Metabolic profile, antimicrobial and toxicity evaluation of Azadirachta indica roots / Perfil metabólico, atividade antimicrobiana e de toxicidade das raízes de Azadirachta indica

ABSTRACT: The constituents of the hydroethanolic extract ofAzadiractaindicaroot were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOOF-MSE). Acute toxicity was evaluated in an experimental animal model. We investigated the antibacterial activities ofA. indicaroots againstSalmonella typhimuriumandStaphylococcus aureusand the antifungal activities against strains ofTrichophyton rubrum, Candida albicansandCandida tropicalis. We identified nine secondary metabolites in the hydroethanolic extract by UPLC-QTOOF-MSE. The extract was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of T. rubrum strains, so it can be effective in combating the dermatophyte tested,but it had no inhibition potential on any bacterial strains orCandidaspecies evaluated. It was possible to infer that the extract had no acute toxicity in relation to the animal model Danio rerio. Therefore, since neem has a high bioactive potential and adapts well to the climate of semiarid regions, growing this species could become a source of income for farmers by its use to produce naturals fungicide and drug, as alternatives to conventional products, which can cause microbiological resistance and/or are toxic to the environment, besides being expensive.

RESUMO: Os constituintes do extrato hidroetanólico da raiz deA. indicaforam investigados por cromatografia líquida de ultra-alta performance acoplada à espectrometria de massas do tipo quadrupolo-tempo de voo (UPLC-QTOOF-MSE). A toxicidade aguda foi avaliada em modelo animal. Investigamos as atividades antibacterianas contra Salmonella typhimuriumeStaphylococcus aureuse as atividades antifúngicas contra cepas deTrichophyton rubrum, Candida albicanseCandida tropicalis. Identificamos nove metabólitos secundários no extrato etanólico por UPLC-QTOOF-MSE. O extrato foi altamente eficaz na inibição do crescimento de cepas de T. rubrum, podendo ser eficaz no combate ao dermatofito avaliado, mas não apresentou potencial de inibição em nenhuma cepa bacteriana ou espécies deCandidaavaliadas. Também foi possível inferir que o extrato não apresentou toxicidade aguda em relação ao modelo animalDanio rerio. Portanto, como o Neem tem alto potencial bioativo e se adapta bem ao clima das regiões semiáridas, o cultivo dessa espécie pode se tornar uma fonte de renda para os agricultores a partir da utilização da planta para produção de fungicida e/ou fármaco naturais como alternativa aos produtos convencionais, que podem causar resistência microbiológica e/ou são tóxicas ao meio ambiente, além de serem caros.

Lipid profile and metabolic parameters of tilapia in the finishing phase in earth ponds or using biofloc technology

Tilapia is a species with great growth potential. Its production comes from a semi-intensive system, such as earthen ponds (EP). Recently, biofloc technology (BFT) appears as an option to intensify fish production. The objective of this work was to compare the organosomatic indices, biochemical parameters, and chemical composition of tilapia reared in EP and BFT. Fish were grown for 150 days, with an initial weight of ≅ 2 g and a final weight of ≅ 780 g. Thereafter, tissues and organs were collected to determine organosomatic indices and analyze biochemical parameters, fatty acid, and proximate composition. The carcass yield was higher for tilapia reared in EP than BFT. The production system did not affect the fish fillet yield. The other organosomatic parameters were higher for tilapia reared in BFT. Tilapia reared in EP showed higher content of crude protein and lipids in the fillet. In both production systems, there was no difference in the body lipid profile. Fish in BFT showed a higher concentration of glucose and ammonia in the muscle and amino acids in the liver. Fish reared in EP showed a higher concentration of lactate in the liver compared to those in BFT. In conclusion, the production system alters the metabolism of fish. The biofloc has a considerable amount of fatty acids, which can be considered in the formulation of diets for tilapia in this system.(AU)

Blood biochemical parameters of lambs fed diets containing cactus cladodes / Parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo palma forrageira

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial replacement (750g/kg) of Tifton hay by two cactus cladodes (Nopalea or Opuntia) on the metabolic profile of lambs. Thirty-six uncastrated male Santa Inês lambs (22.0±2.9kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and 12 repetitions. The animals were fed a control diet (Tifton hay as exclusive roughage), Miúda cactus cladodes-based diet or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (O.E.M.) cactus cladodes-based diet. Blood samples were collected one day before (baseline) and 45 days after the introduction of the tested diets. The Miúda cactus cladodes caused an increase (P=0.055) in the serum activity of the gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme (53.66U/L) and in the blood content of glucose and fructosamine. The O.E.M. cactus cladodes caused lower (P=0.038) serum cholesterol content (41.33mg/dL). Regardless of the variety, there was a decrease (P=0.001) in the serum content of indirect bilirubin, urea, and sodium, and increase in the serum magnesium concentration. The partial replacement of the Tifton hay by Miúda or O.E.M. cactus cladodes in lamb feeding increases the enzyme activity, indicating liver and/or kidney changes, but does not cause relevant damage to energy, protein, and mineral metabolism.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial (750g/kg) do feno de Tifton por duas variedades de palma forrageira (Nopalea ou Opuntia) no perfil metabólico de cordeiros. Trinta e seis cordeiros Santa Inês, machos, não castrados (22,0 ± 2,9kg de peso corporal inicial), foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e 12 repetições. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta controle (feno de Tifton como volumoso exclusivo), dieta à base de palma forrageira Miúda ou dieta à base de palma forrageira Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas um dia antes (baseline) e 45 dias após a introdução das dietas testadas. A palma Miúda causou aumento (P=0,055) na atividade sérica da enzima gamaglutamiltransferase (53,66U/L) e no teor sanguíneo de glicose e frutosamina. A palma OEM causou menor teor (P=0,038) de colesterol sérico (41,33mg/dL). Independentemente da variedade, houve diminuição (P=0,001) do teor sérico de bilirrubina indireta, ureia e sódio, e aumento na concentração sérica de magnésio. A substituição parcial do feno de Tifton por palma Miúda ou por OEM na alimentação de cordeiros aumenta a atividade enzimática, o que indica alterações hepáticas e/ou renais, mas não causa danos relevantes nos metabolismos energético, proteico e mineral.

