Carcinoma com metástase em coluna vertebral em dois cães / Carcinoma with vertebral column metastasis in two dogs

Background: Carcinomas are aggressive and invasive malignancies that originate from any type of epithelial cell and are responsible for many deaths in dogs. Carcinoma metastases occur primarily via the lymphatic route; however, they can occur by blood flow, thus reaching bone structures. In dogs, metastasis of mammary and squamous cell carcinomas to the skeletal system is poorly described. The aim of this study was to report two cases of dogs that developed metastases of carcinomas to the vertebral column. Cases: Case 1. A 10-year-old, male, mixed-breed dog with paralysis of the left pelvic limb, subcutaneous mass in the lumbar region, apathy, anorexia and progressive weight loss and with a previous history of amputation of the right pelvic limb resulting from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the integument of the cranial face of the femorotibiopatellar joint. Due to the patient’s clinical condition and the negative prognosis associated with the neoplasia, euthanasia was performed. At necropsy, infiltrating the lumbar vertebrae from L5 to L7, a whitish and firm mass of approximately 15 x 8 cm was observed. Histologically, it comprised a malignant epithelial neoplastic development consisting of nests and cords interspersed with fibrovascular stroma, containing multiple keratine pearls. There was moderate to severe anisocytosis, severe anisokariosis, and about 4 mitosis figures for every 10 high power fields (400x). The histological features were consistent with an invasive SCC. Anti-cytokeratin and anti-p63 immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations were performed, both with immunoreactivity in neoplastic cells. Case 2. An 8-year-old, female, Chihuahua with bilateral paralysis of the pelvic limbs, anorexia, and progressive weight loss, with a history of excision of solid mammary carcinoma. The clinical condition...

Carcinoma com metástase em coluna vertebral em dois cães / Carcinoma with vertebral column metastasis in two dogs

Background: Carcinomas are aggressive and invasive malignancies that originate from any type of epithelial cell and are responsible for many deaths in dogs. Carcinoma metastases occur primarily via the lymphatic route; however, they can occur by blood flow, thus reaching bone structures. In dogs, metastasis of mammary and squamous cell carcinomas to the skeletal system is poorly described. The aim of this study was to report two cases of dogs that developed metastases of carcinomas to the vertebral column. Cases: Case 1. A 10-year-old, male, mixed-breed dog with paralysis of the left pelvic limb, subcutaneous mass in the lumbar region, apathy, anorexia and progressive weight loss and with a previous history of amputation of the right pelvic limb resulting from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the integument of the cranial face of the femorotibiopatellar joint. Due to the patients clinical condition and the negative prognosis associated with the neoplasia, euthanasia was performed. At necropsy, infiltrating the lumbar vertebrae from L5 to L7, a whitish and firm mass of approximately 15 x 8 cm was observed. Histologically, it comprised a malignant epithelial neoplastic development consisting of nests and cords interspersed with fibrovascular stroma, containing multiple keratine pearls. There was moderate to severe anisocytosis, severe anisokariosis, and about 4 mitosis figures for every 10 high power fields (400x). The histological features were consistent with an invasive SCC. Anti-cytokeratin and anti-p63 immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations were performed, both with immunoreactivity in neoplastic cells. Case 2. An 8-year-old, female, Chihuahua with bilateral paralysis of the pelvic limbs, anorexia, and progressive weight loss, with a history of excision of solid mammary carcinoma. The clinical condition...(AU)

Skeletopy of the medullary cone in Sapajus apella: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia / Esqueletopia do cone medular em Sapajus apella: Implicações clínicas na anestesia epidural

This work aimed to describe the skeletopy of the medullary cone of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) and to lay morphological foundations to propose a route of administration for epidural anesthesia. We used five females adults S. apella, and dissected them to study their medullary cone. The fixated animals were dissected, a skin incision was made from the dorsal median line, epaxial musculature and vertebral arcs was removed to expose the spinal cord, individualizing the medullary cone and the lumbar intumescence. The base of S. apella medullary cone was located near the L5 vertebra and the apex near S3, the structure was 4.5 cm in average. The evaluated specimens presented five lumbar and four sacral vertebrae. We concluded that the positioning of S. apella medullary cone is caudally than in other species, suggesting that the most appropriate location for epidural anesthetic procedures is the sacrocaudal region.

