Different Calcium Levels and Two Limestone Granulometries in the Diet of Laying Hens: Performance and Bone Characteristics

The effect of different calcium levels and two limestone granulometries on performance, egg quality, biometry of digestive organs and bone characteristics of light laying hens were evaluated. A total of 270 laying hens were used during 112 days, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with 3 levels of calcium (3.8, 4.0 and 4.2%) and 2 limestone granulometries (0.222 and 1.922 mm), totaling 6 treatments with 5 repetitions each. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight and mass, feed conversion per mass and per dozen eggs, albumen, yolk and shell percentage, specific gravity of eggs and shell thickness. In addition, the relative weight of the heart, proventricle, gizzard, liver, pancreas, intestine weight and length, and bone characteristics were also evaluated. A significant interaction was observed for tibia mineral matter. Egg production was influenced by the limestone granulometry, presenting greater value in the treatments which contained fine granulometry limestone. Higher calcium levels of 4.0 and 4.2% provide greater specific density of eggs. Biometric variables and bone characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. In conclusion, it is recommended to use fine-grained limestone (0.222 mm) and a 4% calcium level in diets for light commercial hens, as they improve performance and quality of eggs, without interfering in biometrics of digestive organs and bone characteristics.(AU)

Fibrous osteodystrophy due to secondary renal hyperparathyroidism in a senile dog / Osteodistrofia fibrosa decorrente de hiperparatireodismo secundário renal em cão senil

Renal hyperparathyroidism stands out among the complications of kidney disease in dogs due to phosphorus retention with a predisposition to hypocalcemia, parathyroid hormone stimulation with mobilization of calcium from the bones, characterizing fibrous osteodystrophy, unusual in the elderly. The objective was to report it in 12-year-old Labrador with polyuria, polydipsia, and emesis for five months due to maxillary and mandibular volume increase, followed by loosely fixed teeth, and facial deformity. Blood tests showed anemia, thrombocytosis, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperphosphatemia and urinalysis showed low density, glycosuria, proteinuria, and moderate caudate and transitional epithelial cells. Oral x-rays showed loss of dental bone support and decreased bone radiopacity. Chest radiographs showed decreased density in the ribs and costochondral junction; on the other hand, organs of the cardiorespiratory system showed no changes. The electrocardiogram and echocardiogram did not show impairment. Abdominal ultrasound revealed kidneys with asymmetry, increased echogenicity of the cortical and poorly preserved cortico-medullary definition. Oral histopathology showed intense fibroplasia associated with bone reabsorption. Support therapy was instituted, but the patient died ten days after consultation. Thus, although uncommon in the elderly, fibrous osteodystrophy should be investigated in dogs with advanced-stage chronic kidney disease and, even with conservative therapies, the prognosis is unfavorable.

O hiperparatireoidismo renal destaca-se entre as complicações da doença renal em cães, pela retenção de fósforo com predisposição à hipocalcemia, estimulação de paratormônio com mobilização do cálcio dos ossos, caracterizando a osteodistrofia fibrosa, incomum em idosos. O objetivo foi relatá-la em Labrador de 12 anos com poliúria, polidipsia e vômitos há cinco meses, além de aumento de volume maxilar e mandibular seguido de dentes frouxamente fixados e deformidade facial. Os exames sanguíneos denotaram anemia, trombocitose, azotemia, hipoalbuminemia, hiperfosfatemia, urinálise, baixa densidade, glicosúria, proteinúria e moderadas células caudadas e epiteliais de transição. Pelos raios X orais, houve perda da sustentação óssea dentária e diminuição da radiopacidade óssea. As radiografias de tórax demonstraram diminuição da densidade óssea na região dos arcos costais e junção costocondral; em contrapartida, órgãos do sistema cardiorrespiratório se mostraram sem alterações aparentes. O eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma não incidiram comprometimento. O ultrassom abdominal revelou rins com assimetria, aumento da ecogenicidade cortical e definição corticomedular pouco preservada, e a histopatologia oral apontou intensa fibroplasia associada à reabsorção óssea. Foi instituída terapia suporte, mas o paciente veio a óbito 10 dias após a consulta. Assim, mesmo que incomum em idosos, a osteodistrofia fibrosa deve ser investigada em cães com doença renal crônica em estágio avançado, mesmo com as terapias conservadoras, o prognóstico é desfavorável.

Superdosing Phytases in the Diets of Light Laying Hens: Productive Performance and Bone Quality

Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of superdosing of two phytases on performance, egg quality, digestive organ biometry and bone quality of light hens in the first (58 weeks) and second (87 weeks) productive cycle. In the first cycle, 270 light hens were used, in which a completely randomized design was adopted in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme (bacterial phytase or fungal phytase x 450 FTUs or 900 FTUs + control diet). In the second cycle, 270 hens were used, following the same design as the previous experiment. The performance and quality of the eggs were evaluated in both cycles, and the biometry of the digestive organs and bone characteristics were also evaluated in the first experiment. There was no effect in the comparison between the means for the performance and egg quality (in both experiments), or for the biometric variables and bone characteristics (first experiment). There was no significant interaction between the factors for any of the variables in the two experiments. In the first experiment, egg production was higher with bacterial phytase and egg weight with fungal phytase. The mineral matter showed greater value with 450 FTUs. It is recommended to use bacterial phytase produced from Escherichia coli as it improves the performance of light laying hens. The dosage of 450 FTUs improves the mineral content of light laying hens and the use of phytase in the laying hen diet implies a lower feed cost.

Superdosing Phytases in the Diets of Light Laying Hens: Productive Performance and Bone Quality

Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of superdosing of two phytases on performance, egg quality, digestive organ biometry and bone quality of light hens in the first (58 weeks) and second (87 weeks) productive cycle. In the first cycle, 270 light hens were used, in which a completely randomized design was adopted in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme (bacterial phytase or fungal phytase x 450 FTUs or 900 FTUs + control diet). In the second cycle, 270 hens were used, following the same design as the previous experiment. The performance and quality of the eggs were evaluated in both cycles, and the biometry of the digestive organs and bone characteristics were also evaluated in the first experiment. There was no effect in the comparison between the means for the performance and egg quality (in both experiments), or for the biometric variables and bone characteristics (first experiment). There was no significant interaction between the factors for any of the variables in the two experiments. In the first experiment, egg production was higher with bacterial phytase and egg weight with fungal phytase. The mineral matter showed greater value with 450 FTUs. It is recommended to use bacterial phytase produced from Escherichia coli as it improves the performance of light laying hens. The dosage of 450 FTUs improves the mineral content of light laying hens and the use of phytase in the laying hen diet implies a lower feed cost.(AU)

