Breeding behavioral activities of captive red pandas in Nepal

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) population is decreasing, with less than 10,000 individuals in the wild because of habitat destruction, fragmentation, and illegal hunting. Captive breeding has become an increasingly crucial strategy for conserving endangered species, but efforts to generate self-sustaining populations have failed despite ample resources being allocated. Animals are often stressed in captivity, and it is necessary to examine reproductive behavior relating to the complexity of habitat requirements, dietary preferences, and, in particular, pregnant mothers and their sensitivity to disruptions. Using videography, we observed the reproductive behavior of two red pandas along with other behavioral activities in the Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal. We collected behavioral data from December 2020 to June 2021 using scan and focal sampling. Reproductive behaviors (e.g., scent-marking, allogrooming, chasing, running, aggressiveness, mating, and feeding feces) were observed, along with behaviors like locomotion, climbing, standing, self-grooming, feeding, sleeping, self-play, and stretching. We observed 1­2% of reproductive behavior from total activity. Copulation was attempted on three occasions suggesting reproduction can be successful if animal husbandry is properly managed. We recommend zoo managers further refine strategies for captive breeding endangered species such as red pandas. Successful captive breeding benefits the zoo, and captive-born animals can mitigate extinction in the wild.

Propaganda e marketing profissional: o que estamos fazendo errado? / Advertising and professional marketing: what are we doing wrong?

A propaganda e o marketing profissionais vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados pelos médicos-veterinários que buscam ser conhecidos marcando a sua presença nas redes sociais. No entanto, alguns recursos vêm sendo utilizados de forma errada. Este trabalho mostra o panorama do marketingprofissional na Medicina Veterinária, bem como as leis que devem ser observadas.(AU)

Professional advertising and marketing have been increasingly used by veterinarians who seek to be known by marking their presence on social networks. However, some practices have been misused. This work shows the panorama of professional marketing in Veterinary Medicine, as well as the laws that must be obeyed.(AU)

Adenocarcinoma em glândula lacrimal de equino / Equine lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma

Background: Lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm, with few descriptions in the literature. Therefore, its etiology and treatment are not well understood. The present study aims to report the case of an equine histologically diagnosed with lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma in the lower eyelid region and third eyelid treated by surgical excision and intralesional chemotherapy. Case: A 17-year-old male mixed-breed equine weighing 300 kg was treated in the large animal clinic and surgery sector of the Federal University of Santa Catarina in the city of Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The equine revealed an alert and docile temperament without considerable physiological changes in the physical examination. In the evaluation of the right eye, a tumor mass was observed in the region of the lacrimal gland adhered to the third eyelid and lower eyelid, with a light red ulcerated appearance approximately 7 cm in diameter. Therefore, the surgical excision of the adhered tumor mass was performed, with the subsequent intralesional application of 2 mL of Vincristine Sulfate. In the histopathological evaluation following the surgical excision of the tumor mass, yellowish-white fragments of irregular nodules were observed measuring from 3.5×2.0×1.7 cm to 2.0×0.5×0.3 cm, in addition to microscopy focus clusters of weakly basophilic neoplastic glandular cells, some with a randomly arranged lacy aspect, forming disorganized acinar structures and others showed marking islands of the cells organized in a palisade shape by vascular delicate stroma. The neoplastic cells presented anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli sometimes binucleated and with basophilic intracytoplasmic secretory material, delimited by scarce connective tissue. In some areas, there were small foci of infiltrated lymphocytes and plasmocytes and areas of necrosis. The mass was surrounded by connective tissue, where red blood vessels were found outside the vessels (hemorrhage), and mitoses were observed 2 per field at high magnification (40x). After the surgical procedure, it was not possible to follow up and reassess of the patient, so there is no clarification on the possibility of tumor recurrence. Discussion: The case reported is uncommon, being only the second report of adenocarcinoma in the equine lacrimal gland. Therefore, there are few descriptions in the literature about its defined etiology and the best treatment method, although, surgical excision is the method of choice because it is a tumor of high recurrence and invasiveness. In this case, we opted for the exeresis of the tumor mass and later application of chemotherapy, a treatment that was relatively effective, to avoid recurrence and the failure of the technique. In these cases, monitoring the animal after the procedure is recommended, evaluating whether there was tumor recurrence, although this was not possible in the present possible. The third eyelid, lacrimal, and zygomatic salivary glands may be sources of intraorbital neoplasms. These neoplastic processes may have similar histological and behavioral characteristics, and their differentiation is, therefore, problematic. These structures may be differentiated based on the anatomical location, however, clinical appearance and symptoms are identical in most cases. Adenocarcinoma in the equine lacrimal gland is a neoplasm considered rare, so it is important to emphasize an accurate diagnosis through histopathological analyses to differentiate it from other frequent orbital neoplasms in horses, allowing more information about this tumor and establishing different treatment methods.

Breeding behavior of the Helmeted Manakin Antilophia galeata (Passeriformes: Pipridae) in a gallery forest from São Paulo state, Brazil

ABSTRACT Information on the breeding biology of most Neotropical birds, and interpopulation comparisons, are insufficient. The Helmeted Manakin, Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), is a forest understory passerine commonly found in the gallery forests of the tropical savanna-like Cerrado biome. We provide information about the nesting phenology, nesting cycle, nests, eggs, nestlings, and nest-site characteristics of a population of the Helmeted Manakin in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. During two breeding seasons we found 16 active, and 30 inactive nests. Breeding activities occurred from mid- August to mid- January, and nests were constructed in bushes and saplings in the forests understory, 0.45-3.48 m above ground (1.56 ± 0.66 m). Clutch size was two eggs, which were laid in intervals of one to three days. Three remarkable patterns of interclutch egg color and marking variations were observed. The incubation period of two nests was 18 and 19 days, and nestling periods were 16.3 ± 0.6 days (16-17 days, n = 3 nests). The apparent nest survival of 11 thoroughly monitored nests was 36.4%. In addition to the first description of the interclutch egg pattern variations, the following information differs from previous literature data: egg laying interval and nestling periods. Our data contribute to the overall knowledge of the variations in breeding parameters of the Helmeted Manakin.

