Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the urban park of Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamen-tal to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is funda-mental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), locat-ed in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual census-es from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, fol-lowed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zarawhich is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies' species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butter-fly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conserva-tion of butterfly species.(AU)

Perfil profissional e técnico dos fiscais de inspeção sanitária do RS relacionado à cisticercose bovina / Professional and technical profile health inspection inpectors in RS related to bovine cysticercosis

A cisticercose bovina é responsável por elevados prejuízos na cadeia produtiva da carne, estando relacionada a uma das principais enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer o perfil de Médicos Veterinários atuantes no sistema de inspeção oficial sobre questões ligadas à inspeção sanitária de carcaças bovinas e ao complexo teníase-cisticercose, bem como a sua interpretação da legislação (Decreto n o 9013/2017) relacionada à cisticercose. No período de junho a julho de 2020 foi realizado um levantamento sob forma de questionário a médicos veterinários que trabalhavam na inspeção do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sobre questões ligadas a carcaças bovinas e ao complexo teníasecisticercose. Foram entrevistados 58 médicos veterinários que atuam no Sistema de Inspeção Estadual (SIE), em relação à legislação. Desses, 46,55% não consideram a legislação aplicada aos casos de cisticercose clara e de fácil interpretação. Sobre a rotina de inspeção, 25% não realizam treinamento de reciclagem e 6,90% dos fiscais não monitoram as atividades dos seus auxiliares durante a rotina de inspeção dos sítios pré-determinados. Sobre o método de inspeção, 70,69% afirmam ser insuficiente a pesquisa de cisticercos realizada na linha de abate para garantir a sanidade da carcaça. A decisão de liberar a carcaça com apenas um cisticerco calcificado após inspeção completa é considerada errada por 55,17%. De acordo com a interpretação dos Médicos Veterinários, observou-se que a legislação vigente deve ser questionada e que os estudos contribuem para uma melhora da qualidade do sistema de Inspeção Estadual nos produtos de origem animal.(AU)

Bovine cysticercosis is responsible for high losses in the meat production chain, being related to one of the main diseases transmitted by food. The objective of this work is to know the profile of Veterinarians in the official inspection system on issues related to the health notification of bovine carcasses and the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex and their interpretation of the legislation (Decree No. 9013/2017) related to cysticercosis. From June to July 2020, a survey was carried out in the form of care for veterinarians who attended surveillance in the State of Rio Grande do Sul on issues related to bovine carcasses and the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex. There were 58 veterinarians who work in the State Inspection System (SIE), in relation to legislation, 46.55% of doctors do not consider the legislation applied to cases of cysticercosis clear and easy to interpret. About the maintenance routine, 25% did not call for refresher training and 6.90% of the inspectors do not monitor the activities of their assistants during the maintenance routine of the predetermined sites. Regarding the method of protection, 70.69% claim that the survey of cysticerci carried out on the slaughter line is insufficient to guarantee the health of the carcass. The decision to release the carcass with only one calcified cysticercus after complete verification is considered wrong by 55.17%. According to the interpretation of the Veterinarians, it was observed that the current legislation must be questioned and that the studies obeyed to improve the quality of the State Inspection system in products of animal origin.(AU)

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883)

Abstract Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.

Resumo Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais

Endangered flora in protected areas of Rio de Janeiro municipality ­ Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

This study presents a qualitative analysis of endangered species occurrences in conservation units of Rio de Janeiro, one of the largest Brazilian municipalities in population size. Increasing human activities trigger changes in biodiversity, promote fragmentation, and reduce species distribution ranges, which can ultimately lead to declines in population sizes. One of the main goals of protected areas (PAs), such as conservation units, is to protect and conserve biodiversity. Here, we compiled all vascular plant species recorded within Rio de Janeiro PAs by consulting the Reference Center for Environmental Information (SpeciesLink), Flora do Brasil (2020), and primary data records contained in management plans. We compared this compilation with the list of Brazilian endangered plant species, verifying whether the management plans presented specific programs for these species. Of the 60 surveyed PAs, 24 had records of endangered species and only 17 had management plans, 14 of which had a specific program that contemplated the monitoring and/or conservation of endangered species. A total of 70 endangered species were recorded. The highest numbers of endangered species were found in the Tijuca National Park (41) and the Pedra Branca State Park (17), the two largest PAs with the two largest forest fragments. Despite the high number of endangered species and the number of protected areas that harbor them, few internal programs address endangered species conservation and management. Thus, efforts to maintain endangered species in protected areas can be aided by field data collections that confirm their occurrence and maintenance in these PAs.(AU)

Andrologia e geriatria: o que temos de novo na espécie canina? / Andrology and geriatrics: what is new in the canine specie?

