Função luteal e hipoluteoidismo em cadelas / Función lútea y hipoluteismo en perras / Luteal function and hypoluteoidism in dogs

O controle da função luteal é realizado por um balanço de fatores luteotróficos e luteolíticos, e nenhuma luteolisina de origem uterina está envolvida na regulação do corpo lúteo cíclico canino. Todavia, ao final da gestação, um pico de PGFM reflete a síntese e secreção de PGF2α envolvida na luteólise pré-parto. Em cadelas, a prolactina e o LH, mas também a PGE2, P4 e E2, e possivelmente citocinas e fatores de crescimento agem como fatores autócrinos e parácrinos para regular a função luteal. O hipoluteoidismo é definido como uma diminuição precoce da secreção de progesterona, com concentração insuficiente para a manutenção da gestação, causando perdas gestacionais. Entretanto, o valor de corte da concentração de progesterona para o diagnóstico ainda é controverso. A suplementação exógena com progestágenos é eficaz em manter a gestação, mas nas fases iniciais da gestação pode causar efeitos teratogênicos nos fetos.(AU)

El control de la función lútea se lleva a cabo por un equilibrio de factores luteotróficos y luteolíticos, y ninguna luteolisina de origen uterino está involucrada en la regulación del cuerpo lúteo cíclico canino. Sin embargo, al final del embarazo, un pico de PGFM refleja la síntesis y secreción de PGF2α involucrada en la luteólisis anteparto. En las perras, la prolactina y la LH, pero también la relaxina, PGE2, la P4 y la E2, y posiblemente citoquinas y factores de crecimiento, actúan como factores autocrinos y paracrinos para regular la función lútea. El hipoluteismo se define como una disminución precoz de la secreción de progesterona, con una concentración insuficiente para el mantenimiento del embarazo, provocando pérdidas gestacionales. Sin embargo, el valor de corte de la concentración de progesterona para el diagnóstico sigue siendo controvertido. La suplementación exógena con progestágenos es eficaz para mantener el embarazo, pero puede causar efectos teratogénicos en los fetos.(AU)

Conceptus-modulated innate immune function during early pregnancy in ruminants: a review

This review focuses on the innate immune events modulated by conceptus signaling during early pregnancy in ruminants. Interferon-tau (IFN-) plays a role in the recognition of pregnancy in ruminants, which involves more than the inhibition of luteolytic pulses of PGF2 to maintain corpus luteum function. For successful pregnancy establishment, the allogenic conceptus needs to prevent rejection by the female. Therefore, IFN- exerts paracrine and endocrine actions to regulate the innate immune system and prevent conceptus rejection. Additionally, other immune regulators work in parallel with IFN-, such as the pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors are activated during viral and bacterial infections and in early pregnancy, but it remains unknown whether PPR expression and function are controlled by IFN-. Therefore, this review focuses on the main components of the innate immune response that are involved with early pregnancy and their importance to avoid conceptus rejection.(AU)

Relationship between superovulation and embryo production with ovarian follicular population before superovulatory treatment in Brazilian Bergamasca sheep / [Relação da resposta superovulatória e produção embrionária com a população folicular ovariana antes do tratamento superovulatório de ovelhas da raça Bergamácia Brasileira]

The objective of this study was to quantify the superovulatory response and embryo production of Brazilian Bergamasca sheep and to evaluate the link to the follicular condition before superovulatory treatment, as a reference for selection of donors with potential for superovulation. Follicular population of twenty-three sheep was evaluated by ultrasound during metestrus phase of the estrous cycle and divided into groups of low, medium and high follicular population. Subsequently, they were synchronized, superovulated with 133mg of pFSH, mated and subjected to embryo collection. The superovulatory response (9.0±3.3 vs 10.7±6.2 vs 13.8±7.1) and embryo production (4.0±3.8 vs 2.6±2.0 vs 1,8±4.0) were similar between groups (P>0.05). There was a positive correlation between the number of follicles during the metestrus phase and the number of corpus luteum with premature regression (PLR) (0.52) and a negative correlation between the recovery rate and PLR (-0.44) (P<0.05). The sheep that presented PLR had more follicles during metestrus (16.9±7.8 vs 12.7±3.2) and lower embryo recovery rate (38.8±29.3 vs 72.2±29.9) than those with functional CLs (P<0.05). Follicular quantification during metestrus phases was unable to identify donors with high embryo production. Animals with PLR had a larger follicular population during metestrus and lower embryo recovery rate.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a resposta superovulatória e a produção embrionária de ovelhas Bergamácia Brasileira e relacioná-las com a condição folicular antes do tratamento superovulatório, como referência para seleção de doadoras com potencial para superovulação. Vinte e três ovelhas foram avaliadas quanto à população folicular por ultrassonografia na fase de metaestro do ciclo estral e divididas em grupos com baixa, média e alta população folicular. Posteriormente foram sincronizadas, superovuladas com 133mg de pFSH, acasaladas e submetidas à coleta de embriões. A resposta superovulatória (9,0±3,3 vs. 10,7±6,2 vs. 13,8±7,1) e a produção embrionária (4,0±3,8 vs. 2,6±2,0 vs. 1,8±4,0) foram semelhantes entre os grupos (P>0,05). Houve correlação positiva entre o número de folículos no metaestro e o número de corpos lúteos com regressão prematura (RPCL) (0,52) e correlação negativa entre a taxa de recuperação e RPCL (-0,44) (P <0,05). As ovelhas que apresentaram RPCL tiveram mais folículos no metaestro (16,9±7,8 vs. 12,7±3,2) e menor taxa de recuperação embrionária (38,8±29,3 vs. 72,2±29,9) do que as que apresentaram CLs funcionais (P<0,05). A quantificação folicular nas fases de metaestro não foi capaz de identificar doadoras com alto potencial de produção embrionária. Animais com RPCL tiveram maior população folicular no metaestro e menor recuperação de embriões.(AU)

