Rice farmers poverty and its determinants: evidence from Dogofiri village of Office du Niger zone in Mali / A pobreza dos agricultores de arroz e seus determinantes: evidências da aldeia de Dogofiri na zona do Office du Niger, Mali

The aim of this research was to contribute to a better understanding of rice farmers poverty of Office du Niger (ON) in Mali at village-level. Data were collected through survey with 110 head family farms in the village of Dogofiri. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the main determinants of poverty. Results indicated that the factors of physical capital and human capital as well as government policy have a significant influence on the poverty of family farms through production, age, family size, education and health support, agricultural credit and water fees. Policies aimed to improve the family farms income and boosting rice production to alleviate poverty ought to be based on these factors.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da pobreza dos produtores de arroz do Office du Niger (ON), no Mali, ao nível das aldeias. Os dados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa em 110 propriedades familiares da aldeia de Dogofiri. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizados para analisar os principais determinantes da pobreza. Os resultados indicaram que os fatores de capital físico e de capital humano, bem como a política governamental, influenciam significativamente na pobreza das propriedades familiares por meio da produção, idade, tamanho da família, educação e apoio à saúde, crédito agrícola e taxas de água. Políticas destinadas para melhorar a renda da agricultura familiar e aumentar a produção de arroz para atenuar a pobreza devem basear-se nesses fatores.(AU)

Dangerous scorpion fauna of Mali

Although the main Malian scorpion species of medical interest, Androctonus amoreuxi, is responsible for severe envenomings and perhaps some deaths, it has hitherto been considered not dangerous for humans. This population is located in the Saharian North-Eastern regions of Mali where it is accompanied by Leiurus quinquestriatus, a well known dangerous species of the Sahara. In the Gao district, divided by the Niger River, less desolate than the Tessalit and Kidal regions, one specimen of the dangerous species Androctonus australis was found. To summarize, Mali harbors at least three dangerous scorpion species: Leiurus quinquestriatus, Androctonus amoreuxi and A. australis, the latter recently having been identified in Mali for the first time. The absence of Androctonus aeneas is surprising in this context because it is found in neighboring countries (Algeria, Niger) and should be detected by new surveys. The possibility of preparing a single scorpion antivenom intended for Saharian and sub-Saharian populations is discussed.(AU)

Dangerous scorpion fauna of Mali

Although the main Malian scorpion species of medical interest, Androctonus amoreuxi, is responsible for severe envenomings and perhaps some deaths, it has hitherto been considered not dangerous for humans. This population is located in the Saharian North-Eastern regions of Mali where it is accompanied by Leiurus quinquestriatus, a well known dangerous species of the Sahara. In the Gao district, divided by the Niger River, less desolate than the Tessalit and Kidal regions, one specimen of the dangerous species Androctonus australis was found. To summarize, Mali harbors at least three dangerous scorpion species: Leiurus quinquestriatus, Androctonus amoreuxi and A. australis, the latter recently having been identified in Mali for the first time. The absence of Androctonus aeneas is surprising in this context because it is found in neighboring countries (Algeria, Niger) and should be detected by new surveys. The possibility of preparing a single scorpion antivenom intended for Saharian and sub-Saharian populations is discussed.(AU)

OCURRENCE AND INTENSITY OF Marssonina mali ON APPLE CV. EVA IN THE CENTRAL BASIN OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE / OCORRÊNCIA E INTENSIDADE DE Marssonina mali EM MACIEIRA CV. EVA NAS CONDIÇÕES DA DEPRESSÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

The Marssonina Blotch, caused by the fungus Marssonina mali (Henn.), was observed on the cv Eva, causing intense defoliation during the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 growing seasons. This is the first report of the disease on this cultivar in the Central Basin of Rio Grande do Sul State. The objective of this study was to identify the fungi and quantify the intensity of disease in apples cv. Eva of the Agronomic Experimental Station orchard of the UFRGS. The material for analysis was obtained from acervuli that exist in the lesions, through the scratching of the vegetable tissue, and its observation in the optical microscope. The incidence of the disease was evaluated by the percentage of attacked leaves. Its severity was quantified using a scale of notes that considers the foliate area with lesion. The results indicate the need to control this disease on the Eva cultivar.

A mancha foliar de marssonina, causada pelo fungo Marssonina mali, foi observada na cultivar Eva, causando intensa desfoliação no ciclo 2001/2002 e 2002/2003. Este é o primeiro registro da doença nesta cultivar, nas condições climáticas da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar o fungo e quantificar a intensidade da doença em macieiras cv. Eva do pomar da Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS. O material para análise foi obtido a partir de acérvulos existentes nas lesões, através de raspagem do tecido vegetal, observado-se ao microscópio óptico. A incidência da doença foi avaliada através de porcentagem de folhas atacadas. Sua severidade foi quantificada através de escala de notas, considerando a área foliar lesionada. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de controle dessa doença na cultivar Eva.

OCURRENCE AND INTENSITY OF Marssonina mali ON APPLE CV. EVA IN THE CENTRAL BASIN OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE / OCORRÊNCIA E INTENSIDADE DE Marssonina mali EM MACIEIRA CV. EVA NAS CONDIÇÕES DA DEPRESSÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

The Marssonina Blotch, caused by the fungus Marssonina mali (Henn.), was observed on the cv Eva, causing intense defoliation during the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 growing seasons. This is the first report of the disease on this cultivar in the Central Basin of Rio Grande do Sul State. The objective of this study was to identify the fungi and quantify the intensity of disease in apples cv. Eva of the Agronomic Experimental Station orchard of the UFRGS. The material for analysis was obtained from acervuli that exist in the lesions, through the scratching of the vegetable tissue, and its observation in the optical microscope. The incidence of the disease was evaluated by the percentage of attacked leaves. Its severity was quantified using a scale of notes that considers the foliate area with lesion. The results indicate the need to control this disease on the Eva cultivar.

A mancha foliar de marssonina, causada pelo fungo Marssonina mali, foi observada na cultivar Eva, causando intensa desfoliação no ciclo 2001/2002 e 2002/2003. Este é o primeiro registro da doença nesta cultivar, nas condições climáticas da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar o fungo e quantificar a intensidade da doença em macieiras cv. Eva do pomar da Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS. O material para análise foi obtido a partir de acérvulos existentes nas lesões, através de raspagem do tecido vegetal, observado-se ao microscópio óptico. A incidência da doença foi avaliada através de porcentagem de folhas atacadas. Sua severidade foi quantificada através de escala de notas, considerando a área foliar lesionada. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de controle dessa doença na cultivar Eva.