Surveys of the bee (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) community in a Neotropical savanna using pan traps

Abstract Bee populations are declining because of various synergistic threats, and therefore bee survey and monitoring programs are needed. Several techniques have been developed to survey bees, but the most cost-effective and suitable methods to sample bees in several sites at the same time are passive approaches, such as methods involving colored pan traps (also known as Moericke or bowl traps). Several bee surveys using pan traps have been conducted in North America, Europe, and Australia, but only a few such surveys have been done in tropical regions. We used colored pan traps (blue, yellow, and white) to assess the bee community in the Brazilian savanna ecosystem in Rio Preto State Park. Sampling was conducted in October 2013 and March 2014 along permanent trails. We also characterized the local habitat of each trail, and then we compared bee abundance with habitat complexity. In total, 187 individual bees (n = 15 species) were collected, mainly using blue and white traps. Although we were not able to sample most species that were previously recorded in this park, the pan trap method can be used to survey and monitor bee assemblages in combination with another sampling method. Habitat complexity also affected the numbers of bees sampled using the pan traps, and more bees were collected at open sites.

Surveys of the bee (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) community in a Neotropical savanna using pan traps

Bee populations are declining because of various synergistic threats, and therefore bee survey and monitoring programs are needed. Several techniques have been developed to survey bees, but the most cost-effective and suitable methods to sample bees in several sites at the same time are passive approaches, such as methods involving colored pan traps (also known as Moericke or bowl traps). Several bee surveys using pan traps have been conducted in North America, Europe, and Australia, but only a few such surveys have been done in tropical regions. We used colored pan traps (blue, yellow, and white) to assess the bee community in the Brazilian savanna ecosystem in Rio Preto State Park. Sampling was conducted in October 2013 and March 2014 along permanent trails. We also characterized the local habitat of each trail, and then we compared bee abundance with habitat complexity. In total, 187 individual bees (n = 15 species) were collected, mainly using blue and white traps. Although we were not able to sample most species that were previously recorded in this park, the pan trap method can be used to survey and monitor bee assemblages in combination with another sampling method. Habitat complexity also affected the numbers of bees sampled using the pan traps, and more bees were collected at open sites.

Surveys of the bee (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) community in a Neotropical savanna using pan traps

Bee populations are declining because of various synergistic threats, and therefore bee survey and monitoring programs are needed. Several techniques have been developed to survey bees, but the most cost-effective and suitable methods to sample bees in several sites at the same time are passive approaches, such as methods involving colored pan traps (also known as Moericke or bowl traps). Several bee surveys using pan traps have been conducted in North America, Europe, and Australia, but only a few such surveys have been done in tropical regions. We used colored pan traps (blue, yellow, and white) to assess the bee community in the Brazilian savanna ecosystem in Rio Preto State Park. Sampling was conducted in October 2013 and March 2014 along permanent trails. We also characterized the local habitat of each trail, and then we compared bee abundance with habitat complexity. In total, 187 individual bees (n = 15 species) were collected, mainly using blue and white traps. Although we were not able to sample most species that were previously recorded in this park, the pan trap method can be used to survey and monitor bee assemblages in combination with another sampling method. Habitat complexity also affected the numbers of bees sampled using the pan traps, and more bees were collected at open sites.(AU)

Diversity of parasitoid wasps in conventional and organic guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) cultivation areas in the Brazilian Amazon / Diversidade de vespas parasitoides em áreas de cultivo de guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) convencional e orgânico na Amazônia brasileira