Substitution of soybean meal with dried distillery grains on performance and carcass quality of feedlot lambs / Influência da substituição do farelo de soja por grão seco de destilaria no desempenho e características de carcaça de ovinos confinados

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dried distillery grains (DDGS) as a replacement for soybean meal in the diet of lambs in feedlot and to evaluate the performance, yield characteristics, and meat quality. Three diets with different DDGS levels were provided: diet with soybean meal (control); diet with 50% replacement of soybean meal by DDGS; diet with 100% replacement of soybean meal with DDGS. The average feed intake of the animals and the difference between the leftovers showed no difference among the treatments. No differences of average daily weight gain, body score and feed conversion index were observed among treatments. The same was observed for biometric measurements. However, warm carcass weight and chest perimeter were higher without the use of DDGS. The final weight, muscle, bone, intermuscular, subcutaneous and total fat weight did not differ among treatments. No difference was also found for tissues color. The kilogram of the concentrate mixture that uses soybean meal as the main source of protein (control) was approximately 12% more expensive than the mixture using DDGS (100%). The use of DDGS as an alternative source in confined lamb feeding may be recommended in up to 24% replacement in dietary dry matter.

O Objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de grão seco de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS) como substituto a farelo de soja na dieta de cordeiros em confinamento. E avaliar a influência dessa inclusão sobre as características de desempenho, rendimento e qualidade de carne. Foram usados 30 animais, sendo 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, distribuídos em três tratamentos. Foram elaboradas dietas com três níveis de inclusão de DDGS, sendo: Tratamento 1 - dieta com farelo de soja (controle, 0%de inclusão de DDGS); Tratamento 2 - dieta com 50% de substituição do farelo de soja por DDGS; e Tratamento 3 - dieta com 100% de substituição do farelo de soja por DDGS. Foi avaliado o consumo médio dos animais, suas medidas biométricas, além de parâmetros de qualidade de carne e custo das dietas. A avaliação do consumo e a diferença entre as sobras não mostraram diferença entre os tratamentos. Também não foram observadas diferenças entre os ganhos de peso médio diário, ganho de peso total, escore corporal, índice de conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar entre os tratamentos. O mesmo foi observado para as medidas biométricas. Não houve diferenças para a circunferência externa e interna, conformação, musculatura e largura da garupa e do tórax. No entanto, o peso da carcaça quente e o perímetro torácico foram maiores no tratamento sem o uso de DDGS. O peso final, peso dos músculos, peso ósseo, peso de gordura intermuscular, peso de gordura subcutânea, peso total de gordura também não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada para cor do músculo ou da gordura intermuscular e subcutânea. O valor gasto no custo do quilograma da mistura de concentrado que utilizava farelo de soja como principal fonte de proteína (controle) foi aproximadamente 12% mais caro que a mistura usando DDGS (100%), o que permitiu concluir [...].

Substitution of soybean meal with dried distillery grains on performance and carcass quality of feedlot lambs / Influência da substituição do farelo de soja por grão seco de destilaria no desempenho e características de carcaça de ovinos confinados

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dried distillery grains (DDGS) as a replacement for soybean meal in the diet of lambs in feedlot and to evaluate the performance, yield characteristics, and meat quality. Three diets with different DDGS levels were provided: diet with soybean meal (control); diet with 50% replacement of soybean meal by DDGS; diet with 100% replacement of soybean meal with DDGS. The average feed intake of the animals and the difference between the leftovers showed no difference among the treatments. No differences of average daily weight gain, body score and feed conversion index were observed among treatments. The same was observed for biometric measurements. However, warm carcass weight and chest perimeter were higher without the use of DDGS. The final weight, muscle, bone, intermuscular, subcutaneous and total fat weight did not differ among treatments. No difference was also found for tissues color. The kilogram of the concentrate mixture that uses soybean meal as the main source of protein (control) was approximately 12% more expensive than the mixture using DDGS (100%). The use of DDGS as an alternative source in confined lamb feeding may be recommended in up to 24% replacement in dietary dry matter.(AU)

O Objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de grão seco de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS) como substituto a farelo de soja na dieta de cordeiros em confinamento. E avaliar a influência dessa inclusão sobre as características de desempenho, rendimento e qualidade de carne. Foram usados 30 animais, sendo 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, distribuídos em três tratamentos. Foram elaboradas dietas com três níveis de inclusão de DDGS, sendo: Tratamento 1 - dieta com farelo de soja (controle, 0%de inclusão de DDGS); Tratamento 2 - dieta com 50% de substituição do farelo de soja por DDGS; e Tratamento 3 - dieta com 100% de substituição do farelo de soja por DDGS. Foi avaliado o consumo médio dos animais, suas medidas biométricas, além de parâmetros de qualidade de carne e custo das dietas. A avaliação do consumo e a diferença entre as sobras não mostraram diferença entre os tratamentos. Também não foram observadas diferenças entre os ganhos de peso médio diário, ganho de peso total, escore corporal, índice de conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar entre os tratamentos. O mesmo foi observado para as medidas biométricas. Não houve diferenças para a circunferência externa e interna, conformação, musculatura e largura da garupa e do tórax. No entanto, o peso da carcaça quente e o perímetro torácico foram maiores no tratamento sem o uso de DDGS. O peso final, peso dos músculos, peso ósseo, peso de gordura intermuscular, peso de gordura subcutânea, peso total de gordura também não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada para cor do músculo ou da gordura intermuscular e subcutânea. O valor gasto no custo do quilograma da mistura de concentrado que utilizava farelo de soja como principal fonte de proteína (controle) foi aproximadamente 12% mais caro que a mistura usando DDGS (100%), o que permitiu concluir [...].(AU)

Maxillomandibular deformity in a canine with fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease

Background: Cases of renal fibrous osteodystrophy are usually associated with nutritional causes, which of renal causesare considered uncommon in dogs. This disorder is characterized by the intense proliferation of fibrous connective tissue inbones, impairing bone stiffness. The aim of this study was to report a case of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronickidney disease in a canine with a “rubber jaw” facial deformity.Case: A 4-year-old male unneutered mongrel dog weighing 5.2 kg had a history of apathy, progressive weight loss andvomiting for one month, and polyuria and polydipsia for more than three months. In addition, the owner complained aboutthe deformed appearance in the muzzle region of the animal, which was evidenced flexibility of the same, with a displacement of the mandible and maxilla on physical examination, similar to the “rubber jaw”. Blood tests revealed macrocyticanemia, elevated total plasma proteins, and lymphopenia-associated neutrophilia, as well as hyperphosphatemia (24 mg/dL), uremia (283.6 mg/dL) and increased creatinine (8.6 mg/dL), ALT (143.2 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (3222.2UI/L), while calcium (8.8 mg/dL) and albumin (1.9 g/dL) were decreased. A serological test for visceral leishmaniasis wasalso performed, which was negative. Abdominal ultrasound imaging revealed kidneys with alterations in tissue architecture, increased thickness and complete loss of cortico-medullary relationship, while the parathyroid gland was enlargedand spindle-shaped. Cranial radiography showed marked radiopacity of the bilateral maxillary bones, with destructionof the nasal, turbinate and frontal bones, as well as loosening of the teeth and destruction of the mandibular bone matrix,characterizing an aspect of “rubber jaw”. Based on the history, history and evidence of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia andloss of facial bone density, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney...

Maxillomandibular deformity in a canine with fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease

Background: Cases of renal fibrous osteodystrophy are usually associated with nutritional causes, which of renal causesare considered uncommon in dogs. This disorder is characterized by the intense proliferation of fibrous connective tissue inbones, impairing bone stiffness. The aim of this study was to report a case of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronickidney disease in a canine with a “rubber jaw” facial deformity.Case: A 4-year-old male unneutered mongrel dog weighing 5.2 kg had a history of apathy, progressive weight loss andvomiting for one month, and polyuria and polydipsia for more than three months. In addition, the owner complained aboutthe deformed appearance in the muzzle region of the animal, which was evidenced flexibility of the same, with a displacement of the mandible and maxilla on physical examination, similar to the “rubber jaw”. Blood tests revealed macrocyticanemia, elevated total plasma proteins, and lymphopenia-associated neutrophilia, as well as hyperphosphatemia (24 mg/dL), uremia (283.6 mg/dL) and increased creatinine (8.6 mg/dL), ALT (143.2 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (3222.2UI/L), while calcium (8.8 mg/dL) and albumin (1.9 g/dL) were decreased. A serological test for visceral leishmaniasis wasalso performed, which was negative. Abdominal ultrasound imaging revealed kidneys with alterations in tissue architecture, increased thickness and complete loss of cortico-medullary relationship, while the parathyroid gland was enlargedand spindle-shaped. Cranial radiography showed marked radiopacity of the bilateral maxillary bones, with destructionof the nasal, turbinate and frontal bones, as well as loosening of the teeth and destruction of the mandibular bone matrix,characterizing an aspect of “rubber jaw”. Based on the history, history and evidence of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia andloss of facial bone density, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney...(AU)

Caracterização de biocerâmica de fosfatos de cálcio microestruturada em diferentes composições em ovinos / Bioceramic characterization of calcium phosphates microstructured in different composition in sheep

RESUMO: As biocerâmicas microporosas de fosfatos de cálcio e bifásicas de hidroxiapatita e fosfato tricálcico beta (HA/TCP-β) na forma de biomateriais granulados microporosos, são temas de pesquisas e se destacam como substitutos ósseos em aplicações biomédicas. As biocerâmicas bifásicas são biocompatíveis, bioativas, osteoindutoras e promovem a osteointegração, quando aplicados in vivo ou em meio simulado. Outro ponto diferencial dessas biocerâmicas está associado à capacidade de solubilidade que esses biomateriais apresentam quando aplicados em meio biológico, permitindo a liberação gradual de íons cálcio e fosfatos para o meio biológico, estes são absorvíeis e promovem a neoformação de um novo tecido ósseo. As biocerâmicas bifásicas de fosfatos de cálcio também se apresentam promissores em aplicações traumatológicas na reparação do tecido ósseo traumatizado e na liberação controlada de medicamentos, em tratamentos da estrutura óssea. O desempenho desses biomateriais como substitutos ósseos e na liberação controlada de medicamentos, estão associados, as suas características físicas, químicas, morfológicas e de superfície. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a caracterização morfológica, microestrutural dos biomateriais pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), física com difratometria de raios X (DRX) e método de Arthur para determinação da porosidade aberta. A densidade teórica dos biomateriais bifásicos foi determinada pelo método teórico das concentrações bifásicas. Por fim, se realizou avaliação do comportamento da neoformação óssea e osteointegração dos diferentes biomateriais de fosfatos de cálcio em testes in vivo em ovinos. Os testes in vivo foram realizados em tíbias de ovinos com tempo de implantação de 03 meses. Os biomateriais implantados foram hidroxiapatita (HA), fosfato tricálcico-β (TCP-β) e composições bifásicas HA/TCP-β nas proporções: 80/20, 20/80, 70/30 e 30/70. Foram utilizadas 08 ovelhas mestiças Texel, com 12 meses de idade e peso médio de 30 kg (±5 kg), nas quais foram produzidos três defeitos ósseos em cada tíbia, sendo que quatro desses defeitos foram preenchidos por biomateriais, e dois por fragmentos ósseos (autoenxerto), grupo controle. Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 03 meses após a implantação dos biomateriais. Após a eutanásia, foram coletadas as tíbias para avaliação com o uso da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados encontrados mostram que os biomateriais granulados microporosos são formados por uma morfologia irregular com tamanho de grânulos entre 200 μm e 500μm, outra constatação foi microestrutura microporosa interconectada dos biomateriais. O resultado obtido da porosidade aberta mostrou que os biomateriais apresentam porosidade superior a 68%. A densidade teórica se apresentou semelhante entre os biomateriais granulados de fosfatos de cálcio e sugerem boa capacidade de neoformação óssea para todos os biomateriais, sendo que o bifásico 20/80 apresentou absorção do biomaterial e neoformação óssea mais rápida quando comparada com os outros biomateriais avaliados neste estudo.