Breeding behavior of the Helmeted Manakin Antilophia galeata (Passeriformes: Pipridae) in a gallery forest from São Paulo state, Brazil

Information on the breeding biology of most Neotropical birds, and interpopulation comparisons, are insufficient. The Helmeted Manakin, Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), is a forest understory passerine commonly found in the gallery forests of the tropical savanna-like Cerrado biome. We provide information about the nesting phenology, nesting cycle, nests, eggs, nestlings, and nest-site characteristics of a population of the Helmeted Manakin in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. During two breeding seasons we found 16 active, and 30 inactive nests. Breeding activities occurred from mid- August to mid- January, and nests were constructed in bushes and saplings in the forest's understory, 0.45-3.48 m above ground (1.56 ± 0.66 m). Clutch size was two eggs, which were laid in intervals of one to three days. Three remarkable patterns of interclutch egg color and marking variations were observed. The incubation period of two nests was 18 and 19 days, and nestling periods were 16.3 ± 0.6 days (16-17 days, n = 3 nests). The apparent nest survival of 11 thoroughly monitored nests was 36.4%. In addition to the first description of the interclutch egg pattern variations, the following information differs from previous literature data: egg laying interval and nestling periods. Our data contribute to the overall knowledge of the variations in breeding parameters of the Helmeted Manakin.(AU)

Marking fin spine of juvenile sturgeon (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) using oxytetracycline and the comparing of growth performance / [Marcação da espinha da nadadeira de esturjão juvenil (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) usando-se oxitetraciclina e comparação do desempenho de crescimento]

This study aimed to describe and validate the formation of the rings in the spine of the pectoral fin and to determine the coherence of the OTC mark with the rings of three species of Caspian Sea sturgeon, the Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), the Starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and Ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris). Validation was achieved by comparing the total radius of the fin spine of fish of known age after one and two years of growth with the measured radius of the first and second rings in the zone. There was no overlap between the measured radius for the first year and the increase for the second. The Ship sturgeon showed the largest width of the second ring followed by the Persian sturgeon and Stellate sturgeon. The results indicate that the highest growth parameter belongs to the juvenile Ship sturgeon. This research showed that chemically marking the fin spines of juvenile Acipenseridae leads to unbiased estimates and contributes to the knowledge of the population dynamics of these species. The study found that the combination of the dial ring of the pectoral fin spine with growth validated the age estimation in juvenile sturgeon Ship, Persian, and Starry sturgeon.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e validar a formação dos anéis na espinha da nadadeira peitoral de três espécies de esturjão do mar Cáspio: o esturjão-persa (Acipenser persicus), o esturjão-estrelado (Acipenser stellatus) e o esturjão-de-navio (Acipenser nudiventris), bem como determinar a coerência da marca OTC com os anéis dessas três espécies. A validação foi alcançada comparando-se o raio total da espinha da nadadeira de peixes de idade conhecida, após um e dois anos de crescimento, com o raio medido do primeiro e segundo anéis na zona. Não houve sobreposição entre o raio medido no primeiro ano e o aumento no segundo. O esturjão-de-navio mostrou a maior largura do segundo anel, seguido pelo esturjão-persa e pelo esturjão-estrelado. Os resultados indicam que o maior parâmetro de crescimento pertence ao esturjão-de-navio juvenil. Esta pesquisa mostrou que a marcação química dos espinhos das nadadeiras de juvenis de Acipenseridae leva a estimativas imparciais e contribui para o conhecimento da dinâmica populacional dessas espécies. O estudo descobriu que a combinação do anel do mostrador da barbatana peitoral espinhal com o crescimento validou a estimativa de idade em esturjão-de-navio juvenil, esturjão-persa e esturjão-estrelado.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii induced abortions in a goat herd in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Aborto por Toxoplasma gondii em um rebanho de caprinos no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Although, serological assays for detecting immune response against Toxoplasma gondii in goats and sheep are frequent in Brazil, studies showing lesions and confirmation of infectious causes of abortion in goats in the state of Rio de Janeiro have not been reported. This study aimed to describe an abortion outbreak caused by T. gondii in a goat herd in the state of Rio de Janeiro. At histological examination, necrotizing encephalitis and lymphoplasmacytic myositis were observed in goat fetuses submitted to necropsy. The diagnoses were confirmed by immunohistochemistry, which revealed positive marking structures compatible with T. gondii bradyzoites in the brain and skeletal muscle cysts. T. gondii should be included among the causes of abortion in goats in the Southeast region of Brazil.(AU)

Embora sejam frequentes as pesquisas sorológicas da toxoplasmose em caprinos e ovinos no Brasil, os estudos que apresentam as lesões e a confirmação das causas infecciosas de aborto em caprinos no estado do Rio de Janeiro não foram encontrados. Neste trabalho descreve-se Toxoplasma gondii como causa de aborto em uma criação de caprinos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Ao exame histológico foi observada encefalite necrosante e miosite linfoplasmocítica nos fetos caprinos submetidos à necropsia. A confirmação do diagnóstico foi realizada com o exame de imuno-histoquímica, que revelou marcação positiva de cistos com bradizoítos de T. gondii no encéfalo e em músculo esquelético. T. gondii deve ser incluído entre as causas de aborto em cabras na região sudeste do Brasil.(AU)

Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in a Maltese dog with endogenous lipoid pneumonia

