Fraturas apendiculares em cães e gatos: métodos de tratamento e desfechos / Appendicular fractures in dogs and cats: treatment methods and outcome

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi identificar a ocorrência de fraturas apendiculares em cães e gatos, os métodos de tratamento e os resultados obtidos com os mesmos, no Hospital Veterinário (HV) da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Unijuí), no município de Ijuí - RS, no período de abril de 2013 a abril de 2022. De um total de 370 procedimentos cirúrgicos para tratamento de fraturas do esqueleto apendicular, 117 foram em fêmur (31,6%), 77 em tíbia e fíbula (20,8%), 62 em rádio e ulna (16,8%), 49 em úmero (13,2%), 45 em pelve (12,2%), 7 em metatarso e metacarpo (1,9%), 7 em tarso e carpo (1,9%), 4 em escápula (1,1%) e 2 em falanges (0,5%). O número de procedimentos foi superior ao número de animais, pois alguns apresentavam mais de uma fratura em diferentes ossos. Entre os 329 animais reportados neste estudo, concluiu-se que a principal causa de fraturas em cães e gatos foi atropelamento, sendo os filhotes os mais acometidos e as fraturas femorais as mais frequentes. Os fixadores esqueléticos externos destacaram-se como o método mais utilizado e o desfecho das osteossínteses foi satisfatório, sendo que a maior casuística correspondeu a fraturas cicatrizadas.

This retrospective study aimed to identify the occurrence of appendicular fractures in dogs and cats, treatment methods, and results obtained with them, at the Veterinary Hospital (VH) of the Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Unijuí), in the city of Ijuí/RS, from April 2013 to April 2022. A total of 370 surgical procedures for the treatment of fractures of the appendicular skeleton was performed: 117 were in the fêmur (31,6%), 77 in the tíbia and fíbula (20,8%), 62 in the radius and ulna (16,8%), 49 in the humerus (13,2%), 45 in pélvis (12,2%), 7 in metatarsus and metacarpus (1,9%), 7 in tarsus and carpus (1,9%), 4 in the scapula (1,1%), and 2 in phalanges (0,5%). The number of procedures was higher than the number of animals, as some had more than one fracture in different bones. Among the 329 animals reported in this study, it was concluded that the main cause of fractures in dogs and cats was being run over, puppies were the most affected, and femoral fractures were the most frequent. External skeletal fixators stood out as the most used method and the outcome of osteosynthesis was satisfactory, with the largest number of cases corresponding to healed fractures.

Clinical and radiographic aspects of metacarpal remodeling secondary to a rubber band (latex) compression in a dog

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are a common complaint in veterinary small animal casuistic. Along with fractures, degenerative and of carcinogenic etiology are the most frequent and radiographic lesion pattern at these diseases isrelative well defined. However, traumatic lesions, considering its innumerous possibilities, may cause unusual clinical andradiographic signs which will delay diagnosis and consequently, adequate treatment. A case of bone osteolysis caused bya compressive trauma by a rubber band is described with its clinical, laboratorial and radiographic aspects.Case: A 2-year-old female dog was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB),with main complaint being an unresponsive to treatment lesion at the left thoracic limb. At physical examination it wasobserved lameness of the left thoracic limb with an ulcerative lesion at the palmar surface. At the center of the ulcer a 0.3cm line shaped yellow object was identified, similar to a rubber band. Traction was made and the object distended 5 cmwithout breaking nor leaving the injury. Showing signs of discomfort, the patient was then sedated for further manipulation. A blood sample for complete blood count and serum biochemistry was collected and radiographic image of the leftcarpometacarpal-phalangeal region was acquired. Blood analysis revealed moderate thrombocytopenia with an unremarkable serum biochemistry profile (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea). It was observedmetacarpals with increased radiopacity in bone tissue in the mid-diaphysis topography of the II, III, IV and V metacarpalbones, presence of bone remodeling with radiolucent area and slight bone loss (osteolysis) in the mid-diaphysis associatedwith discrete sclerosis of the medullary cavity of the II, III and V metacarpals. The patient was submitted to surgery and a3 cm incision was made following the way...(AU)

Clinical and radiographic aspects of metacarpal remodeling secondary to a rubber band (latex) compression in a dog