Os cães, assim como os homens, passam por fases na vida chegando a idades avançadas. A senilidade é observada em diferentes processos dos sistemas do organismo incluindo o sistema reprodutivo. Fazem parte das alterações do sistema reprodutor masculino de cães senis a perda da função dos órgãos sexuais, perda de libido, alterações do sistema endócrino reprodutivo e alterações no sêmen, nos espermatozoides e resultando em infertilidade. A longevidade reprodutiva dos cães reprodutores depende de vários fatores internos e externos e sua manutenção pode ser feita com a utilização de manejo nutricional, sanitário e reprodutivo corretos, aplicação de biotecnologias aplicadas a reprodução.(AU)

Dogs, like men, go through stages in life, reaching advanced ages. Senility is observed in different processes of the body systems including the reproductive system. The changes in the male reproductive system of senile dogs include loss of function of the sexual organs, loss of libido, changes in the reproductive endocrine system and changes in semen and sperm, resulting in infertility. The reproductive longevity of the stud dogs depends on several internal and external factors and its maintenance can be done with the use of correct nutritional, sanitary, reproductive management and application of biotechnologies applied to reproduction.(AU)

Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillatac

Background: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of quantitative anesthetic potency and has become the standard index for the evaluation and comparison of volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary hospitals, as well as experimental models, especially in neuroscience. Few studies have evaluated the potency of the main volatile anesthetics in this species. This study aimed to determine the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in C. penicillata using the up-and-down method and to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four animals of undetermined age were used. All marmosets were healthy according to hematological and physical evaluation. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: ISOMAC and SEVOMAC. Each animal was induced to general anesthesia in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and sevoflurane at 7% in the SEVOMAC group or isoflurane at 5% in the ISOMAC. Upon reaching lateral decubitus, orotracheal intubation was performed. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane diluted in oxygen (0.8 L/min) using a non-rebreathing delivery system under spontaneous ventilation. As defined in the pilot study, the first animal from ISOMAC started the maintenance of anesthesia with 2.6% isoflurane, while the first animal in SEVOMAC received 4% sevoflurane. After finishing the instrumentation to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and rectal temperature, a 15-min wait to reach anesthetic equilibrium was allowed, and then an electrical noxious stimulation (50 mA and 50 Hz) was performed on the lateral aspect of the thigh (a faradic current of 3 consecutive single stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The animals' responses to the electrical stimulus were observed. The presence of a positive response (gross movement of the limbs, head, or vocalization) or a negative response (absence of gross movements) determined the increase or reduction, respectively, of the inhalation anesthetic concentration by 10% in the subsequent marmoset. The quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scale that measured the intensity of agitation, coughing, nausea, and vomiting. Physiological variables were recorded before (M0) and after (M1) applying the nociceptive stimulus. Isoflurane and sevoflurane MAC values in C. penicillata were 2.29 ± 0.10% and 3.93 ± 0.61 % respectively. Physiological parameters, quality of anesthetic induction and recovery did not differ significantly between groups. However, isoflurane caused irritation of the airway and ocular mucous membranes, more coughing episodes, and tearing at induction. There was no difference between groups for time to extubation and recovery time to regain sternal position. Discussion: Previous studies in primates found lower MAC values for both anesthetics, except for Lemur catta. Those findings may be explained by the use of different nociceptive stimuli and the MAC determination method employed, although no differences in MAC values have been described between bracketing or up-and-down methods in human primates and dogs. It is unlikely that the stimulus and technique alone are the determining factors for the high concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane observed in the present study since MAC was high with both halogenates, indicating that dose extrapolation from other species can lead to the wrong anesthetic dosage.

Endophytic Bacillus subtilis P10 from Prunus cerasifera as a biocontrol agent against tomato Verticillium wilt

Abstract Endophytic bacteria serve key roles in the maintenance of plant health and growth. Few studies to date, however, have explored the antagonistic and plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties of Prunus cerasifera endophytes. To that end, we isolated endophytic bacteria from P. cerasifera tissue samples and used a dual culture plate assay to screen these microbes for antagonistic activity against Verticillium dahliae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum, and F. moniliforme. Of the 36 strains of isolated bacteria, four (strains P1, P10, P16, and P20) exhibited antagonistic effects against all five model pathogens, and the P10 strain exhibited the strongest antagonistic to five pathogens. This P10 strain was then characterized in-depth via phenotypic assessments, physiological analyses, and 16s rDNA sequencing, revealing it to be a strain of Bacillus subtilis. Application of a P10 cell suspension (1×108 CFU/mL) significantly enhanced the seed germination and seedling growth of tomato in a greenhouse setting. This P10 strain further significantly suppressed tomato Verticillium wilt with much lower disease incidence and disease index scores being observed following P10 treatment relative to untreated plants in pot-based experiments. Tomato plants that had been treated with strain P10 also enhanced defense-related enzymes, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity upon V. dahliae challenge relative to plants that had not been treated with this endophytic bacterium. The results revealed that the P10 bacterial strain has potential value as a biocontrol agent for use in the prevention of tomato Verticillium wilt.