Background: Pneumothorax is a clinical condition which can cause respiratory distress. It can have as its origin traumatic causes or even classified as spontaneous, mainly related to diseases of the lung parenchyma. Lipoid pneumonia is rarely described in dogs, and it is characterized by globules of lipid in the alveolar spaces. Endogenous lipoid pneumonia (EnLP) occurs when lesions on pulmonary cells release cholesterol and other lipids in the alveoli. There is no clinical approach established for EnLP in veterinary patients. The aim of this report is to describe a case of a young Maltese dog, with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in which EnLP was diagnosed post mortem. Case: A 2-year-old sexually intact male Maltese dog was evaluated for restrictive dyspnea. Clinicopathologic findings included cyanotic, muffled chest auscultation with hypersonic thoracic percussion. Chest x-ray demonstrated an increase in pleuropulmonary radio transparency and a floating-looking heart, indicating pneumothorax. Complete blood counts and biochemical panel results were normal. Dirofilaria immitis antigen test results were negative. Computed tomography demonstrated slightly hyper-expanded pulmonary fields, with slightly enlarged reticular marking with areas of mild multicentric panlobular emphysema and a fracture on the sixth left rib. The treatment was focused on improving the breathing pattern through sedation, supplementation with oxygen, and thoracentesis. Owing to the reserved prognosis of the case, the unknown etiology of the recurrent pneumothorax, and the clinical worsening of the patient, the owner opted for euthanasia. Necropsy displayed multiple, circular whitish areas in the lungs, distributed over the surface of all lobes. Histopathological examination revealed pulmonary tissue with the subpleural micronodular foci, multifocal to coalescent, with a moderate accumulation of foamy intra-alveolar macrophages, occasionally multinucleate, associated with cholesterol crystals compatible with endogenous lipid pneumonia. Discussion: The patient presented with clinical signs and physical examination characteristics of pneumothorax at the first visit. After the pneumothorax diagnosis, and clinical stabilization of the patient. No predisposing factor for the formation of the pneumothorax was identified as the radiography revealed only bronchitis and blood tests were normal, the patient was thus discharged after 24 h, with the recommendations for observing the breathing pattern. Initially, spontaneous pneumothorax was suspected. The antibiotics were administered since bacterial pneumonia, although not confirmed on chest x-ray, is the main cause of pneumothorax in dogs is lung parenchyma disease. With the worsening of the clinical condition of the patient, CT was performed and did not demonstrate any findings that would justify the presence of pneumothorax. Despite the placement of the chest tube for facilitating the management of thoracentesis, there was no stabilization of the condition, enhancing the frequency of centesis procedures, which led to the decision to euthanize. The microscopic examination of the pulmonary alterations was decisive for the diagnostic conclusion. The visualization of the accumulation of foamy intra-alveolar macrophages, occasionally multinucleate, associated with cholesterol crystals, was responsible for the diagnosis of EnLP. This condition is rarely described in dogs and as in the present report, it is a noninfectious inflammatory condition, characterized by intra- or extracellular globules of lipid in the alveolar spaces. In the present report, although it was not possible to determine the etiology of EnLP, we can conclude that although rare, it can affect dogs and can generate severe clinical repercussions.

Efeito da expressão do estro sobre características morfofuncionais foliculares, luteais e fertilidade em fêmeas Bos indicus sincronizadas para IATF / Effect of the estrus expression on follicular and luteal morphofunctional characteristics and fertility in Bos indicus females synchronized for FTAI

Background: Recent studies have been conducted with the aim of improving the fertility rates in the FTAI programsin beef females. The observation of the estrus expression constitutes an important indicator of fertility in zebu females.Therefore, this work has as an objective to evaluate the impact of the estrus expression on the follicular, luteal and fertilitymorphofunctional characteristics of Nelore females synchronized for FTAI.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty five lactating female Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) were used. On a random day, denominatedday 0 (D0), the 65 Nelore females received a progesterone-releasing device associated to the application of 2.0 mg of estradiolbenzoate intramuscularly (IM). On D9, the progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices were removed and was administered500 μg of cloprostenol sodium IM; 0.6 mg of estradiol cypionate IM and 300 UI of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin IM. At thispoint, the animals were marked with a marking stick for the determination of the estrus expression. On D11 of the synchronization protocol, the animals were characterized in two groups: without estrus expression WITHOUT ESTRUS and with estrusexpression WITH ESTRUS. The evaluation of the follicle diameter (FOLD), of the follicle wall area (FOLA), of the folliclewall vascularization (FOLV) and the percentage of vascularization in the area of the preovulatory follicle wall (%FOLV) wereconducted on D11 using B-mode ultrasonography and color Doppler and then the artificial inseminations were performed. Theevaluation of the corpus luteum diameter (CLD), the total area of the corpus luteum (CLA), of the area of vascularization of thecorpus luteum (CLV), of the percentage of vascularization of the in the area of the corpus luteum (% CLV) and the collectionof blood for the evaluation of the serum...

Efeito da expressão do estro sobre características morfofuncionais foliculares, luteais e fertilidade em fêmeas Bos indicus sincronizadas para IATF / Effect of the estrus expression on follicular and luteal morphofunctional characteristics and fertility in Bos indicus females synchronized for FTAI