We surveyed parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) in two guarana plantations in the central Brazilian Amazon (one conventionally, and one organically managed), as well as in adjacent forest and edge areas between crop and forest. We evaluated differences between management systems in parasitoid diversity and abundance, and assessed the importance of the surrounding matrix as a source of parasitoid wasps for guarana cultivation. Parasitoid wasp richness, abundance and taxonomic composition (at family level) were compared between plantations, and among habitats within plantations. Wasps were sampled using Malaise and Moericke traps. A total of 25,951 parasitoid wasps (10,828 in the conventional, and 15,123 in the organic crop area) were collected, and were distributed in 11 superfamilies and 38 families. In the conventional management area, the greatest abundance and richness of parasitoids were recorded in the adjacent forest, while, in the organic management area, the greatest abundance and richness were recorded in the crop-forest edge. Parasitoid wasp family richness was not influenced by management system and habitat but varied significantly between trap types. Average wasp abundance varied significantly between management systems. The presence of adjacent forest in both cultivation areas likely contributed to a greater abundance and richness of parasitoid wasps, showing the importance of preserving forest areas near the plantations.(AU)

Pesquisamos vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera) em duas plantações de guaraná na Amazônia central brasileira (uma convencional e outra manejada organicamente), bem como em florestas adjacentes e áreas de borda entre cultivo e floresta. Avaliamos as diferenças entre os sistemas de manejo na diversidade e abundância de parasitoides e a importância da matriz circundante como fonte de vespas parasitoides para o cultivo de guaraná. A riqueza de vespas parasitoides, abundância e a composição taxonômica (em nível de família) foram comparadas entre as plantações e entre os habitats nas plantações. As vespas foram amostradas usando armadilhas Malaise e Moericke. Foram coletadas 25.951 vespas parasitoides (10.828 em área de cultivo convencional e 15.123 em cultivo orgânico), distribuídas em 11 superfamílias e 38 famílias. Na área de manejo convencional, a maior abundância e riqueza de parasitoides foi registrada na floresta adjacente, enquanto na área de manejo orgânico, a maior abundância e riqueza foram registradas na borda da floresta. A riqueza de famílias de vespas parasitoides não foi influenciada pelo sistema de manejo e habitat, mas variou significativamente entre os tipos de armadilhas. A abundância média de vespas variou significativamente entre os sistemas de manejo. A presença de floresta adjacente em ambas as áreas de cultivo provavelmente contribuiu para uma maior abundância e riqueza de vespas parasitoides, mostrando a importância de preservar as áreas florestais próximas às plantações.(AU)

Famílias de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed at surveying the families of parasitic Hymenoptera in the area of the Atlantic Forest in Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" W), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. There, 1,300 hymenoptera parasitoids of eight superfamilies and 23 families were collected. The collection was performed for five days using Malaise trap, Moericke trap and Sweeping" in the Vegetation. Families with the highest relative abundance were: Diapriidae (45.92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) and Platygastridae (6,15%). Fourteen families showed relative abundance below 1%. Te study area registered specimens of Perilampidae (0,62%) and Pelecinidae (0,15%). Tis work represents the second survey of the hymenoptera parasitoid fauna in Serra do Japi.

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das famílias de himenópteros parasitoides em área de mata atlântica da Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" O), Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados 1.300 himenópteros parasitoides de oito superfamílias e de 23 famílias. A coleta foi realizada durante cinco dias utilizando-se armadilha Malaise, armadilha Moericke e varredura na vegetação. As famílias de maior abundância relativa foram: Diapriidae (45,92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) e Platygastridae (6,15%). Quatorze famílias tiveram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. Foram registrados na área estudada espécimes de Perilampidae (0,62%) e de Pelecinidae (0,15%). Este estudo é o segundo levantamento da fauna de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi.

Famílias de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed at surveying the families of parasitic Hymenoptera in the area of the Atlantic Forest in Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" W), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. There, 1,300 hymenoptera parasitoids of eight superfamilies and 23 families were collected. The collection was performed for five days using Malaise trap, Moericke trap and Sweeping" in the Vegetation. Families with the highest relative abundance were: Diapriidae (45.92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) and Platygastridae (6,15%). Fourteen families showed relative abundance below 1%. Te study area registered specimens of Perilampidae (0,62%) and Pelecinidae (0,15%). Tis work represents the second survey of the hymenoptera parasitoid fauna in Serra do Japi.