Resumo As bactérias endofíticas desempenham papel fundamental na manutenção da saúde e do crescimento das plantas. Poucos estudos até o momento, no entanto, exploraram as propriedades antagônicas e promotoras de crescimento de plantas (PGP) de endófitos de Prunus cerasifera. Para esse fim, isolamos bactérias endofíticas de amostras de tecido de P. cerasifera e usamos um ensaio de placa de cultura dupla para rastrear esses micróbios quanto à atividade antagonista contra Verticillium dahliae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum e F. moniliforme. Das 36 cepas de bactérias isoladas, quatro (cepas P1, P10, P16 e P20) exibiram efeitos antagônicos contra todos os cinco patógenos modelo, e a cepa P10 exibiu o antagonista mais forte para cinco patógenos. Essa cepa P10 foi então caracterizada em profundidade por meio de avaliações fenotípicas, análises fisiológicas e sequenciamento de rDNA 16s, revelando ser uma cepa de Bacillus subtilis. A aplicação de uma suspensão de células P10 (1 × 108 UFC / mL) aumentou significativamente a germinação das sementes e o crescimento das mudas de tomate em casa de vegetação. Essa cepa P10 suprimiu ainda mais a murcha de Verticillium do tomate com incidência de doença muito menor e pontuações de índice de doença sendo observadas após o tratamento com P10 em relação a plantas não tratadas em experimentos baseados em vasos. As plantas de tomate que foram tratadas com a cepa P10 também aumentaram as enzimas relacionadas à defesa, peroxidase, superóxido dismutase e atividade da catalase após o desafio de V. dahliae em relação às plantas que não foram tratadas com essa bactéria endofítica. Os resultados revelaram que a cepa bacteriana P10 tem valor potencial como agente de biocontrole para uso na prevenção da murcha de Verticillium em tomate.

Living in the city and producing in the countryside: the growth of a new type of farmer and agriculture in Brazil / Viver na cidade e produzir no campo: o crescimento de um novo tipo de agricultor e de agricultura no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Living in rural neighborhoods has always been a characteristic of small and medium-sized Brazilian farmers. However, when observing the agricultural censuses of 2006 and 2017, carried out in Brazil, there is a tendency to separate the place of work and residence of farmers. This articleanalyzed the double residence and the phenomenon of pendular displacement of farmers in the municipalities of Zona da Mata Mineira (ZMM), an important coffee region in Minas in Brazil, and to discuss its possible causes and impacts in the region. The research used data from the 2006 and 2017 Agricultural Censuses of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate linear regression models in order to better understand the factors that correlate with the percentage of owners living in cities in the municipalities of region. The results showed that, in the case of the ZMM, the growth of urban residence of farmers more expressive than the other regions of the country is mainly due to the predominance of small coffee producers. Furthermore, living in the city does not mean abandoning agricultural establishments, since living in the city does not prevent daily work in the countryside. It was concluded that the urban residence of the farmers constituted a reproductive strategy that made it possible for them to carry out other activities as well as the receipt of retirement and pensions that complement the agricultural income and, consequently, the maintenance of the agricultural establishment.

RESUMO: Morar em bairros rurais sempre foi uma característica dos pequenos e médios agricultores brasileiros. No entanto, ao se observar os censos agrícolas de 2006 e 2017, realizados no Brasil, nota-se uma tendência de separar o local de trabalho e residência dos agricultores. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a dupla residência e o fenômeno do deslocamento pendular de agricultores nos municípios da Zona da Mata Mineira (ZMM), importante região cafeeira de Minas no Brasil, e discutir suas possíveis causas e impactos na região. A pesquisa utilizou dados dos Censos Agropecuários de 2006 e 2017 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e modelos de regressão linear multivariada a fim de compreender melhor os fatores que se correlacionam com o percentual de proprietários residentes em cidades dos municípios da região. Os resultados mostraram que, no caso da ZMM, o crescimento da residência urbana dos agricultores mais expressivo do que as demais regiões do país deve-se, principalmente, ao predomínio de pequenos produtores de café. Além disso, morar na cidade não significa abandonar os estabelecimentos agrícolas uma vez que a moradia na cidade não impede o trabalho diário no campo. Concluiu-se que a residência urbana dos agricultores constituiu uma estratégia reprodutiva que possibilitou que estes realizassem outras atividades (principalmente não-agrícola) assim como o recebimento de aposentadorias e pensões que complementam a renda agrícola e, consequentemente, a manutenção do estabelecimento agrícola.

