Predictive Equations of Carcass Characteristics and Primal Cut Weights of Native Mexican Guajolotes Using Body Measurements

This study was conducted to develop predictive equations for carcass characteristics and primal cut weights of native Mexican guajolotes using body measurements (BM). For this study, a total of 36 male guajolotes (Meleagris gallopavogallopavo), aged 6 to 10 months, and mean slaughter body weight (SBW) of 4543.14 ± 656.60 g, were used. The birds were kept under traditional extensive conditions. ThefollowingBMswererecorded24 h before slaughter: thoracicperimeter (TP), body circumference (BC), body length (BL), wing length (WL), keel length (KL), shank length (SL) and shank diameter (SD). After slaughter, hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), hot dressing percentage (HDP), cold dressing percentage (CDP), organs and viscera weight (VIS) and abdominal fat weight (AFW) were recorded. The carcasses were dissected in to five primal cut (breast, thigh, drumstick, back and wing). The SBW and BMs showed moderate to high positive correlations (p<0.01; 0.34≤r<0.97) with carcass characteristics and primal cut weights. In the equations generated to predict HCW, CCW, HDP, CDP, VIS and AFW, the R2 ranged from 0.40 to 0.96, and the predictor variables were SBW, KL, BC, WL and SL. Regarding the equations developed to predict the primal cut weights, R2 ranged from 0.58 to 0.91. In these models, SBW, BC, SD, WL and KL explained most of the observed variation. The prediction equations obtained in the study had moderate to high accuracy; therefore, they can be used by researchers, technicians and poultry producers to obtain information on the carcass composition of native Mexican guajolotes.(AU)

On a new species of Spirobranchus (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast

Abstract Spirobranchus are abundant and diverse serpulids in tropical regions, with three species reported in Brazil, which occurrence is questionable, due to their distant type localities. In the present work, we describe a new species of Spirobranchus from the Brazilian coast and report the other species of the genus occurring off Brazilian shoreline, based on specimens from different locations. Specimens were collected in the states of Alagoas, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina, sorted and analyzed under a stereoscopic microscope. Then, the animals were anesthetized and subsequently fixed and prepared for the scanning electron microscopy. Specimens from the Caribbean and other Brazilian states were loaned from Museu Nacional of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro and Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Morphological analyzes differentiated the three species and provided details of the morphology that can be used in the future taxonomy of the family. The species S. giganteus and S. tetraceros are more similar to each other, but can be readily separated based on the spiral radiolar crown in the former; S. minutus differs from the other species for the tube, operculum, and type of uncini. Spirobranchus lirianeae sp. nov. nests within S. kraussii-complex, with a concave operculum, absence of collar chaetae and paired compound eyes on the radioles, differing by being a solitary rather than a gregarious species, by the funnel-shaped operculum, fringed tonguelets and tube with single keel, distally pointed.

Effect of Plant Essential Oil on Growth Performance and Immune Function During Rearing Period in Laying Hens

The effects of plant essential oil (PEO) on the production performance and immune function of laying hens were evaluated to provide theoretical basis for promoting the natural plant extracts. Eight thousand 1-day-old healthy laying hens were randomly divided into a control group or PEO group, with four replicates per treatment and 1000 hens per replicate. The PEO diet was supplemented with 3g/kg plant extract. Diets were fed for 56 days. The tibia length and keel length were detected on an empty stomach at the end of the trial. Blood samples were collected on the 28th and 56th days to detect the level of C3, C4, IL-1, IL-2, IL-17 and immunoglobulin in the serum. The results showed that, compared with the control, PEO supplementation significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) at the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 7th week (p 0.05), and decreased the WGR at the 3rd and 6th week. The tibial length was significantly increased at the 3rd, 5th, 6th and 7th week (p 0.01), and also the keel length at the 5th and 7th week in PEO group. The concentration of IgG and IgM also significantly influenced with PEO supplementation, but there was no significant difference in the complements, C3 and C4, and the IL levels between days 28 and 56. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in body weight and immune organ on day 56. Therefore, we conclude that the addition of PEO could improve the production performance and immune function in laying hens.(AU)

Effect of Plant Essential Oil on Growth Performance and Immune Function During Rearing Period in Laying Hens