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are a common complaint in veterinary small animal casuistic. Along with fractures, degenerative and of carcinogenic etiology are the most frequent and radiographic lesion pattern at these diseases isrelative well defined. However, traumatic lesions, considering its innumerous possibilities, may cause unusual clinical andradiographic signs which will delay diagnosis and consequently, adequate treatment. A case of bone osteolysis caused bya compressive trauma by a rubber band is described with its clinical, laboratorial and radiographic aspects.Case: A 2-year-old female dog was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB),with main complaint being an unresponsive to treatment lesion at the left thoracic limb. At physical examination it wasobserved lameness of the left thoracic limb with an ulcerative lesion at the palmar surface. At the center of the ulcer a 0.3cm line shaped yellow object was identified, similar to a rubber band. Traction was made and the object distended 5 cmwithout breaking nor leaving the injury. Showing signs of discomfort, the patient was then sedated for further manipulation. A blood sample for complete blood count and serum biochemistry was collected and radiographic image of the leftcarpometacarpal-phalangeal region was acquired. Blood analysis revealed moderate thrombocytopenia with an unremarkable serum biochemistry profile (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea). It was observedmetacarpals with increased radiopacity in bone tissue in the mid-diaphysis topography of the II, III, IV and V metacarpalbones, presence of bone remodeling with radiolucent area and slight bone loss (osteolysis) in the mid-diaphysis associatedwith discrete sclerosis of the medullary cavity of the II, III and V metacarpals. The patient was submitted to surgery and a3 cm incision was made following the way...

Pulmonary carcinoma metastasis in a feline digit

Background: Primary pulmonary neoplasia is rare in domestic cats, with fewer than 1% of all tumors diagnosed in thisspecies. Primary lung tumors have a high percentage of metastases, observed in up to 75% of cases in cats. The lung-digitsyndrome is characterized by primary pulmonary neoplasms with metastases to the extremities of the limbs, mainly distalphalanges, possibly involving several digits and more than one limb. This report describes a case of pulmonary carcinomametastasis in a cat digit.Case: A 16-year-old neutered female cat was showing increased volume of the fourth digit was examined at the Universityof Caxias do Sul veterinary clinic. The animal also showed signs of progressive weight loss, apathy and limping on theright thoracic limb. After clinical evaluation, the animal was sent for radiographic examination of the right metacarpal/phalangeal region and the thorax. A radiopaque structure was observed with discreet central regions of radiolucency,measuring approximately 3 cm in height, 3.4 cm in length and 2.4 cm in depth in the left caudal lung, suggesting neoplasiaor pulmonary abscess. Digit image revealed osteolysis of the right and middle distal phalanx measuring 2 cm in height, 3cm in breadth and 1 cm in length. In view of these radiographic changes, we performed fine needle aspiration cytology ofthe digit and a nodule in the region of the skeletal musculature of the right thoracic limb. Cytological evaluation revealedcells had cilia on their surface (compatible with respiratory epithelium). The cytologic findings of the fine-needle biopsywere suggestive of carcinoma. After stabilization, the digit was amputated. The material was sent to the laboratory of theFederal University of Pelotas for histopathological examination...

Pulmonary carcinoma metastasis in a feline digit

Background: Primary pulmonary neoplasia is rare in domestic cats, with fewer than 1% of all tumors diagnosed in thisspecies. Primary lung tumors have a high percentage of metastases, observed in up to 75% of cases in cats. The lung-digitsyndrome is characterized by primary pulmonary neoplasms with metastases to the extremities of the limbs, mainly distalphalanges, possibly involving several digits and more than one limb. This report describes a case of pulmonary carcinomametastasis in a cat digit.Case: A 16-year-old neutered female cat was showing increased volume of the fourth digit was examined at the Universityof Caxias do Sul veterinary clinic. The animal also showed signs of progressive weight loss, apathy and limping on theright thoracic limb. After clinical evaluation, the animal was sent for radiographic examination of the right metacarpal/phalangeal region and the thorax. A radiopaque structure was observed with discreet central regions of radiolucency,measuring approximately 3 cm in height, 3.4 cm in length and 2.4 cm in depth in the left caudal lung, suggesting neoplasiaor pulmonary abscess. Digit image revealed osteolysis of the right and middle distal phalanx measuring 2 cm in height, 3cm in breadth and 1 cm in length. In view of these radiographic changes, we performed fine needle aspiration cytology ofthe digit and a nodule in the region of the skeletal musculature of the right thoracic limb. Cytological evaluation revealedcells had cilia on their surface (compatible with respiratory epithelium). The cytologic findings of the fine-needle biopsywere suggestive of carcinoma. After stabilization, the digit was amputated. The material was sent to the laboratory of theFederal University of Pelotas for histopathological examination...(AU)

Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calf’s forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...

Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calfs forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...(AU)

Ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological characterization of the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament in Crioulo horses / Caracterização ultrassonográfica, macroscópica e histológica da inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório em cavalos Crioulos