Effect of strength training versus raloxifene on bone weight, blood glucose, lipid and antioxidant profile in ovariectomized rats

We compared the effect of the treatment with strength training (ST) and raloxifene (RALOX) on bone weight, blood glucose, lipid, and antioxidant profile in ovariectomized rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: ovariectomy + VEHICLE (control); ovariectomy + RALOX; ovariectomy + ST; ovariectomy + RALOX + ST. Thirty days after ovariectomy, the animals underwent the treatment with RALOX (750 µcg day-1) and/or ST (three sessions week-1). Thirty days after, all groups were scarified, tibia and femur were weighed, and the blood was collected for analysis of the lipid profile, glucose, and antioxidants catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH). The ST group showed greater femur weight (0.82 ± 0.18 g) and RALOX + ST had greater tibia weight (0.61± 0.17 g) than CONTROL with femur weight of 0.65 ± 0.08 g and tibia of 0.49 ± 0.08 g with no differences between treatments (p > 0.05). ST group showed significantly higher catalase (181.7 ± 15.4 µM g-1) compared to the other groups. In contrast, the GSH value was lower in ST group (89.2 ± 8.1 µM g-1) compared to RALOX (175.9 ± 17.1 µM g-1) and RALOX + ST (162.8 ± 12.1 µM g-1), but the values of these two groups did not differ from CONTROL(115.3 ± 21.1 µM g-1). Total cholesterol did not differ between groups (p > 0.05), but exercise alone(54.3 ± 2.5 mg dL-1) or with RALOX (53.0 ± 1.5 mg dL-1) resulted in higher HDL cholesterol than CONTROL (45.5 ± 2.5 mg dL-1). Only RALOX+ST presented lower glucose (140.3 ± 9.7 mg dL-1) values than CONTROL (201.7 ± 30.6 mg dL-1). In conclusion, ST promotes similar benefits on bone and metabolic parameters compared to pharmacological treatment in ovariectomized rats.(AU)

Fertilidade e suscetibilidade à criopreservação espermática: avanços e desafios / Fertility and susceptibility to sperm cryopreservation: advances and challenges

Estudos sobre a fisiologia espermática demonstram que padrões de fertilidade e funcionalidade espermática pós-criopreservação possuem relação importante com a eficiência do metabolismo energético destas células, bem como com a sua capacidade de manter a homeostase oxidativa. Os conhecimentos sobre a relação entre perfil fisiológico de espermatozoides e fertilidade foram e, ainda estão sendo, aprimorados, com o uso de análises de perfis moleculares, com destaque para a metabolômica. As análises moleculares permitiram a identificação de classes de metabólitos importantes na fisiologia espermática, bem como de potenciais biomarcadores de fertilidade, inclusive em bovinos. No entanto, ainda não há disponível uma avaliação isolada capaz de estimar o padrão de fertilidade de amostras seminais. Há vários desafios a serem superados para a validação de biomarcadores de fertilidade, principalmente considerando-se as diferenças entre perfis metabólicos de raças distintas de touros e a heterogeneidade dos ejaculados. A superação destes desafios pode ser iniciada com um maior aproveitamento dos resultados já obtidos e futuros, com a aplicação de análises mais avançadas e com eficácia em elevado número de dados. Para tal, podem ser utilizados modelos estatísticos de inteligência artificial, cuja aplicação pode aumentar a acurácia das observações obtidas, bem como aproximá-las da aplicação pelo setor de produção animal.(AU)

Studies on sperm physiology demonstrate that fertility outcomes and sperm post-cryopreservation have an important relation with sperm energy metabolism efficiency and ability to maintain oxidative homeostasis. Knowledge on sperm physiology has been enhanced, continually, with the application of molecular profiling analysis, focusing on metabolomics. Molecular analysis allowed the identification of important classes of metabolites in sperm physiology, as well as potential fertility biomarkers, including in bovine. Despite all developments, there is still no isolated assessment available capable of estimating fertility on sperm samples. There are several challenges to be overcome for the validation of fertility biomarkers, especially considering the metabolic profiles differences between bull breeds and the ejaculate heterogeneity. Overcoming these challenges could start with the application of more advanced and effective data analysis from research database already obtained, as well as future ones. To this end, statistical models of artificial intelligence can be used, whose application can increase the accuracy of the observations obtained, as well as bringing them closer to the application by the animal production sector.(AU)

Metabolic profile, antimicrobial and toxicity evaluation of Azadirachta indica roots / Perfil metabólico, atividade antimicrobiana e de toxicidade das raízes de Azadirachta indica

The constituents of the hydroethanolic extract ofAzadiractaindicaroot were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOOF-MSE). Acute toxicity was evaluated in an experimental animal model. We investigated the antibacterial activities ofA. indicaroots againstSalmonella typhimuriumandStaphylococcus aureusand the antifungal activities against strains ofTrichophyton rubrum, Candida albicansandCandida tropicalis. We identified nine secondary metabolites in the hydroethanolic extract by UPLC-QTOOF-MSE. The extract was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of T. rubrum strains, so it can be effective in combating the dermatophyte tested,but it had no inhibition potential on any bacterial strains orCandidaspecies evaluated. It was possible to infer that the extract had no acute toxicity in relation to the animal model Danio rerio. Therefore, since neem has a high bioactive potential and adapts well to the climate of semiarid regions, growing this species could become a source of income for farmers by its use to produce naturals fungicide and drug, as alternatives to conventional products, which can cause microbiological resistance and/or are toxic to the environment, besides being expensive.