The effects of plant essential oil (PEO) on the production performance and immune function of laying hens were evaluated to provide theoretical basis for promoting the natural plant extracts. Eight thousand 1-day-old healthy laying hens were randomly divided into a control group or PEO group, with four replicates per treatment and 1000 hens per replicate. The PEO diet was supplemented with 3g/kg plant extract. Diets were fed for 56 days. The tibia length and keel length were detected on an empty stomach at the end of the trial. Blood samples were collected on the 28th and 56th days to detect the level of C3, C4, IL-1, IL-2, IL-17 and immunoglobulin in the serum. The results showed that, compared with the control, PEO supplementation significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) at the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 7th week (p 0.05), and decreased the WGR at the 3rd and 6th week. The tibial length was significantly increased at the 3rd, 5th, 6th and 7th week (p 0.01), and also the keel length at the 5th and 7th week in PEO group. The concentration of IgG and IgM also significantly influenced with PEO supplementation, but there was no significant difference in the complements, C3 and C4, and the IL levels between days 28 and 56. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in body weight and immune organ on day 56. Therefore, we conclude that the addition of PEO could improve the production performance and immune function in laying hens.

New combination and redescription of Bumba humile, description of four new species and new records from Brazil (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae)

The taxonomic history of Bumba Pérez-Miles, Bonaldo & Miglio, 2014 is mainly based on the inclusion of the new species. Bumba have been characterized by the type IV urticating setae present, retrolateral process on male palpal tibia, palpal bulb resting in a ventral distal excavation of palpal tibia, metatarsus I passes between the two branches of tibial apophysis when flexed, presence of spiniform setae on prolateral and retrolateral sides of maxillae and coxae I-IV. In this paper we include the row of teeth (denticulate row) in the median region of the inferior prolateral keel in all male palps. This structure range from a residual tooth to a ridge of up to five teeth. Both, the denticulate row and the retrolateral process on male palpal tibia in males could be considered as putative synapomorphies for Bumba. Here, Homoeomma humile Vellard, 1924 is transferred to Bumba and redescribed, while the female is described for the first time. Bumba cabocla (Pérez-Miles, 2000) is synonymyzed with B. horrida (Schmidt, 1994). Bumba pulcherrimaklaasi (Schmidt, 1991) is transferred to Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871. Four new species are described and illustrated: Bumba tapajos sp. nov. from state of Pará, Bumba cuiaba sp. nov. and Bumba rondonia sp. nov., both from states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso, respectively, and Bumba mineiros sp. nov. from Paraguay and the Brazilian states of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. Diagnosis of B. horrida and B. lennoni are extended and figures of this species are presented.

On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast

Spirobranchus are abundant and diverse serpulids in tropical regions, with three species reported in Brazil, which occurrence is questionable, due to their distant type localities. In the present work, we describe a new species of Spirobranchus from the Brazilian coast and report the other species of the genus occurring off Brazilian shoreline, based on specimens from different locations. Specimens were collected in the states of Alagoas, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina, sorted and analyzed under a stereoscopic microscope. Then, the animals were anesthetized and subsequently fixed and prepared for the scanning electron microscopy. Specimens from the Caribbean and other Brazilian states were loaned from Museu Nacional of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro and Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Morphological analyzes differentiated the three species and provided details of the morphology that can be used in the future taxonomy of the family. The species S. giganteus and S. tetraceros are more similar to each other, but can be readily separated based on the spiral radiolar crown in the former; S. minutus differs from the other species for the tube, operculum, and type of uncini. Spirobranchus lirianeae sp. nov. nests within S. kraussii-complex, with a concave operculum, absence of collar chaetae and paired compound eyes on the radioles, differing by being a solitary rather than a gregarious species, by the funnel-shaped operculum, fringed tonguelets and tube with single keel, distally pointed.