Diversity and conservation of fishes from karstic areas of the Jandaíra Formation in the Brazilian semiarid

Few studies have focused on non-troglomorphic fishes occurring in Brazilian caves, especially those in the Caatinga region. The present study is the first survey of fishes from karstic areas of the Jandaíra Formation in Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern Brazil. This region is characterized by a high concentration of caves and a rich subterranean biodiversity, especially of troglobitic invertebrates, but remains considered a gap on the knowledge of the subterranean ichthyofauna in Brazil. Four field expeditions were carried out covering two dry and two rainy seasons, in 2018 and 2019, in 23 localities in small river basins along the western part of the Jandaíra Formation. A total of 829 fish specimens, none of them troglomorphic, was captured and identified as belonging to 25 species of 12 families and five orders. Amongst them, four species are endemic of the Mid-Northeastern Caatinga ecoregion, and two non-native species were recorded. Habitats were classified into three categories: superficial, associated to cave, and cave. Although no troglomorphic fish species was found in this study, we recorded 64.1% of the Apodi-Mossoró river ichthyofauna occurring in caves or associated to caves, corroborating the hypothesis that part of the ichthyofauna exploits these environments as a refuge during the dry season. In addition, we suggest conservation policies for the maintenance of subterranean and aquatic semiarid ecosystems in the Jandaira formation, which is currently under threat due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining and deforestation.(AU)

Long term classical methods for the preservation of xanthan gum-producing Xanthomonas arboricola pathovar pruni strains / Métodos clássicos de longo prazo parapreservação e produção de gomaxantana por cepas de Xanthomonas arborícola patovar pruni

The maintenance of viable and stable Xanthomonascells is crucial for the xanthan reliable research and industrial production. The method, storage and recovery conditions should preserve bothviability and phenotypical and genotypical features. Here, the effectiveness classical methods on the long-term preservation of different Xanthomonas arboricola pathovar pruni strains was to determine.Strains were preserved by monthly sub-culturing in solid medium and lyophilization. After 12 years the viability of the strains, was assessed, as well as their productive capacity and the viscosity of the xanthan gum produced by these strains kept by lyophilization and sub-culturing. Among the lyophilized strains, only those stored at -18 °C were viable after 12 years. The productive capacity of the strains were poorly affected by lyophilization, the passage of the cultures into a solid nutrition medium being sufficient for them to return to their normal metabolism. The viscosity of the synthesized xanthan gum was method-dependent and higher for the lyophilized strains. The work and its findings arenew and original because a work on this topic has never been published before. The results obtained allow the breaking of paradigms regarding the preservation of Xanthomonas.(AU)

A manutenção de células de Xanthomonas viáveis e estáveis é crucial para se obter uma pesquisa confiável e para a produção de xantana industrial.O método, o armazenamento eascondições de recuperação devem preservar tanto a viabilidade quanto as características fenotípicas e genotípicas. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a eficácia dos métodos clássicos na preservação a longo prazo de diferentes cepas de Xanthomonas arboricolapatovarpruni. As cepas foram preservadas por subcultivo mensal em meio sólido e liofilização. Após 12 anos,avaliou-se a viabilidade das linhagens, bem como a capacidade produtiva e a viscosidade da goma xantana produzida por essas linhagens mantidas por liofilização e subcultivo. Entre as cepas liofilizadas, somente foram viáveis, após 12 anos, as armazenadas a -18°C. A capacidade produtiva das cepas foi pouco afetada pela liofilização, sendo suficiente a passagem das culturas para um meio de cultivosólido para que elas voltassem ao seu metabolismo normal. A viscosidade da goma xantana sintetizada foi dependente do método e maior para as cepas liofilizadas. O estudo e suas descobertas sãonovos e originais porque um trabalho sobre este tópico nunca foi publicado antes. Os resultados obtidos permitem quebrar paradigmas quanto à preservação de Xanthomonas.(AU)

The consumption of fish by the riverine population of the lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil / O consumo de pescado de uma população ribeirinha do baixo rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil

The riverine population of the Amazon Basin are among the largest consumers of fish in the world, but the consumption patterns could be regionally distinct. Moreover, their total fish catches are not fully known. The objective of this work was to estimate the per capita fish consumption of the riverine people that inhabit the Paciência Island (Iranduba, Amazonas), where there is a fishing agreement in force. A total of 273 questionnaires were applied during the first two weeks of each month between April 2021 and March 2022. The sample unit was the residences. The questionnaire contained questions about the species captured and their quantities. Consumption was calculated by dividing the average monthly capture with the average number of residents per household interviewed, which was multiplied by the number of questionnaires applied. Thirty groups of consumed fish species belonging to 17 families and 5 orders were recorded. The total catch was 3,388.35 kg and the highest monthly catch was 602.60 kg during the falling-water season in October. Daily per capita fish consumption averaged 66.13 ± 29.21 g/day, with a peak of 116.45 g/day during the falling-water season in August. The high fish consumption rate highlighted the importance of fisheries management to food security and the maintenance of the community's lifestyle.