Participação de membros da superfamília TGF beta na foliculogênese, luteinização e luteólise / Role of TGF-beta superfamily members during folliculogenesis, luteinization and luteolysis

Fatores produzidos no ovário como os membros da família dos fatores de crescimento transformantes beta (TGFβ) e seus receptores, são essenciais durante o desenvolvimento folicular. Membros desta superfamília desempenham papel chave na fertilidade e diferenças espécie-específicas na regulação desses fatores têm sido descritas, envolvendo as funções ovarianas em condições fisiológicas ou patológicas. A proteína morfogenética óssea 15 (BMP15) e o fator de crescimento e diferenciação 9 (GDF9) destacam-se, pois desempenham papéis importantes na regulação do crescimento e da diferenciação folicular. Ainda, há evidências de que outras BMPs, ativinas, inibinas e seus receptores também possam estar envolvidos no controle da foliculogênese, ovulação/luteinização e luteólise. A maioria dos dados demostram que os TGFs atuam regulando negativamente a síntese de progesterona, o que sugere envolvimento na inibição da luteinização e promoção da luteólise. O avanço no entendimento das funções destes fatores locais poderá possibilitar o desenvolvimento tanto de novas estratégias contraceptivas, como também para controle do ciclo estral ou menstrual.(AU)

Factors produced in the ovary, such as transforming growth factors beta members (TGFβ) and their receptors, play a key role during follicular development. Members from this family have an important role in female fertility and species-specific differences in their regulation have been described, being involved in ovarian function regulation under both physiological and pathological conditions. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) are the most studied factors due to their involvement in the regulation of follicular development and differentiation. Besides BMP15 and GDF9, other BMPs, activins, inhibins and their receptors may be involved in the control of folliculogenesis, ovulation/luteinization and luteolysis. Most studies demonstrate that TGFβ members negatively regulate progesterone synthesis, suggesting an involvement in luteolysis. The advance in the knowledge of the function of these local factors may allow the development of new contraceptive strategies as well as new approaches to control the estrous or menstrual cycle.(AU)

Participação de membros da superfamília TGF beta na foliculogênese, luteinização e luteólise / Role of TGF-beta superfamily members during folliculogenesis, luteinization and luteolysis

Fatores produzidos no ovário como os membros da família dos fatores de crescimento transformantes beta (TGFβ) e seus receptores, são essenciais durante o desenvolvimento folicular. Membros desta superfamília desempenham papel chave na fertilidade e diferenças espécie-específicas na regulação desses fatores têm sido descritas, envolvendo as funções ovarianas em condições fisiológicas ou patológicas. A proteína morfogenética óssea 15 (BMP15) e o fator de crescimento e diferenciação 9 (GDF9) destacam-se, pois desempenham papéis importantes na regulação do crescimento e da diferenciação folicular. Ainda, há evidências de que outras BMPs, ativinas, inibinas e seus receptores também possam estar envolvidos no controle da foliculogênese, ovulação/luteinização e luteólise. A maioria dos dados demostram que os TGFs atuam regulando negativamente a síntese de progesterona, o que sugere envolvimento na inibição da luteinização e promoção da luteólise. O avanço no entendimento das funções destes fatores locais poderá possibilitar o desenvolvimento tanto de novas estratégias contraceptivas, como também para controle do ciclo estral ou menstrual.

Factors produced in the ovary, such as transforming growth factors beta members (TGFβ) and their receptors, play a key role during follicular development. Members from this family have an important role in female fertility and species-specific differences in their regulation have been described, being involved in ovarian function regulation under both physiological and pathological conditions. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) are the most studied factors due to their involvement in the regulation of follicular development and differentiation. Besides BMP15 and GDF9, other BMPs, activins, inhibins and their receptors may be involved in the control of folliculogenesis, ovulation/luteinization and luteolysis. Most studies demonstrate that TGFβ members negatively regulate progesterone synthesis, suggesting an involvement in luteolysis. The advance in the knowledge of the function of these local factors may allow the development of new contraceptive strategies as well as new approaches to control the estrous or menstrual cycle.