Although ultrasound (US) is a routine diagnostic modality, it still presents limitations for the diagnosis of lesions such as those in the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament (PISL) because of its composition, which includes muscle fibers and adipose tissue interspersed with the ligament fibers. The objective of the present study was to describe the ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological aspects of the PISL of thoracic limbs (TL) and pelvic limbs (PL) in Crioulo horses (CH). We selected 34 specimens of TL (right and left) and 10 specimens of PL of horses with a mean age of 5.7 years, from a private clinic or sent to the Department of Veterinary Pathology of UFSM, which died from different causes. The animals had no previous history of lameness in selected limbs associated with PISL injuries. The 34 specimens of PISL of TL were divided into CH (n=25) and Thoroughbred horses (TBH) (n=9), which composed the control group, and 11 specimens of PISL of PL were divided into CH (n=8) and TBH (n=3), which also served as control. The US examination was performed in the PISL using a Sonosite Edge device, 5-10 MHz linear transducer, with cross-sectional and longitudinal palmaromedial and palmarolateral images of the proximal surface of metacarpus III, II and IV (MCIII/MCII/MCIV). In PL, the evaluation was performed four centimeters below the chestnut in the plantaromedial aspect of metatarsus III and II (MTIII/MTII). PISL lobulated shape and size were compared with those of the contralateral limb, as well as the regularity of the palmar bone surface of MC III, II and IV. Subsequently, dissection of the PISL lobes was performed, as well as its macroscopic evaluation, which preceded the histological processing of the samples. In specimens of the CH breed, PISL showed echogenicity varying from peripheral dorsal hyperechogenic zones that merge into echogenic and hypoechogenic zones, where lobulation occurs. In the samples from the TBH group, PISL was also lobulated, but with differences in the echogenicity pattern such as diffuse hypoechogenicity and echogenicity. Macroscopically, CH samples presented a large amount of adipose tissue that corresponds to the dorsal peripheral zone of PISL, which ends in the connective tissue that delimits the ligamentous lobes. On a macroscopic cross-section of PISL, muscle fibers in red are mixed with white ligament fibers in the center of the ligament. This macroscopic finding was not observed in TBH samples, in which muscle fibers overlap ligament fibers throughout the ligament extension and a small amount of fat is present in the dorsal periphery of the ligament. PISL of PL had a triangular shape with echogenicity characteristics very similar to those observed in TL. In ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological evaluation, PISL samples of TL and PL in CH showed a larger amount of peripheral dorsal adipose tissue, as well as a larger number of merged ligament and muscle fibers compared with those in TBH.(AU)

Embora uma modalidade diagnóstica rotineira, a ultrassonografia ainda possui algumas limitações para o diagnóstico de lesões como as que afetam a inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório (IPLS). Uma dessas limitações é relacionada à composição desse ligamento que inclui fibras musculares e tecido adiposo intercalados entre as fibras ligamentares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever os aspectos ultrassonográficos (US), macroscópicos e histológicos da IPLS de membros torácicos (MT) e membros pélvicos (MP) de equinos da raça crioulo (CC). Foram selecionados 34 espécimes de MT (direito e esquerdo) e 10 espécimes de MP de equinos com idade média de 5,7 anos, que vieram a óbito por diferentes causas, oriundos de uma clínica privada ou destinados ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da UFSM. Não havia histórico prévio de claudicações nos membros selecionados que pudessem estar relacionadas a lesões da IPLS. Os 34 espécimes da IPLS MT foram divididos pela raça CC (n=25) e Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) (n=9), o qual serviu como grupo controle e, 11 espécimes da IPLS do MP divididos em raça CC (n=8) e PSI (n=3) também como grupo controle. O exame US foi realizado na IPLS com um aparelho Sonosite Edge, transdutor linear de 5-10 MHz, com imagens transversais e longitudinais palmaromedial e palmarolateral da face proximal do metacarpiano (MC) III, II e IV. No MP a avaliação foi realizada quatro centímetros abaixo da castanha no aspecto plantaromedial do metatarsiano III e II (MTIII / MTII). Foram também observadas à forma lobulada da IPLS e o tamanho em comparação ao membro contralateral, bem como a regularidade da superfície óssea palmar do MC III, II, IV. Posteriormente foi realizada a dissecação dos lobos IPLS, bem como a avaliação macroscópica dos mesmos que antecedeu o processamento das amostras para histologia. Em espécimes CC, a IPLS possui uma ecogenicidade que varia de zonas periféricas dorsais hiperecogênicas que se mesclam a zonas ecogênicas e hipoecogênicas onde ocorre a sua lobulação. Nas amostras do grupo PSI, a IPLS também é lobulada, mas com diferenças no padrão de ecogenicidade como, hipoecogenicidade e ecogenicidade difusas. Macroscopicamente, as amostras CC apresentaram uma grande quantidade de tecido adiposo que corresponde à zona periférica dorsal da IPLS, a qual termina no tecido conjuntivo que delimita os lobos ligamentares. Em uma secção transversal macroscópica da IPLS as fibras musculares em vermelho se mesclam as fibras ligamentares brancas no centro do ligamento. Este achado macroscópico não foi observado na raça PSI, onde as fibras musculares intercalam as fibras ligamentares em toda a extensão do ligamento e pequenas quantidades de gordura estão presentes na periferia dorsal do mesmo. A IPLS no MP possui um formato triangular com características de ecogenicidade muito similares as citadas no MT. Na avaliação US, macroscópica e histológica as amostras da IPLS em MT e MP de equinos na raça CC demonstraram uma maior quantidade de tecido adiposo dorsal periférico bem como, uma maior quantidade de fibras musculares e ligamentares mescladas em comparação às amostras PSI.(AU)

Ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological characterization of the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament in Crioulo horses / Caracterização ultrassonográfica, macroscópica e histológica da inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório em cavalos Crioulos

Although ultrasound (US) is a routine diagnostic modality, it still presents limitations for the diagnosis of lesions such as those in the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament (PISL) because of its composition, which includes muscle fibers and adipose tissue interspersed with the ligament fibers. The objective of the present study was to describe the ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological aspects of the PISL of thoracic limbs (TL) and pelvic limbs (PL) in Crioulo horses (CH). We selected 34 specimens of TL (right and left) and 10 specimens of PL of horses with a mean age of 5.7 years, from a private clinic or sent to the Department of Veterinary Pathology of UFSM, which died from different causes. The animals had no previous history of lameness in selected limbs associated with PISL injuries. The 34 specimens of PISL of TL were divided into CH (n=25) and Thoroughbred horses (TBH) (n=9), which composed the control group, and 11 specimens of PISL of PL were divided into CH (n=8) and TBH (n=3), which also served as control. The US examination was performed in the PISL using a Sonosite Edge device, 5-10 MHz linear transducer, with cross-sectional and longitudinal palmaromedial and palmarolateral images of the proximal surface of metacarpus III, II and IV (MCIII/MCII/MCIV). In PL, the evaluation was performed four centimeters below the chestnut in the plantaromedial aspect of metatarsus III and II (MTIII/MTII). PISL lobulated shape and size were compared with those of the contralateral limb, as well as the regularity of the palmar bone surface of MC III, II and IV. Subsequently, dissection of the PISL lobes was performed, as well as its macroscopic evaluation, which preceded the histological processing of the samples. In specimens of the CH breed, PISL showed echogenicity varying from peripheral dorsal hyperechogenic zones that merge into echogenic and hypoechogenic zones, where lobulation occurs. In the samples from the TBH group, PISL was also lobulated, but with differences in the echogenicity pattern such as diffuse hypoechogenicity and echogenicity. Macroscopically, CH samples presented a large amount of adipose tissue that corresponds to the dorsal peripheral zone of PISL, which ends in the connective tissue that delimits the ligamentous lobes. On a macroscopic cross-section of PISL, muscle fibers in red are mixed with white ligament fibers in the center of the ligament. This macroscopic finding was not observed in TBH samples, in which muscle fibers overlap ligament fibers throughout the ligament extension and a small amount of fat is present in the dorsal periphery of the ligament. PISL of PL had a triangular shape with echogenicity characteristics very similar to those observed in TL.(AU)

Embora uma modalidade diagnóstica rotineira, a ultrassonografia ainda possui algumas limitações para o diagnóstico de lesões como as que afetam a inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório (IPLS). Uma dessas limitações é relacionada à composição desse ligamento que inclui fibras musculares e tecido adiposo intercalados entre as fibras ligamentares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever os aspectos ultrassonográficos (US), macroscópicos e histológicos da IPLS de membros torácicos (MT) e membros pélvicos (MP) de equinos da raça crioulo (CC). Foram selecionados 34 espécimes de MT (direito e esquerdo) e 10 espécimes de MP de equinos com idade média de 5,7 anos, que vieram a óbito por diferentes causas, oriundos de uma clínica privada ou destinados ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da UFSM. Não havia histórico prévio de claudicações nos membros selecionados que pudessem estar relacionadas a lesões da IPLS. Os 34 espécimes da IPLS MT foram divididos pela raça CC (n=25) e Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) (n=9), o qual serviu como grupo controle e, 11 espécimes da IPLS do MP divididos em raça CC (n=8) e PSI (n=3) também como grupo controle. O exame US foi realizado na IPLS com um aparelho Sonosite Edge, transdutor linear de 5-10 MHz, com imagens transversais e longitudinais palmaromedial e palmarolateral da face proximal do metacarpiano (MC) III, II e IV. No MP a avaliação foi realizada quatro centímetros abaixo da castanha no aspecto plantaromedial do metatarsiano III e II (MTIII / MTII). Foram também observadas à forma lobulada da IPLS e o tamanho em comparação ao membro contralateral, bem como a regularidade da superfície óssea palmar do MC III, II, IV. Posteriormente foi realizada a dissecação dos lobos IPLS, bem como a avaliação macroscópica dos mesmos que antecedeu o processamento das amostras para histologia. Em espécimes CC, a IPLS possui uma ecogenicidade que varia de zonas periféricas dorsais hiperecogênicas que se mesclam a zonas ecogênicas e hipoecogênicas onde ocorre a sua lobulação. Nas amostras do grupo PSI, a IPLS também é lobulada, mas com diferenças no padrão de ecogenicidade como, hipoecogenicidade e ecogenicidade difusas. Macroscopicamente, as amostras CC apresentaram uma grande quantidade de tecido adiposo que corresponde à zona periférica dorsal da IPLS, a qual termina no tecido conjuntivo que delimita os lobos ligamentares. Em uma secção transversal macroscópica da IPLS as fibras musculares em vermelho se mesclam as fibras ligamentares brancas no centro do ligamento. Este achado macroscópico não foi observado na raça PSI, onde as fibras musculares intercalam as fibras ligamentares em toda a extensão do ligamento e pequenas quantidades de gordura estão presentes na periferia dorsal do mesmo.(AU)