Este estudo visa descrever a esqueletopia do cone medular em macaco prego (Sapajus apella), com a intenção de estabelecer bases morfológicas para prestar o apoio à implementação de procedimentos anestésicos e outros procedimentos de rotina clínica-cirúrgica veterinária, dada a crescente importância do papel do veterinário na saúde dos animais selvagens. Cinco S. apella adultos fêmeas foram utilizadas neste trabalho e dissecados para o estudo do cone medular. Os animais fixados foram dissecados, foi feita uma incisão na pele na linha média dorsal, a musculatura epaxial e os arcos vertebrais foram removidos para exposição da medula espinhal, individualizando o cone medular e a intumescência lombar. A base do cone medular do S. apella foi observada na altura da vértebra L5 com o ápice em S3, com comprimento médio de 4,5 cm. Os espécimes avaliados apresentaram cinco vértebras lombares e quatro sacrais. Conclui-se que o posicionamento do cone medular do S. apella é mais caudal em relação às outras espécies. Por conseguinte, é sugerido que o local mais apropriado para o procedimento anestésico peridural é a sacrocaudal região.(AU)

Skeletopy of the medullary cone in Sapajus apella: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia / Esqueletopia do cone medular em Sapajus apella: Implicações clínicas na anestesia epidural

This work aimed to describe the skeletopy of the medullary cone of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) and to lay morphological foundations to propose a route of administration for epidural anesthesia. We used five females adults S. apella, and dissected them to study their medullary cone. The fixated animals were dissected, a skin incision was made from the dorsal median line, epaxial musculature and vertebral arcs was removed to expose the spinal cord, individualizing the medullary cone and the lumbar intumescence. The base of S. apella medullary cone was located near the L5 vertebra and the apex near S3, the structure was 4.5 cm in average. The evaluated specimens presented five lumbar and four sacral vertebrae. We concluded that the positioning of S. apella medullary cone is caudally than in other species, suggesting that the most appropriate location for epidural anesthetic procedures is the sacrocaudal region.

Este estudo visa descrever a esqueletopia do cone medular em macaco prego (Sapajus apella), com a intenção de estabelecer bases morfológicas para prestar o apoio à implementação de procedimentos anestésicos e outros procedimentos de rotina clínica-cirúrgica veterinária, dada a crescente importância do papel do veterinário na saúde dos animais selvagens. Cinco S. apella adultos fêmeas foram utilizadas neste trabalho e dissecados para o estudo do cone medular. Os animais fixados foram dissecados, foi feita uma incisão na pele na linha média dorsal, a musculatura epaxial e os arcos vertebrais foram removidos para exposição da medula espinhal, individualizando o cone medular e a intumescência lombar. A base do cone medular do S. apella foi observada na altura da vértebra L5 com o ápice em S3, com comprimento médio de 4,5 cm. Os espécimes avaliados apresentaram cinco vértebras lombares e quatro sacrais. Conclui-se que o posicionamento do cone medular do S. apella é mais caudal em relação às outras espécies. Por conseguinte, é sugerido que o local mais apropriado para o procedimento anestésico peridural é a sacrocaudal região.

Skeletopy of the medullary cone in Sapajus apella: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia / Esqueletopia do cone medular em Sapajus apella: Implicações clínicas na anestesia epidural

This work aimed to describe the skeletopy of the medullary cone of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) and to lay morphological foundations to propose a route of administration for epidural anesthesia. We used five females adults S.apella, and dissected them to study their medullary cone. The fixated animals were dissected, a skin incision was made from the dorsal median line, epaxial musculature and vertebral arcs was removed to expose the spinal cord, individualizing the medullary cone and the lumbar intumescence. The base of S. apella medullary cone was located near the L5 vertebra and the apex near S3, the structure was 4.5 cm in average. The evaluated specimens presented five lumbar and four sacral vertebrae. We concluded that the positioning of S. apella medullary cone is caudally than in other species, suggesting that the most appropriate location for epidural anesthetic procedures is the sacrocaudal region.

Este estudo visa descrever a esqueletopia do cone medular em macaco prego (Sapajus apella), com a intenção de estabelecer bases morfológicas para prestar o apoio à implementação de procedimentos anestésicos e outros procedimentos de rotina clínica-cirúrgica veterinária, dada a crescente importância do papel do veterinário na saúde dos animais selvagens. Cinco S. apella adultos fêmeas foram utilizadas neste trabalho e dissecados para o estudo do cone medular. Os animais fixados foram dissecados, foi feita uma incisão na pele na linha média dorsal, a musculatura epaxial e os arcos vertebrais foram removidos para exposição da medula espinhal, individualizando o cone medular e a intumescência lombar. A base do cone medular do S. apella foi observada na altura da vértebra L5 com o ápice em S3, com comprimento médio de 4,5 cm. Os espécimes avaliados apresentaram cinco vértebras lombares e quatro sacrais. Conclui-se que o posicionamento do cone medular do S. apella é mais caudal em relação às outras espécies. Por conseguinte, é sugerido que o local mais apropriado para o procedimento anestésico peridural é a sacrocaudal região.