Transforming growth factor-beta family members are regulated during induced luteolysis in cattle

The transforming growth factors beta (TGFβ) are local factors produced by ovarian cells which, after binding to their receptors, regulate follicular deviation and ovulation. However, their regulation and function during corpus luteum (CL) regression has been poorly investigated. The present study evaluated the mRNA regulation of some TGFβ family ligands and their receptors in the bovine CL during induced luteolysis in vivo. On day 10 of the estrous cycle, cows received an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and luteal samples were obtained from separate groups of cows (n= 4-5 cows per time-point) at 0, 2, 12, 24 or 48 h after treatment. Since TGF beta family comprises more than 30 ligands, we focused in some candidates genes such as activin receptors (ACVR-1A, -1B, -2A, -2B) AMH, AMHR2, BMPs (BMP-1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -7), BMP receptors (BMPR-1A, -1B and -2), inhibin subunits (INH-A, -BA, -BB) and betaglycan (TGFBR3). The mRNA levels of BMP4, BMP6 and INHBA were higher at 2 h after PGF administration (P<0.05) in comparison to 0 h. The relative mRNA abundance of BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP6, ACVR1B, INHBA and INHBB was upregulated up to 12 h post PGF (P<0.05). On the other hand, TGFBR3 mRNA that codes for a reservoir of ligands that bind to TGF-beta receptors, was lower at 48 h. In conclusion, findings from this study demonstrated that genes encoding several TGFβ family members are expressed in a time-specific manner after PGF administration.(AU)

Transforming growth factor-beta family members are regulated during induced luteolysis in cattle

The transforming growth factors beta (TGFβ) are local factors produced by ovarian cells which, after binding to their receptors, regulate follicular deviation and ovulation. However, their regulation and function during corpus luteum (CL) regression has been poorly investigated. The present study evaluated the mRNA regulation of some TGFβ family ligands and their receptors in the bovine CL during induced luteolysis in vivo. On day 10 of the estrous cycle, cows received an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and luteal samples were obtained from separate groups of cows (n= 4-5 cows per time-point) at 0, 2, 12, 24 or 48 h after treatment. Since TGF beta family comprises more than 30 ligands, we focused in some candidates genes such as activin receptors (ACVR-1A, -1B, -2A, -2B) AMH, AMHR2, BMPs (BMP-1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -7), BMP receptors (BMPR-1A, -1B and -2), inhibin subunits (INH-A, -BA, -BB) and betaglycan (TGFBR3). The mRNA levels of BMP4, BMP6 and INHBA were higher at 2 h after PGF administration (P<0.05) in comparison to 0 h. The relative mRNA abundance of BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP6, ACVR1B, INHBA and INHBB was upregulated up to 12 h post PGF (P<0.05). On the other hand, TGFBR3 mRNA that codes for a reservoir of ligands that bind to TGF-beta receptors, was lower at 48 h. In conclusion, findings from this study demonstrated that genes encoding several TGFβ family members are expressed in a time-specific manner after PGF administration.

Impacto da ocitocina em índices reprodutivos de fêmeas girolandas lactantes / Impact of oxytocin on reproductive rates of lactating girolando cows

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito da ocitocina intravenosa no momento da ordenha nos índices reprodutivos de vacas Girolando lactantes. Para tanto, foram avaliados os históricos reprodutivos de 60 fêmeas da raça Girolando em duas lactações consecutivas. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais, sendo o grupo controle (GC), composto de animais que não receberam ocitocina intravenosa, e o grupo tratamento (GT) composto por animais que diariamente receberam 20 UI ocitocina, na veia mamária, no momento da ordenha, sendo esta realizada duas vezes ao dia. Foram avaliados período de serviço (PS, dias), intervalo entre partos (IEP, dias) e número de serviços por concepção (SC). Os resultados foram respectivamente para os grupos GC e GT: PS de 171,2 ± 81,1 e 186,2 ± 93,2, IDP de 446,4 ± 81,6 e 463,2 ± 92,9 e SC de 2,0 ± 0,8 e 2,3 ± 1,0. Não houve diferença estatística (P < 0,05) nos parâmetros avaliados. Conclui-se que aplicação de ocitocina diária não influencia no período de serviço, intervalo de partos e número de serviço por concepção em vacas da raça Girolando.(AU)

The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous oxytocin at the time of milking on the reproductive rates of Girolando lactating cows. For that, the reproductive records of 60 Girolando females were evaluated during two consecutive lactations. The animals were divided into two experimental groups, the control group (CG) composed of animals did not receive intravenous oxytocin (mammary vein) at the time of milking and treatment group (TG) composed of animals that were daily injected with 20 IU of oxytocin in the mammary vein, twice a day at the time of milking. The following parameters were evaluated: calving to first service interval (days), calving interval (days) and number of services per conception. The results were respectively for the CG and TG groups: 171.2 ± 81.1 and 186.2 ± 93.2, 446.4 ± 81.6 and 463.2 ± 92.9 and 2.0 ± 0.8 and 2.3 ± 1.0. There was no statistical difference (P < 0.05) in the parameters evaluated. It is concluded that daily application of oxytocin does not influence the calving to first service interval (days), conception interval (days) and number of services per conception on the evaluated herd.(AU)

Impacto da ocitocina em índices reprodutivos de fêmeas girolandas lactantes / Impact of oxytocin on reproductive rates of lactating girolando cows