New combination and redescription of Bumba humile, description of four new species and new records from Brazil (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae)

The taxonomic history of Bumba Pérez-Miles, Bonaldo & Miglio, 2014 is mainly based on the inclusion of the new species. Bumba have been characterized by the type IV urticating setae present, retrolateral process on male palpal tibia, palpal bulb resting in a ventral distal excavation of palpal tibia, metatarsus I passes between the two branches of tibial apophysis when flexed, presence of spiniform setae on prolateral and retrolateral sides of maxillae and coxae I-IV. In this paper we include the row of teeth (denticulate row) in the median region of the inferior prolateral keel in all male palps. This structure range from a residual tooth to a ridge of up to five teeth. Both, the denticulate row and the retrolateral process on male palpal tibia in males could be considered as putative synapomorphies for Bumba. Here, Homoeomma humile Vellard, 1924 is transferred to Bumba and redescribed, while the female is described for the first time. Bumba cabocla (Pérez-Miles, 2000) is synonymyzed with B. horrida (Schmidt, 1994). Bumba pulcherrimaklaasi (Schmidt, 1991) is transferred to Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871. Four new species are described and illustrated: Bumba tapajos sp. nov. from state of Pará, Bumba cuiaba sp. nov. and Bumba rondonia sp. nov., both from states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso, respectively, and Bumba mineiros sp. nov. from Paraguay and the Brazilian states of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. Diagnosis of B. horrida and B. lennoni are extended and figures of this species are presented.(AU)

On a new species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Annelida: Serpulidae) and considerations on the genus along the Brazilian coast

Spirobranchus are abundant and diverse serpulids in tropical regions, with three species reported in Brazil, which occurrence is questionable, due to their distant type localities. In the present work, we describe a new species of Spirobranchus from the Brazilian coast and report the other species of the genus occurring off Brazilian shoreline, based on specimens from different locations. Specimens were collected in the states of Alagoas, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina, sorted and analyzed under a stereoscopic microscope. Then, the animals were anesthetized and subsequently fixed and prepared for the scanning electron microscopy. Specimens from the Caribbean and other Brazilian states were loaned from Museu Nacional of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro and Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Morphological analyzes differentiated the three species and provided details of the morphology that can be used in the future taxonomy of the family. The species S. giganteus and S. tetraceros are more similar to each other, but can be readily separated based on the spiral radiolar crown in the former; S. minutus differs from the other species for the tube, operculum, and type of uncini. Spirobranchus lirianeae sp. nov. nests within S. kraussii-complex, with a concave operculum, absence of collar chaetae and paired compound eyes on the radioles, differing by being a solitary rather than a gregarious species, by the funnel-shaped operculum, fringed tonguelets and tube with single keel, distally pointed.(AU)

Morphometric Traits, Serum Chemistry and Antibody Response of Three Chicken Genotypes under Free-Range, Semi-Intensive and Intensive Housing Systems

The present study evaluated the effect of housing system on the morphometrics, serum chemistry and antibody response of dual-purpose chicken genotypes. A total of 156 pullets and 39 cockerels were randomly picked from 18 treatment block groups (3 housing system × 3 genotypes × 2 sexes) according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three genotypes, purebred Naked Neck (NN) and two crossbred Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck (RIR × NN = RNN) and Black Australorp × Naked Neck (BAL × NN = BNN), were compared. Morphometric traits were recorded during rearing period, thereafter, serum chemistry and antibody response were evaluated in pullets. Intensive and semi-intensive chickens were heavier (males, p=0.0012; females, p 0.0001) on week 21. Body length was maximum (p 0.0001) for free-range female chicken. Maximum (p 0.0001) keel length was found in semi-intensive female chickens. Regarding genotypes, RNN and BNN chickens were heavier than NN (males, p=0.0015; females, p 0.0001). Keel length was maximum (p=0.0002) in BNN and NN female chickens. Drumstick circumference were maximum (males, p 0.0001; females, p 0.0001) in NN chickens, shank circumference was maximum (p=0.0150) in RNN and BNN male chickens. Wingspan was maximum (p=0.0029) in NN female chickens. Plasma glucose level was higher (p=0.0008) in intensive female chickens whereas cholesterol levels was higher (p=0.0123) in NN female chicken. Antibody titer against ND was higher (p=0.0204) in RNN female chickens while higher (p=0.0001) antibody titer against IB was found in free-range chickens. Overall, housing system did not impact morphometric traits or serum chemistry. Only a few differences were observed regarding body weight, body and keel length, plasma glucose, cholesterol and antibody response against ND and IB.(AU)