As populações amazônicas são uma das maiores consumidoras de pescado do mundo, contudo os padrões de consumo podem ser regionalmente distintos. Além disso, as capturas totais não são totalmente conhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o consumo per capita e as capturas de pescado por ribeirinhos residentes na Ilha da Paciência (Iranduba, Amazonas), onde há um acordo de pesca vigente. Foram aplicados no total 273 questionários durante as duas primeiras semanas de cada mês entre abril de 2021 e março de 2022. A unidade amostral foram as residências. O questionário continha perguntas sobre as espécies capturadas e respectivas quantidades. O consumo foi calculado pela divisão entre a média de captura mensal com a média de moradores por residência entrevistada que foi multiplicada pelo número de questionários aplicados. Foram registrados 30 grupos de espécies de peixes consumidos pertencentes a 17 famílias e 5 ordens. A captura total foi de 3.388,35 kg e a maior captura mensal foi de 602,60 kg durante a vazante no mês de outubro. O consumo de pescado per capita diário foi em média 66,13 ± 29,21 g/dia, com pico de 116,45 g/dia durante a vazante no mês de agosto. A alta taxa de consumo de pescado mostra a importância do manejo pesqueiro para a segurança alimentar e a manutenção do estilo de vida da comunidade.

Protocolo anestésico em guaxinim submetido à colocefalectomia / Anesthesic protocol in a raccoon submitted to colocephalectomy

Em guaxinins, comumente se observa a presença de osteoartrites acometendo a articulação coxofemoral. Em carnívoros domésticos, o tratamento pode ser conservativo ou cirúrgico e, dentre as técnicas cirúrgicas, cita-se a colocefalectomia. Por ser um procedimento que provoca dor moderada a severa, um protocolo de anestesia balanceada se faz necessário, podendo associar a técnicas de bloqueio locorregional, como a epidural. Protocolos descritos para a espécie são limitados, porém comumente empregados para contenções químicas, avaliações físicas e exames de imagem. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a o protocolo anestésico realizado em guaxinim (Procyon cancrivorus) submetido à colocefalectomia. Foram utilizados dexmedetomidina (5µg/kg), cetamina (5mg/kg) e diazepam (0,3mg/kg) por via intramuscular como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com propofol e manutenção por anestesia inalatória com isoflurano. Para execução da anestesia epidural, realizou-se uma abordagem na região lombossacral, sendo administrados bupivacaína (1mg/kg) e morfina (0,1mg/kg). Não houve intercorrências e os parâmetros fisiológicos mantiveram-se estáveis. Descartou-se a necessidade de resgate analgésico e a recuperação anestésica foi rápida. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o manejo anestésico proposto promoveu estabilidade hemodinâmica e recuperação satisfatórias para a espécie.

In raccoons, the presence of osteoarthritis affecting the hip joint is commonly observed. In domestic carnivores, the treatment can be conservative or surgical and, among the surgical techniques, colocephalectomy is mentioned. Since it is a procedure that causes moderate to severe pain, a balanced anesthesia protocol is necessary, which can be associated with locoregional block techniques such as the epidural. Protocols described for the species are limited, being commonly used for chemical restraints, physical assessments, and imaging exams. Therefore, this work aims to report the anesthetic protocol performed on a raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) submitted to colocephalectomy. Dexmedetomidine (5µg/kg), ketamine (5mg/kg), and diazepam (0.3mg/kg) were used intramuscularly as pre-anesthetic medication, in addition to induction with propofol, and the maintenance by inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane. For epidural anesthesia, an approach was performed in the lumbosacral region, with the administration of bupivacaine (1mg/kg) and morphine (0.1mg/kg). There were no complications and the physiological parameters remained stable. The need for analgesic rescue was ruled out and the anesthetic recovery was fast. Thus, it is concluded that the proposed anesthetic management promoted hemodynamic stability and a satisfactory recovery for the species.

The equine endometrium and its multiple connections, interrelationships and clinical effects in aged mares

Mares, which make up 90% of animals requiring reproductive assistance in commercial equine production systems, are subjected to strong breeding and reproductive efficiency pressure throughout their lives, but the effects of aging on overall and reproductive systems in particular; it often means that we are forcing the natural homeostasis mechanisms under pressure over time. The objective of this brief communication is to summarize some concepts related to the role and importance of equine endometrium, particularly in old mares, the most challenged category to achieve productive and efficiency goals established by humans. Endometritis is one of the most frequent and recurrent pathologies in equine gynecology and is responsible for enormous economic losses in the industry. Alterations of the microbiota, molecular signals and uterine endocrine microenvironment can lead to infertility, but degenerative phenomena associated with age and parity can lead to endometriosis altering maternal recognition of pregnancy and pregnancy maintenance. Maintaining horses in an adequate nutrition status and environment is essential to achieve pregnancy but also to obtain healthy offspring.(AU)