Topography of the medullary cone of the feline night monkey: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia / Topografia do cone medular do macaco-da-noite: auxiliando a abordagem peridural

Feline night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) is an arboreal primate that sleeps during the day hidden among branches of trees, leaving its hideout after nightfall. Little is known about the morphology of these animals, which leads to some difficulty in clinical and surgical approaches, as there has been substantial growth in the veterinarian's role in maintaining the health and well-being of wildlife. Thus, we sought to investigate the topography and morphometry of the medullary cone, a small portion of the nervous system of the feline night monkey, which is of paramount importance in approaches for epidural anesthesia. Specimens from five young females were used, each with eight lumbar vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, and a medullary cone with an average length of 7.5 cm, located between L5 and S3. Based on this finding, we suggest that a probable site for the application of epidural anesthesia is the space between S3 and Cc1.

O macaco-da-noite (Aotus azarae infulatus) é um animal arborícola que dorme durante o dia escondido entre os ramos, saindo do esconderijo após o anoitecer. Pouco se sabe sobre a morfologia destes animais, o que gera certa dificuldade nas abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas, uma vez que cresce substancialmente o papel do médico veterinário nas questões de saúde e bem-estar de animais selvagens. Visando contribuir com esses profissionais, buscou-se investigar a topografia e morfometria de uma pequena porção do sistema nervoso do macaco-da-noite, o cone medular, que é de suma importância nas abordagens quanto à anestesia peridural. Foram utilizados cinco espécimes fêmeas, jovens, de macaco-da-noite, que apresentavam oito vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais, e cone medular possuindo em média de 7,5 cm de comprimento, localizando-se entre L5 e S3. Este achado nos leva a sugerir como sítio provável para a aplicação de anestesia epidural, o espaço entre S3 e Cc1.

An outbreak of compressive myelopathy due to pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine - case report / Surto de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação piogranulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra Febre Aftosa em Minas Gerais - relato de caso

Cases of compressive myelopathy syndrome associated with post vaccinal pyogranulomas were diagnosed post mortem in three cows from a farm in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. These cows presented ataxia and bilateral paresis of the pelvic limbs, which evolved to paralysis, and sternal recumbence. On necropsy, locally extensive areas of the longissimus dorsi muscle were replaced by pyogranulomas supported by moderate amounts of fibrous connective tissue. On the cut surface, some nodules contained yellowish and viscous fluid (purulent exudate) or whitish fluid (interpreted as the oily adjuvant of a vaccine). In the spinal canal of the subjacent vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord, were pyogranulomas identical to those described in the skeletal muscle. Histologically, the pyogranulomas were composed of a central clear vacuole (consistent with the space left by the oil adjuvant droplets), surrounded by neutrophils and, more externally, by large numbers of epithelioid macrophages and fewer multinucleated giant cells. In the white matter of the spinal cord were numerous well-defined, clear vacuoles (Wallerian degeneration). The association of the clinical history and pathological findings allowed the diagnosis of compressive myelopathy associated with pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, in this case, due to its inadequate application.(AU)

São descritos casos de síndrome de compressão medular, associada a granulomas pós-vacinais, em bovinos Nelore, provenientes de uma propriedade em Minas Gerais. Esses bovinos apresentavam ataxia e paresia bilateral dos membros pélvicos, que evoluiu para paralisia e decúbito esternal. Na necropsia, áreas focalmente extensas da musculatura na região torácica dorsal (músculo longissimus dorsi) eram substituídas por numerosos piogranulomas, separados por tecido brancacento e firme (tecido conjuntivo fibroso). Ao corte, alguns nódulos continham material amarelado e viscoso (exsudato purulento) ou material esbranquiçado e fluido (sugestivo de adjuvante de vacina). No canal medular das vértebras subjacentes, havia granulomas idênticos aos observados no tecido muscular. Histologicamente, os piogranulomas continham, no centro, vacúolo, bem delimitado e arredondado (consistente com o espaço deixado pela gotícula de lipídio do adjuvante), circundado por variável quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e íntegros e, mais externamente, por numerosos macrófagos epitelioides e algumas células gigantes multinucleadas. Nas áreas da medula espinhal, circundadas pelos granulomas, numerosos vacúolos, bem definidos, eram observados na substância branca (degeneração walleriana). A associação do histórico clínico e de achados patológicos permitiu o diagnóstico de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação granulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra febre aftosa, no caso, induzida pela aplicação inadequada da vacina.(AU)

An outbreak of compressive myelopathy due to pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine - case report / Surto de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação piogranulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra Febre Aftosa em Minas Gerais - relato de caso