Use of a porous cellulose membrane (Membracel®) and moxibustion for severe excoriative injury in a chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) / Utilização de membrana celular porosa (Membracel®) e moxabustão em lesão escoriativa severa em mandrião chileno(Catharacta chilensis)

The use of alternative therapeutic approaches in wild animals has gained notoriety due to its efficiency, low cost and reduced or nonexistent stressors. The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment of a bilateral excoriative lesion in the region of the dorsal metacarpus in a Chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) in a rehabilitation process with the use of a porous cell membrane, sold commercially, in concomitance with moxibustion sessions with herbs (Artemisia vulgaris). The healing time of 14 days was reduced when compared to traditional techniques and proved the viability and efficacy of the treatment.(AU)

O uso de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas em animais selvagens tem ganhado notoriedade em virtude de sua eficiência, baixo custo e estímulos estressores reduzidos ou inexistentes. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia do tratamento de uma lesão escoriativa bilateral em região do dorsal metacarpo em um mandrião chileno (Catharacta chilensis) em processo de reabilitação com o uso de uma membrana celular porosa vendida comercialmente, em concomitância com sessões de moxabustão com ervas (Artemisia vulgaris). O tempo de cicatrização de catorze dias mostrou-se reduzido quando comparado ao de outras técnicas tradicionais e provou a viabilidade e eficácia do tratamento.(AU)

Use of a porous cellulose membrane (Membracel®) and moxibustion for severe excoriative injury in a chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) / Utilização de membrana celular porosa (Membracel®) e moxabustão em lesão escoriativa severa em mandrião chileno(Catharacta chilensis)

The use of alternative therapeutic approaches in wild animals has gained notoriety due to its efficiency, low cost and reduced or nonexistent stressors. The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment of a bilateral excoriative lesion in the region of the dorsal metacarpus in a Chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) in a rehabilitation process with the use of a porous cell membrane, sold commercially, in concomitance with moxibustion sessions with herbs (Artemisia vulgaris). The healing time of 14 days was reduced when compared to traditional techniques and proved the viability and efficacy of the treatment.(AU)

O uso de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas em animais selvagens tem ganhado notoriedade em virtude de sua eficiência, baixo custo e estímulos estressores reduzidos ou inexistentes. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia do tratamento de uma lesão escoriativa bilateral em região do dorsal metacarpo em um mandrião chileno (Catharacta chilensis) em processo de reabilitação com o uso de uma membrana celular porosa vendida comercialmente, em concomitância com sessões de moxabustão com ervas (Artemisia vulgaris). O tempo de cicatrização de catorze dias mostrou-se reduzido quando comparado ao de outras técnicas tradicionais e provou a viabilidade e eficácia do tratamento.(AU)

Use of a porous cellulose membrane (Membracel®) and moxibustion for severe excoriative injury in a chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) / Utilização de membrana celular porosa (Membracel®) e moxabustão em lesão escoriativa severa em mandrião chileno (Catharacta chilensis)

The use of alternative therapeutic approaches in wild animals has gained notoriety due to its efficiency, low cost and reduced or nonexistent stressors. The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment of a bilateral excoriative lesion in the region of the dorsal metacarpus in a Chilean skua (Catharacta chilensis) in a rehabilitation process with the use of a porous cell membrane, sold commercially, in concomitance with moxibustion sessions with herbs (Artemisia vulgaris). The healing time of 14 days was reduced when compared to traditional techniques and proved the viability and efficacy of the treatment.

O uso de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas em animais selvagens tem ganhado notoriedade em virtude de sua eficiência, baixo custo e estímulos estressores reduzidos ou inexistentes. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia do tratamento de uma lesão escoriativa bilateral em região do dorsal metacarpo em um mandrião chileno (Catharacta chilensis) em processo de reabilitação com o uso de uma membrana celular porosa vendida comercialmente, em concomitância com sessões de moxabustão com ervas (Artemisia vulgaris). O tempo de cicatrização de catorze dias mostrou-se reduzido quando comparado ao de outras técnicas tradicionais e provou a viabilidade e eficácia do tratamento.