ABSTRACT: Microporous bioceramics of calcium phosphate and biphasic hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate beta (HA/TCP- β) in the form of microporous granules biomaterials are research subjects and stand out as bone substitutes in biomedical application. The biphasic bioceramics are biocompatible, bioactive, osteoinductive and promote osseointegration when applied in vivo or through simulated. Another aspect of such differential solubility bioceramics is associated with the capacity that these biomaterials exhibit when applied in biological environment, enabling the gradual release of calcium and phosphate ions to the biological environment they are absorbable and promote neogenesis of new bone tissue. The biphasic bioceramics of calcium phosphate also have promising applications in traumatology in the repair of injured bone and controlled release of drugs in the bone structure treatments. The performance of these biomaterials as bone substitutes and controlled release of drugs, are associated, their physical, chemical, morphological and surface. The aim of this study was to make morphological, microstructural of biomaterials by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physics with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Arthur method for determination of open porosity. The theoretical density of biphasic biomaterials was determined by theoretical method of biphasic concentrations. Finally, we conducted evaluation of osteogenesis and osseointegration behavior of different biomaterials of calcium phosphates in vivo tests on sheep. In vivo tests were performed on tibias of sheep up to of 03 months. The biomaterials implanted were hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate-β (β-TCP) and biphasic compositions as HA/TCP-β in rates: 80/20, 20/80, 70/30 and 30/70. Eight crossbred Texel sheep, with 12 months of age and average weight of 30 kg (±5 kg) were used, in which were produced three bone defects in the tibia, four of these defects were filled with biomaterials, and two by bone fragments (autograft), as control group. The animals were euthanized at 03 months after implantation of biomaterials. After euthanasia, the tibias were collected for evaluation using the scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM). The results show that the microporous biomaterial granules are formed by an irregular morphology with grain size between 200 μm and 500μm, another finding was microporous interconnected microstructure of biomaterials. The result showed that the open porosity of the biomaterials exhibit porosity greater than 68%. The theoretical density was relatively similar between the granulates biomaterials of calcium phosphates and suggest good capacity of osteogenesis for all biomaterials, with the biphasic absorption of the biomaterial introduced 20/80 and more rapid bone formation when compared with other biomaterials evaluated in study.

Caracterização de biocerâmica de fosfatos de cálcio microestruturada em diferentes composições em ovinos / Bioceramic characterization of calcium phosphates microstructured in different composition in sheep

As biocerâmicas microporosas de fosfatos de cálcio e bifásicas de hidroxiapatita e fosfato tricálcico beta (HA/TCP-β) na forma de biomateriais granulados microporosos, são temas de pesquisas e se destacam como substitutos ósseos em aplicações biomédicas. As biocerâmicas bifásicas são biocompatíveis, bioativas, osteoindutoras e promovem a osteointegração, quando aplicados in vivo ou em meio simulado. Outro ponto diferencial dessas biocerâmicas está associado à capacidade de solubilidade que esses biomateriais apresentam quando aplicados em meio biológico, permitindo a liberação gradual de íons cálcio e fosfatos para o meio biológico, estes são absorvíeis e promovem a neoformação de um novo tecido ósseo. As biocerâmicas bifásicas de fosfatos de cálcio também se apresentam promissores em aplicações traumatológicas na reparação do tecido ósseo traumatizado e na liberação controlada de medicamentos, em tratamentos da estrutura óssea. O desempenho desses biomateriais como substitutos ósseos e na liberação controlada de medicamentos, estão associados, as suas características físicas, químicas, morfológicas e de superfície. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a caracterização morfológica, microestrutural dos biomateriais pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), física com difratometria de raios X (DRX) e método de Arthur para determinação da porosidade aberta. A densidade teórica dos biomateriais bifásicos foi determinada pelo método teórico das concentrações bifásicas. Por fim, se realizou avaliação do comportamento da neoformação óssea e osteointegração dos diferentes biomateriais de fosfatos de cálcio em testes in vivo em ovinos. Os testes in vivo foram realizados em tíbias de ovinos com tempo de implantação de 03 meses. Os biomateriais implantados foram hidroxiapatita...(AU)

Microporous bioceramics of calcium phosphate and biphasic hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate beta (HA/TCP- β) in the form of microporous granules biomaterials are research subjects and stand out as bone substitutes in biomedical application. The biphasic bioceramics are biocompatible, bioactive, osteoinductive and promote osseointegration when applied in vivo or through simulated. Another aspect of such differential solubility bioceramics is associated with the capacity that these biomaterials exhibit when applied in biological environment, enabling the gradual release of calcium and phosphate ions to the biological environment they are absorbable and promote neogenesis of new bone tissue. The biphasic bioceramics of calcium phosphate also have promising applications in traumatology in the repair of injured bone and controlled release of drugs in the bone structure treatments. The performance of these biomaterials as bone substitutes and controlled release of drugs, are associated, their physical, chemical, morphological and surface. The aim of this study was to make morphological, microstructural of biomaterials by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physics with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Arthur method for determination of open porosity. The theoretical density of biphasic biomaterials was determined by theoretical method of biphasic concentrations. Finally, we conducted evaluation of osteogenesis and osseointegration behavior of different biomaterials of calcium phosphates in vivo tests on sheep. In vivo tests were performed on tibias of sheep up to of 03 months. The biomaterials implanted were hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate-β (β-TCP) and biphasic compositions as HA/TCP-β in rates: 80/20, 20/80, 70/30 and 30/70. Eight crossbred Texel sheep, with 12 months of age and average weight of 30 kg (±5 kg) were used...(AU)

Edible Giblets and Bone Mineral Characteristics of Two Slow-Growing Chicken Genotypes Reared in an Organic System

This study was conducted to compare edible giblets weight, tibial bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) of two slow-growing broiler genotypes (Hubbard S757; S757 and Hubbard Grey Barred JA; GB-JA) reared with outdoor access, and to determine the relationship between these variables. Day-old chicks (straight-run) of the genotypes S757 (n=120) and GB-JA (n=120) were housed for 98 days. Each genotype was assigned to six pens of 20 birds each. Birds were reared in indoor floor pens and moving shelters with outdoor access (during daylight hours). Absolute body (BW), heart (HW), spleen (SW), liver (LW), gizzard (GW), and abdominal fat pad (AFW) weights of the genotype S757 and male birds were statistically higher than that of the genotype GB-JA and female birds. Genotype statistically affected relative HW, whereas sex affected relative GW. Although BMD values were not influenced by genotype or sex, S757 birds and males presented statistically higher tibial BMC, lean, lean+BMC, total mass values (g) and area (cm2) compared with GB-JA birds and females. BW, HW, SW, LW, GW and AFW were positively correlated with BMC obtained by DXA. In conclusion, the measured traits influenced by genetic strain and sex. The use of the Hubbard S757 genotype in organic production systems with outdoor access is recommend.(AU)

Edible Giblets and Bone Mineral Characteristics of Two Slow-Growing Chicken Genotypes Reared in an Organic System