Importância do plasma seminal na qualidade e preservação do espermatozoide suíno / Importance of seminal plasma in the quality and preservation of boar sperm

Ao preservar o espermatozoide suíno no estado líquido ou criopreservado, os componentes do plasma seminal (PS) contidos nos ejaculados podem alterar a capacidade de fertilização desses gametas. O PS contém substâncias essenciais para a manutenção da viabilidade e fertilidade dos espermatozoides. No entanto, esses componentes podem ser deletérios dependendo da quantidade ou duração do tempo de contato entre a ejaculação e a remoção do PS durante o processamento do sêmen para a conservação na forma refrigerada ou congelada. Foram identificadas substâncias que prejudicam (principal proteína plasmática seminal PSPI) ou melhoram (espermadesina PSP-I) a capacidade de fertilização dos espermatozoides. Dependendo dos cachaços e dos procedimentos de colheita de sêmen, a remoção do PS pode ser benéfica antes da preservação no estado líquido ou criopreservado. Em alguns casos, o PS removido antes da congelação pode ser adicionado de volta ao diluente de descongelamento, com efeitos positivos no sêmen descongelado e na viabilidade do espermatozoide no trato reprodutivo da porca. Neste texto, há um foco nos diferentes efeitos de PS em amostras de sêmen refrigerado e criopreservado de suínos com ênfase em como PS modula a função e morfologia das células espermáticas antes, durante e após a preservação de forma refrigerada ou criopreservada.(AU)

When preserving sperm in the liquid or cryopreserved state, seminal plasma (SP) components within ejaculates can alter fertilizing capacity of these gametes. The SP contains substances essential for maintenance of sperm viability and fertility; however, these components can be deleterious depending on quantity, or duration of time before there is removal of SP from sperm in semen processing. Substances that impair (Major seminal plasma protein PSPI - boar) or improve (e.g., spermadhesin PSP-I - boar) sper- matozoa fertilizing capacity have been identified. Depending on individual males and semen collection procedures, SP removal may be beneficial before preservation in the liquid or cryopreserved state. In some cases, SP that is removed can be added back to thawing extender with there being positive effects in thawed sperm and for sperm viability in the female reproductive tract. In this review article, there is a focus on different effects of SP in samples of cooled and cryopreserved semen from boar with there being emphasis on how SP modulates the function and morphology of sperm cells before, during, and after preservation in the refrigerated or cryopreserved state.(AU)

Replacing corn silage with extruded forage in sheep feeding

The objective was to evaluate levels of replacement of corn silage with extruded forage (Foragge®) in sheep feeding. Twenty adult Santa Inês ewes in maintenance, and 55.8 kg average weight were housed in metabolic cages, and the treatments consisted of 20, 40, 60 and 80% replacement of corn silage with Foragge®extruded forage with 60% Uruchloa brizanthain the diet. The design was completely randomized, with regression analysis and non-parametric analysis at 5% probability. The supply of up to 80% extruded roughage to replace corn silage increased dry matter intake and digestibility, and fecal output in dry matter (p < 0.05). Also, it increased the efficiency of ingestion, rumination and chewing activities of sheep, but did not alter urinary parameters and energy metabolites (p > 0.05). However, it reduced the concentration of uric acid (p < 0.05). Foragge®extruded roughage can replace corn silage by up to 80% with changes in intake, digestibility, fecal parameters, ingestive behavior and concentration of uric acid and urea, with no modifications in urinary parameters and energy metabolites.(AU)

The role of rural credit policies in agricultural income generation in family farms in Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil: spatial trend and future scenarios / O papel das políticas de crédito rural na geração de renda agrícola na agricultura familiar do estado de Pernambuco, nordeste brasileiro: tendência espacial e cenário futuro

Agriculture is central in Brazil's political and socioeconomic history; agricultural exploitation is mainly conducted by families, creating a type of agriculture developed in small rural properties named family farming. In Brazil, family farming accounts for a very diverse group of businesses, of which 91% of all the establishments are family establishments that build different production strategies according to different degrees of potentiality and precariousness. This study evaluated the role of rural credit policies in developing family farming activities with agricultural income generation in northeastern Brazil on various family-based farms. For this, the authors conducted a case study in Pernambuco, analyzing the spatial relationship between the distribution of family farms and the access to credit resources from the National Program to Strengthen Family Farming from 2006 to 2017 and the change probabilities in types of farms considering the next 10 years, given the maintenance of conditionsreported in the analyzed period. Results indicatedthe weakening of productive potentiality of farming activities in family farms in Pernambuco, with a significant change in the distribution of family farm types, a reduction in the participation of Specialized Farms and an expressive growth of Farms with Rural Residents. The findings also indicated the relevance of access to rural credit in the supply of production needs of different family farm types and development of farming activities with income generation.