Os constituintes do extrato hidroetanólico da raiz deA. indicaforam investigados por cromatografia líquida de ultra-alta performance acoplada à espectrometria de massas do tipo quadrupolo-tempo de voo (UPLC-QTOOF-MSE). A toxicidade aguda foi avaliada em modelo animal. Investigamos as atividades antibacterianas contra Salmonella typhimuriumeStaphylococcus aureuse as atividades antifúngicas contra cepas deTrichophyton rubrum, Candida albicanseCandida tropicalis. Identificamos nove metabólitos secundários no extrato etanólico por UPLC-QTOOF-MSE. O extrato foi altamente eficaz na inibição do crescimento de cepas de T. rubrum, podendo ser eficaz no combate ao dermatofito avaliado, mas não apresentou potencial de inibição em nenhuma cepa bacteriana ou espécies deCandidaavaliadas. Também foi possível inferir que o extrato não apresentou toxicidade aguda em relação ao modelo animalDanio rerio. Portanto, como o Neem tem alto potencial bioativo e se adapta bem ao clima das regiões semiáridas, o cultivo dessa espécie pode se tornar uma fonte de renda para os agricultores a partir da utilização da planta para produção de fungicida e/ou fármaco naturais como alternativa aos produtos convencionais, que podem causar resistência microbiológica e/ou são tóxicas ao meio ambiente, além de serem caros.

Ketosis in dairy cows during early lactation - detection in pooled blood serum samples

Background: Ketosis is the most important metabolic disease with prevalence from 15 to 45%. Ketosis is diagnosed using a metabolic profile. Due to the high prevalence, it is necessary to determine a large number of metabolic profiles within farm, which represents an additional cost, so the implementation of pooled serum in assessing the metabolic status of cows was examined. The aim of this study was to validate and evaluate the influence of the relative position (Z-score) of the value of pooled sample metabolic parameters within the known reference value of healthy cows in the detection of ketosis in herd during early lactation. Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment has been carried out using blood samples collected by puncture of coccygeal vein from 50 ketotic and 50 healthy cows. Laboratory analysis includes determination of beta-hydroxybutyrate-BHB, non-esterified fatty acids-NEFA, cholesterol-CHOL, triglycerides-TGC, glucose-GLU, albumin-ALB, total protein-TPROT, UREA, Ca, P, total bilirubin-TBIL and aspartat aminotransferase-AST. The pooled serum was made from 10 individual samples originating from 10 different cows. A serum aliquot of 0.1 mL was taken from each sample, and a 1 mL volume of pooled serum was finally formed. Three types of serum pools were made: 1) 30 pooled sample were from ketosis; 2) 30 pooled sample were from healthy cows and 3) 60 pooled samples containing mixed sera of healthy cows and cows with ketosis were made as follows: 10 pools contain 10% to 60% of ketotic cows (1/10 to 6/10 samples). Statistical analysis includes: a) difference in metabolite concentration and Z-score in pooled sample and arithmetic mean individual sample in healthy and ketotic cow, b) correlation between Z-score of pooled sample and arithmetic mean of individual sample, c) ability of Z-score of metabolite to divide ketotic from healthy cow, d) correlation between Z-score and % of ketotic cow in pooled sample; and e) calculation of 95%CI of pooled sample Z-scores for each % of ketotic cow in pools. Z-score and all analysis were calculated for each metabolic parameter. The results of the study show that the mean values and Zscores of the pool and the calculated average value of the individual samples participating in that pool differ significantly in healthy cows and cows in ketosis, except for TPROT and Ca. A higher value and a higher Z-score were found for BHB, NEFA, UREA, TBIL and AST, and a lower value and a lower Z-score for TGC, CHOL, GLU, ALB and P in ketotic cows compared to healthy cows. The value of the Z-score of the pooled sample and the calculated mean values of individual samples participating in the pool are highly correlated with each other (coefficient of determination over 99%). Z-score of metabolites in the pooled sample can be used to distinguish healthy from ketotic cows (ROC AUC= 0.711 to 0.989), except for TPROT and Ca. The Z-score value of the pooled sample shows a linear correlation with the percentage of ketotic cows in the pool and the reference ranges of Z-scores change significantly as a function of the percentage of ketosis cows. Discussion: Modern research on the metabolic profile in cows requires obtaining a large amount of information from as few samples as possible. The advantages of using the Z-score are reflected in the following: this score does not depend on the absolute value of the metabolite, but on the position within the known population reference value, Z-score of sample and the arithmetic mean of individual samples included in the same pool are almost identical, the Z-score of these 2 groups of results is ideally correlated, the Z-score significantly correlates with the % of ketosis samples in the pooled sample. The use of pooled sample Z-score can be a useful in a herd level assessment of metabolic status and detection of ketosis as most important metabolic disease in dairy cows.

Perfil metabólico de vacas da raça Holandesa: valores de referência em rebanhos do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil / Metabolic profile of Holstein cows: reference values in herds of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil

Background: Assessing data from metabolic profile is a complex task depending on individual factors such as breed, age,sex and physiological status and environmental factors such as climate and management. Therefore, reference intervalsproduced in herds from different geographic regions are not always precise in the local reality. The aim of this study isto compile results of values of the most used parameters in the metabolic profile of healthy Holstein cows, grouped bylactation stage, obtained from studies in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as an effort for the elaboration of regional referenceintervals for dairy cattle in this geographic area.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was defined through the PICO strategy, considering multiparous Holsteincows from scientific studies carried out in Rio Grande do Sul, during the period 1996-2021, in which the nitrogen, glycidic, lipidic, enzymatic or mineral metabolic profile was determined. Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library andPubMed were the electronic databases selected for the search, using the following descriptors: “profile” and “metabolic”and “metabolic profile” and “dairy” or “cattle” or “cow” and “Brazil” and “southern” or “Rio Grande do Sul”. Studiesin Portuguese, English and Spanish languages were considered. The references of the articles initially selected were alsoverified, through ResearchGate and Google Scholar, in addition to unpublished data, unfinished studies or data in the socalled “gray literature”. It was possible to identify a total of 34 publications, which were tabulated to assess the scientificquality and bias risk. Studies were evaluated by a pair of independent reviewers, in order to compare results. Eligibilityconfirmation was given after the complete reading of the articles, evaluating the presence of all the inclusion selectioncriteria, such as adequate population and the intervention made. Examples of exclusion criteria for studies were studies or...