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das famílias de himenópteros parasitoides em área de mata atlântica da Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" O), Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados 1.300 himenópteros parasitoides de oito superfamílias e de 23 famílias. A coleta foi realizada durante cinco dias utilizando-se armadilha Malaise, armadilha Moericke e varredura na vegetação. As famílias de maior abundância relativa foram: Diapriidae (45,92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) e Platygastridae (6,15%). Quatorze famílias tiveram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. Foram registrados na área estudada espécimes de Perilampidae (0,62%) e de Pelecinidae (0,15%). Este estudo é o segundo levantamento da fauna de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi.

Famílias de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil / Families of hymenoptera parasitoids in Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das famílias de himenópteros parasitoides em área de mata atlântica da Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" O), Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados 1.300 himenópteros parasitoides de oito superfamílias e de 23 famílias. A coleta foi realizada durante cinco dias utilizando-se armadilha Malaise, armadilha Moericke e varredura na vegetação. As famílias de maior abundância relativa foram: Diapriidae (45,92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) e Platygastridae (6,15%). Quatorze famílias tiveram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. Foram registrados na área estudada espécimes de Perilampidae (0,62%) e de Pelecinidae (0,15%). Este estudo é o segundo levantamento da fauna de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi.(AU)

This study aimed at surveying the families of parasitic Hymenoptera in the area of the Atlantic Forest in Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" W), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. There, 1,300 hymenoptera parasitoids of eight superfamilies and 23 families were collected. The collection was performed for five days using Malaise trap, Moericke trap and "Sweeping" in the Vegetation. Families with the highest relative abundance were: Diapriidae (45.92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) and Platygastridae (6,15%). Fourteen families showed relative abundance below 1%. Te study area registered specimens of Perilampidae (0,62%) and Pelecinidae (0,15%). Tis work represents the second survey of the hymenoptera parasitoid fauna in Serra do Japi.(AU)

Families of hymenoptera parasitoids in Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil / Famílias de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed at surveying the families of parasitic Hymenoptera in the area of the Atlantic Forest in Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (2313 52,24S, 465609,00 W), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. There, 1,300 hymenoptera parasitoids of eight superfamilies and 23 families were collected. The collection was performed for five days using Malaise trap, Moericke trap and Sweeping in the Vegetation. Families with the highest relative abundance were: Diapriidae (45.92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) and Platygastridae (6,15%). Fourteen families showed relative abundance below 1%. The study area registered specimens of Perilampidae (0,62%) and Pelecinidae (0,15%). This work represents the second survey of the hymenoptera parasitoid fauna in Serra do Japi.

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das famílias de himenópteros parasitoides em área de mata atlântica da Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (2313 52,24S, 465609,00 O), Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados 1.300 himenópteros parasitoides de oito superfamílias e de 23 famílias. A coleta foi realizada durante cinco dias utilizando-se armadilha Malaise, armadilha Moericke e varredura na vegetação. As famílias de maior abundância relativa foram: Diapriidae (45,92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) e Platygastridae (6,15%). Quatorze famílias tiveram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. Foram registrados na área estudada espécimes de Perilampidae (0,62%) e de Pelecinidae (0,15%). Este estudo é o segundo levantamento da fauna de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi.

Families of hymenoptera parasitoids in Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil / Famílias de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed at surveying the families of parasitic Hymenoptera in the area of the Atlantic Forest in Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (2313 52,24S, 465609,00 W), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. There, 1,300 hymenoptera parasitoids of eight superfamilies and 23 families were collected. The collection was performed for five days using Malaise trap, Moericke trap and Sweeping in the Vegetation. Families with the highest relative abundance were: Diapriidae (45.92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) and Platygastridae (6,15%). Fourteen families showed relative abundance below 1%. The study area registered specimens of Perilampidae (0,62%) and Pelecinidae (0,15%). This work represents the second survey of the hymenoptera parasitoid fauna in Serra do Japi.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das famílias de himenópteros parasitoides em área de mata atlântica da Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (2313 52,24S, 465609,00 O), Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados 1.300 himenópteros parasitoides de oito superfamílias e de 23 famílias. A coleta foi realizada durante cinco dias utilizando-se armadilha Malaise, armadilha Moericke e varredura na vegetação. As famílias de maior abundância relativa foram: Diapriidae (45,92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) e Platygastridae (6,15%). Quatorze famílias tiveram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. Foram registrados na área estudada espécimes de Perilampidae (0,62%) e de Pelecinidae (0,15%). Este estudo é o segundo levantamento da fauna de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi.(AU)