This study was conducted to compare edible giblets weight, tibial bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) of two slow-growing broiler genotypes (Hubbard S757; S757 and Hubbard Grey Barred JA; GB-JA) reared with outdoor access, and to determine the relationship between these variables. Day-old chicks (straight-run) of the genotypes S757 (n=120) and GB-JA (n=120) were housed for 98 days. Each genotype was assigned to six pens of 20 birds each. Birds were reared in indoor floor pens and moving shelters with outdoor access (during daylight hours). Absolute body (BW), heart (HW), spleen (SW), liver (LW), gizzard (GW), and abdominal fat pad (AFW) weights of the genotype S757 and male birds were statistically higher than that of the genotype GB-JA and female birds. Genotype statistically affected relative HW, whereas sex affected relative GW. Although BMD values were not influenced by genotype or sex, S757 birds and males presented statistically higher tibial BMC, lean, lean+BMC, total mass values (g) and area (cm2) compared with GB-JA birds and females. BW, HW, SW, LW, GW and AFW were positively correlated with BMC obtained by DXA. In conclusion, the measured traits influenced by genetic strain and sex. The use of the Hubbard S757 genotype in organic production systems with outdoor access is recommend.

A simple and fast sampling method for chemical analyses and densitometry of bones through rib biopsies in cattle

ABSTRACT: We developed and evaluated a fast and simple method to obtain suitable bone samples for densitometry and chemical analysis through biopsies of the 12th rib of cattle. The postoperative recovery, dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily weight gain (ADG) was evaluated in 36 Nellore steers, nine of which were randomly selected for the control group and 27 others were rib biopsied. Every 30 days, rib biopsy was performed in nine steers, using a corded-electric pistol-grip drill coupled with a hole saw of a 3mm diameter pilot drill bit. This rib biopsy technique provided a suitable sample obtained in a fast way and allowed the surgeon to work alone with the animal slightly sedated and restrained in the crush. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected in biopsied animals. At the end of the experimental period (116 days) the average daily weight gain (ADG) was similar in the steers biopsied or not. The described method provided rib samples from cattle suitable for densitometry and chemical analysis of bone tissue without effects on health and performance. This information could greatly increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency in cattle raised on pasture and allow the evaluation of bone metabolism in experimental animals.

RESUMO: No presente estudo foi desenvolvida uma técnica para se obter, de forma rápida e simples, amostras da 12a costela bovina por meio de biópsias. Avaliou-se a recuperação pós-operatória (durante 15 dias), o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e o ganho de peso diário (GMD) de 36 novilhos Nelores, sendo nove animais controles e 27 submetidos à biópsia. A cada 30 dias biópsias de costelas foram realizadas em nove animais, usando uma furadeira elétrica acoplada a uma serra-copo com uma broca-guia de 3mm de diâmetro. Esta técnica de biópsia permitiu obter amostras ósseas de forma rápida, com o cirurgião operando sozinho e com os animais levemente sedados e em estação. Ao término do experimento (116 dias) o CMS e o GMD não foram afetados pelo procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras obtidas foram adequadas para exames radiográficos e subsequentes análises químicas. O conjunto de informações adquiridas com a técnica de biópsia de costelas permite aumentar a exatidão no diagnóstico da deficiência de fósforo em bovinos criados em pastagens e também realizar estudos sobre metabolismo ósseo em animais experimentais.

A simple and fast sampling method for chemical analyses and densitometry of bones through rib biopsies in cattle / Uma técnica simples e rápida de amostrar costelas para análises químicas e densitométricas por meio de biópsias em bovinos

We developed and evaluated a fast and simple method to obtain suitable bone samples for densitometry and chemical analysis through biopsies of the 12th rib of cattle. The postoperative recovery, dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily weight gain (ADG) was evaluated in 36 Nellore steers, nine of which were randomly selected for the control group and 27 others were rib biopsied. Every 30 days, rib biopsy was performed in nine steers, using a corded-electric pistol-grip drill coupled with a hole saw of a 3mm diameter pilot drill bit. This rib biopsy technique provided a suitable sample obtained in a fast way and allowed the surgeon to work alone with the animal slightly sedated and restrained in the crush. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected in biopsied animals. At the end of the experimental period (116 days) the average daily weight gain (ADG) was similar in the steers biopsied or not. The described method provided rib samples from cattle suitable for densitometry and chemical analysis of bone tissue without effects on health and performance. This information could greatly increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency in cattle raised on pasture and allow the evaluation of bone metabolism in experimental animals.(AU)

No presente estudo foi desenvolvida uma técnica para se obter, de forma rápida e simples, amostras da 12a costela bovina por meio de biópsias. Avaliou-se a recuperação pós-operatória (durante 15 dias), o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e o ganho de peso diário (GMD) de 36 novilhos Nelores, sendo nove animais controles e 27 submetidos à biópsia. A cada 30 dias biópsias de costelas foram realizadas em nove animais, usando uma furadeira elétrica acoplada a uma serra-copo com uma broca-guia de 3mm de diâmetro. Esta técnica de biópsia permitiu obter amostras ósseas de forma rápida, com o cirurgião operando sozinho e com os animais levemente sedados e em estação. Ao término do experimento (116 dias) o CMS e o GMD não foram afetados pelo procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras obtidas foram adequadas para exames radiográficos e subsequentes análises químicas. O conjunto de informações adquiridas com a técnica de biópsia de costelas permite aumentar a exatidão no diagnóstico da deficiência de fósforo em bovinos criados em pastagens e também realizar estudos sobre metabolismo ósseo em animais experimentais.(AU)

A simple and fast sampling method for chemical analyses and densitometry of bones through rib biopsies in cattle / Uma técnica simples e rápida de amostrar costelas para análises químicas e densitométricas por meio de biópsias em bovinos

We developed and evaluated a fast and simple method to obtain suitable bone samples for densitometry and chemical analysis through biopsies of the 12th rib of cattle. The postoperative recovery, dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily weight gain (ADG) was evaluated in 36 Nellore steers, nine of which were randomly selected for the control group and 27 others were rib biopsied. Every 30 days, rib biopsy was performed in nine steers, using a corded-electric pistol-grip drill coupled with a hole saw of a 3mm diameter pilot drill bit. This rib biopsy technique provided a suitable sample obtained in a fast way and allowed the surgeon to work alone with the animal slightly sedated and restrained in the crush. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected in biopsied animals. At the end of the experimental period (116 days) the average daily weight gain (ADG) was similar in the steers biopsied or not. The described method provided rib samples from cattle suitable for densitometry and chemical analysis of bone tissue without effects on health and performance. This information could greatly increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency in cattle raised on pasture and allow the evaluation of bone metabolism in experimental animals.(AU)