Morphometric Traits, Serum Chemistry and Antibody Response of Three Chicken Genotypes under Free-Range, Semi-Intensive and Intensive Housing Systems

The present study evaluated the effect of housing system on the morphometrics, serum chemistry and antibody response of dual-purpose chicken genotypes. A total of 156 pullets and 39 cockerels were randomly picked from 18 treatment block groups (3 housing system × 3 genotypes × 2 sexes) according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Three genotypes, purebred Naked Neck (NN) and two crossbred Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck (RIR × NN = RNN) and Black Australorp × Naked Neck (BAL × NN = BNN), were compared. Morphometric traits were recorded during rearing period, thereafter, serum chemistry and antibody response were evaluated in pullets. Intensive and semi-intensive chickens were heavier (males, p=0.0012; females, p 0.0001) on week 21. Body length was maximum (p 0.0001) for free-range female chicken. Maximum (p 0.0001) keel length was found in semi-intensive female chickens. Regarding genotypes, RNN and BNN chickens were heavier than NN (males, p=0.0015; females, p 0.0001). Keel length was maximum (p=0.0002) in BNN and NN female chickens. Drumstick circumference were maximum (males, p 0.0001; females, p 0.0001) in NN chickens, shank circumference was maximum (p=0.0150) in RNN and BNN male chickens. Wingspan was maximum (p=0.0029) in NN female chickens. Plasma glucose level was higher (p=0.0008) in intensive female chickens whereas cholesterol levels was higher (p=0.0123) in NN female chicken. Antibody titer against ND was higher (p=0.0204) in RNN female chickens while higher (p=0.0001) antibody titer against IB was found in free-range chickens. Overall, housing system did not impact morphometric traits or serum chemistry. Only a few differences were observed regarding body weight, body and keel length, plasma glucose, cholesterol and antibody response against ND and IB.

Lipoma em ganso-africano mantido como pet / Lipoma in African goose kept as pet

Os lipomas são proliferações benignas de adipócitos, caracterizadas pelo crescimento progressivo lento a rápido. Geralmente, formam-se a partir de massas subcutâneas em aves obesas, especialmente em periquito-australiano, cacatua e papagaio. Este tecido adiposo hiperplásico pode se desenvolver em qualquer parte do corpo, mas é mais frequente ao longo da quilha, região abdominal ventral, e na parte interna das coxas em aves. O caso retrata o diagnóstico e o tratamento de um lipoma em um ganso africano mantido em cativeiro na região de Fortaleza, CE.

Lipomas are benign proliferations of adipocytes characterized by slow to rapid progressive growth. Generally, they are formed from subcutaneous masses in obese birds, especially in Australian parakeet, cacatua and parrot. This hyperplastic adipose tissue can develop in any part of the body, but is more frequent along the keel, ventral abdominal region and the inner thighs in birds. The case reports the diagnosis and treatment of a lipoma in African goose kept in captivity in Fortaleza, CE.

Lipoma em ganso-africano mantido como pet / Lipoma in African goose kept as pet

Os lipomas são proliferações benignas de adipócitos, caracterizadas pelo crescimento progressivo lento a rápido. Geralmente, formam-se a partir de massas subcutâneas em aves obesas, especialmente em periquito-australiano, cacatua e papagaio. Este tecido adiposo hiperplásico pode se desenvolver em qualquer parte do corpo, mas é mais frequente ao longo da quilha, região abdominal ventral, e na parte interna das coxas em aves. O caso retrata o diagnóstico e o tratamento de um lipoma em um ganso africano mantido em cativeiro na região de Fortaleza, CE.(AU)

Lipomas are benign proliferations of adipocytes characterized by slow to rapid progressive growth. Generally, they are formed from subcutaneous masses in obese birds, especially in Australian parakeet, cacatua and parrot. This hyperplastic adipose tissue can develop in any part of the body, but is more frequent along the keel, ventral abdominal region and the inner thighs in birds. The case reports the diagnosis and treatment of a lipoma in African goose kept in captivity in Fortaleza, CE. (AU)

Amphisbaenia: adaptações para o modo de vida fossorial / Amphisbaenia: adaptations to the fossorial lifestyle