Evaluation of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in obese dogs and the role of caloric restriction diet as an adjuvant therapy / Avaliação da ocorrência de síndrome metabólica em cães obesos e o papel da dieta de restrição calórica como uma terapia adjuvante

Metabolic syndrome, or metabolic dysfunction related to obesity in dogs, is a set of factors that may predispose comorbidities secondary to obesity. Adjuvant therapy with an energy-restricted diet, especially with low levels of carbohydrate and fat, is essential for weight loss, in addition to controlling snacks intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical profile of obese dogs compared to lean dogs, and also to compare these profiles before and after a 30-day treatment, thus evaluating the possibility of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and the action of adjuvant dietary therapy in this condition. Cholesterol and its fractions (HDL, LDL and VLDL), triglycerides, systemic blood pressure and glycemia of obese and lean dogs were measured, and seven obese dogs were treated only with a low-calorie diet with low levels of fat and carbohydrates for 30 days; these patients were evaluated before and after treatment. Obese dogs showed higher levels of triglycerides than lean dogs, and dogs treated with low-calorie diet presented weight loss and better outcomes related to biochemical profile, especially triglycerides levels, after treatment.

A síndrome metabólica, ou disfunção metabólica relacionada à obesidade em cães, é um conjunto de fatores que podem predispor à obesidade. A terapia adjuvante com dieta com restrição calórica, especialmente com baixos níveis de carboidratos e gordura, é essencial para a perda de peso, além do controle da ingestão de petiscos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o perfil bioquímicos de cães obesos em comparação aos de escore corporal normal e avaliar esses perfis em um grupo de animais obesos antes e após restrição calórica de 30 dias, verificando a ocorrência da disfunção metabólica relacionada à obesidade e o papel da dieta como tratamento adjuvante desta condição. Colesterol e suas frações (HDL, LDL e VLDL), triglicérides, pressão arterial sistêmica e glicemia de cães obesos e em escore corporal normal foram mensurados, e sete cães obesos foram tratados somente com uma dieta de baixa caloria com baixos níveis de gordura e carboidratos durante 30 dias; estes pacientes foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento. Cães obesos demonstraram valores séricos de triglicérides maiores quando comparados aos cães com escore corporal normal, e cães tratados com a dieta hipocalórica obtiveram perda de peso significativa e melhores resultados relacionados ao perfil bioquímico, especialmente dos níveis de triglicérides após o tratamento.

Different prepartum feeding systems on ewe metabolic profile and lamb growth / Diferentes sistemas alimentares no pré-parto sob perfil metabólico das ovelhas e crescimento dos cordeiros

Identifying the metabolic profile of farm animals constitutes an important tool for the clinical diagnosis of metabolic diseases that can affect animal production performance. This study investigates the prepartum metabolic profile of ewes reared in two feeding systems native pasture and cultivated pasture of black oat and ryegrass and their effects on lamb development. Forty adult Texel ewes and their lambs were used and evaluated for metabolites representative of energy, protein, and mineral metabolism in the prepartum period. Ewes kept on cultivated pasture exhibited higher glucose levels than those kept on native pasture (59.67 vs. 31.98 mg/dL, respectively), whereas those kept on native pasture had higher serum Ca and P levels (7.62 and 4.58 mg/dL, respectively) than the ewes on cultivated pasture (6.21 and 3.73 mg/dL, respectively). Albumin was higher in the ewes with single pregnancy (2.92 vs. 2.76 g/dL), while urea levels were affected by the interaction between feeding system and type of pregnancy. Prepartum levels of glucose, phosphorus, and calcium in the blood of the ewes were correlated with lamb weight at 30 days. The feeding system influenced the metabolic profile of the ewes in the prepartum period, with lamb weight at 30 days of age being mainly associated with the mother's glucose level at the end of the gestation period.(AU)

A identificação do perfil metabólico em animais de produção apresenta-se como uma importante ferramenta no diagnóstico clínico de doenças do metabolismo que podem afetar no desempenho produtivo dos animais. Avaliou-se o perfil metabólico no pré-parto de ovelhas criadas em dois sistemas alimentares, a pasto (pastagem nativa) e pastagem cultivada de aveia preta e azevém e seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento dos cordeiros. Foram utilizadas 40 ovelhas adultas, da raça Texel, e seus respectivos cordeiros, nas quais foram mensurados no pré-parto os metabólitos representativos do metabolismo energético, proteico e mineral. Animais mantidos em pastagem cultivada apresentaram maiores valores de glicose em relação aos mantidos em pastagem nativa (59,67 vs 31,98 mg/dL, respectivamente), e os animais mantidos em pastagem nativa apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de Ca e P (7,62 e 4,58 mg/dL, respectivamente) do que os em pastagem cultivada (6,21e 3,73 mg/dL, respectivamente). A albumina foi maior nas ovelhas com gestação simples (2,92 vs 2,76 g/dL) enquanto os níveis de ureia sofreram efeito da interação sistema alimentar vs tipo de gestação. Os teores de glicose, fósforo e cálcio no sangue das ovelhas no pré-parto se mostraram correlacionados com o peso dos cordeiros aos 30 dias. O sistema alimentar influenciou o perfil metabólico das ovelhas no pré-parto sendo o peso dos cordeiros aos 30 dias de idade principalmente associado com o nível de glicose da mãe no final do período gestacional.(AU)

Effect of mineral-energy supplementation on the performance of young bulls from different genetic groups on pasture / Efeito da suplementação energética-mineral no desempenho de tourinhos de diferentes grupos genéticos recriados a pasto