No presente estudo foi desenvolvida uma técnica para se obter, de forma rápida e simples, amostras da 12a costela bovina por meio de biópsias. Avaliou-se a recuperação pós-operatória (durante 15 dias), o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e o ganho de peso diário (GMD) de 36 novilhos Nelores, sendo nove animais controles e 27 submetidos à biópsia. A cada 30 dias biópsias de costelas foram realizadas em nove animais, usando uma furadeira elétrica acoplada a uma serra-copo com uma broca-guia de 3mm de diâmetro. Esta técnica de biópsia permitiu obter amostras ósseas de forma rápida, com o cirurgião operando sozinho e com os animais levemente sedados e em estação. Ao término do experimento (116 dias) o CMS e o GMD não foram afetados pelo procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras obtidas foram adequadas para exames radiográficos e subsequentes análises químicas. O conjunto de informações adquiridas com a técnica de biópsia de costelas permite aumentar a exatidão no diagnóstico da deficiência de fósforo em bovinos criados em pastagens e também realizar estudos sobre metabolismo ósseo em animais experimentais.(AU)

25-HIDROXIVITAMINA-D3 MELHORA O METABOLISMO ENERGÉTICO E O DESEMPENHO DE VACAS LEITEIRAS

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação na dieta acidogênica de calcidiol nos minerais e metabólitos no sangue, balanço mineral, incidência de doenças no pós-parto, perfil hematológico, comportamento ingestivo, balanço de energia, e produção de leite em vacas leiteiras da raça Holandês. Foram utilizadas 40 vacas multíparas com peso corporal de (PC), escore de condição corporal (ECC), número de lactações e produção média na lactação anterior, respectivamente, (média ± desvio padrão) de 661,2 ± 59,18 kg; 3,46 ± 0,35; 1,7 ± 0,86; e 33,1 ± 6,42 kg/dia, alocadas dentro de blocos (20 vacas em cada tratamento) 30 dias antes da data prevista do parto, recebendo uma dieta basal acidogênica (373 g/kg de FDN e 136 g/kg de PB com base na matéria seca; 110 mEq/kg), os tratamentos foram: i) suplementação com colecalciferol (CTRL) (3,0 mg/dia) e ii) suplementação com calcidiol (CA) na concentração de 3,0 mg/dia. Após o parto, todas as vacas receberam a mesma dieta de lactação. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 7, 0, 1, 2, 7, 21 e 42 relativos ao parto para análise de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, 25-hidroxivitamina-D3, paratormônio, glicose, insulina, ácidos graxos não esterificados e ß-hidroxibutirato. Não houve efeito de tratamento para o cálcio ionizado no pré-parto (7d). Tendência de aumento na concentração de cálcio (Ca) ionizado (iCa) foi observada no pós-parto nas vacas suplementadas com calcidiol (+0,07 mM). O calcidiol aumentou a concentração de 25-OH-D3 no plasma (CTRL = 66,6 vs. CA = 245,3 ng/mL). As vacas suplementadas com calcidiol excretaram mais Ca na urina (+4,82 g/dia). As vacas suplementadas com calcidiol apresentaram tendência de aumento na ingestão de matéria seca no pré-parto (+1,0 kg/dia). A suplementação com calcidiol aumentou a concentração de glicose no plasma e reduziu a concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados no plasma. A suplementação com calcidiol aumentou as produções de colostro, de leite (CTRL = 29,7 vs. CA = 32,5 kg/dia), leite corrigido para gordura (CTRL = 29,9 vs. CA = 33,1 kg/dia) e leite corrigido para energia (CTRL = 29,3 vs. CA = 32,4 kg/dia). Houve tendência de aumento na ingestão calórica para o grupo calcidiol. A fonte de vitamina D não afetou o balanço energético líquido e o peso corporal no pré-parto. Houve tendência para aumento da energia líquida secretada no leite para as vacas tratadas com calcidiol (CTRL = 19,9 vs. CA = 21,7 Mcal/dia). A suplementação de vacas leiteiras nos últimos 21 dias pré-parto com calcidiol melhorou o metabolismo ósseo e aumentou a excreção de Ca na urina; aumentou a produção de colostro e a concentração de glicose no dia do parto; melhorou o metabolismo energético e aumentou a produção de leite, leite corrigido para gordura e energia, e a produção dos constituintes do leite.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation in the acidogenic diet of calcidiol on minerals and metabolites in the blood, mineral balance, incidence of postpartum diseases, hematological profile, ingestive behavior, energy balance, and milk yield in Holstein dairy cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows with mean body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), parity and milk production in the previous lactation, respectively (mean ± standard deviation) of 661.2 ± 59.18 kg; 3.46 ± 0.35; 1.7 ± 0.86; and 33.1 ± 6.42 kg/d, were allocated within the blocks (20 cows per treatment), 30 days before the expected calving date receiving an acidogenic diet (373 g/kg of NDF and 136 g/kg of CP; DM basis; 110 mEq/kg). Dietary treatments were: i) cholecalciferol (CTRL) at 3.0 mg/d; ii) calcidiol (CA) at 3.0 mg/d. The experimental diets were provided 30 days before the expected calving date until the day of calving. After calving, all cows fed the same lactation diet. Blood samples were collected on 7, 0, 1, 2, 7, 21 and 42 days related to calving for analysis of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3, glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids and ß-hydroxybutyrate. There was no treatment effect for ionized calcium (iCa) in the prepartum period (7d). A trend of increase in iCa was observed in the postpartum for the cows supplemented with calcidiol (+0.07 mM). Calcidiol increased the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (CTRL = 66.6 vs. CA = 245.3 ng/mL). Cows supplemented with calcidiol excreted more Ca in the urine (+4.82 g/d). Calcidiol tended increase the prepartum DMI (+1.0 kg/d). Calcidiol increased colostrum yield, glucose and reduced non-esterified fatty acids concentration. Calcidiol increased milk yield (CTRL = 29.7 vs. CA = 32.5 kg/d), fat-corrected milk (CTRL = 29.9 vs. CA = 33.1 kg/d) and energy-corrected milk (CTRL = 29.3 vs. CA = 32.4 kg/d). The cows fed calcidiol tended increase the caloric intake. The source of vitamin D did not affect the net energy balance and body weight. Calcidiol tended increase energy secreted as milk (CTRL = 19.9 vs. CA = 21.7 Mcal/d). Supplementation of dairy cows in the last 21 days prior to calving with calcidiol improved bone metabolism and increased the urine Ca excretion; increased colostrum yield and glucose concentration on calving day; improved energy metabolism and increased milk production, fat and energy corrected milk, and production of milk constituents.