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito da ocitocina intravenosa no momento da ordenha nos índices reprodutivos de vacas Girolando lactantes. Para tanto, foram avaliados os históricos reprodutivos de 60 fêmeas da raça Girolando em duas lactações consecutivas. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais, sendo o grupo controle (GC), composto de animais que não receberam ocitocina intravenosa, e o grupo tratamento (GT) composto por animais que diariamente receberam 20 UI ocitocina, na veia mamária, no momento da ordenha, sendo esta realizada duas vezes ao dia. Foram avaliados período de serviço (PS, dias), intervalo entre partos (IEP, dias) e número de serviços por concepção (SC). Os resultados foram respectivamente para os grupos GC e GT: PS de 171,2 ± 81,1 e 186,2 ± 93,2, IDP de 446,4 ± 81,6 e 463,2 ± 92,9 e SC de 2,0 ± 0,8 e 2,3 ± 1,0. Não houve diferença estatística (P < 0,05) nos parâmetros avaliados. Conclui-se que aplicação de ocitocina diária não influencia no período de serviço, intervalo de partos e número de serviço por concepção em vacas da raça Girolando.

The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous oxytocin at the time of milking on the reproductive rates of Girolando lactating cows. For that, the reproductive records of 60 Girolando females were evaluated during two consecutive lactations. The animals were divided into two experimental groups, the control group (CG) composed of animals did not receive intravenous oxytocin (mammary vein) at the time of milking and treatment group (TG) composed of animals that were daily injected with 20 IU of oxytocin in the mammary vein, twice a day at the time of milking. The following parameters were evaluated: calving to first service interval (days), calving interval (days) and number of services per conception. The results were respectively for the CG and TG groups: 171.2 ± 81.1 and 186.2 ± 93.2, 446.4 ± 81.6 and 463.2 ± 92.9 and 2.0 ± 0.8 and 2.3 ± 1.0. There was no statistical difference (P < 0.05) in the parameters evaluated. It is concluded that daily application of oxytocin does not influence the calving to first service interval (days), conception interval (days) and number of services per conception on the evaluated herd.

Endometrial prostaglandin F2α in vitro production and its modulation regarding dominant follicle position in cattle / Produção in vitro de PGF F2α endometrial e sua modulação referente ao folículo dominante em bovinos

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) determines luteolysis in cattle, and the ability to manipulate its endogenous synthesis is indispensible for large-scale animal breeding. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) modulate several molecular pathways in endometrial cells, including the synthesis of PGF2α; however, its specific mechanisms are still not totally known. This study investigated the production in vitro and possible modulation of endometrial PGF2α due to a local effect of endogenous E2 in the ipsilateral uterine horn (UH) containing the dominant follicle (DF) or from P4 in ipsilateral horn containing the corpus luteum (CL). The PGF2α stimulators oxytocin (OT) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) were incubated with endometrial explants, and PGF2α content was measured. For that, cycling cows were synchronized, the development of DF and CL was examined by ultrasonography and on the seventh day of the estrous cycle, endometrial explants were collected and cultured in medium supplemented with 10-6 M PDBu or 10-6 M OT or non-supplemented. Media samples were collected immediately after treatment and 60 min later. Radioimmunoassay showed that the PGF2α content of the UH ipsilateral to the DF was 49% less than that of the contralateral UH (8.22 ± 0.95 vs. 12.24 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P < 0.01). However, the PGF2α levels did not differ between the UHs as a function of the CL position (9.46 ± 0.95 vs. 11 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg; P > 0.05). The cellular stimulators promoted an increase in PGF2α synthesis (P < 0.02), and the effects differed among the animals (P < 0.04). The PGF2a production was higher in the explants treated with PDBu rather than OT (13.68 ± 1.16 vs. 10.01 ± 1.16 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, PGF2α synthesis is modulated by the presence of the DF (local E2) but not the CL (local P4), and both PDBu and OT stimulated PGF2a synthesis.(AU)

A prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) determina a luteólise em bovinos. A capacidade de manipular sua síntese endógena é indispensável para a produção animal em grande escala. O estradiol (E2) e a progesterona (P4) modulam diversas vias moleculares das células endometriais, incluindo a síntese de PGF2α; no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seus mecanismos específicos. Este trabalho investigou a produção in vitro e a possível modulação da PGF2α endometrial devido a um efeito local do E2 endógeno no corno uterino ipsilateral ao folículo dominante (FD) ou da P4 no corno ipsilateral ao corpo lúteo (CL). Os estimuladores de PGF2α oxitocina (OT) e 12,23-dibutirato de forbol (PDBu) foram incubados com explantes endometriais, e o conteúdo de PGF2α foi mensurado. Para tal, vacas cíclicas foram sincronizadas, o desenvolvimento de FD e CL foi examinado por ultrassonografia, e no 17º dia do ciclo estral os explantes endometriais foram coletados e cultivados em meio ou suplementados com PDBu 10-6M ou 10-6M OT. As amostras de meio foram coletadas imediatamente após o tratamento e sessenta minutos depois. O radioimunoensaio mostrou que o conteúdo de PGF2α do corno ipsilateral ao FD foi 49% menor que o do corno contralateral (8,22 ± 0,95 vs. 12,24 ± 0,95 pg/mL/mg de tecido, respectivamente, P < 0,01). No entanto, os níveis de PGF2α não diferiram entre os cornos em função da posição do CL (9,46 ± 0,95 versus 11 ± 0,95 pg/mL/mg; P > 0,05). Os estimuladores celulares promoveram um aumento na síntese de PGF2α (P < 0,02), e os efeitos diferiram entre os animais (P < 0,04). A produção de PGF2α foi maior nos explantes tratados com PDBu em comparação à OT (13,68 ± 1,16 versus 10,01 ± 1,16 pg/mL/mg de tecido, respectivamente, P < 0,05). A conclusão obtida foi que a síntese de PGF2α é: modulada pela presença do FD (E2 local), mas não do CL (P4 local); e estimulada por PDBu e OT.(AU)