Background: Recent studies have been conducted with the aim of improving the fertility rates in the FTAI programsin beef females. The observation of the estrus expression constitutes an important indicator of fertility in zebu females.Therefore, this work has as an objective to evaluate the impact of the estrus expression on the follicular, luteal and fertilitymorphofunctional characteristics of Nelore females synchronized for FTAI.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty five lactating female Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) were used. On a random day, denominatedday 0 (D0), the 65 Nelore females received a progesterone-releasing device associated to the application of 2.0 mg of estradiolbenzoate intramuscularly (IM). On D9, the progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices were removed and was administered500 μg of cloprostenol sodium IM; 0.6 mg of estradiol cypionate IM and 300 UI of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin IM. At thispoint, the animals were marked with a marking stick for the determination of the estrus expression. On D11 of the synchronization protocol, the animals were characterized in two groups: without estrus expression WITHOUT ESTRUS and with estrusexpression WITH ESTRUS. The evaluation of the follicle diameter (FOLD), of the follicle wall area (FOLA), of the folliclewall vascularization (FOLV) and the percentage of vascularization in the area of the preovulatory follicle wall (%FOLV) wereconducted on D11 using B-mode ultrasonography and color Doppler and then the artificial inseminations were performed. Theevaluation of the corpus luteum diameter (CLD), the total area of the corpus luteum (CLA), of the area of vascularization of thecorpus luteum (CLV), of the percentage of vascularization of the in the area of the corpus luteum (% CLV) and the collectionof blood for the evaluation of the serum...(AU)

Marcação, dispersão e capacidade de parasitismo de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) / Mark and dispersion of Cotesia flavipes parasitism capacity (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos biológicos de C. flavipese sua marcação, além do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para captura de adultos. Lagartas de D. saccharalis alimentadas com dieta artificial contendo os corantes SudanRed 7B e Solvent Blue 35 nas concentrações de 200 e 400 ppm, óleo vegetal a 200 e 400 ppm e sem óleo. Posteriormente, as lagartas foram parasitadas nos tratamentos supracitados. Avaliou-se o período entre o parasitismo e a emergência das larvas (ovo-larval), a empupação, o peso das massas e das pupas, razão sexual, longevidade dos adultos e marcação. Após a definição do corante/concentração adequado para marcar adultos de C. flavipes, avaliou-se a capacidade de dispersão e parasitismo das fêmeas adultas em condições de campo. Utilizou-se o teste de Dunnett para as variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de larvas, pupas e adultos de C. flavipes e o procedimento de GLM para análise de variância e o LSMEANS para ajustar as medias em cada fator testado. Definiu-se o corante SudanRed 7B na concentração de 200 ppm é o melhor corante/concentração para marcar o parasitoide larval C. flavipes, após desenvolvida a metodologia para captura de C. flavipes, que associadas à marcação, permitiram avaliar a capacidade de voo pela distância e captura desses indivíduos com precisão. Foi definida a armadilha de garrafa pet 600 como a melhor para...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological aspects of C. flavipes your markup, and the development of a methodology for adult capture. Sugarcane borers fed on artificial diet containing the dyes SudanRed 7B and Solvent Blue 35 in concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm, vegetable oil at 200 and 400 ppm and without oil. Later, the caterpillars were parasitized in the above treatments. Evaluated the period between parasitism and the emergence of the larvae (egg-larval), the pupation, the weight of the masses and pupae, sex ratio, adult longevity and marking. After the setting of the dye / marker suitable concentration for adult C. flavipes, we evaluated the dispersibility and parasitism of adult females under field conditions. We used the Dunnett test for the variables related to the development of larvae, pupae and adults of C. flavipes and the GLM procedure for analysis of variance and the LSMEANS to fit the media in each factor tested. Set up The SudanRed 7B dye at a concentration of 200 ppm is the best dye / concentration to mark the larval parasitoid C. flavipes after developed the methodology for capturing C. flavipes, which associated with marking, allowed evaluating the flight capacity by distance and capture these individuals accurately. It was defined bottle trap 600 as the best pet for evaluation capture and parasitism. The maximum flight distance field in...(AU)

Marcação, dispersão e capacidade de parasitismo de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) / Mark and dispersion of Cotesia flavipes parasitism capacity (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos biológicos de C. flavipese sua marcação, além do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para captura de adultos. Lagartas de D. saccharalis alimentadas com dieta artificial contendo os corantes SudanRed 7B e Solvent Blue 35 nas concentrações de 200 e 400 ppm, óleo vegetal a 200 e 400 ppm e sem óleo. Posteriormente, as lagartas foram parasitadas nos tratamentos supracitados. Avaliou-se o período entre o parasitismo e a emergência das larvas (ovo-larval), a empupação, o peso das massas e das pupas, razão sexual, longevidade dos adultos e marcação. Após a definição do corante/concentração adequado para marcar adultos de C. flavipes, avaliou-se a capacidade de dispersão e parasitismo das fêmeas adultas em condições de campo. Utilizou-se o teste de Dunnett para as variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de larvas, pupas e adultos de C. flavipes e o procedimento de GLM para análise de variância e o LSMEANS para ajustar as medias em cada fator testado. Definiu-se o corante SudanRed 7B na concentração de 200 ppm é o melhor corante/concentração para marcar o parasitoide larval C. flavipes, após desenvolvida a metodologia para captura de C. flavipes, que associadas à marcação, permitiram avaliar a capacidade de voo pela distância e captura desses indivíduos com precisão. Foi definida a armadilha de garrafa pet 600 como a melhor para...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological aspects of C. flavipes your markup, and the development of a methodology for adult capture. Sugarcane borers fed on artificial diet containing the dyes SudanRed 7B and Solvent Blue 35 in concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm, vegetable oil at 200 and 400 ppm and without oil. Later, the caterpillars were parasitized in the above treatments. Evaluated the period between parasitism and the emergence of the larvae (egg-larval), the pupation, the weight of the masses and pupae, sex ratio, adult longevity and marking. After the setting of the dye / marker suitable concentration for adult C. flavipes, we evaluated the dispersibility and parasitism of adult females under field conditions. We used the Dunnett test for the variables related to the development of larvae, pupae and adults of C. flavipes and the GLM procedure for analysis of variance and the LSMEANS to fit the media in each factor tested. Set up The SudanRed 7B dye at a concentration of 200 ppm is the best dye / concentration to mark the larval parasitoid C. flavipes after developed the methodology for capturing C. flavipes, which associated with marking, allowed evaluating the flight capacity by distance and capture these individuals accurately. It was defined bottle trap 600 as the best pet for evaluation capture and parasitism. The maximum flight distance field in...