Cases of compressive myelopathy syndrome associated with post vaccinal pyogranulomas were diagnosed post mortem in three cows from a farm in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. These cows presented ataxia and bilateral paresis of the pelvic limbs, which evolved to paralysis, and sternal recumbence. On necropsy, locally extensive areas of the longissimus dorsi muscle were replaced by pyogranulomas supported by moderate amounts of fibrous connective tissue. On the cut surface, some nodules contained yellowish and viscous fluid (purulent exudate) or whitish fluid (interpreted as the oily adjuvant of a vaccine). In the spinal canal of the subjacent vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord, were pyogranulomas identical to those described in the skeletal muscle. Histologically, the pyogranulomas were composed of a central clear vacuole (consistent with the space left by the oil adjuvant droplets), surrounded by neutrophils and, more externally, by large numbers of epithelioid macrophages and fewer multinucleated giant cells. In the white matter of the spinal cord were numerous well-defined, clear vacuoles (Wallerian degeneration). The association of the clinical history and pathological findings allowed the diagnosis of compressive myelopathy associated with pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, in this case, due to its inadequate application.(AU)

São descritos casos de síndrome de compressão medular, associada a granulomas pós-vacinais, em bovinos Nelore, provenientes de uma propriedade em Minas Gerais. Esses bovinos apresentavam ataxia e paresia bilateral dos membros pélvicos, que evoluiu para paralisia e decúbito esternal. Na necropsia, áreas focalmente extensas da musculatura na região torácica dorsal (músculo longissimus dorsi) eram substituídas por numerosos piogranulomas, separados por tecido brancacento e firme (tecido conjuntivo fibroso). Ao corte, alguns nódulos continham material amarelado e viscoso (exsudato purulento) ou material esbranquiçado e fluido (sugestivo de adjuvante de vacina). No canal medular das vértebras subjacentes, havia granulomas idênticos aos observados no tecido muscular. Histologicamente, os piogranulomas continham, no centro, vacúolo, bem delimitado e arredondado (consistente com o espaço deixado pela gotícula de lipídio do adjuvante), circundado por variável quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e íntegros e, mais externamente, por numerosos macrófagos epitelioides e algumas células gigantes multinucleadas. Nas áreas da medula espinhal, circundadas pelos granulomas, numerosos vacúolos, bem definidos, eram observados na substância branca (degeneração walleriana). A associação do histórico clínico e de achados patológicos permitiu o diagnóstico de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação granulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra febre aftosa, no caso, induzida pela aplicação inadequada da vacina.(AU)

Topography of the medullary cone of the feline night monkey: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia / Topografia do cone medular do macaco-da-noite: auxiliando a abordagem peridural

Feline night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) is an arboreal primate that sleeps during the day hidden among branches of trees, leaving its hideout after nightfall. Little is known about the morphology of these animals, which leads to some difficulty in clinical and surgical approaches, as there has been substantial growth in the veterinarians role in maintaining the health and well-being of wildlife. Thus, we sought to investigate the topography and morphometry of the medullary cone, a small portion of the nervous system of the feline night monkey, which is of paramount importance in approaches for epidural anesthesia. Specimens from five young females were used, each with eight lumbar vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, and a medullary cone with an average length of 7.5 cm, located between L5 and S3. Based on this finding, we suggest that a probable site for the application of epidural anesthesia is the space between S3 and Cc1.(AU)

O macaco-da-noite (Aotus azarae infulatus) é um animal arborícola que dorme durante o dia escondido entre os ramos, saindo do esconderijo após o anoitecer. Pouco se sabe sobre a morfologia destes animais, o que gera certa dificuldade nas abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas, uma vez que cresce substancialmente o papel do médico veterinário nas questões de saúde e bem-estar de animais selvagens. Visando contribuir com esses profissionais, buscou-se investigar a topografia e morfometria de uma pequena porção do sistema nervoso do macaco-da-noite, o cone medular, que é de suma importância nas abordagens quanto à anestesia peridural. Foram utilizados cinco espécimes fêmeas, jovens, de macaco-da-noite, que apresentavam oito vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais, e cone medular possuindo em média de 7,5 cm de comprimento, localizando-se entre L5 e S3. Este achado nos leva a sugerir como sítio provável para a aplicação de anestesia epidural, o espaço entre S3 e Cc1.(AU)

Topography of the medullary cone of the feline night monkey: Clinical implications in epidural anesthesia / Topografia do cone medular do macaco-da-noite: auxiliando a abordagem peridural

Feline night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) is an arboreal primate that sleeps during the day hidden among branches of trees, leaving its hideout after nightfall. Little is known about the morphology of these animals, which leads to some difficulty in clinical and surgical approaches, as there has been substantial growth in the veterinarian’s role in maintaining the health and well-being of wildlife. Thus, we sought to investigate the topography and morphometry of the medullary cone, a small portion of the nervous system of the feline night monkey, which is of paramount importance in approaches for epidural anesthesia. Specimens from five young females were used, each with eight lumbar vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, and a medullary cone with an average length of 7.5 cm, located between L5 and S3. Based on this finding, we suggest that a probable site for the application of epidural anesthesia is the space between S3 and Cc1.