CALCIUM BALANCE, BONE DENSITY, AND PERFORMANCE OF LATE-LACTATION DAIRY COWS WITH SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD VITAMIN D

Em bovinos a análise de densitometria óptica radiográfica tem sido muito pouco utilizada. 14 Com a padronização da técnica e facilidade de utilização da ferramenta e obtenção do 15 dado, esta técnica pode ser utilizada para avaliar o metabolismo ósseo da vaca leiteira. 16 Com isto, objetivou-se padronizar a técnica de densitometria óptica radiográfica e valores 17 da densidade mineral em bovinos leiteiros e correlacionar os valores com idade, peso e 18 marcadores séricos (Ca total, Ca ionizado, P, Mg, osteocalcina, fosfatase alcalina do osso 19 e telopeptídeo carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX-1)). Foram avaliadas trinta vacas 20 holandesas (230 ± 137 DEL, 8 primíparas) produção de leite 31,3 ± 6,3 kg/d, ingestão de 21 matéria seca 23,0 ± 3,8 kg/d e peso 666 ± 83 kg. Foi avaliado no primeiro dia (d 0) e após 22 84 dias (d 84), a densidade mineral óssea, peso corporal, idade e concentrações séricas de 23 Ca ionizado, Ca total, P, Mg. Os parâmetros sanguíneos osteocalcina, fosfatase alcalina 24 óssea e CTX-1 foram avaliados somente no dia 84, com intuito de verificar a correlação 25 entre os parâmetros. A densidade mineral óssea (DMO) é maior com o avançar da idade 26 das vacas, apresentando resultado significativos para três regiões de avaliação. Animais 27 com maior idade aumentaram peso (681 vs 623 Kg) e reduziram fósforo (6,10 vs 6,66 28 mg/dL) e telopeptídeo carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX-1) (0,32 vs 0,56 ng/mL), 29 e tenderam a reduzir fosfatase óssea (25,31 vs 32,21 ng/mL) comparado com animais 30 mais jovens. Com avançar do dia de lactação (DEL) a DMO das vacas leiteiras foi maior, 31 excesso para a variável do carpo acessório. Com o avançar do DEL, o peso (670 vs 633 32 Kg) e as concentrações sanguíneos de cálcio total (9,38 vs 8,95 mg/dL) e cálcio ionizado 33 (5,11 vs 4,87 mg/dL) aumentaram. Os valores médios da DMO de vacas em lactação do 33 34 carpo acessório, e metacarpo na região de avaliação lateral, medial e medular, 35 apresentaram valores médios de 14,91; 27,45; 25,25 e 16,06 mmAl respectivamente. A 36 DMO em vacas leiteiras correlacionou positivamente com cálcio total e cálcio ionizado 37 das regiões do carpo acessório, e metacarpo córtex lateral, medial e medular. Pesos 38 corporais das vacas apresentaram boa correlação com a DMO das radiografias do córtex 39 lateral, medial e medular do metacarpo. A fosfatase alcalina do osso correlacionou 40 negativamente com a DMO do metacarpo lateral. E o marcador de reabsorção óssea CTX41 1 tendeu a correlacionar negativamente com todas as medidas das radiografias do córtex 42 do metacarpo lateral e medial. Conclui-se que a DMO determinada por densitometria 43 óptica em imagem radiográfica é uma metodologia de fácil execução, reprodutibilidade e 44 baixo custo que pode ser empregado na avaliação da DMO em vacas leiteiras.

Vitamin D can affect Ca metabolism, bone remodeling, and lactation performance of dairy cows. The 15 objective of this experiment was to evaluate lactation performance, body Ca retention, and bone 16 density of late lactation dairy cows subjected to supraphysiological concentration of blood 25(OH)D 17 for 12 weeks. We hypothesized that the increase in blood 25(OH)D would improve Ca retention, bone 18 mineralization, and lactation performance. Thirty Holsteins cows (230 ± 137 days in lactation, 8 19 primiparous) were individually fed a standard total mixed ration for 14 days and a treatment for 84 20 days. Treatments were Phy (placebo) or Supra (40,000 IU/d of calcidiol) vitamin D level or placebo. 21 The basal diet contained 1,033 UI/kg of dry matter (DM) of cholecalciferol and 0.77% Ca in DM. The 22 intake of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from the diet was 23,800 IU/d. Data was analyzed with Proc 23 Mixed of as a covariated adjusted randomized block design with repeated measures over time. 24 Significance was declared at P 0.01 and trends at P 0.10. The average plasma concentration of 25 25(OH)D of Supra was twice the concentration of Phy (117 vs 53 ng/mL). The increase in the 26 concentration of plasma 25(OH)D in response to calcidiol supplementation was of larger magnitude 27 on day 84 (+ 84.4 ng/mL) than on day 28 (+ 45.3 ng/mL). There was not a deficiency of vitamin D in 28 this group of cows. The concentrations of both forms of total Ca and ionized Ca were increased by 51 29 vitamin D on days 28 and 56, but there was no treatment difference on day 84 (9.4 mg/dL). Cows on 30 Supra excreted more Ca in urine (g/d) in week 12 than cows on Phy and there was no difference in the 31 flow of urinary Ca on week 4. The total tract apparent digestibility of Ca was not affected by vitamin 32 D level. The markers of bone deposition osteocalcin (OC) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were 33 reduced in Supra on day 84 and did not differ in day 28. The marker of bone resorption CTX-1 did not 34 differ. The maintenance of a constant blood Ca concentration with high vitamin D supply in day 84, 35 in spite of the greater loss of urinary Ca and similar Ca absorption from the digestive tract, was 36 explained by a reduction in Ca deposition in bones. The estimated retention of Ca in the body did not 37 differ. There were trends for reductions in the optical density of accessory carpal and medullar region 38 of metacarpal bones with Supra, suggestive of osteoporosis. The Supra level of vitamin D was 39 associated to increased milk yield (31.6 vs 30.9 kg/d) and had no effect on DMI (23.0 kg/d). The 40 energy-corrected milk, feed efficiencies, body condition score, body weight gain, and the total tract 41 apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter did not differ. Supra was associated with a 42 reduction in milk somatic cell count (SCC) from 105,000 to 83,500 cells/mL, suggestive of a positive 43 action of vitamin D on mammary gland immunity. Dairy cows exposed for 12 weeks to twice as much 44 concentration of blood 25(OH)D than cows with 50 ng/mL produced more milk at similar intake, had 45 lower SCC in milk, had higher concentration of blood Ca and excretion of Ca in urine, and had reduced 46 bone mineral deposition markers and bone optical density.