Behavioral activities of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) in a semi-intensive farming system in Brazil / [Atividades comportamentais de queixadas (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) em sistema semi-intensivo de criação no Brasil]

This study aimed to describe the main behaviors of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) expressed in a semi-intensive production system in Brazil. The behavioral activities of two groups of peccaries allocated in two paddocks were assessed, totaling 17 adult animals and eventual pups in different developmental stages. The animals were visually observed using the ad libitum sampling and scan sample methods during the adaptation and experimental phases, respectively. The animals were evaluated in the morning, afternoon, and at night. The behavioral activities observed by ad libitum sampling comprised feeding, pool contact, moving, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing, mutual rubbing, rubbing, aggression, sexual behavior, copulation, foraging, breastfeeding, sleeping, territorial marking, interactions, birthing, gnawing, and other behaviors. All behaviors observed by the ad libitum sampling method were confirmed in the experimental period by scan sample, except for territorial marking and birthing. The effects of time of day were statistically significant (p <0.05) for eating, pool contact, movement, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing and sleeping. These results contribute to the understanding of instinctive animal habits and to the development of nutritional, environmental and health management protocols that meet the requirements of peccaries.(AU)

Objetivou-se descrever os principais comportamentos que os queixadas (Tayassu pecari) expressam em sistema de produção semi-intensivo no Brasil, bem como suas diferenças de frequências comportamentais em função do período do dia. Foram avaliadas as atividades comportamentais de dois grupos de queixadas alocados em dois piquetes, totalizando 17 animais adultos e eventuais filhotes em diferentes estágios comportamentais. Na fase adaptativa e experimental os animais foram observados visualmente pelos métodos ad libitum e scan sample, respectivamente. Os animais foram avaliados nos períodos da manhã, tarde e noite. As atividades comportamentais observadas pelo método ad libitum foram alimentação, contato com a piscina, movimentação, interior do brete de manejo, descanso, lameando, esfregação mútua, esfregar-se, agressão, comportamento sexual, cópula, fuçando, amamentação, dormindo, marcando território, interações, manilha, parição, roendo e outros comportamentos. Todos os comportamentos observados pelo método ad libitum foram confirmados no período experimental scan sample, exceto para as variáveis marcando território e parição. O efeito do período do dia foi estatisticamente significativo (P<0,05) sobre as frequências dos comportamentos alimentação, contato com a piscina, movimentação, interior do brete de manejo, descanso, lameando e dormindo. Os resultados contribuem para a compreensão dos hábitos instintivos dos animais e, com isso, colaborar com a elaboração de protocolos de manejo nutricional, ambiental e sanitário, buscando-se suprir as necessidades dos queixadas. Futuras pesquisas envolvendo queixadas em cativeiro fomentarão os estudos voltados aos aspectos biológicos, conservacionistas e produtivos.(AU)

Uso de corante alimentício na marcação de ração estéril para camundongos e seu emprego nas análises de controle microbiológico / Use of food coloring in sterile action marking for mice and its use in microbiological control analyzes

A ração peletizada é amplamente utilizada na alimentação camundongos e o seu controle da qualidade é extremamente importante para a saúde dos animais. Todavia, para verificar em quanto tempo a ração perde a qualidade higiênico-sanitária é necessário averiguar inicialmente, o tempo que cada pellet permanece no comedouro, coletando-o no tempo certo para que a análise tempo/qualidade da ração seja realizada corretamente. Desse modo, antes de iniciar quaisquer verificações da qualidade da ração em função do tempo, devemos buscar uma forma de marcar esse alimento de forma inócua. Para definir uma maneira adequada de marcação da ração, foi realizado um experimento, impregnando pellets com corantes alimentícios do tipo anilina líquida, um corante orgânico que pode ser aplicado em qualquer alimento para efeito de tingimento. Após serem marcadas as rações foram colocadas em gaiolas e o experimento realizado em triplicata, com 5 camundongo em cada gaiola. Foi realizado também o teste de inocuidade dos corantes frente a bactérias Gram negativas e Gram positivas, para evidenciar interferência no crescimento bacteriano, o que invalidaria futuros estudos de controle da qualidade das rações. Assim, através da coloração da ração com corante alimentício verificou-se o tempo de exposição das rações nos comedouros das gaiolas de camundongos, palatabilidade e preferência/repulsa dos animais por determinada cor, além da inocuidade desses corantes frente as bactérias. Os resultados obtidos aprovaram a utilização desse corante, em estudos de controle microbiológico da ração em função do tempo de exposição, além da utilização desta metodologia para futuros experimentos, inclusive com outros animais.

Pelletized feed is widely used in mouse feeding and their quality control is extremely important for animal health. However, to check how long the feed loses hygienic-sanitary quality it is necessary to initially check the time each pellet remains in the feeder, collecting it at the right time so that the time / feed quality analysis is performed correctly. Therefore, before beginning any time-quality checks on feed quality, we should look for a way to mark this food harmlessly. To define an appropriate way of marking the feed, an experiment was performed, impregnating pellets with liquid aniline-type food colorings, an organic colorant that can be applied to any food for dyeing purposes. After being marked the rations were placed in cages and the experiment performed in triplicate, with 5 mice in each cage. A harmlessness test against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria was also performed to show interference in bacterial growth, which would invalidate future studies of feed quality control. Thus, through the coloring of the feed with food dye it was verified the time of exposure of the feed in the feeders of the cages of mice, palatability and preference / repulsion of the animals by certain color, besides the harmlessness of these dyes against the bacteria. The obtained results approved the use of this dye in studies of microbiological control of the feed as a function of the exposure time, besides the use of this methodology for future experiments, including with other animals.