Amphisbaenia são répteis fossoriais, que vivem em sistemas de túneis construídos por eles mesmos. Atualmente, são descritas 195 espécies recentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir informações bibliográficas sobre aspectos de sua morfologia, fisiologia e comportamento relacionando-as ao hábito fossorial. O principal instrumento de escavação dos anfisbênios é a cabeça, cuja morfologia está relacionada com a maneira como a escavação é realizada. Assim, nas espécies com a cabeça arredondada o mecanismo de escavação é generalizado e nas espécies com a cabeça em forma-de-pá, de espátula ou com uma quilha vertical é especializado. O crânio é resistente, formado por placas ósseas rígidas, que devem suportar as investidas da cabeça. O corpo é alongado e cilíndrico desprovido de membros, na maioria, e formado por anéis tegumentares, importantes no deslocamento retilíneo do corpo para a frente e para trás, dentro dos túneis. O alongamento do corpo é refletido nos órgãos internos que são, em sua maioria, alongados; os órgãos pares tendem a sofrer redução ou deslocamento unilateral. Como estratégias de defesa utilizam-se da autotomia caudal, exibição da cauda ou salto de fuga. São predadores que se alimentam, normalmente, de insetos e suas larvas, apreendidos por mandíbulas potentes, dentes fortes e recurvados. O sistema visual é reduzido, no entanto, são capazes de perceber sons e vibrações oriundas do substrato, e possuem um acurado senso químico. A maioria das espécies é ovípara com um baixo número de ovos por ninhada e o ciclo sexual é geralmente sazonal, sincronizado com a estação quente e chuvosa, mas outros aspectos relacionados ao comportamento reprodutivo das espécies ainda são desconhecidos. Exibem termorregulação comportamental e selecionam micro-habitat com temperaturas mais favoráveis às suas atividades, realizando migrações verticais no solo, de acordo com a temperatura ambiental e estações do ano...

Amphisbaenia are fossorial reptiles, which live in tunnel systems built by themselves. Currently, 195 species are described. The objective of this study was to gather bibliographic information on aspects of their morphology, physiology and behavior related to the fossorial habit. The main digging tool of the amphisbaenians is the head, whose morphology is related to the way excavation is carried out. In round-headed species, the mechanism is generalized, and in species with a paddle-shaped head, a spatula or a vertical keel, is specialized. The skull is sturdy, consisting of rigid bony plates, which must support the head thrust. The body is elongated and cylindrical, devoid of limbs, mostly formed by integumentary rings, important in the rectilinear displacement of the body back and forth within the tunnels. The elongation of the body is reflected in the internal organs which are, for the most part, elongated; the paired organs tend to undergo unilateral reduction or displacement. As a defense strategy they use caudal autotomy, tail exhibit or escape jump. They are predators that normally feed on insects and their larvae, caught by powerful jaws, strong recurved teeth. The visual system is reduced; however, they can perceive sounds and vibrations from the substrate and have an accurate chemical sense. Most species are oviparous with a low number of eggs per litter and the sexual cycle is usually synchronized with the hot and rainy season; but other aspects related to the reproductive behavior of species are still unknown. They exhibit behavioral thermoregulation and microhabitat selection with temperatures more favorable to their activities, performing vertical migrations in the soil according to the environmental temperature and seasons. Soil types and soil water content seem to affect the spatial distribution of Amphisbaenia, but this relationship needs to be better studied...

Amphisbaenia: adaptações para o modo de vida fossorial / Amphisbaenia: adaptations to the fossorial lifestyle