O macaco-da-noite (Aotus azarae infulatus) é um animal arborícola que dorme durante o dia escondido entre os ramos, saindo do esconderijo após o anoitecer. Pouco se sabe sobre a morfologia destes animais, o que gera certa dificuldade nas abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas, uma vez que cresce substancialmente o papel do médico veterinário nas questões de saúde e bem-estar de animais selvagens. Visando contribuir com esses profissionais, buscou-se investigar a topografia e morfometria de uma pequena porção do sistema nervoso do macaco-da-noite, o cone medular, que é de suma importância nas abordagens quanto à anestesia peridural. Foram utilizados cinco espécimes fêmeas, jovens, de macaco-da-noite, que apresentavam oito vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais, e cone medular possuindo em média de 7,5 cm de comprimento, localizando-se entre L5 e S3. Este achado nos leva a sugerir como sítio provável para a aplicação de anestesia epidural, o espaço entre S3 e Cc1.

Anatomy of the spinal cord of Alouatta belzebul

The genus Alouatta hosts species popularly known as red-handed howler, presenting wide geographic distribution and being found in several biomes. The objective was describe the anatomy of spinal cord of Alouatta belzebul specimens, focusing on the topography of medullary cone, stressing the cervical and lumbar intumescences and cauda equina, to provide anatomical data and compare it with other species to assist in anesthetic and surgical procedures. Four animals were received for scientific research, post mortem, from the fauna rescue program of Hydroelectric Plant of Belo Monte, Pará, and they were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Structures such as the medullary cone, cervical and lumbar intumescence, and cauda equina were photographed (Sony α200-10.2 mpx). After thawing, we measured the specimens and observed a size of 80 to 82 cm from head to toe. After the skin and musculature were removed, it was observed that the spine of all specimens presented 7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 5 lumbar and 3 fused sacral vertebrae. The spinal cord was exposed after the removal of vertebral arches, it has 22 cm length in all animals, presenting the cervical intumescence between C3 and C6 vertebrae, with average of 2.2 cm and lumbar intumescence between T11 and T12 vertebrae, with average of 1.65 cm. The medullary cone is located between T12 and L1 vertebrae, with average of 1.5 cm, and the cauda equina between L1 and S3, with an average of 15 cm. This study has an important role as the basis for epidural anesthesia in the species.

Anatomy of the spinal cord of Alouatta belzebul

The genus Alouatta hosts species popularly known as red-handed howler, presenting wide geographic distribution and being found in several biomes. The objective was describe the anatomy of spinal cord of Alouatta belzebul specimens, focusing on the topography of medullary cone, stressing the cervical and lumbar intumescences and cauda equina, to provide anatomical data and compare it with other species to assist in anesthetic and surgical procedures. Four animals were received for scientific research, post mortem, from the fauna rescue program of Hydroelectric Plant of Belo Monte, Pará, and they were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Structures such as the medullary cone, cervical and lumbar intumescence, and cauda equina were photographed (Sony α200-10.2 mpx). After thawing, we measured the specimens and observed a size of 80 to 82 cm from head to toe. After the skin and musculature were removed, it was observed that the spine of all specimens presented 7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 5 lumbar and 3 fused sacral vertebrae. The spinal cord was exposed after the removal of vertebral arches, it has 22 cm length in all animals, presenting the cervical intumescence between C3 and C6 vertebrae, with average of 2.2 cm and lumbar intumescence between T11 and T12 vertebrae, with average of 1.65 cm. The medullary cone is located between T12 and L1 vertebrae, with average of 1.5 cm, and the cauda equina between L1 and S3, with an average of 15 cm. This study has an important role as the basis for epidural anesthesia in the species.(AU)

Compressão de medula espinhal ocasionada por melanoma em cavalo de pelagem castanha / Spinal cord compression caused by melanoma in brown coat horse