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of young bulls from three genetic groups, ½ Brangus x ½ Nellore (BRN), Nellore (NEL) and ½ Canchim x ½ Nellore (CAN), reared on pasture and supplemented with mineral (MS) or energy-mineral (MES) supplement. Eighty-one bulls, with a mean age of 12 months and mean body weight of 252 ± 33 kg were used. The experiment was conducted in a 3x2 factorial completely randomized design. Each genetic group was subdivided into six experimental plots, three received MS and three received MES. Animals were managed in a rotational stocking system in a Tifton 85 grass pasture. The consumption of MS was similar between the genetic groups with an average of 0.073 kg animal-1 day-1, whereas the consumption of MES was higher for BRN, 2.10 kg animal-1 day-1, followed by CAN, with 1.57 kg animal-1 day-1, and lower for NEL, with 1.28 kg animal-1 day-1. The average daily weight gain (ADG) was greater for animals that received MES compared to those that were given MS. For animals that received MS, the BRN group had ADG of 0.64 kg animal-1, while the NEL and CAN groups were similar with a mean of 0.46 kg animal-1. For animals that received MES, the CAN group had higher ADG, 0.97 kg animal-1, while the NEL and BRN groups were similar, with an average of 0.86 kg animal-1. Blood levels of total protein, albumin, creatinine, glucose and cholesterol did not change depending on the types of supplements used or between genetic groups. Higher serum urea levels were observed in NEL and CAN animals that received MS. Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were higher in BRN and CAN animals that received MES. Gains in rump height, height at the withers, body length, rump width and chest perimeter were greater in animals that received MES. Mostly, the gains in morphometric measurements were greater for crossbred animals than for the NEL group. The supply of mineral-energy supplement in Tifton 85 grass pasture during the rainy season is recommended only for Nellore and ½ Canchim x ½ Nellore young bulls. Crossbred young bulls show greater gains in morphometric measurements than Nellore young bulls during rearing.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o desempenho de tourinhos de três grupos genéticos, ½ Brangus x ½ Nelore (BRN), Nelore (NEL) e ½ Canchim x ½ Nelore (CAN), recriados à pasto e suplementados com mineral (SM) ou energético-mineral (SEM). Foram utilizados 81 tourinhos, com idade média de 12 meses e peso corporal médio de 252 ± 33 kg. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3x2. Cada grupo genético foi subdividido em seis parcelas experimentais, em que três delas receberam SM e três receberam SEM. Os animais foram manejados em sistema de lotação rotacionada em pasto de capim Tifton 85. O consumo de SM foi semelhante entre os grupos genéticos com média de 0,073 kg animal-1 dia-1, já o consumo de SEM foi maior para o BRN com 2,10 kg animal-1 dia-1, seguido pelo CAN com 1,57 kg animal-1 dia-1 e menor para o NEL com 1,28 kg animal-1 dia-1. O ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) foi maior para os animais que receberam SEM em relação aos que receberam SM. Para os animais que receberam SM, o grupo BRN apresentou GMD de 0,64 kg animal-1, enquanto os grupos NEL e CAN foram semelhantes com média de 0,46 kg animal-1. Para os animais que receberam SEM o grupo CAN apresentou maior GMD com 0,97 kg animal-1, enquanto os grupos NEL e BRN foram semelhantes com média de 0,86 kg animal-1. Os níveis sanguíneos de proteína total, albumina, creatinina, glicose e colesterol não foram alterados em função dos tipos de suplementos utilizados ou entre os grupos genéticos. Maiores níveis séricos de ureia foram observados nos animais NEL e CAN que receberam SM. Os níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase foram maiores em animais BRN e CAN que receberam SEM. Os ganhos de altura de garupa, altura de cernelha, comprimento, largura de garupa, perímetro torácico e largura de peito foram maiores em animais que receberam SEM. Em sua maioria, os ganhos de medidas morfométricas foram maiores para os animais mestiços do que para o NEL. O fornecimento de suplemento energético-mineral em pasto de capim Tifton 85 durante o período das águas é recomendado apenas para tourinhos Nelore e ½ Canchim x ½ Nelore. Tourinhos mestiços apresentam maiores ganhos em medidas morfométricas que tourinhos Nelore durante a recria.(AU)

Metabolic imbalances, hoof injuries, and metabolic profile of high-producing Holstein × Gir cowsshowing lameness / Desequilíbrios metabólicos, lesões nos cascos e perfil metabólico de vacas Holandesa × Gir de alta produção apresentando claudicação

This study attempted to determine the associations between metabolic imbalances and lameness or hoof injuries in high-producing Holstein × Gir cows, and to determine whether the metabolic profile affects the occurrence of lameness. Eighty cows were followed from -60 to 60 days relative to calving and hoof injuries were reported on days -60, 7 and 60. Locomotion score (LS), body condition score (BCS), the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, ß-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase were determined at days -42, -21, -7, 0, 7, 21 and 42. The McNemar and Chi-square tests were used to compare frequencies of lameness and hoof injuries over time and to verify the associations between lameness, BCS, hoof injuries, and metabolic disorders. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used considering groups (non-lame × lame cows) and variations of BCS and metabolites over time. Lameness and hoof injuries increased between days -60 (20% and 66.3%) and 60 (44.7% and 98.6%). Excessive postpartum loss of BCS (P=0.017) and subclinical hypocalcemia (P=0.012) were associated with lameness on day 60. In general, the metabolic profile did not differ between lame and non-lame cows but cholesterol, albumin, BUN and magnesium concentrations were higher in non-lame cows. The postpartum decrease in BCS can affect the occurrence of lameness, and the metabolic profile of lame cows shows little difference from that of non-lame cows.