Amphisbaenia são répteis fossoriais, que vivem em sistemas de túneis construídos por eles mesmos. Atualmente, são descritas 195 espécies recentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir informações bibliográficas sobre aspectos de sua morfologia, fisiologia e comportamento relacionando-as ao hábito fossorial. O principal instrumento de escavação dos anfisbênios é a cabeça, cuja morfologia está relacionada com a maneira como a escavação é realizada. Assim, nas espécies com a cabeça arredondada o mecanismo de escavação é generalizado e nas espécies com a cabeça em forma-de-pá, de espátula ou com uma quilha vertical é especializado. O crânio é resistente, formado por placas ósseas rígidas, que devem suportar as investidas da cabeça. O corpo é alongado e cilíndrico desprovido de membros, na maioria, e formado por anéis tegumentares, importantes no deslocamento retilíneo do corpo para a frente e para trás, dentro dos túneis. O alongamento do corpo é refletido nos órgãos internos que são, em sua maioria, alongados; os órgãos pares tendem a sofrer redução ou deslocamento unilateral. Como estratégias de defesa utilizam-se da autotomia caudal, exibição da cauda ou salto de fuga. São predadores que se alimentam, normalmente, de insetos e suas larvas, apreendidos por mandíbulas potentes, dentes fortes e recurvados. O sistema visual é reduzido, no entanto, são capazes de perceber sons e vibrações oriundas do substrato, e possuem um acurado senso químico. A maioria das espécies é ovípara com um baixo número de ovos por ninhada e o ciclo sexual é geralmente sazonal, sincronizado com a estação quente e chuvosa, mas outros aspectos relacionados ao comportamento reprodutivo das espécies ainda são desconhecidos. Exibem termorregulação comportamental e selecionam micro-habitat com temperaturas mais favoráveis às suas atividades, realizando migrações verticais no solo, de acordo com a temperatura ambiental e estações do ano... (AU)

Amphisbaenia are fossorial reptiles, which live in tunnel systems built by themselves. Currently, 195 species are described. The objective of this study was to gather bibliographic information on aspects of their morphology, physiology and behavior related to the fossorial habit. The main digging tool of the amphisbaenians is the head, whose morphology is related to the way excavation is carried out. In round-headed species, the mechanism is generalized, and in species with a paddle-shaped head, a spatula or a vertical keel, is specialized. The skull is sturdy, consisting of rigid bony plates, which must support the head thrust. The body is elongated and cylindrical, devoid of limbs, mostly formed by integumentary rings, important in the rectilinear displacement of the body back and forth within the tunnels. The elongation of the body is reflected in the internal organs which are, for the most part, elongated; the paired organs tend to undergo unilateral reduction or displacement. As a defense strategy they use caudal autotomy, tail exhibit or escape jump. They are predators that normally feed on insects and their larvae, caught by powerful jaws, strong recurved teeth. The visual system is reduced; however, they can perceive sounds and vibrations from the substrate and have an accurate chemical sense. Most species are oviparous with a low number of eggs per litter and the sexual cycle is usually synchronized with the hot and rainy season; but other aspects related to the reproductive behavior of species are still unknown. They exhibit behavioral thermoregulation and microhabitat selection with temperatures more favorable to their activities, performing vertical migrations in the soil according to the environmental temperature and seasons. Soil types and soil water content seem to affect the spatial distribution of Amphisbaenia, but this relationship needs to be better studied...(AU)

Body Morphometry and Development of the Digestive System of Grey Partridge (Perdix Perdix) Depending on Age and Gender

The experiment used 100 grey partridges (Perdix perdix L.), which were reared first in confinement and later in aviaries. Partridges were lighter and had greater body dimensions at 36 weeks compared to 12 weeks except for trunk length. Older birds showed greater values (p>0.05) of compactness and lower values of massiveness and long-leggedness. Significant differences were found for keel length in females. At 36 weeks, male and female partridges had significantly greater total intestinal length, males had significantly longer small intestine and rectum, and females were characterized by significantly longer caeca and greater (p 0.05) intestine to body length ratio. Older birds had significantly greater gizzard weight and percentage and heart percentage (males and females), as well as significantly lower liver weight (males) and spleen weight and percentage. The present study provided information on the growth and development of farmed grey partridges before release into the natural environment.(AU)

Body Morphometry and Development of the Digestive System of Grey Partridge (Perdix Perdix) Depending on Age and Gender

The experiment used 100 grey partridges (Perdix perdix L.), which were reared first in confinement and later in aviaries. Partridges were lighter and had greater body dimensions at 36 weeks compared to 12 weeks except for trunk length. Older birds showed greater values (p>0.05) of compactness and lower values of massiveness and long-leggedness. Significant differences were found for keel length in females. At 36 weeks, male and female partridges had significantly greater total intestinal length, males had significantly longer small intestine and rectum, and females were characterized by significantly longer caeca and greater (p 0.05) intestine to body length ratio. Older birds had significantly greater gizzard weight and percentage and heart percentage (males and females), as well as significantly lower liver weight (males) and spleen weight and percentage. The present study provided information on the growth and development of farmed grey partridges before release into the natural environment.

Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga, from Colombia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae)

A new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901, is described from the Colombian Andes, Medellín, Antioquia. The biochemistry and molecular characteristics of the venom of this new species (previously identified as Pamphobeteus aff. nigricolor ) has been already described. A detailed taxonomic study, comparing this species with holotypes and additional material of Pamphobeteus species, allowed us to recognize it as new, and to describe it here as Pamphobeteus verdolaga sp. nov. The male of P. verdolaga sp. nov. is distinguished by the palpal bulb with broad embolus, poorly developed apical keel (A), prolateral inferior keel (PI) and prolateral accessory keel (PAc) present but poorly developed, and retrolateral keel (R) of similar length as A. Females are distinguished by the morphology of spermatheca with a wide base and very short oval seminal receptacles, which are curved toward the center. This is the thirteenth species described in Pamphobeteus and the sixth species reported from Colombia. The species description is complemented by a molecular characterization of a partial CO1 sequence.

Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga, from Colombia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae)

A new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901, is described from the Colombian Andes, Medellín, Antioquia. The biochemistry and molecular characteristics of the venom of this new species (previously identified as Pamphobeteus aff. nigricolor ) has been already described. A detailed taxonomic study, comparing this species with holotypes and additional material of Pamphobeteus species, allowed us to recognize it as new, and to describe it here as Pamphobeteus verdolaga sp. nov. The male of P. verdolaga sp. nov. is distinguished by the palpal bulb with broad embolus, poorly developed apical keel (A), prolateral inferior keel (PI) and prolateral accessory keel (PAc) present but poorly developed, and retrolateral keel (R) of similar length as A. Females are distinguished by the morphology of spermatheca with a wide base and very short oval seminal receptacles, which are curved toward the center. This is the thirteenth species described in Pamphobeteus and the sixth species reported from Colombia. The species description is complemented by a molecular characterization of a partial CO1 sequence.(AU)

Leaf anatomy of emerald grass submitted to quantitative application of herbicides / Anatomia foliar quantitativa de grama esmeralda submetida à aplicação de herbicidas

The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post-emergence on Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae) and determine associations with the leaf anatomy of this grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were the application of the herbicides bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112.5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) and 2.4-D (698 g ha-1), plus a control treatment without herbicide application. Phytotoxicity was assessed every seven days after application (DAA) of the herbicides until the symptoms disappeared. Foliar anatomical analyses of the leaves in the collected grass were conducted until the 35th DAA. The quantitative characters of the keel and wing region of the blade of Z. japonica were assessed, as well as the biometric characters, which were submitted to an analysis of variance F test, and the averages were compared by Tukeys test at a probability of 5%. The values of the anatomical characters of the foliar blade were tested by cluster analysis. The application of herbicides did not negatively influence the height of the plants but did reduce their dry mass. Toxic symptoms disappeared after 21 DAA, with the only symptoms of injury observed in plants treated with the herbicides oxadiazon and nicosulfuron. In addition, the cluster analysis indicated the formation of a uni

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre grama Esmeralda Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae), em associação com estudos da anatomia foliar dessa grama. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram da aplicação dos herbicidas: bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112,5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) e 2,4-D (698 g ha-1), além de um tratamento controle, sem aplicação de herbicidas. As avaliações de fitointoxicação foram realizadas a cada sete dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA) até o desaparecimento dos sintomas. Realizaram-se análises anatômicas foliares da grama coletando-se folhas no 35th DAA. Avaliaram-se os caracteres quantitativos da região da quilha e da asa do limbo de Z. japonica, bem como os caracteres biométricos da grama, os quais foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os valores dos caracteres anatômicos do limbo foliar foram submetidos ao teste de análise de agrupamento. A aplicação de herbicidas não influenciou negativamente a altura das plantas, porém reduziu massa seca. Os sintomas de fitointoxicação desapareceram até os 21 DAA, sendo que os únicos sintomas de injúrias foram observados nas plantas tratadas com os herbicidas nicosulfuron e oxadiazon. Al