Uso de corante alimentício na marcação de ração estéril para camundongos e seu emprego nas análises de controle microbiológico / Use of food coloring in sterile action marking for mice and its use in microbiological control analyzes

A ração peletizada é amplamente utilizada na alimentação camundongos e o seu controle da qualidade é extremamente importante para a saúde dos animais. Todavia, para verificar em quanto tempo a ração perde a qualidade higiênico-sanitária é necessário averiguar inicialmente, o tempo que cada pellet permanece no comedouro, coletando-o no tempo certo para que a análise tempo/qualidade da ração seja realizada corretamente. Desse modo, antes de iniciar quaisquer verificações da qualidade da ração em função do tempo, devemos buscar uma forma de marcar esse alimento de forma inócua. Para definir uma maneira adequada de marcação da ração, foi realizado um experimento, impregnando pellets com corantes alimentícios do tipo anilina líquida, um corante orgânico que pode ser aplicado em qualquer alimento para efeito de tingimento. Após serem marcadas as rações foram colocadas em gaiolas e o experimento realizado em triplicata, com 5 camundongo em cada gaiola. Foi realizado também o teste de inocuidade dos corantes frente a bactérias Gram negativas e Gram positivas, para evidenciar interferência no crescimento bacteriano, o que invalidaria futuros estudos de controle da qualidade das rações. Assim, através da coloração da ração com corante alimentício verificou-se o tempo de exposição das rações nos comedouros das gaiolas de camundongos, palatabilidade e preferência/repulsa dos animais por determinada cor, além da inocuidade desses corantes frente as bactérias. Os resultados obtidos aprovaram a utilização desse corante, em estudos de controle microbiológico da ração em função do tempo de exposição, além da utilização desta metodologia para futuros experimentos, inclusive com outros animais.(AU)

Pelletized feed is widely used in mouse feeding and their quality control is extremely important for animal health. However, to check how long the feed loses hygienic-sanitary quality it is necessary to initially check the time each pellet remains in the feeder, collecting it at the right time so that the time / feed quality analysis is performed correctly. Therefore, before beginning any time-quality checks on feed quality, we should look for a way to mark this food harmlessly. To define an appropriate way of marking the feed, an experiment was performed, impregnating pellets with liquid aniline-type food colorings, an organic colorant that can be applied to any food for dyeing purposes. After being marked the rations were placed in cages and the experiment performed in triplicate, with 5 mice in each cage. A harmlessness test against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria was also performed to show interference in bacterial growth, which would invalidate future studies of feed quality control. Thus, through the coloring of the feed with food dye it was verified the time of exposure of the feed in the feeders of the cages of mice, palatability and preference / repulsion of the animals by certain color, besides the harmlessness of these dyes against the bacteria. The obtained results approved the use of this dye in studies of microbiological control of the feed as a function of the exposure time, besides the use of this methodology for future experiments, including with other animals.(AU)

Spatiotemporal variability of target-species in tuna and tuna-like fishing in Brazil / Variabilidade espaço temporal das espécies-alvos da pesca de atuns e afins no Brasil

Knowing the history of fishing-target catches and identifying them is essential for fish species conservation, mainly for the conservation of migratory species, whose stock assessment data are often provided by commercial fleets. Data on the catch, effort, and geographic distribution of fishing operations found in Banco Nacional de Dados da Pesca de Atuns e Afins - BNDA (National Database of Tuna and Tuna-like Species Fishing) were herein analyzed. The ratios between catches of different Tuna and tuna-like species were calculated and the identified patterns were used to classify what would be the target-species of the Brazilian fleet in different periods between 1978 and 2018. Based on the current results, there are three different exploration phases marking the Brazilian longline fleet. The first phase (1978-1981) was featured by the prevalence of Japanese vessels, which recorded the highest presence of swordfish on catching quantity within that period (with mean target-species indicator of Dka = 0.30). The second phase took place between 1982 and 2001, and it was marked by an increased indicator for tuna species, mainly of albacore (with mean of Dka = 0.17). Finally, the third phase (2002-2018) stood out for the leasing of several vessels, increasing the effort and the volume of swordfish (with mean of Dka = 0.04), and blue shark catches (with mean of...

O conhecimento sobre o histórico de capturas e a identificação de espécies alvo da pesca é essencial para a conservação destas espécies, principalmente as migratórias, cujos dados de avaliação dos estoques são comumente obtidos da frota comercial. Foram analisados os dados disponíveis sobre captura, esforço e localização geográfica dos lances de pesca, presentes no Banco Nacional de Dados da Pesca de Atuns e Afins (BNDA). Foram calculadas as razões entre as capturas das diferentes espécies de atuns e afins e os padrões identificados foram utilizados para classificar quais seriam as espécies-alvo da frota brasileira em diferentes períodos entre 1978 e 2018. Os resultados apontaram três momentos distintos de exploração da frota de espinhel brasileira. O primeiro (1978-1981), caracterizado pela hegemonia das embarcações japonesas, tendo o espadarte com maior participação na quantidade de peixes capturados durante este período (com indicador de direcionamento médio de Dka = 0,30). A segunda fase teve vigência entre 1982 e 2001, marcada por um aumento do indicador para as espécies de albacoras, principalmente a branca (média de Dka = 0,17). E por fim, a terceira fase (2002-2018), na qual ocorreu o arrendamento de várias embarcações, aumento no esforço e na captura de espadarte (média de Dka = 0,04) e tubarão azul (média de Dka = 0,19). Além disso...