A agricultura é central na história política e socioeconômica do Brasil, a exploração agrícola é realizada principalmente por famílias, criando um tipo de agricultura desenvolvida em pequenas propriedades rurais denominada agricultura familiar que abrange 91% dos estabelecimentos rurais no país. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o papel das políticas de crédito rural no desenvolvimento das atividades agrícolas com geração de renda em diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos familiares do Nordeste Brasileiro. Para isso, foi realizado estudo de caso no estado de Pernambuco onde foi analisada a relação espacial entre a evolução da distribuição dos tipos de estabelecimentos familiares e o acesso aos recursos de crédito do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar no período de 2006 a 2017 e as probabilidades de mudança nos tipos de fazendas, considerando os próximos 10 anos, dada a manutenção das condições encontradas no período de análise. Os resultados indicam o enfraquecimento da potencialidade produtiva das atividades agropecuárias pela agricultura familiar em Pernambuco, com mudança significativa na distribuição dos tipos de estabelecimentos familiares, redução da participação dos estabelecimentos especializados e crescimento expressivo dos estabelecimentos com residentes rurais. Os resultados indicaram, também, a relevância do acesso ao crédito rural no suprimento das necessidades produtivas nos diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos familiares e em viabilizar o desenvolvimento de atividades agropecuárias com geração de renda.

Oxidative stress caused by lead in the lichen Xanthoria parietina

The assessment of the air quality is a major concern to the current time. The monitoring and maintenance of air quality necessarily pass by detecting and estimating the overall air pollution. The use of lichens must be an assessmenttool to be studied. In our work we were interested about the toxicity of lead on the various parameters of stress in the lichen Xanthoria parietina. For this purpose, lichen thalli have been incubated at lead concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, for time scale of 0, 24, 48 and 96 hours. The obtained results showed that lead has an action on the various studied parameters, and the intensity of oxidative stress observed in lichens thalli depends on the concentration, and time of exposure. Lead induced a decrease in chlorophyll and protein contents, and an increase in the contents of catalase, hydrogen peroxide and reduced glutathione. Furthermore, the results also showed that high concentrations of lead caused total destruction of reduced glutathione.(AU)

Maternal contributions to pregnancy success: from gamete quality to uterine environment

The establishment and maintenance of a pregnancy that goes to term is sine qua non for the long-term sustainability of dairy and beef cattle operations. The oocyte plays a critical role in providing the factors necessary for preimplantation embryonic development. Furthermore, the female, or maternal, environment where oocytes and embryos develop is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of a pregnancy to term. During folliculogenesis, the oocyte must sequentially acquire meiotic and developmental competence, which are the results of a series of molecular events preparing the highly specialized gamete to return to totipotency after fertilization. Given that folliculogenesis is a lengthy process in the cow, the occurrence of disease, metabolic imbalances, heat stress, or other adverse events can make it challenging to maintain oocyte quality. Following fertilization, the newly formed embryo must execute a tightly planned program that includes global DNA remodeling, activation of the embryonic genome, and cell fate decisions to form a blastocyst within a few days and cell divisions. The increasing use of assisted reproductive technologies creates an additional layer of complexity to ensure the highest oocyte and embryo quality given that in vitro systems do not faithfully recreate the physiological maternal environment. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular factors and events known to be crucial for proper oocyte development and maturation, as well as adverse events that may negatively affect the oocyte; and the importance of the uterine environment, including signaling proteins in the maternal-embryonic interactions that ensure proper embryo development. We also discuss the impact of assisted reproductive technologies in oocyte and embryo quality and developmental potential, and considerations when looking into the prospects for developing systems that allow for in vitro gametogenesis as a tool for assisted reproduction in cattle.(AU)

Avaliação das condições higiênicas e sanitárias de açougues de um município do Ceará / Assessment of the hygienic- sanitary conditions of butchers in a municipality of Ceará

A manutenção de condições apropriadas de higiene e de conservação é de suma importância na garantia de qualidade e segurança dos produtos cárneos, através do controle no procedimento produtivo, sendo essenciais para a elaboração de produtos seguros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições higiênicosanitárias dos açougues, identificando os pontos críticos de controle de qualidade na distribuição da carne e as possíveis causas da contaminação microbiana no alimento. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em uma cidade no sul do estado do Ceará. Avaliaram-se as condições higiênicosanitárias dos estabelecimentos comerciais de carne bovina registrados e não registrados do município, aplicou-se, um checklist de verificação em boas práticas. Nos estabelecimentos verificouse que 90% dos itens pesquisados apresentaram não conformidade com a lista de Boas Práticas de Manipulação. Segundo classificação proposta pela Agência Nacional da Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA na Resolução RDC n° 275/02, os açougues avaliados não se enquadram em nenhum dos grupos classificatórios de estabelecimentos. Itens como aberturas com dispositivos que impeçam a entrada de insetos e impurezas apresentaram 95% de não conformidade e área de manipulação adequada e lixeira provida de tampa apresentaram 100% de não conformidade. Conclui-se que há necessidade da implementação de programas de Boas Práticas em serviços de alimentação e, por parte da Vigilância Sanitária do Município, cabe intensificar a fiscalização, especialmente com o objetivo de melhorar a educação sanitária e a conscientização dos proprietários e açougueiros locais.(AU)