Effects of phytase on pig diets digestibilities, bone mineral deposition, performance and manure production / Efeitos da fitase sobre digestibilidades de dietas, deposição de minerais nos ossos, desempenho e produção de dejetos por suínos

Two trials were conducted to evaluate phytase addition to diets with corn, rice and soybean meals for swine. In the first trial, the digestibilities of gross energy and crude protein and the availabilities of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) of diets with or without phytase were evaluated in growing barrows (BW 20.42 ± 2.45 kg), using the total feces and feed collection methods. In the second trial, the parameters evaluated were pig performance, mineral contents in the 3rd and 4th metacarpals, feces production and composition of growing and finishing gilts fed one of the following diets: Positive control (PC), formulated to achieve nutrient and energy requirements of growing and finishing gilts; Negative control (NC), diet PC meeting 84% and 65% of Ca and P levels, respectively; Negative control + phytase (PHY), diet NC + 0.01% phytase (500 FTU/kg). Phytase addition improved P and Ca availabilities in 14.34% and 4.08%, respectively, compared with the diet with no phytase, in trial one. In trial two, the deposition of zinc in the metacarpals was improved by the enzyme and Ca, P and copper fecal excretions of the animals from the PC diet were greater than that observed for the PHY animals. Phytase addition improved the use of phytic phosphorous and calcium by the pigs and is recommended as a way to reduce the potential environmental impact of swine production.(AU)

Foram realizados dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar a adição de fitase a dietas contendo milho e farelos de arroz integral e de soja para suínos. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas as digestibilidades da energia e proteína brutas e as disponibilidades do cálcio (Ca) e do fósforo (P) de dietas, com e sem a suplementação de fitase, por suínos machos castrados com 20,42 ± 2,45 kg de peso vivo, pelo método da coleta total de excretas. No segundo experimento foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico, a deposição de minerais nos 3º e 4º metacarpos, a produção e a composição das fezes de fêmeas suínas nas fases de crescimento e de terminação, alimentadas com as seguintes dietas experimentais: Controle Positivo (CP) - formulada para atender as exigências nutricionais de suínos em crescimento e em terminação; Controle Negativo (CN) - CP com os níveis de Ca e P atendidos em 84% e 65%, respectivamente; Controle Negativo + Fitase (CN+F) - dieta CN + 0,01% de fitase (500 FTU/kg). A adição da enzima melhorou os coeficientes de disponibilidade do P e do Ca em 14, 34% e em 4,08%, respectivamente em relação à dieta sem fitase. No segundo experimento, a deposição de zinco nos metacarpos foi aumentada pela enzima e as excreções fecais de Ca, P e Cobre foram diminuídas pelo uso da enzima nos animais PHY em relação aos animais PC. A adição de fitase melhorou o aproveitamento do fósforo fítico e do cálcio pelos suínos, sendo recomendada como uma das formas de se reduzir o impacto ambiental causado pela suinocultura.(AU)

Available phosphorus in diet of meat quail in the growth phase / Fósforo disponível na ração de codornas de corte em fase de crescimento

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the requirement of available phosphorus (aP) for meat quails in the growth phase (22 to 42 days old). A total of 650 birds were used, the levels of available phosphorus distributed in randomized block in a factorial design 5 x 2 (levels of aP x gender) with six replications of 13 birds per pen. The available phosphorus levels were studied: 0.11, 0.21, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.51%. We evaluated the feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, the amount of calcium, phosphorus and tibia ash of birds. No effect (p>0.05) interaction between the levels of aP and gender or the isolated effect of gender. It was found that aP levels only affected the body weight gain of quail (p0.05) by aP studied. Except tibia ash all bone variables were influenced for interaction (p0.01) among the factors and gender. For quail females recommended level of 0.51% available phosphorus in the diet, given the best results, and for males was not possible to recommend a level of available phosphorus(AU)

Este experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a exigência de fósforo disponível (Pd) para codornas de corte na fase de crescimento (22 a 42 dias de idade). Foram utilizadas 650 aves, sendo os níveis de fósforo disponível distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (níveis de Pd x sexo) com seis repetições de 13 aves por parcela. Os níveis de fósforo disponível estudados foram: 0,11; 0,21; 0,31; 0,41 e 0,51%. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o teor de cálcio, fósforo e cinzas na tíbia das aves. Não foi observado efeito (p>0,05) da interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e sexo ou o efeito isolado de sexo para o desempenho das aves. Verificou-se que os níveis de Pd influenciaram somente o ganho de peso das codornas (p0,05). Com exceção das cinzas na tíbia, todas as variáveis ósseas foram influenciadas pela interação (p(AU)

Available phosphorus in diet of meat quail in the growth phase / Fósforo disponível na ração de codornas de corte em fase de crescimento

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the requirement of available phosphorus (aP) for meat quails in the growth phase (22 to 42 days old). A total of 650 birds were used, the levels of available phosphorus distributed in randomized block in a factorial design 5 x 2 (levels of aP x gender) with six replications of 13 birds per pen. The available phosphorus levels were studied: 0.11, 0.21, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.51%. We evaluated the feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, the amount of calcium, phosphorus and tibia ash of birds. No effect (p>0.05) interaction between the levels of aP and gender or the isolated effect of gender. It was found that aP levels only affected the body weight gain of quail (p0.05) by aP studied. Except tibia ash all bone variables were influenced for interaction (p0.01) among the factors and gender. For quail females recommended level of 0.51% available phosphorus in the diet, given the best results, and for males was not possible to recommend a level of available phosphorus

Este experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a exigência de fósforo disponível (Pd) para codornas de corte na fase de crescimento (22 a 42 dias de idade). Foram utilizadas 650 aves, sendo os níveis de fósforo disponível distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (níveis de Pd x sexo) com seis repetições de 13 aves por parcela. Os níveis de fósforo disponível estudados foram: 0,11; 0,21; 0,31; 0,41 e 0,51%. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o teor de cálcio, fósforo e cinzas na tíbia das aves. Não foi observado efeito (p>0,05) da interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e sexo ou o efeito isolado de sexo para o desempenho das aves. Verificou-se que os níveis de Pd influenciaram somente o ganho de peso das codornas (p0,05). Com exceção das cinzas na tíbia, todas as variáveis ósseas foram influenciadas pela interação (p