Spatiotemporal variability of target-species in tuna and tuna-like fishing in Brazil / Variabilidade espaço temporal das espécies-alvos da pesca de atuns e afins no Brasil

Knowing the history of fishing-target catches and identifying them is essential for fish species conservation, mainly for the conservation of migratory species, whose stock assessment data are often provided by commercial fleets. Data on the catch, effort, and geographic distribution of fishing operations found in Banco Nacional de Dados da Pesca de Atuns e Afins - BNDA (National Database of Tuna and Tuna-like Species Fishing) were herein analyzed. The ratios between catches of different Tuna and tuna-like species were calculated and the identified patterns were used to classify what would be the target-species of the Brazilian fleet in different periods between 1978 and 2018. Based on the current results, there are three different exploration phases marking the Brazilian longline fleet. The first phase (1978-1981) was featured by the prevalence of Japanese vessels, which recorded the highest presence of swordfish on catching quantity within that period (with mean target-species indicator of Dka = 0.30). The second phase took place between 1982 and 2001, and it was marked by an increased indicator for tuna species, mainly of albacore (with mean of Dka = 0.17). Finally, the third phase (2002-2018) stood out for the leasing of several vessels, increasing the effort and the volume of swordfish (with mean of Dka = 0.04), and blue shark catches (with mean of...(AU)

O conhecimento sobre o histórico de capturas e a identificação de espécies alvo da pesca é essencial para a conservação destas espécies, principalmente as migratórias, cujos dados de avaliação dos estoques são comumente obtidos da frota comercial. Foram analisados os dados disponíveis sobre captura, esforço e localização geográfica dos lances de pesca, presentes no Banco Nacional de Dados da Pesca de Atuns e Afins (BNDA). Foram calculadas as razões entre as capturas das diferentes espécies de atuns e afins e os padrões identificados foram utilizados para classificar quais seriam as espécies-alvo da frota brasileira em diferentes períodos entre 1978 e 2018. Os resultados apontaram três momentos distintos de exploração da frota de espinhel brasileira. O primeiro (1978-1981), caracterizado pela hegemonia das embarcações japonesas, tendo o espadarte com maior participação na quantidade de peixes capturados durante este período (com indicador de direcionamento médio de Dka = 0,30). A segunda fase teve vigência entre 1982 e 2001, marcada por um aumento do indicador para as espécies de albacoras, principalmente a branca (média de Dka = 0,17). E por fim, a terceira fase (2002-2018), na qual ocorreu o arrendamento de várias embarcações, aumento no esforço e na captura de espadarte (média de Dka = 0,04) e tubarão azul (média de Dka = 0,19). Além disso...(AU)

Quantification of the neurons of myenteric plexus of the bat molossus rufus / Quantificação dos neurônios do plexo mientérico de morcegos da espécie Molossus rufus

There are no studies that characterize the enteric nervous system (ENS) bats. The organization and density of myenteric neurons may vary according to the animal species, as well as the segment of the digestive tube considered. The nitric oxide is one of the key neurotransmitters present in the myenteric neurons, acting as a mediator in the smooth muscle relaxation. These neurons are evidenced by immunohistochemistry of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize the total neuronal population and subpopulation NADPH-d+ of the myenteric plexus present in the jejunum of the insectivore species Molossus rufus quantitatively. Five specimens were collected of M. rufus in a buffer area of the "Reserva Biológica das Perobas" in the microregion of Cianorte/PR. After the euthanasia, in a chamber saturated with isoflurane, segments were collected from the small intestine corresponding to the jejunum intended for two techniques for neuronal marking, Giemsa and NADPH-diaphorase, and a fragment to the histological technique of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. All the procedures were approved by the "Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais Unipar" (CEUA - protocol No. 34347/2017) and the "Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade" (ICMBio - protocol No. 60061-1) The histological sections allowed to highlight the location of the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic. The myenteric plexus had an average of total neuronal population (neurons Giemsa+) of 279.23 neurons/mm2, being the nitrergic neurons (neurons NADPH-d+) represented 20.4% of this total population, with an average of 58.14 neuron/mm2. Therefore, the collected data are consistent with previous studies in other mammalian species concerning the location of the myenteric plexus, as well as the neural myenteric proportion NADPH-d+ compared with the population of neurons Giemsa+. The gaps in the knowledge of ENS of bats limits comparative intraspecific and interspecific studies.(AU)

Não há estudos que caracterizem o sistema nervoso entérico (SNE) destes animais, configurando uma lacuna no conhecimento quanto à biologia destes indivíduos. A organização e densidade dos neurônios mientéricos podem variar de acordo com a espécie animal bem como o segmento do tubo digestório considerado. O óxido nítrico é um dos principais neurotransmissores presentes nos neurônios mientéricos, atuando como mediador no relaxamento do músculo liso gastrointestinal, de modo que estes neurônios são evidenciados igualmente pela imunohistoquímica da óxido nítrico-sintase (NOS) ou pela histoquímica da NADPH-diaforase. Neste sentido, objetivou-se caracterizar quantitativamente a população neuronal total e subpopulação NADPH-d+ do plexo mientérico presente no jejuno da espécie Molossus rufus de hábito alimentar insetívoro. Foram coletados cinco espécimes de M. rufus em área de amortecimento da Reserva Biológica das Perobas na microrregião de Cianorte/PR. Após a eutanásia, em câmara saturada com isoflurano, foram coletados segmentos do intestino delgado correspondentes ao jejuno destinados a duas técnicas para marcação neuronal, Giemsa e NADPH-diaforase e, um fragmento para a técnica histológica de hematoxilina-eosina e tricômio de Masson. Todos os procedimentos realizados foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais da Unipar (CEUA - protocolo nº 34347/2017) e pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio - protocolo nº 60061-1) Os cortes histológicos possibilitaram evidenciar a localização do plexo mientérico entre os estratos longitudinal e circular da túnica muscular. Neurônios Giemsa+ apresentaram uma média de 279,23 neurônios/mm2, já os neurônios nitrérgicos apresentaram em média 20,4% da população neuronal mientérica total, sendo evidenciados 58,14 neurônios NADPH-d+/mm2. Portanto, os dados coletados mostram-se condizentes com estudos anteriores em outras espécies de mamíferos quanto à localização do plexo mientérico, bem como, a proporção neuronal mientérica NADPH-d+ comparada com a população de neurônios Giemsa+. As lacunas existentes quanto ao conhecimento do SNE de morcegos limita possíveis inferências em comparativo intraespecífico e interespecífico.(AU)