Este estudo objetivou verificar as associações entre desequilíbrios metabólicos e claudicação ou lesões nos cascos em vacas mestiças Holandesa × Gir de alta produção e determinar se o perfil metabólico afeta a ocorrência de claudicação. Oitenta vacas foram acompanhadas de -60 a 60 dias em relação ao parto e as lesões nos cascos foram avaliadas nos dias -60, 7 e 60. O escore de locomoção (EL), o escore de condição corporal (ECC), as concentrações de ácidos graxos não esterificados, ß-hidroxibutirato, glicose, colesterol, albumina, proteína total, nitrogênio ureico no sangue (BUN), cálcio, fósforo e magnésio e a atividade da aspartato aminotransferase foram determinados nos dias -42, -21, -7, 0, 7, 21 e 42. Os testes de McNemar e de Qui-quadrado foram empregados para comparar as frequências de claudicação e de lesões nos cascos ao longo do tempo e para verificar as associações entre claudicação, ECC, lesões nos cascos e distúrbios metabólicos. A análise de variâncias de medidas repetidas bifatorial foi usada considerando-se grupos (vacas com claudicação × vacas sem claudicação) e variações de BCS e de metabólitos ao longo do tempo. A claudicação e as lesões nos cascos aumentaram entre os dias -60 (20% e 66,3%) e 60 (44,7% e 98,6%). A perda excessiva de ECC no pós-parto (P=0,017) e a hipocalcemia subclínica ao parto (P=0,012) foram associadas com claudicação no dia 60. Em geral, o perfil metabólico não diferiu entre vacas com e sem claudicação, mas as concentrações de colesterol, albumina, BUN e magnésio foram maiores em vacas sem claudicação. A redução do ECC no periodo pós-parto pode afetar a ocorrência de claudicação, e o perfil metabólico das vacas claudicantes apresenta pouca diferença em relação ao das vacas não claudicantes.

Biochemical reference intervals for captive bred Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus in the Alcuzahue Lagoon, Colima, Mexico / Intervalos de referência bioquímica para Crocodylus moreletii e Crocodylus acutus criados em cativeiro na Lagoa Alcuzahue, Colima México

Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus are two endangered crocodile species endemic to Mexico. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 58 crocodiles (30 females and 28 males) were examined to determine and evaluate 24 blood biochemical indicators associated with energy, lipid, protein, mineral and enzymatic metabolic processes. Most of the serum biochemistry parameters were similar among sexes by species. However, male crocodiles showed higher triacylglycerol concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity, and lower globulin concentration than females. There were some significant differences between species. Total bilirubin, triacylglycerol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen carbonate were higher in Crocodylus moreletii, and urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were higher in Crocodylus acutus. These reference values are very important for the protection of crocodiles. The calculated confidence intervals could be used to detect alert situations when at least 5% of the sampled crocodiles would fall outside of the calculated reference interval for a given parameter.

Crocodylus moreletii e Crocodylus acutus são duas espécies de crocodilos ameaçadas de extinção endêmicas do México. Neste estudo transversal descritivo, um total de 58 crocodilos (30 fêmeas e 28 machos) foi examinado para determinar e avaliar 24 indicadores da bioquímica sanguínea associados a processos metabólicos energéticos, lipídicos, proteicos, minerais e enzimáticos. A maioria dos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos foram semelhantes entre os sexos da espécie. No entanto, os crocodilos machos apresentaram maior concentração de triacilgliceróis e atividade de fosfatase alcalina do que as fêmeas. Com uma concentração de globulina mais baixa do que as fêmeas, houve algumas diferenças significativas entre as espécies. A bilirrubina total, os triacilgliceróis, o dióxido de carbono e o bicarbonato de sódio foram maiores em Crocodylus moreletii, e o nitrogênio ureico, a creatinina, a alanina aminotransferase e o aspartato aminotransferase foram maiores em Crocodylus acutus. Esses valores de referência são muito importantes para a proteção dos crocodilos. Os intervalos de confiança calculados podem ser usados para detectar situações de alerta quando pelo menos 5% dos crocodilos amostrados estiverem fora do intervalo de referência calculado para um determinado parâmetro.

Hematochemical profile of Cholistani cattle being reared in the Cholistan desert of Pakistan under pastoralism / Perfil hemato-químico do gado Colistani criado no deserto de Cholistan, no Paquistão, sob o regime de pastoreio

The objective of the present study was to assess and create normal reference intervals for hematochemical profile of Cholistani cattle (n=360) being reared under pastoralism. The comparisons have been made with earlier published data on Bos indicus and taurus cattle breeds. The general health status of animals was ascertained through a thorough anamnesis from the livestock owners and clinical signs. However, theileriosis, in specific, was ruled out through blood smear examination. The animals were assigned in groups according to age: young (n=190; ≤12 months) and adult (n=170; >12 months up till 7 years); and gender: male (n=182) and female (n=178) cattle. The mean (±SE), median, range and reference intervals (25th to 95th percentile) for hematochemical profile were determined through descriptive statistics and differences between various groups were analyzed through Mann Whitney U test. The findings of this study may serve as reference hematochemical values for Cholistani cattle in specific and humped zebu cattle in general for assessing any physiological, pathological, or metabolic alterations.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e criar intervalos de referência normais para o perfil hemato-químico do gado colistano (n=360) criado sob pastoreio. As comparações foram feitas com dados publicados anteriormente sobre as raças bovinas Bos indicus e taurus. O estado geral de saúde dos animais foi verificado através de uma anamnese minuciosa dos proprietários de gado e de sinais clínicos. No entanto, a teileriose, em particular, foi descartada através de exame de esfregaço de sangue. Os animais foram designados em grupos de acordo com a idade: jovens (n=190; ≤12 meses) e adultos (n=170; >12 meses até 7 anos); e sexo: bovinos machos (n=182) e fêmeas (n=178). A média (±SE), mediana, faixa e intervalos de referência (percentil 25 a 95) para o perfil hemato-químico foram determinados através de estatísticas descritivas e as diferenças entre vários grupos foram analisadas através do teste Mann Whitney U. Os resultados deste estudo podem servir como valores hemato-químicos de referência para bovinos cholistani em bovinos zebuínos específicos e em geral para avaliar quaisquer alterações fisiológicas, patológicas ou metabólicas.