This paper describes a case of malignant melanoma in brown coat horse, which had ataxia and proprioceptive deficits in hind limbs, progressing to permanent decubitus. The animal was euthanized and the final diagnosis was based on necropsy and histopathology. At necropsy different masses and / or nodules in skeletal muscle, bone, abdominal cavity, lungs, heart, spleen, liver, adrenal gland, lymph nodes, brain and cerebellum were found. Neurological clinical signs presented by the animal were justified by spinal cord compression caused by melanocytic mass invading the medullary canal of the flow segment of the thoracic spine (between 15th and 18th thoracic vertebrae). This is the first case report of melanoma leading to spinal cord compression in a non-gray horse. Thus, it is important to include this neoplasm in the differential diagnosis list of cutaneous and subcutaneous masses and / or nodules, and in suspected cases of spinal cord compression in horses of any coat.(AU)

Compressão de medula espinhal ocasionada por melanoma em cavalo de pelagem castanha / Spinal cord compression caused by melanoma in brown coat horse

This paper describes a case of malignant melanoma in brown coat horse, which had ataxia and proprioceptive deficits in hind limbs, progressing to permanent decubitus. The animal was euthanized and the final diagnosis was based on necropsy and histopathology. At necropsy different masses and / or nodules in skeletal muscle, bone, abdominal cavity, lungs, heart, spleen, liver, adrenal gland, lymph nodes, brain and cerebellum were found. Neurological clinical signs presented by the animal were justified by spinal cord compression caused by melanocytic mass invading the medullary canal of the flow segment of the thoracic spine (between 15th and 18th thoracic vertebrae). This is the first case report of melanoma leading to spinal cord compression in a non-gray horse. Thus, it is important to include this neoplasm in the differential diagnosis list of cutaneous and subcutaneous masses and / or nodules, and in suspected cases of spinal cord compression in horses of any coat.(AU)

A importância dos exames neurológico e radiográfico no diagnóstico de lesões cervicais em equino: relato de caso / Fundamentals of neurological and radiographic examination on diagnosis of cervical lesions of a horse: case report

As lesões vertebrais cervicais são relativamente comuns nos equinos. No entanto, são poucas as descrições a respeito desse tema na literatura. Acredita-se que esse fato se deva, em parte, às limitações relacionadas ao diagnóstico. Em virtude de um traumatismo cervical, o animal pode apresentar sinais clínicos de paresia e paraplegia até tetraparesia ou tetraplegia, que podem culminar em estado comatoso e, eventualmente, em morte. Esses sinais clínicos podem ser detectados no exame físico, porém, quando associado à imaginologia (avaliação radiográfica), permite a obtenção de diagnóstico mais preciso da lesão. Consequentemente, um prognóstico mais adequado pode ser estabelecido para o paciente. Em face do exposto, apresenta-se o caso de uma égua Mangalarga, de quatro anos de idade, com sinais de tetraplegia pós-trauma, aumento de tônus muscular e paralisia espástica, com hiperreflexia, nos quatros membros. Por meio dos exames neurológicos realizados na paciente, em associação com as imagens radiográficas convencionais e contrastadas, foi possível estabelecer o diagnóstico do quadro. O animal apresentava lesões envolvendo as duas primeiras vértebras cervicais, atlas (C1) e áxis (C2), e a quinta e a sexta vértebra (C5-C6), destacando fratura de C1, deslocamento do dente de C2 e subluxação entre C5 e C6, com compressão ventrodorsal da medula espinhal. Confirmadas as suspeitas neurológicas e mediante prognóstico desfavorável, o animal foi submetido à eutanásia, com consentimento do proprietário. As lesões observadas nas imagens radiográficas foram confrontadas e confirmadas na necropsia.(AU)

Cervical vertebral lesions are relatively common in equine patients, but its diagnosis seems challenging for the clinician. Clinical signs most commonly associated with this clinical feature are paresis, paraplegia, tetraparesis, tetraplegia, which may lead the patient to a comatose state, and even death. Fortunately, these clinical signs can be perceived during physical examination. All of which, alongside imaging techniques, may allow a precise diagnose of the location of lesions and prediction of a prognosis for the patient. We present a case report of a Mangalarga mare, with four years of age, presenting signs of post-traumatic tetraplegia with spastic paralysis with increased muscular tonus and hyperreflexia in all four limbs. A thorough neurological examination of the patient associated with conventional and contrast medium radiographic imaging of the cervical region identified lesions at the atlas (C1) and axis (C2, and fifth (C5) and sixth (C6) cervical vertebrae. Fracture of the atlas vertebrae, dislocation of the axis' dens as well as subluxation of C5-C6 causing ventrodorsal medullary compression of the spinal cord were diagnosed radiographically. Due to the extent of the lesions the animal was euthanatized with the owner's consent. All lesions identified radiographically were posteriorly confirmed during post-mortem examination.(AU)