ESTUDO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO CLÍNICA E TOMOGRÁFICA NA DETERMINAÇÃO DE ESCORES CORPORAIS EM PAPAGAIOS-VERDADEIROS (Amazona aestiva)

A magreza e a obesidade estão entre os problemas nutricionais mais comuns em psitacídeos sob cuidados humanos. A avaliação clínica desses pacientes é complexa, sendo essencial a análise do escore de condição corporal (ECC). Assim, o estudo objetivou avaliarclinicamente e por meio da tomografia computadorizada (TC) a condição corporal de papagaios-verdadeiros, Amazona aestiva, correlacionando áreas de musculatura e de gordura com o ECC e sexo. Clinicamente o ECC dos papagaios foi classificado de acordo com a conformação da musculatura peitoral na região de quilha e a visualização de gordura na região celomática: ECC 1 (muito magros), ECC 2 (magros), ECC 3 e ECC 4 (ideal) e ECC 5 (obesos). Foram analisadas quatro metodologias diferentes para determinação da composição corporal na TC. Para a mensuração manual, método 1, foram utilizados 42 papagaios hígidos e quatro imagens de cada ave. Outras três técnicas foram mensuradas pelo solfware ImageJ em 44 papagaios-verdadeiros hígidos, considerando pontos anatômicos pré-determinados. O método 2 consistiu na análise de sete segmentos no plano transversal distribuídos simetricamente no celoma. Os métodos 3 e 4 examinaram imagens no plano transversal, situadas, respectivamente, na região de início do sinsacro e na entrada da cavidade celomática. O Método 1 revelou um local específico ainda não delimitado na espécie para o acúmulo de gordura, a região da glândula uropígea, e demonstrou que a TC pode ser utilizada para verificar o ECC de papagaios-verdadeiros, com destaque para a musculatura peitoral em plano transversal. Dentre os locais de deposição de gordura da espécie, o principal foi o celoma caudal, seguido das regiões de glândula uropígea e axila. O método 2 foi o mais representativo da quantidade de gordura. Os métodos 3 e 4 apresentaram correlação moderada do ECC com a musculatura, porém o método 4 se destacou apontando diferença em todos os escores. Concluiu-se que a TC auxilia na avaliação da condição nutricional de Amazona aestiva, devendo-se selecionar segmentos de imagens de acordo com o tecido de interesse.

Thinness and obesity are among the most common nutritional problems in parrots under human care. The clinical assessment of these patients is complex, and the analysis of the body condition score (ECC) is essential. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate clinically and by means of computerized tomography (CT) the body condition of the Blue fronted amazon parrot, Amazona aestiva, correlating muscle and fat areas with ECC and sex. Clinically, the ECC of parrots was classified according to the conformation of the pectoral muscles in the keel region and the visualization of fat in the coelomatic region: ECC 1 (very thin), ECC 2 (thin), ECC 3 and ECC 4 (ideal) and ECC 5 (obese). Four different methodologies for determination of body composition at CT were analyzed. For manual measurement, method 1, 42 healthy parrots and four images of each bird were used. Three other techniques were measured by ImageJ solfware in 44 healthy parrots, considering predetermined anatomical points. Method 2 consisted of the analysis of seven segments in the transverse plane distributed symmetrically in the coelom. Methods 3 and 4 examined images in the transverse plane, located, respectively, at the beginning of the synsacral region and at the entrance to the coelomic cavity. Method 1 revealed a specific location not yet defined in the species for the accumulation of fat, the uropigeal gland region, and demonstrated that CT can be used to verify the ECC of true parrots, with emphasis on the pectoral musculature in the transverse plane. Among the fat deposition sites of the species, the main one was the caudal coelom, followed by the uropigeal gland and armpit regions. Method 2 was the most representative of the amount of fat. Methods 3 and 4 showed moderate correlation of the ECC with the musculature, but method 4 stood out, pointing out a difference in all scores. In conclusion, CT helps to assess the nutritional status of Amazona aestiva, and image segments should be selected according to the tissue of interest.