DIGITAL CONTRAST VENOGRAPHY IN VIVO OF THE FORELIMB AND HINDLIMB IN HEALTHY SHEEP AND GOAT

Abstract The venographic examination allows diagnosing and treating foot diseases. It can be the basis of studies about the administration of medication in the hoof region. The aim of the study was to describe the venographic pattern in the distal region of the forelimb and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, as well as to compare vascularization between them. Ten clinically healthy sheep and goats, five male and five female of different breeds, aged 2 to 4 years and weighing 45 to 63 kg were used. The forelimbs and hindlimbs were subjected to contrast venography of the distal region. The venograms were taken in a digital X -ray machine and analyzed in the EcoView® software. The veins of the metacarpus and metatarsus; and the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats were identified 25-30 seconds after contrast injection. The technique error observed during the venography was the contrast perivascular extravasation. The venograms showed the vascularization in the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs and the communication of vessels between them. The better radiographic view to evaluate the vessels was the lateral projection. The normal venous pattern of the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats could be observed by venography.

Resumo O exame venográfico permite diagnosticar e tratar afecções da região podal. Pode ser base de estudos sobre a administração de medicação na região do casco. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o padrão venográfico na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos saudáveis, bem como comparar a vascularização entre eles. Foram utilizados 10 ovinos e caprinos clinicamente saudáveis, cinco machos e cinco fêmeas de raças diferentes, com idade entre 2 a 4 anos e pesando 45 a 63 kg. Os membros torácicos e pélvicos foram submetidos à venografia contrastada da região distal. Os venogramas foram coletados por um aparelho radiográfico digital e analisados no software EcoView®. As veias da região do metacarpo e metatarso; as falanges proximal, medial e distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos ovinos e caprinos foram identificadas 25-30 segundos após a injeção do contraste. O erro de técnica observado durante a venografia foi o extravasamento perivascular do contraste. Os venogramas revelaram a vascularização na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos e a comunicação dos vasos entre eles. A projeção lateral foi a melhor projeção radiográfica para avaliar os vasos no venograma. O padrão venoso normal da região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos pode ser observado pela venografia.

Considerações adaptativas e morfológicas dos ossos do membro torácico do Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae) / Adaptive and morphological considerations in bones of the thoracic member in Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae)

Tapirus terrestris is one of the largest mammals of the Americas, it is distributed from south of Brazil and Argentina, to the north of the South American continent. This study aimed to trace a brief history of the Tapirus animals emergence using a literature review and presents environmental and morphological adaptations of the cingular scapular bones of the arm, forearm and hand of T. terrestris. We used four Tapirs skeletons donated to the Laboratory of Education and Research on Wild Animals of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The bones were carefully analyzed and described. The Tapirus animals emerged on Earth in the beginning of Pleistocene and in South America in the Miocene. The skeleton of the scapular cingulate and arm of T. terrestris consists of the scapula and humerus bones, respectively. These bones in the species studied are quite protruding and developed. The bones that constitute the skeleton of the forearm of T. terrestris are the ulna and the radius, the bones of the hand the bones of the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges and sesamoids. The bones of T. terrestris are protuberant and resistant with accidents that, apparently help to cursorial displacement. As this is a cursorial animal, it has specific morphological adaptations that relates to its niche and habitat.

Tapirus terrestris é um dos maiores mamíferos das Américas, distribuindo-se desde o Sul do Brasil e da Argentina até o norte do continente sul-americano. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, traçar um breve histórico do surgimento dos tapirídeos através de uma revisão de literatura e apresentar as adaptações morfológicas e ambientais dos ossos do cíngulo escapular, do braço, do antebraço e da mão do T. terrestris. Utilizaram-se quatro esqueletos de antas doados ao Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Os ossos foram minuciosamente analisados e descritos. Os tapirídeos surgiram na Terra no início do Pleistoceno e na América do Sul no Mioceno. Os ossos do membro torácico são: escapula, úmero, rádio, ulna, ossos do carpo, metacarpo e falanges. Os achados permitiram verificar que esses ossos são protuberantes e resistentes, com acidentes que, aparentemente, auxiliam no deslocamento cursorial. Por ser um animal cursorial, o T. terrestris tem adaptações morfológicas específicas que se relacionam ao seu nicho e habitat.

Considerações adaptativas e morfológicas dos ossos do membro torácico do Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae) / Adaptive and morphological considerations in bones of the thoracic member in Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla, tapiridae)

Tapirus terrestris is one of the largest mammals of the Americas, it is distributed from south of Brazil and Argentina, to the north of the South American continent. This study aimed to trace a brief history of the Tapirus animals emergence using a literature review and presents environmental and morphological adaptations of the cingular scapular bones of the arm, forearm and hand of T. terrestris. We used four Tapirs skeletons donated to the Laboratory of Education and Research on Wild Animals of the Federal University of Uberlândia. The bones were carefully analyzed and described. The Tapirus animals emerged on Earth in the beginning of Pleistocene and in South America in the Miocene. The skeleton of the scapular cingulate and arm of T. terrestris consists of the scapula and humerus bones, respectively. These bones in the species studied are quite protruding and developed. The bones that constitute the skeleton of the forearm of T. terrestris are the ulna and the radius, the bones of the hand the bones of the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges and sesamoids. The bones of T. terrestris are protuberant and resistant with accidents that, apparently help to cursorial displacement. As this is a cursorial animal, it has specific morphological adaptations that relates to its niche and habitat.(AU)

