); e oral controle (OC). Os animais tratados receberam formiato de cálcio e cloreto de magnésio, as avaliações foram realizadas após a administração dos tratamentos. Foi feita avaliação de cálcio total (CaT), magnésio (Mg), proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamil transpeptidase (GGT), ureia, albumina e pH urinário, e realizado exame clínico em todos os animais. As concentrações séricas de CaT, CaI e Mg diferiram entre os grupos (P≤ 0,05), os animais dos grupos DT e DC, diferiram nas três avaliações, o grupo DT apresentou as maiores médias, sendo significativamente igual ao grupo OT. Não houve diferença nas concentrações séricas de PPT, AST, GGT, Albumina, Ureia e pH urinário. Conclui-se que a disponibilidade sanguínea de CaT, CaI e Mg é igual quando a administração de formiato de cálcio e magnésio é por via intravaginal ou por via oral, sem alterar outros parâmetros metabólicos avaliados.(AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the availability of calcium (Ca2+) from two pharmaceutical forms (oral and intravaginal) and its effect on the metabolism of ruminants. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Federal University of Pelotas. Twenty-four lactating ewes were randomly divided into 4 groups: treatment device (TD); control device (DC); oral treatment (OT); and oral control (OC). Treated animals received calcium formate and magnesium chloride, evaluations were performed after administration of the treatments. Total calcium (CaT), magnesium (Mg), total plasma proteins (PPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), urea, albumin and urinary pH, and clinical examination were performed on all animals. Serum CaT, CaI and Mg levels differed between the groups (P≤ 0.05), the animals in the DT and DC groups differed in the three evaluations, the DT group had the highest mean values, being significantly equal to the OT group. There was no difference in the serum concentrations of PPT, AST, GGT, Albumin, Urea and urinary pH. In conclusion, the blood availability of CaT, CaI and Mg is the same when administration of calcium and magnesium formate is intravaginal or orally, without altering other metabolic parameters evaluated.(AU)

Saliva crystallization in sheep subjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols

Background: The crystallization of bodily fluids, primarily saliva, has been the subject of study in many species and is asimple alternative to detect estrus because it demands neither a significant financial investment nor qualified professionalsto execute the examination. Fern pattern crystallization has been described in the cervical and nasal mucus, saliva andtear secretion, and in colostrum. Changes in salivary crystallization during the reproduction cycle are related to differenthormonal concentrations in this period. Thus, the present study has evaluated the patterns of saliva crystallization in sheepsubjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols.Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 11 crossbreed Corriedale sheep, which were evaluated during twoexperimental periods (spring and autumn), and that underwent induction and synchronizing estrus protocols. In a randomphase of the estrus cycle (day 0), each sheep was implanted with an intravaginal device (Primer®), impregnated with 0.36g of progesterone for seven days. This device was inserted according to manufacturer’s instructions of the manufacturerand with the assistance of a specific applicator. On the day of device removal (day 7), the animals received 0.0375 mg ofD-Cloprostenol (Prolise®) and 10 mg of Folltropin® extracted from the swine pituitary (NIH-FSH-P1 of Folltropin-V) byintramuscular administration. The saliva was collected at six points during the experimental periods: day 1 (3 days beforeplacement of the implant); day 4 (day of insertion of the implant); day 9 (5 days after the insertion of the implant); day11 (day of removal of the implant and application of hormones); day 12 (24 h after removal of the implant [presumableestrus]); and day 13 (48 h after removal of the implant). Smears containing 10 µL of saliva were observed under an opticallight microscope...

Saliva crystallization in sheep subjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols

Background: The crystallization of bodily fluids, primarily saliva, has been the subject of study in many species and is asimple alternative to detect estrus because it demands neither a significant financial investment nor qualified professionalsto execute the examination. Fern pattern crystallization has been described in the cervical and nasal mucus, saliva andtear secretion, and in colostrum. Changes in salivary crystallization during the reproduction cycle are related to differenthormonal concentrations in this period. Thus, the present study has evaluated the patterns of saliva crystallization in sheepsubjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols.Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 11 crossbreed Corriedale sheep, which were evaluated during twoexperimental periods (spring and autumn), and that underwent induction and synchronizing estrus protocols. In a randomphase of the estrus cycle (day 0), each sheep was implanted with an intravaginal device (Primer®), impregnated with 0.36g of progesterone for seven days. This device was inserted according to manufacturers instructions of the manufacturerand with the assistance of a specific applicator. On the day of device removal (day 7), the animals received 0.0375 mg ofD-Cloprostenol (Prolise®) and 10 mg of Folltropin® extracted from the swine pituitary (NIH-FSH-P1 of Folltropin-V) byintramuscular administration. The saliva was collected at six points during the experimental periods: day 1 (3 days beforeplacement of the implant); day 4 (day of insertion of the implant); day 9 (5 days after the insertion of the implant); day11 (day of removal of the implant and application of hormones); day 12 (24 h after removal of the implant [presumableestrus]); and day 13 (48 h after removal of the implant). Smears containing 10 µL of saliva were observed under an opticallight microscope...(AU)