A importância dos exames neurológico e radiográfico no diagnóstico de lesões cervicais em equino: relato de caso / Fundamentals of neurological and radiographic examination on diagnosis of cervical lesions of a horse: case report

As lesões vertebrais cervicais são relativamente comuns nos equinos. No entanto, são poucas as descrições a respeito desse tema na literatura. Acredita-se que esse fato se deva, em parte, às limitações relacionadas ao diagnóstico. Em virtude de um traumatismo cervical, o animal pode apresentar sinais clínicos de paresia e paraplegia até tetraparesia ou tetraplegia, que podem culminar em estado comatoso e, eventualmente, em morte. Esses sinais clínicos podem ser detectados no exame físico, porém, quando associado à imaginologia (avaliação radiográfica), permite a obtenção de diagnóstico mais preciso da lesão. Consequentemente, um prognóstico mais adequado pode ser estabelecido para o paciente. Em face do exposto, apresenta-se o caso de uma égua Mangalarga, de quatro anos de idade, com sinais de tetraplegia pós-trauma, aumento de tônus muscular e paralisia espástica, com hiperreflexia, nos quatros membros. Por meio dos exames neurológicos realizados na paciente, em associação com as imagens radiográficas convencionais e contrastadas, foi possível estabelecer o diagnóstico do quadro. O animal apresentava lesões envolvendo as duas primeiras vértebras cervicais, atlas (C1) e áxis (C2), e a quinta e a sexta vértebra (C5-C6), destacando fratura de C1, deslocamento do dente de C2 e subluxação entre C5 e C6, com compressão ventrodorsal da medula espinhal. Confirmadas as suspeitas neurológicas e mediante prognóstico desfavorável, o animal foi submetido à eutanásia, com consentimento do proprietário. As lesões observadas nas imagens radiográficas foram confrontadas e confirmadas na necropsia.(AU)

Cervical vertebral lesions are relatively common in equine patients, but its diagnosis seems challenging for the clinician. Clinical signs most commonly associated with this clinical feature are paresis, paraplegia, tetraparesis, tetraplegia, which may lead the patient to a comatose state, and even death. Fortunately, these clinical signs can be perceived during physical examination. All of which, alongside imaging techniques, may allow a precise diagnose of the location of lesions and prediction of a prognosis for the patient. We present a case report of a Mangalarga mare, with four years of age, presenting signs of post-traumatic tetraplegia with spastic paralysis with increased muscular tonus and hyperreflexia in all four limbs. A thorough neurological examination of the patient associated with conventional and contrast medium radiographic imaging of the cervical region identified lesions at the atlas (C1) and axis (C2, and fifth (C5) and sixth (C6) cervical vertebrae. Fracture of the atlas vertebrae, dislocation of the axis' dens as well as subluxation of C5-C6 causing ventrodorsal medullary compression of the spinal cord were diagnosed radiographically. Due to the extent of the lesions the animal was euthanatized with the owner's consent. All lesions identified radiographically were posteriorly confirmed during post-mortem examination.(AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […](AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […]

Anatomia do cone medular aplicada à via epidural de administração de fármacos em macacos-prego ( Sapajus libidinosus )

Abstract: This study aimed to describe the topography of the conus of capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) to provide support for anesthetic procedures, as well as examinations of myelography and CSF collection, among other procedures using the epidural route. Eight animals were dissected, six males and two females, of different ages. The skin was countered for removal of the dorsal musculature for exposure of the entire spine and identification of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae. To establish the end of the spinal cord and to measure the length of the conus medullaris, we opened the lumbosacral spinal canal through side section of the vertebral arches. The dura mater was sectioned to visualize the conus and to observe the topographical relation with the vertebrae. All animals showed five lumbar vertebrae and three sacral vertebrae. The vertebrae were in general very closed with the spinous processes well developed and directed cranially. The conus of capuchin monkeys was located between the L2 and L5 vertebrae, with the base mostly in the L3 vertebra, and the peak in L4. The body length (interarcual space occiptoatlântico until sacrocaudal interarcual space) ranged from 22.9 to 31.8cm, with a mean of 27.44±3.1cm while the medullary cone length ranged from 1.70 to 3.51cm, with a mean of 2.47±0.57cm. There was no correlation between body size and length of the medullary cone (r=0.212). It is concluded that despite the variations in length and positioning of the medullary cone, its height does not exceed the lumbosacral joint, making safe access to the epidural space in this way.