Endometrial prostaglandin F2α in vitro production and its modulation regarding dominant follicle position in cattle / Produção in vitro de PGF F2α endometrial e sua modulação referente ao folículo dominante em bovinos

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) determines luteolysis in cattle, and the ability to manipulate its endogenous synthesis is indispensible for large-scale animal breeding. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) modulate several molecular pathways in endometrial cells, including the synthesis of PGF2α; however, its specific mechanisms are still not totally known. This study investigated the production in vitro and possible modulation of endometrial PGF2α due to a local effect of endogenous E2 in the ipsilateral uterine horn (UH) containing the dominant follicle (DF) or from P4 in ipsilateral horn containing the corpus luteum (CL). The PGF2α stimulators oxytocin (OT) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) were incubated with endometrial explants, and PGF2α content was measured. For that, cycling cows were synchronized, the development of DF and CL was examined by ultrasonography and on the seventh day of the estrous cycle, endometrial explants were collected and cultured in medium supplemented with 10-6 M PDBu or 10-6 M OT or non-supplemented. Media samples were collected immediately after treatment and 60 min later. Radioimmunoassay showed that the PGF2α content of the UH ipsilateral to the DF was 49% less than that of the contralateral UH (8.22 ± 0.95 vs. 12.24 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P < 0.01). However, the PGF2α levels did not differ between the UHs as a function of the CL position (9.46 ± 0.95 vs. 11 ± 0.95 pg/mL/mg; P > 0.05). The cellular stimulators promoted an increase in PGF2α synthesis (P < 0.02), and the effects differed among the animals (P < 0.04). The PGF2a production was higher in the explants treated with PDBu rather than OT (13.68 ± 1.16 vs. 10.01 ± 1.16 pg/mL/mg tissue, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, PGF2α synthesis is modulated by the presence of the DF (local E2) but not the CL (local P4), and both PDBu and OT stimulated PGF2a synthesis.(AU)

A prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) determina a luteólise em bovinos. A capacidade de manipular sua síntese endógena é indispensável para a produção animal em grande escala. O estradiol (E2) e a progesterona (P4) modulam diversas vias moleculares das células endometriais, incluindo a síntese de PGF2α; no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seus mecanismos específicos. Este trabalho investigou a produção in vitro e a possível modulação da PGF2α endometrial devido a um efeito local do E2 endógeno no corno uterino ipsilateral ao folículo dominante (FD) ou da P4 no corno ipsilateral ao corpo lúteo (CL). Os estimuladores de PGF2α oxitocina (OT) e 12,23-dibutirato de forbol (PDBu) foram incubados com explantes endometriais, e o conteúdo de PGF2α foi mensurado. Para tal, vacas cíclicas foram sincronizadas, o desenvolvimento de FD e CL foi examinado por ultrassonografia, e no 17º dia do ciclo estral os explantes endometriais foram coletados e cultivados em meio ou suplementados com PDBu 10-6M ou 10-6M OT. As amostras de meio foram coletadas imediatamente após o tratamento e sessenta minutos depois. O radioimunoensaio mostrou que o conteúdo de PGF2α do corno ipsilateral ao FD foi 49% menor que o do corno contralateral (8,22 ± 0,95 vs. 12,24 ± 0,95 pg/mL/mg de tecido, respectivamente, P < 0,01). No entanto, os níveis de PGF2α não diferiram entre os cornos em função da posição do CL (9,46 ± 0,95 versus 11 ± 0,95 pg/mL/mg; P > 0,05). Os estimuladores celulares promoveram um aumento na síntese de PGF2α (P < 0,02), e os efeitos diferiram entre os animais (P < 0,04). A produção de PGF2α foi maior nos explantes tratados com PDBu em comparação à OT (13,68 ± 1,16 versus 10,01 ± 1,16 pg/mL/mg de tecido, respectivamente, P < 0,05). A conclusão obtida foi que a síntese de PGF2α é: modulada pela presença do FD (E2 local), mas não do CL (P4 local); e estimulada por PDBu e OT.(AU)

Regressão espontânea do corpo lúteo em bovinos - revisão / Spontaneous corpus luteum regression in cattle: review