Nutritional and metabolic parameters of ewe lambs fed yeast in the diet containing fibrolytic enzyme / Parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos de borregas alimentadas com leveduras na ração contendo enzima fibrolítica

This study aimed to evaluate the dry matter digestibility, intake and metabolic profile of ewe lambs fed active or inactive yeasts in the diet containing fibrolytic enzyme. Twenty crossbred animals with an average weight of 33.4kg and an average age of six months were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of yeasts: Control (no yeast), Milk Sacc X® (active yeast), Active Flora®(active yeast + inactive yeast) and Rumen Yeast®(inactive yeast). Analysis of variance and SNK test were applied with a significance level of 5% for type I error. There was no difference for dry matter intake between treatments (P>0.05). There was a significant trend (P=0.0596) for dry matter digestibility, with higher values for the control treatment. There was a significant trend for blood metabolites (P=0.0705), in which the diet containing Milk Sacc® was superior to the other treatments for total protein concentration. In addition, there was a statistical difference (P<0.05) for urea concentration, in which control and Active Flora® treatments were superior to the others. The inclusion of active or inactive yeasts in the diet for ewe lambs containing fibrolytic enzyme reduces dietary digestibility, without affecting the dry matter intake, in addition, it increases urea and total protein levels without causing liver or kidney damage in ewe lambs.

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade da matéria seca, consumo e perfil metabólico de borregas alimentadas com leveduras vivas e inativadas na ração contendo enzima fibrolítica. Foram utilizados vinte animais mestiços com peso médio de 33,4kg e idade média de seis meses, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram nas leveduras: Controle (sem levedura), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa), Active Flora®(levedura viva mais levedura inativada) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa). Foi realizada à análise variância e teste SNK com nível de significância de 5% para o erro tipo I. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para consumo de matéria seca com uso ou não de levedura na dieta (P>0,05). Houve tendência significativa (P=0,0596) para a digestibilidade da matéria seca sendo superior para com o tratamento sem inclusão de leveduras. Para os metabólitos sanguíneos houve tendência significativa (P=0,0705) sendo o Milk Sacc® superior aos demais tratamentos para concentração de proteínas totais. Além disso, houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para concentração de ureia cujos tratamentos controle e Active Flora® foram superiores aos demais. A inclusão de leveduras vivas ou inativadas na dieta para borregas contendo enzima fibrolítica diminui a digestibilidade da dieta, sem afetar o consumo de matéria seca, além disso, aumenta teores de ureia e proteínas totais sem causar prejuízos hepáticos ou renais as borregas.

Influence of management and lactation order in the serum concentrations of proteins, metabolites, minerals, and enzymes of Bonsmara breed cows / Influência da gestação e ordem de lactação nas concentrações séricas de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas de vacas da raça Bonsmara

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of gestation and lactation order on serum concentrations of proteins, metabolites, minerals, and enzymes in first-, second-, and third-lactation order Bonsmara cows. The Bonsmara breed, originated in South Africa, stands out for its tolerance to heat and productive characteristics, such as meat quality, high fertility, sexual precocity, ease of calving, and good maternal ability. These characteristics make the breed a genetic alternative for crossbreeding with zebu breeds. Blood samples were collected from 34, 29, and 30 first-, second-, and third-lactation order cows, respectively, totaling 93 cows. The samples were processed in an automatic multichannel analyzer using Labtest Diagnóstica® kits. The Kruskal-Wallis test was chosen to compare the values between lactation orders. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare pregnant and non-pregnant cows within lactation orders. Among the analyzed constituents, the lactation order significantly influenced only the serum albumin concentration (ALB) (p<0.0001). Gestation significantly influenced the A:G ratio (p=0.034) in third-lactation cows, and cholesterol (Chol) (p=0.004), triglycerides (TRI) (p<0.0001), inorganic phosphorus (iP) (p=0.033), iron (Fe) (p=0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p=0.018), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p=0.039) in second-lactation cows and the general group. Creatinine (Crea) (p<0.0001) was influenced only in the general group. Therefore, gestation and lactation order significantly influenced the concentration of several biochemical serum constituents in Bonsmara cows, especially second-lactation order cows.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da gestação e ordem de lactação nas concentrações séricas de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas de vacas da raça Bonsmara de primeira, segunda e terceira ordem de lactação. A raça Bonsmara, originada na África do Sul, se destaca por sua tolerância ao calor, e caracteristicas produtivas, como a qualidade da carne, a alta fertilidade, precocidade sexual, facilidade ao parto e boa habilidade materna. Essas características tornam a raça uma alternativa genética para realização de cruzamentos com raças zebuínas. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 93 vacas, sendo 34 de primeira ordem de lactação, 29 de segunda ordem de lactação e 30 de terceira ordem de lactação. As amostras foram processadas em analisador automático multicanal, utilizando kits da Labtest Diagnóstica®. Para confrontar os valores entre as ordens de lactação optou-se pelo teste Kruskall-Wallis. Para comparar vacas gestantes e não gestantes dentro das ordens de lactação, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Dos constituintes analisados, a ordem de lactação influenciou significativamente apenas a concentração sérica de albumina (ALB) (p<0,0001). A gestação influenciou significativamente na relação A:G (p=0,034), nas vacas de terceira lactação, no colesterol (COL) (p=0,004), triglicérides (TRI) (p<0,0001), fósforo inorgânico (Pi) (p=0,033), ferro (Fe) (p=0,001), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) (p=0,018) e fosfatase alcalina (FAL) (p=0,039) nas de segunda ordem e no valor do grupo geral. A creatinina (Crea) (p<0,0001) foi influenciada somente no grupo geral. Conclui-se que a gestação e ordem de lactação influenciou significativamente na concentração de vários constituintes bioquímicos séricos de vacas da raça Bonsmara, em especial nas de segunda ordem de lactação.