Resumo: Com este estudo objetivou-se descrever a topografia do cone medular do macaco-prego (Sapajus libidinosus) a fim de fornecer suporte para que a realização de procedimentos anestésicos, bem como exames de mielografia e coleta de líquor, dentre outros procedimentos que utilizam a via epidural. Para tanto foram dissecados oito animais, sendo seis machos e duas fêmeas, de diferentes faixas etárias. Rebateu-se a pele para retirada da musculatura da região dorsal, exposição de toda a coluna vertebral e identificação das vértebras lombares e sacrais. Para estabelecer o final da medula espinhal e medir o comprimento do cone medular, foi aberto todo o canal vertebral lombossacro, seccionando-se lateralmente os arcos vertebrais. Em seguida a duramáter foi seccionada para visualização do cone medular e observação da relação topográfica deste com as vértebras. Todos os animais apresentaram cinco vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais. As vértebras se apresentaram, de forma geral, muito próximas e com os processos espinhosos bem desenvolvidos e direcionados em sentido cranial. O cone medular dos macacos-prego situou-se entre as vértebras L2 e L5, com a base localizando-se com maior frequência na altura da vértebra L3, enquanto o ápice em L4. O comprimento corporal (espaço interarcual occiptoatlântico até o espaço interarcual sacrocaudal) variou de 22,9 a 31,8cm, com média de 27,44 ±3,1cm enquanto que comprimento do cone medular variou de 1,70 a 3,51cm, com média de 2,47 ±0,57cm. Não houve correlação entre o tamanho do corpo e o comprimento do cone medular (r = 0,212). Conclui-se que apesar das variações do comprimento e posicionamento do cone medular, o seu ápice não ultrapassa a articulação lombossacral, tornando seguro o acesso ao espaço epidural por esta via.

Anatomia do cone medular aplicada à via epidural de administração de fármacos em macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus) / Anatomy of the medullary conus applied to the epidural route of administration of drugs in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)

Com este estudo objetivou-se descrever a topografia do cone medular do macaco-prego (Sapajus libidinosus) a fim de fornecer suporte para que a realização de procedimentos anestésicos, bem como exames de mielografia e coleta de líquor, dentre outros procedimentos que utilizam a via epidural. Para tanto foram dissecados oito animais, sendo seis machos e duas fêmeas, de diferentes faixas etárias. Rebateu-se a pele para retirada da musculatura da região dorsal, exposição de toda a coluna vertebral e identificação das vértebras lombares e sacrais. Para estabelecer o final da medula espinhal e medir o comprimento do cone medular, foi aberto todo o canal vertebral lombossacro, seccionando-se lateralmente os arcos vertebrais. Em seguida a duramáter foi seccionada para visualização do cone medular e observação da relação topográfica deste com as vértebras. Todos os animais apresentaram cinco vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais. As vértebras se apresentaram, de forma geral, muito próximas e com os processos espinhosos bem desenvolvidos e direcionados em sentido cranial. O cone medular dos macacos-prego situou-se entre as vértebras L2 e L5, com a base localizando-se com maior frequência na altura da vértebra L3, enquanto o ápice em L4. O comprimento corporal (espaço interarcual occiptoatlântico até o espaço interarcual sacrocaudal) variou de 22,9 a 31,8cm, com média de 27,44 ±3,1cm enquanto que comprimento do cone medular variou de 1,70 a 3,51cm, com média de 2,47 ±0,57cm. Não houve correlação entre o tamanho do corpo e o comprimento do cone medular (r = 0,212). Conclui-se que apesar das variações do comprimento e posicionamento do cone medular, o seu ápice não ultrapassa a articulação lombossacral, tornando seguro o acesso ao espaço epidural por esta via.(AU)

This study aimed to describe the topography of the conus of capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) to provide support for anesthetic procedures, as well as examinations of myelography and CSF collection, among other procedures using the epidural route. Eight animals were dissected, six males and two females, of different ages. The skin was countered for removal of the dorsal musculature for exposure of the entire spine and identification of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae. To establish the end of the spinal cord and to measure the length of the conus medullaris, we opened the lumbosacral spinal canal through side section of the vertebral arches. The dura mater was sectioned to visualize the conus and to observe the topographical relation with the vertebrae. All animals showed five lumbar vertebrae and three sacral vertebrae. The vertebrae were in general very closed with the spinous processes well developed and directed cranially. The conus of capuchin monkeys was located between the L2 and L5 vertebrae, with the base mostly in the L3 vertebra, and the peak in L4. The body length (interarcual space occiptoatlântico until sacrocaudal interarcual space) ranged from 22.9 to 31.8cm, with a mean of 27.44±3.1cm while the medullary cone length ranged from 1.70 to 3.51cm, with a mean of 2.47±0.57cm. There was no correlation between body size and length of the medullary cone (r=0.212). It is concluded that despite the variations in length and positioning of the medullary cone, its height does not exceed the lumbosacral joint, making safe access to the epidural space in this way.(AU)