O conhecimento do processo de luteólise dentro da fisiologia reprodutiva se torna importante para que ocorra a compreensão do reconhecimento materno da gestação e seja possível formular estratégias anti-luteolíticas que visem manter esta fase conferindo aumentos na eficiência reprodutiva e produtiva. Durante o processo de luteólise, o tecido luteal sofre mudanças bruscas na capacidade esteroidogênica, vascularização e remodelamento, resultando em substituição da glândula por tecido conjuntivo, sendo a PGF2α o principal determinante na indução espontânea da luteólise em bovinos. Simultaneamente, ocorre um íntimo processo entre as relações anatômicas que compreende o ovário, útero e suas vascularizações. A exposição do útero à interação coordenada entre P4, E2 e ocitocina aliada à expressão de seus receptores são essenciais para a secreção pulsátil de PGF2α pelo endométrio a qual induzirá a luteólise. Nesta regressão do corpo lúteo (CL), estão envolvidos ainda os hormônios (LH, prolactina, cortisol) e várias substâncias vasoativas (óxido nítrico, VEGF, EG-VEGF, bFGF, END-1, AngII). A concentração de PGF2α pode ser representada pela mensuração sanguínea da concentração de seu metabólito 13,14-dihidro-15-ceto- PGF2α (PGFM) sendo a pulsatilidade da secreção de PGF2α durante os períodos pré-luteolítico, luteolítico e pós-luteolítico mensurável pelo aumento na concentração de PGFM. Neste artigo de revisão, será possível compreender e discutir os principais aspectos endócrinos e moleculares que ocorrem com as mudanças morfofuncionais no CL durante o processo de luteólise fisiológica em fêmeas bovinas.

The knowledge of the luteolysis process within reproductive physiology becomes important to occur the understanding of maternal recognition of gestation being possible to formulate anti-luteolytic strategies aimed at maintaining this phase conferring increases in reproductive and productive efficiency. During the luteolysis process, luteal tissue undergoes abrupt changes in steroidogenic capacity, vascularization and remodeling, resulting in replacement of the gland by connective tissue, and PGF2α is the main determinant in the spontaneous induction of luteolysis in cattle. Simultaneously, an intimate process occurs between the anatomical relationships that comprise the ovary, uterus and its vascularizations. The exposure of the uterus to the coordinated interaction between P4, E2 and oxytocin, together with the expression of its receptors, are essential for the pulsating secretion of PGF2α by the endometrium, which will induce luteolysis. In this regression of the corpus luteum (CL), hormones (LH, prolactin, cortisol) and various vasoactive substances (nitric oxide, VEGF, EG-VEGF, bFGF, END-1, AngII) are also involved. The concentration of PGF2α can be represented by the blood measurement of the concentration of its metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM),being the pulsatility of PGF2α secretion during the pre-luteolytic, luteolytic and post-luteolytic measured by the increased concentration of PGFM. In this review article, it will be possible to understand and discuss the main endocrine and molecular aspects that occur with the morphofunctional changes in CL during the physiological luteolysis process in bovine females.

Regressão espontânea do corpo lúteo em bovinos - revisão / Spontaneous corpus luteum regression in cattle: review

O conhecimento do processo de luteólise dentro da fisiologia reprodutiva se torna importante para que ocorra a compreensão do reconhecimento materno da gestação e seja possível formular estratégias anti-luteolíticas que visem manter esta fase conferindo aumentos na eficiência reprodutiva e produtiva. Durante o processo de luteólise, o tecido luteal sofre mudanças bruscas na capacidade esteroidogênica, vascularização e remodelamento, resultando em substituição da glândula por tecido conjuntivo, sendo a PGF2α o principal determinante na indução espontânea da luteólise em bovinos. Simultaneamente, ocorre um íntimo processo entre as relações anatômicas que compreende o ovário, útero e suas vascularizações. A exposição do útero à interação coordenada entre P4, E2 e ocitocina aliada à expressão de seus receptores são essenciais para a secreção pulsátil de PGF2α pelo endométrio a qual induzirá a luteólise. Nesta regressão do corpo lúteo (CL), estão envolvidos ainda os hormônios (LH, prolactina, cortisol) e várias substâncias vasoativas (óxido nítrico, VEGF, EG-VEGF, bFGF, END-1, AngII). A concentração de PGF2α pode ser representada pela mensuração sanguínea da concentração de seu metabólito 13,14-dihidro-15-ceto- PGF2α (PGFM) sendo a pulsatilidade da secreção de PGF2α durante os períodos pré-luteolítico, luteolítico e pós-luteolítico mensurável pelo aumento na concentração de PGFM. Neste artigo de revisão, será possível compreender e discutir os principais aspectos endócrinos e moleculares que ocorrem com as mudanças morfofuncionais no CL durante o processo de luteólise fisiológica em fêmeas bovinas.(AU)