Milk yield and composition in dairy cows with post-partum disorders / [Produção e composição do leite em vacas com desordens no pós-parto]

This study aimed to determine the impact of different post-partum disorders on milk yield and composition. One hundred and fifteen Holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil were monitored up to 62 days post-partum. During this period, body condition score evaluation and animal clinical examination were conducted. Percentages of fat, protein, and lactose, as well as somatic cells score, were determined in milk samples. The AST activity and concentrations of NEFA, calcium, and BHBA, were analyzed in blood samples. The occurrence of clinical disorders was identified in 30 (26%) cows. Subclinical disorders were identified in 64 (56%) cows. Only 21 (18%) cows did not suffer any kind of disorder within the studied period. In this study, no significant differences were found in milk production, protein, and somatic cell count in clinical, subclinical, and healthy cows. Milk fat and the fat: protein quotient (F:P) were higher in cows with clinical disorders and the 6 to 21 days in milk, and lactose were lower in cows with clinical disorders and the 22 to 42 days in milk (P<0.05).(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto de diferentes distúrbios após o parto na produção de leite e em sua composição. Cento e quinze vacas Holandesas de uma fazenda de gado leiteiro, localizada em estado da região Sul do Brasil, foram monitoradas até 62 dias após o parto. Durante esse período, foram realizadas avaliações do escore de condição corporal e exame clínico nos animais. As porcentagens de gordura, proteína e lactose, bem como o escore de células somáticas, foram determinadas nas amostras de leite. A atividade do AST e as concentrações de NEFA, cálcio e BHBA foram analisadas em amostras de sangue. A ocorrência de distúrbios clínicos foi identificada em 30 (26%) vacas, os distúrbios subclínicos foram identificados em 64 (56%) vacas. Apenas 21 (18%) vacas não sofreram nenhum tipo de distúrbio ao longo do período estudado. Neste estudo, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na produção do leite, proteína e na contagem de células somáticas em vacas com doenças clínicas, subclínicas e saudáveis. No leite, a gordura e o quociente gordura e proteína (G:P) foram maiores em vacas com doença clínica no período de seis a 21 dias de lactação, e a lactose foi menor em vacas com doença clínica no período de 22 a 42 dias de lactação (P<0,05).(AU)

Protected and partially protected fat sources from ruminal degradation for pregnant sheep

Fat sources are important component on animal feed. However, ruminants did not evolve to efficient degrade lipids. Thus, it is necessary to study how its supplementation may affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of different lipids sources over consumption, performance, metabolites, and feed behavior of pregnant sheep. The experiment was carried out at Capim Branco Experimental Farm, at goat and sheep sector of Federal University of Uberlândia, from August to November 2015. Twenty-four pregnant sheep were used, mean body weight 50 kg and approximate 12 months age. The animals were divided into three treatments (Control, palm oil protected fat and cottonseed). The corn silage was used as the bulk. The roughage: concentrate ratio was 60:40 (on dry matter). Measurements of body weight, body condition score and biometric measurements were taken every 21 days. Ingestive behavior evaluation was performed throughout the experiment. The consumption measurement was made in descriptive way. Shortly after birth, the sheep and their offspring were weighed, the barrel circumference was taken, and samples from the mother's blood were collected. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements in time. It was verified greater time spent with feeding and chewing in the treatment with cottonseed and consequently less time in idle. There was no statistical difference in weight, barrel circumference (BC) and body condition score (BCS) of the sheep under the different treatments. There was a linear growth in BC measurements and sheep weight over the evaluated periods. There were differences between the treatments for the offspring's average weight. The use of cottonseed as a fat source increases the birth weight of the progeny and improves pregnant sheep metabolic profile in relation to inert fat.

Protected and partially protected fat sources from ruminal degradation for pregnant sheep

Fat sources are important component on animal feed. However, ruminants did not evolve to efficient degrade lipids. Thus, it is necessary to study how its supplementation may affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of different lipids sources over consumption, performance, metabolites, and feed behavior of pregnant sheep. The experiment was carried out at Capim Branco Experimental Farm, at goat and sheep sector of Federal University of Uberlândia, from August to November 2015. Twenty-four pregnant sheep were used, mean body weight 50 kg and approximate 12 months age. The animals were divided into three treatments (Control, palm oil protected fat and cottonseed). The corn silage was used as the bulk. The roughage: concentrate ratio was 60:40 (on dry matter). Measurements of body weight, body condition score and biometric measurements were taken every 21 days. Ingestive behavior evaluation was performed throughout the experiment. The consumption measurement was made in descriptive way. Shortly after birth, the sheep and their offspring were weighed, the barrel circumference was taken, and samples from the mother's blood were collected. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements in time. It was verified greater time spent with feeding and chewing in the treatment with cottonseed and consequently less time in idle. There was no statistical difference in weight, barrel circumference (BC) and body condition score (BCS) of the sheep under the different treatments. There was a linear growth in BC measurements and sheep weight over the evaluated periods. There were differences between the treatments for the offspring's average weight. The use of cottonseed as a fat source increases the birth weight of the progeny and improves pregnant sheep metabolic profile in relation to inert fat.(AU)

Expression Profile of Circulatory Adiponectin and Plasma Variables in Broilers

ABSTRACT Adipokines serve as a human clinical biomarker and they regulate mammalian metabolic functions. Research on adipokine regulation of metabolic function in avian species is limited. The current study is to investigate the profile of plasma adiponectin and several biochemical variables in broilers, to establish the pattern of development. A total of one hundred and fifty-two 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were separated by different gender and homogenously divided into 2 groups (male and female), with 6 replicate pens and at least 12 chickens per pen. The data for body weight, plasma variables, and feed consumption were collected at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 after hatching. Plasma monomer adiponectin, high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and biochemical variables, including triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, glucose, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were quantified. Monomer adiponectin was highly correlated with age in a negative fashion and with HMW adiponectin in a positive fashion in both genders in broilers. Moreover, body weight was highly correlated with monomer adiponectin in a negative fashion and positively correlated with HMW adiponectin in growing chickens. It was concluded that monomer adiponectin and HMW adiponectin have highly correlation with age, body weight and biochemical variables in chickens and further investigation is needed for physiological or nutritional functions.