The maintenance of appropriate conditions of hygiene and conservation is of utmost importance in guaranteeing the quality and safety of the meat products, through the control in the productive procedure, being essential for the elaboration of safe products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the butchers, identifying the critical points of quality control in the meat distribution and the possible causes of the microbial contamination in the food. It was a descriptive study, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. Data collection was performed in a city in the southern state of Ceará. The hygienic-sanitary conditions of registered and unregistered commercial beef establishments of the municipality were evaluated using a checklist available in Administrative Rule 2619/11-SMS. In the establishments it was verified that 90% of the items surveyed presented noncompliance with the list of Good Manipulation Practices. According to classification proposed by ANVISA in Resolution RDC No. 275/02, the evaluated butchers do not fall into any of the classificatory groups of establishments. Items such as openings with devices that prevent the entry of insects and impurities showed 95% non-compliance and adequate handling area and trash bin provided with 100% non-compliance. It is concluded that there is a need for the implementation of Good Practices programs in food services, and the Sanitary Surveillance of the Municipality, it is necessary to intensify the inspection, especially with the objective of improving health education and the awareness of local owners and butchers.(AU)

Endophytic Bacillus subtilis P10 from Prunus cerasifera as a biocontrol agent against tomato Verticillium wilt / Bacillus subtilis P10 endofítico de Prunus cerasifera como agente de biocontrole contra murcha de Verticillium de tomate

Endophytic bacteria serve key roles in the maintenance of plant health and growth. Few studies to date, however, have explored the antagonistic and plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties of Prunus cerasifera endophytes. To that end, we isolated endophytic bacteria from P. cerasifera tissue samples and used a dual culture plate assay to screen these microbes for antagonistic activity against Verticillium dahliae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum, and F. moniliforme. Of the 36 strains of isolated bacteria, four (strains P1, P10, P16, and P20) exhibited antagonistic effects against all five model pathogens, and the P10 strain exhibited the strongest antagonistic to five pathogens. This P10 strain was then characterized in-depth via phenotypic assessments, physiological analyses, and 16s rDNA sequencing, revealing it to be a strain of Bacillus subtilis. Application of a P10 cell suspension (1×108 CFU/mL) significantly enhanced the seed germination and seedling growth of tomato in a greenhouse setting. This P10 strain further significantly suppressed tomato Verticillium wilt with much lower disease incidence and disease index scores being observed following P10 treatment relative to untreated plants in pot-based experiments. Tomato plants that had been treated with strain P10 also enhanced defense-related enzymes, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity upon V. dahliae challenge relative to plants that had not been treated with this endophytic bacterium. The results revealed that the P10 bacterial strain has potential value as a biocontrol agent for use in the prevention of tomato Verticillium wilt.

As bactérias endofíticas desempenham papel fundamental na manutenção da saúde e do crescimento das plantas. Poucos estudos até o momento, no entanto, exploraram as propriedades antagônicas e promotoras de crescimento de plantas (PGP) de endófitos de Prunus cerasifera. Para esse fim, isolamos bactérias endofíticas de amostras de tecido de P. cerasifera e usamos um ensaio de placa de cultura dupla para rastrear esses micróbios quanto à atividade antagonista contra Verticillium dahliae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum e F. moniliforme. Das 36 cepas de bactérias isoladas, quatro (cepas P1, P10, P16 e P20) exibiram efeitos antagônicos contra todos os cinco patógenos modelo, e a cepa P10 exibiu o antagonista mais forte para cinco patógenos. Essa cepa P10 foi então caracterizada em profundidade por meio de avaliações fenotípicas, análises fisiológicas e sequenciamento de rDNA 16s, revelando ser uma cepa de Bacillus subtilis. A aplicação de uma suspensão de células P10 (1 × 108 UFC / mL) aumentou significativamente a germinação das sementes e o crescimento das mudas de tomate em casa de vegetação. Essa cepa P10 suprimiu ainda mais a murcha de Verticillium do tomate com incidência de doença muito menor e pontuações de índice de doença sendo observadas após o tratamento com P10 em relação a plantas não tratadas em experimentos baseados em vasos. As plantas de tomate que foram tratadas com a cepa P10 também aumentaram as enzimas relacionadas à defesa, peroxidase, superóxido dismutase e atividade da catalase após o desafio de V. dahliae em relação às plantas que não foram tratadas com essa bactéria endofítica. Os resultados revelaram que a cepa bacteriana P10 tem valor potencial como agente de biocontrole para uso na prevenção da murcha de Verticillium em tomate.