The knowledge of the luteolysis process within reproductive physiology becomes important to occur the understanding of maternal recognition of gestation being possible to formulate anti-luteolytic strategies aimed at maintaining this phase conferring increases in reproductive and productive efficiency. During the luteolysis process, luteal tissue undergoes abrupt changes in steroidogenic capacity, vascularization and remodeling, resulting in replacement of the gland by connective tissue, and PGF2α is the main determinant in the spontaneous induction of luteolysis in cattle. Simultaneously, an intimate process occurs between the anatomical relationships that comprise the ovary, uterus and its vascularizations. The exposure of the uterus to the coordinated interaction between P4, E2 and oxytocin, together with the expression of its receptors, are essential for the pulsating secretion of PGF2α by the endometrium, which will induce luteolysis. In this regression of the corpus luteum (CL), hormones (LH, prolactin, cortisol) and various vasoactive substances (nitric oxide, VEGF, EG-VEGF, bFGF, END-1, AngII) are also involved. The concentration of PGF2α can be represented by the blood measurement of the concentration of its metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM),being the pulsatility of PGF2α secretion during the pre-luteolytic, luteolytic and post-luteolytic measured by the increased concentration of PGFM. In this review article, it will be possible to understand and discuss the main endocrine and molecular aspects that occur with the morphofunctional changes in CL during the physiological luteolysis process in bovine females.(AU)

Maternal plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in the term-pregnant and non-pregnant rats

Female reproductive functions are associated with changes in the level of systemic cytokines which play pivotal roles during ovulation, development of corpus luteum, embryo implantation, and labor. Although many studies reported elevated level of VEGF during early pregnancy and IL-6 at the onset of labors, there is still incomplete elucidation of the level of these systemic cytokines in the very-late pregnancy or in the non-pregnant states. The purpose of this study was to determine the maternal plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the term-pregnant and non-pregnant rats to see if their levels are changed at the very end of pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from twelve term-pregnant rats and compared by aged-matched seven non-pregnant rats. Plasma was separated carefully from all samples and the concentrations of VEGF and IL-6 were determined by ELISA techniques. The plasma concentration of VEGF was significantly higher in the non-pregnant rats (0.237 pg/ ml) than in the term-pregnant (0.2 pg/ ml; P < 0.001). The plasma concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher in the term-pregnant rats (50.12 pg/ ml) than in the non-pregnant ones (40.19 pg/ ml; P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the level of VEGF is decreased few days before labor possibly to decrease the ovarian blood flow and to cause luteolysis while the level of IL-6 is increased at the end of pregnancy possibly to cause a local inflammation. Together, these changes are necessary to stimulate the onset of labor.

Maternal plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in the term-pregnant and non-pregnant rats

Female reproductive functions are associated with changes in the level of systemic cytokines which play pivotal roles during ovulation, development of corpus luteum, embryo implantation, and labor. Although many studies reported elevated level of VEGF during early pregnancy and IL-6 at the onset of labors, there is still incomplete elucidation of the level of these systemic cytokines in the very-late pregnancy or in the non-pregnant states. The purpose of this study was to determine the maternal plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the term-pregnant and non-pregnant rats to see if their levels are changed at the very end of pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from twelve term-pregnant rats and compared by aged-matched seven non-pregnant rats. Plasma was separated carefully from all samples and the concentrations of VEGF and IL-6 were determined by ELISA techniques. The plasma concentration of VEGF was significantly higher in the non-pregnant rats (0.237 pg/ ml) than in the term-pregnant (0.2 pg/ ml; P < 0.001). The plasma concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher in the term-pregnant rats (50.12 pg/ ml) than in the non-pregnant ones (40.19 pg/ ml; P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the level of VEGF is decreased few days before labor possibly to decrease the ovarian blood flow and to cause luteolysis while the level of IL-6 is increased at the end of pregnancy possibly to cause a local inflammation. Together, these changes are necessary to stimulate the onset of labor.(AU)

Maintenance or regression of the corpus luteum during multiple decisive periods of bovine pregnancy

In ruminants, there are specific times during the estrous cycle or pregnancy when the corpus luteum (CL) may undergo regression. This review has attempted to summarize the physiological and cellular mechanisms involved in CL regression or maintenance during four distinct periods. The first period is near day 7 when animals that are ovulating after a period of low circulating progesterone (P4), such as first pubertal ovulation or first postpartum ovulation, are at risk of having a premature increase in Prostaglandin F2α (PGF) secreted from the uterus resulting in early CL regression and a short estrous cycle. The second period is when normal luteolysis occurs at day 18-25 of the cycle or when the CL is rescued by interferon-tau secreted by the elongating embryo. The uterine mechanisms that determine the timing of this luteolysis or the prevention of luteolysis have been generally defined. Induction and activation of endometrial E2 receptors result in induction of endometrial oxytocin receptors that can now be activated by normal pulses of oxytocin. Of particular importance is the observation that the primary mechanisms are only activated through local (ipsilateral) and not a systemic route due to transfer of PGF from the uterine vein to the ovarian artery. In addition at the CL level, studies are providing definition to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are activated in response to uterine PGF pulses or pregnancy

Maintenance or regression of the corpus luteum during multiple decisive periods of bovine pregnancy