Population fluctuation and faunal indices of aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in peach orchards in Araucária, PR

Aphids are sap-sucking insects that mainly attack shoots and young leaves of peach trees and many other plant species; however, knowledge of the Brazilian aphid fauna is scant. The objective of this study was to identify aphid species collected in peach orchards (Prunus persica Batsch) and to determine their faunal indices for occurrence and dominance. The experiment was conducted from July 2005 to September 2006 in six Chimarrita peach orchards in the municipality of Araucária, PR, Brazil. The survey of aphid species was conducted by visual samplings on peach trees and using Möericke-type yellow traps containing water. A faunal analysis was made using aphid occurrence and dominance indices. Brachycaudus persicae (Passerini, 1860) was the only aphid species that was found colonizing peach in Araucária/PR. Although most aphids collected were classified as rare, some can be considered potential peach colonizers, such as Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) which was given the status of common or intermediate in some of the orchards studied. The population fluctuation of aphids showed a negative correlation with rainfall and positive correlation with temperature and relative humidity.

Os afídeos são insetos sugadores de seiva que atacam principalmente brotações e folhas novas de pessegueiros e de diversas outras espécies vegetais, porém o conhecimento sobre a afidofauna brasileira é escasso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as espécies de afídeos coletadas em pomares de pessegueiros (Prunus persica Batsch) e analisar os índices faunísticos de ocorrência e dominância. O experimento foi realizado de julho de 2005 a setembro de 2006 em seis pomares de pessegueiros da cultivar Chimarrita no município de Araucária, PR. O levantamento das espécies de afídeos foi realizado por meio de amostragens visuais em pessegueiros e armadilhas amarelas de água do tipo Möericke. Brachycaudus persicae (Passerini, 1860) foi a única espécie de afídeo encontrada colonizando pessegueiros em Araucária, PR. Apesar da maioria das espécies de afídeos coletadas serem classificadas como raras, algumas podem ser consideradas colonizadoras potenciais de pessegueiros como Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) que recebeu o status de comum ou intermediária em alguns dos pomares estudados. A flutuação populacional de afídeos apresentou uma correlação negativa com a precipitação pluviométrica e positiva com a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar.

Amostragem de cigarrinhas (hemiptera, cicadellidae) através de armadilhas de moericke em cafeeiro arábica

ABSTRACT This study had for objective to evaluate the population fluctuations of the leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) associated to Coffea arabica in Cravinhos, São Paulo, Brazil. The leafhoppers were sampled weekly by using 60 Moericke trap in the period of April/2005 to April/2006. Were collected 3.243 leafhoppers belonging to eight species: Bahita infuscata, Coelidiana diminuta, Dilobopterus costalimai, Docalidia bifurcata, Joruma (Joruma) sp., Labocurtidia sp., Oncometopia facialis and Scaphytopius irrorellus. The mostly frequency of the leafhoppers associated at coffee crop occurred in the rainy season; all the species of Cicadellidae collected were constants and the Moericke traps located at the median third of the plants were preferred for the capture of this group of insects. D. costalimai presented positive and significant correlations (p 0.05) with the rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures and O. fascialis was only with minimum temperature.