Tapirus terrestris é um dos maiores mamíferos das Américas, distribuindo-se desde o Sul do Brasil e da Argentina até o norte do continente sul-americano. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, traçar um breve histórico do surgimento dos tapirídeos através de uma revisão de literatura e apresentar as adaptações morfológicas e ambientais dos ossos do cíngulo escapular, do braço, do antebraço e da mão do T. terrestris. Utilizaram-se quatro esqueletos de antas doados ao Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Os ossos foram minuciosamente analisados e descritos. Os tapirídeos surgiram na Terra no início do Pleistoceno e na América do Sul no Mioceno. Os ossos do membro torácico são: escapula, úmero, rádio, ulna, ossos do carpo, metacarpo e falanges. Os achados permitiram verificar que esses ossos são protuberantes e resistentes, com acidentes que, aparentemente, auxiliam no deslocamento cursorial. Por ser um animal cursorial, o T. terrestris tem adaptações morfológicas específicas que se relacionam ao seu nicho e habitat.(AU)

Digital contrast venography in vivo of the forelimb and hindlimb in healthy sheep and goat / Venografia digital contrastada in vivo de membro torácico e pélvico de ovinos e caprinos hígidos

The venographic examination allows diagnosing and treating foot diseases. It can be the basis of studies about the administration of medication in the hoof region. The aim of the study was to describe the venographic pattern in the distal region of the forelimb and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, as well as to compare vascularization between them. Ten clinically healthy sheep and goats, five male and five female of different breeds, aged 2 to 4 years and weighing 45 to 63 kg were used. The forelimbs and hindlimbs were subjected to contrast venography of the distal region. The venograms were taken in a digital X –ray machine and analyzed in the EcoView® software. The veins of the metacarpus and metatarsus; and the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats were identified 25–30 seconds after contrast injection. The technique error observed during the venography was the contrast perivascular extravasation. The venograms showed the vascularization in the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs and the communication of vessels between them. The better radiographic view to evaluate the vessels was the lateral projection. The normal venous pattern of the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats could be observed by venography.(AU0

O exame venográfico permite diagnosticar e tratar afecções da região podal. Pode ser base de estudos sobre a administração de medicação na região do casco. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o padrão venográfico na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos saudáveis, bem como comparar a vascularização entre eles. Foram utilizados 10 ovinos e caprinos clinicamente saudáveis, cinco machos e cinco fêmeas de raças diferentes, com idade entre 2 a 4 anos e pesando 45 a 63 kg. Os membros torácicos e pélvicos foram submetidos à venografia contrastada da região distal. Os venogramas foram coletados por um aparelho radiográfico digital e analisados no software EcoView®. As veias da região do metacarpo e metatarso; as falanges proximal, medial e distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos ovinos e caprinos foram identificadas 25-30 segundos após a injeção do contraste. O erro de técnica observado durante a venografia foi o extravasamento perivascular do contraste. Os venogramas revelaram a vascularização na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos e a comunicação dos vasos entre eles. A projeção lateral foi a melhor projeção radiográfica para avaliar os vasos no venograma. O padrão venoso normal da região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos pode ser observado pela venografia.(AU)

Digital contrast venography in vivo of the forelimb and hindlimb in healthy sheep and goat / Venografia digital contrastada in vivo de membro torácico e pélvico de ovinos e caprinos hígidos

The venographic examination allows diagnosing and treating foot diseases. It can be the basis of studies about the administration of medication in the hoof region. The aim of the study was to describe the venographic pattern in the distal region of the forelimb and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, as well as to compare vascularization between them. Ten clinically healthy sheep and goats, five male and five female of different breeds, aged 2 to 4 years and weighing 45 to 63 kg were used. The forelimbs and hindlimbs were subjected to contrast venography of the distal region. The venograms were taken in a digital X –ray machine and analyzed in the EcoView® software. The veins of the metacarpus and metatarsus; and the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats were identified 25–30 seconds after contrast injection. The technique error observed during the venography was the contrast perivascular extravasation. The venograms showed the vascularization in the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs and the communication of vessels between them. The better radiographic view to evaluate the vessels was the lateral projection. The normal venous pattern of the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats could be observed by venography.