In ruminants, there are specific times during the estrous cycle or pregnancy when the corpus luteum (CL) may undergo regression. This review has attempted to summarize the physiological and cellular mechanisms involved in CL regression or maintenance during four distinct periods. The first period is near day 7 when animals that are ovulating after a period of low circulating progesterone (P4), such as first pubertal ovulation or first postpartum ovulation, are at risk of having a premature increase in Prostaglandin F2α (PGF) secreted from the uterus resulting in early CL regression and a short estrous cycle. The second period is when normal luteolysis occurs at day 18-25 of the cycle or when the CL is rescued by interferon-tau secreted by the elongating embryo. The uterine mechanisms that determine the timing of this luteolysis or the prevention of luteolysis have been generally defined. Induction and activation of endometrial E2 receptors result in induction of endometrial oxytocin receptors that can now be activated by normal pulses of oxytocin. Of particular importance is the observation that the primary mechanisms are only activated through local (ipsilateral) and not a systemic route due to transfer of PGF from the uterine vein to the ovarian artery. In addition at the CL level, studies are providing definition to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are activated in response to uterine PGF pulses or pregnancy…(AU)

Regressão luteal prematura em pequenos ruminantes / Premature luteal regression in small ruminants

Como a função luteal reflete diretamente nas taxas reprodutivas de um rebanho, os mecanismoscelulares e moleculares que estão envolvidos na formação, secreção e regressão do corpo lúteo são alvos deestudos. Especialmente em caprinos e ovinos, o fenômeno da regressão luteal precoce tem ocorrido de formafrequente, reduzindo o desempenho reprodutivo e das biotécnicas aplicadas. Os motivos desse acontecimentoainda não estão completamente elucidados e as buscas por formas de prevenção e controle estão sendoinvestigadas. Portanto, a presente revisão tem como objetivo rever diversos aspectos associados à regressãoprematura do corpo lúteo em pequenos ruminantes, incluindo suas possíveis causas, estratégias para o corretodiagnóstico e controle, além de perspectivas futuras para essa área de pesquisa.(AU)

As the luteal function directly reflects the reproductive rates of a herd, the cellular and molecularmechanisms involved in the formation, secretion and regression of the corpus luteum are targets of studies.Especially in goats and sheep, the phenomenon of premature luteal regression has been frequently observed,reducing the reproduction performance and biotech results. The reasons why this event happens are not yet fullyunderstood and new ways to prevention and control it are being investigated. Therefore, the aim of this review isto review several aspects associated with premature regression of corpus luteum in small ruminants, includingpossible causes and strategies for diagnosis and control, as well future perspectives for this area of research.(AU)

Regressão luteal prematura em pequenos ruminantes / Premature luteal regression in small ruminants

Como a função luteal reflete diretamente nas taxas reprodutivas de um rebanho, os mecanismoscelulares e moleculares que estão envolvidos na formação, secreção e regressão do corpo lúteo são alvos deestudos. Especialmente em caprinos e ovinos, o fenômeno da regressão luteal precoce tem ocorrido de formafrequente, reduzindo o desempenho reprodutivo e das biotécnicas aplicadas. Os motivos desse acontecimentoainda não estão completamente elucidados e as buscas por formas de prevenção e controle estão sendoinvestigadas. Portanto, a presente revisão tem como objetivo rever diversos aspectos associados à regressãoprematura do corpo lúteo em pequenos ruminantes, incluindo suas possíveis causas, estratégias para o corretodiagnóstico e controle, além de perspectivas futuras para essa área de pesquisa.

As the luteal function directly reflects the reproductive rates of a herd, the cellular and molecularmechanisms involved in the formation, secretion and regression of the corpus luteum are targets of studies.Especially in goats and sheep, the phenomenon of premature luteal regression has been frequently observed,reducing the reproduction performance and biotech results. The reasons why this event happens are not yet fullyunderstood and new ways to prevention and control it are being investigated. Therefore, the aim of this review isto review several aspects associated with premature regression of corpus luteum in small ruminants, includingpossible causes and strategies for diagnosis and control, as well future perspectives for this area of research.

Sudden introduction of bucks during the late luteal phase of isolated female goats induces a biphasic change in progesterone concentrations

The aim was to determine the progesterone profile after the introduction of bucks during the advanced luteal phase of does. Fourteen does received vaginal sponges impregnated with 40 mg fluorogestone acetate for 12 days, and a luteolytic dose of a prostaglandin analogue (75 μg of D-cloprostenol) 2 days before sponge removal. Fifteen days after sponge withdrawal one buck was introduced in one of the pens (BE group; n = 6), while the female goats in the other pen remained as controls (CON group; n = 8). The buck was replaced every 24 h, alternating their presence until the end of the experiment. Serum progesterone levels were used to monitor ovarian activity. Progesterone concentration from day 14 to 20 varied with time (P < 0.0001), and there was an interaction between treatment and day (P = 0.02). While progesterone concentration increased from day 15 to day 16 in BE does (P = 0.01), there were no changes in CON does on those days (P = 0.2). On the other hand, progesterone concentrations decreased in BE does from day 18 to day 19 (P = 0.02), without changes in CON does (P = 0.6). Finally, there was a sharp decrease from day 19 to day 20 in both BE (P = 0.0009) and CON (P < 0.0001) does. Overall, our results demonstrated that the introduction of bucks during the late luteal phase of isolated does can induce changes in the progesterone pattern, showing an early increase followed by a pronounced withdrawn.(AU)