Quantification of the neurons of myenteric plexus of the bat molossus rufus / Quantificação dos neurônios do plexo mientérico de morcegos da espécie Molossus rufus

There are no studies that characterize the enteric nervous system (ENS) bats. The organization and density of myenteric neurons may vary according to the animal species, as well as the segment of the digestive tube considered. The nitric oxide is one of the key neurotransmitters present in the myenteric neurons, acting as a mediator in the smooth muscle relaxation. These neurons are evidenced by immunohistochemistry of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize the total neuronal population and subpopulation NADPH-d+ of the myenteric plexus present in the jejunum of the insectivore species Molossus rufus quantitatively. Five specimens were collected of M. rufus in a buffer area of the "Reserva Biológica das Perobas" in the microregion of Cianorte/PR. After the euthanasia, in a chamber saturated with isoflurane, segments were collected from the small intestine corresponding to the jejunum intended for two techniques for neuronal marking, Giemsa and NADPH-diaphorase, and a fragment to the histological technique of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. All the procedures were approved by the "Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais Unipar" (CEUA - protocol No. 34347/2017) and the "Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade" (ICMBio - protocol No. 60061-1) The histological sections allowed to highlight the location of the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic. The myenteric plexus had an average of total neuronal population (neurons Giemsa+) of 279.23 neurons/mm2, being the nitrergic neurons (neurons NADPH-d+) represented 20.4% of this total population, with an average of 58.14 neuron/mm2. Therefore, the collected data are consistent with previous studies in other mammalian species concerning the location of the myenteric plexus, as well as the neural myenteric proportion NADPH-d+ compared with the population of neurons Giemsa+. The gaps in the knowledge of ENS of bats limits comparative intraspecific and interspecific studies.(AU)

Não há estudos que caracterizem o sistema nervoso entérico (SNE) destes animais, configurando uma lacuna no conhecimento quanto à biologia destes indivíduos. A organização e densidade dos neurônios mientéricos podem variar de acordo com a espécie animal bem como o segmento do tubo digestório considerado. O óxido nítrico é um dos principais neurotransmissores presentes nos neurônios mientéricos, atuando como mediador no relaxamento do músculo liso gastrointestinal, de modo que estes neurônios são evidenciados igualmente pela imunohistoquímica da óxido nítrico-sintase (NOS) ou pela histoquímica da NADPH-diaforase. Neste sentido, objetivou-se caracterizar quantitativamente a população neuronal total e subpopulação NADPH-d+ do plexo mientérico presente no jejuno da espécie Molossus rufus de hábito alimentar insetívoro. Foram coletados cinco espécimes de M. rufus em área de amortecimento da Reserva Biológica das Perobas na microrregião de Cianorte/PR. Após a eutanásia, em câmara saturada com isoflurano, foram coletados segmentos do intestino delgado correspondentes ao jejuno destinados a duas técnicas para marcação neuronal, Giemsa e NADPH-diaforase e, um fragmento para a técnica histológica de hematoxilina-eosina e tricômio de Masson. Todos os procedimentos realizados foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais da Unipar (CEUA - protocolo nº 34347/2017) e pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio - protocolo nº 60061-1) Os cortes histológicos possibilitaram evidenciar a localização do plexo mientérico entre os estratos longitudinal e circular da túnica muscular. Neurônios Giemsa+ apresentaram uma média de 279,23 neurônios/mm2, já os neurônios nitrérgicos apresentaram em média 20,4% da população neuronal mientérica total, sendo evidenciados 58,14 neurônios NADPH-d+/mm2. Portanto, os dados coletados mostram-se condizentes com estudos anteriores em outras espécies de mamíferos quanto à localização do plexo mientérico, bem como, a proporção neuronal mientérica NADPH-d+ comparada com a população de neurônios Giemsa+. As lacunas existentes quanto ao conhecimento do SNE de morcegos limita possíveis inferências em comparativo intraespecífico e interespecífico.(AU)

Progressive histiocytosis of non-epitheliotropic dendritic cells in a feline

Background: Histiocytic tumors in felines are nodules that commonly develop on limbs and head extremities. They can be divided into many subtypes including cutaneous histiocytoma, histiocytic sarcoma, reactive fibrohistiocytic nodule, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and progressive feline dendritic cell. Despite the same origin, they have behaviors that differ from each other, thus it is important to confirm diagnosis with histopathological and immunohistochemical tests, because early identification can facilitate prognosis and treatment. In this study, we describe the pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, enabling differentiation feline neoplasms derived from histiocytes. Case: A 5-year-old, crossbreed, male, feline presented with a nodulation at the base of the left ear. The mass was slow growing, partially alopecic, with no other changes associated with tumor development. The nodule was round and circumscribed, movable, with an elevated surface. He was referred for surgery and an elliptical sample around the tumor was carefully dissected. Routine histopathological evaluation was performed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), as well as immunohistochemistry. Histopathology showed circumscribed proliferation of histiocytic cells, with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm. The proliferative cells were large and rounded, extending from the superficial dermis and basement membrane to the deep dermis. At the extremities, some cells had visible vacuoles. Mitotic activity ranged from 3 to 4 mitoses per field in 40x magnification. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for histocompatibility complex MCII and lysozyme antibodies, marking histiocytic cells. Labeling was positive for CD20 in cells of lymphoid lineage B and negative for E-cadherin. Histiocytic cells did not invade the epidermis; hence, proliferation was classified as nonepitheliotropic. These methods contribute to the literature regarding the...