O exame venográfico permite diagnosticar e tratar afecções da região podal. Pode ser base de estudos sobre a administração de medicação na região do casco. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o padrão venográfico na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos saudáveis, bem como comparar a vascularização entre eles. Foram utilizados 10 ovinos e caprinos clinicamente saudáveis, cinco machos e cinco fêmeas de raças diferentes, com idade entre 2 a 4 anos e pesando 45 a 63 kg. Os membros torácicos e pélvicos foram submetidos à venografia contrastada da região distal. Os venogramas foram coletados por um aparelho radiográfico digital e analisados no software EcoView®. As veias da região do metacarpo e metatarso; as falanges proximal, medial e distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos ovinos e caprinos foram identificadas 25-30 segundos após a injeção do contraste. O erro de técnica observado durante a venografia foi o extravasamento perivascular do contraste. Os venogramas revelaram a vascularização na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos e a comunicação dos vasos entre eles. A projeção lateral foi a melhor projeção radiográfica para avaliar os vasos no venograma. O padrão venoso normal da região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos pode ser observado pela venografia.

Bone Radiographic Changes in Slaughter Buffalos with Low Body Condition Index

Background: The largest buffalo herd in Brazil is located on the Island of Marajó, in the State of Pará, northern Brazil. The pastures of the Island of Marajó consist of low quality graminaceous plants, which are generally poor in protein and mineral content. Unbalanced diets associated with low quality pastures are responsible for latent, sub-clinical diseases and metabolic disorders in bovines which affect bone health, especially in periods such as pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this study was to point out and to describe the radiographic bone changes of buffalos with low body index bred in extensive system and intended for slaughter on the Island of Marajó, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Radiographic examinations of anatomical pieces were obtained from 34 animals of buffalo species, with no distinction of gender, age, or breed. The animals were selected among those that were in the stockyard waiting for slaughtering for the obtainment of the anatomical pieces. For this selection, low physical condition was considered, which mainly included individuals with body condition indexes (ICC) of 1 and 2, on a scale of 1 to 5. From this selection, 98 anatomical pieces were obtained, which included: 28 sets of ribs, 20 femurs, 26 metacarpus, 7 mandibles, 3 radius and ulnas, 4 sets of vertebrae, 4 sets of metacarpus and phalanges, 1 tarsus and 1 set of tarsus and met

Bone radiographic changes in slaughter buffalos with low body condition index

Background: The largest buffalo herd in Brazil is located on the Island of Marajó, in the State of Pará, northern Brazil. The pastures of the Island of Marajó consist of low quality graminaceous plants, which are generally poor in protein and mineral content. Unbalanced diets associated with low quality pastures are responsible for latent, sub-clinical diseases and metabolic disorders in bovines which affect bone health, especially in periods such as pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this study was to point out and to describe the radiographic bone changes of buffalos with low body index bred in extensive system and intended for slaughter on the Island of Marajó, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Radiographic examinations of anatomical pieces were obtained from 34 animals of buffalo species, with no distinction of gender, age, or breed. The animals were selected among those that were in the stockyard waiting for slaughtering for the obtainment of the anatomical pieces. For this selection, low physical condition was considered, which mainly included individuals with body condition indexes (ICC) of 1 and 2, on a scale of 1 to 5. From this selection, 98 anatomical pieces were obtained, which included: 28 sets of ribs, 20 femurs, 26 metacarpus, 7 mandibles, 3 radius and ulnas, 4 sets of vertebrae, 4 sets of metacarpus and phalanges, 1 tarsus and 1 set of tarsus and metatarsus. All the pieces were separated, identified, packed in plastic bag and forwarded to the radiographic study. At least one radiographic projection was obtained of each anatomical piece. These were identified, manually processed and stored for subsequent assessment. A single observer, in order to identify and to describe the bone radiographic changes, subjectively performed the radiographic assessment.[...](AU)

Bone radiographic changes in slaughter buffalos with low body condition index

Background: The largest buffalo herd in Brazil is located on the Island of Marajó, in the State of Pará, northern Brazil. The pastures of the Island of Marajó consist of low quality graminaceous plants, which are generally poor in protein and mineral content. Unbalanced diets associated with low quality pastures are responsible for latent, sub-clinical diseases and metabolic disorders in bovines which affect bone health, especially in periods such as pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this study was to point out and to describe the radiographic bone changes of buffalos with low body index bred in extensive system and intended for slaughter on the Island of Marajó, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Radiographic examinations of anatomical pieces were obtained from 34 animals of buffalo species, with no distinction of gender, age, or breed. The animals were selected among those that were in the stockyard waiting for slaughtering for the obtainment of the anatomical pieces. For this selection, low physical condition was considered, which mainly included individuals with body condition indexes (ICC) of 1 and 2, on a scale of 1 to 5. From this selection, 98 anatomical pieces were obtained, which included: 28 sets of ribs, 20 femurs, 26 metacarpus, 7 mandibles, 3 radius and ulnas, 4 sets of vertebrae, 4 sets of metacarpus and phalanges, 1 tarsus and 1 set of tarsus and metatarsus. All the pieces were separated, identified, packed in plastic bag and forwarded to the radiographic study. At least one radiographic projection was obtained of each anatomical piece. These were identified, manually processed and stored for subsequent assessment. A single observer, in order to identify and to describe the bone radiographic changes, subjectively performed the radiographic assessment.[...]