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o padrão de variação populacional de cigarrinhas (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) associadas ao cafeeiro, em Cravinhos, SP. As amostragens foram realizadas, semanalmente, no período de abril de 2005 a abril de 2006 através de 60 armadilhas de Moericke instaladas nos terços médio e inferior das plantas. Foram coletados 3.243 exemplares de cigarrinhas pertencentes a 8 espécies: Bahita infuscata, Coelidiana diminuta, Dilobopterus costalimai, Docalidia bifurcata, Joruma (Joruma) sp., Labocurtidia sp., Oncometopia facialis e Scaphytopius irrorellus. As maiores abundâncias destes cicadelídeos associados à cultura do cafeeiro ocorreram no período chuvoso; as espécies de cicadelídeos coletadas foram constantes e as armadilhas de Moericke instaladas no terço médio das plantas foram mais eficientes para a captura deste grupo de insetos. Verificou-se correlação positiva significativa entre os valores populacionais de D. costalimai com a pluviosidade e as temperaturas máxima e mínima e, para O. facialis, foi apenas com a temperatura mínima.

Himenópteros parasitóides (insecta, hymenoptera) em área agrícola de rio claro, sp, brasil

ABSTRACT From May 2003 to June 2004, collections were made using the Moericke trap placed in an agricultural area in Rio Claro (22º20S, 47º32O), SP, Brazil, resulting in the capture of a total of 5,308 specimens of parasitoids, belonging to 8 superfamilies and 22 families. Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Scelionidae and Platygastridae were the most common families, being responsible for 30.88%, 19.05%, 14.96% and 6.69% of the total number of parasitoids collected, respectively. Another 18 families were present with relative frequency lower than 5%.

RESUMO Entre maio de 2003 e junho de 2004 foram coletados, com armadilha de Moericke, no Município de Rio Claro (22º20S, 47º32O), SP, Brasil, 5.308 indivíduos de himenópteros parasitóides pertencentes a 8 superfamílias e 22 famílias. As famílias Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Scelionidae e Platygastridae foram as mais comuns, com freqüência relativa de 30,88%, 19,05%, 14,96% e 6,69%, respectivamente, com relação ao total de parasitóides coletados. As demais 18 famílias foram coletadas em freqüência menor do que 5%.

Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) em Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) : diversidade, sazonalidade e associação com presas

A população de Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) associada a Coffea arabica L. foi amostrada em Cravinhos e Monte Mor, SP, Brasil. Em Cravinhos, entre maio/2005 e abril/2007, foram realizadas coletas semanais através de rede de varredura e armadilhas de Moericke e luminosa; em Monte Mor, entre agosto/2005 e março/2006, avaliou-se o efeito da coloração de armadilhas de Moericke e sua altura em relação ao solo para a amostragem de hemerobiídeos. As amostragens realizadas em Monte Mor com as armadilhas de Moericke de diferentes cores e alturas em relação ao solo não apresentaram diferença significativa (p< 0,05) para o total de hemerobiídeos coletados (129 espécimes/4 espécies). Em Cravinhos foram obtidos 882 exemplares de sete espécies: Nusalala tessellata (467 espécimes/52,9% do total coletado), Hemerobius bolivari (153/17,3%), Megalomus impudicus (114/12,9%), Sympherobius miranda (109/12,4%), Megalomus rafaeli (30/3,4%), Sympherobius ariasi (6/0,7%) e Nomerobius psychodoides (3/0,3%). A rede de varredura e a armadilha de Moericke foram as mais eficientes. As maiores freqüências foram registradas no inverno/2005, nas primaveras e nos verões e o pico populacional ocorreu em novembro/2006. A armadilha luminosa foi o método de amostragem que apresentou os maiores valores de diversidade (H?= 0,66) e de equitabilidade (J= 0,78). Três espécies foram constantes: H. bolivari (C= 79,2%), Me. impudicus (C= 87,5%) e Nu. tessellata (C= 95,8%). Nu. tessellata e Me. impudicus apresentaram correlações positivas e significativas (p< 0,05) com Coccus sp. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) e com a precipitação pluviométrica e as temperaturas máxima e mínima; o mesmo ocorreu para H. bolivari com Oligonychus ilicis (Acari, Tetranychidae) e a temperatura mínima, para S. miranda com as temperaturas máxima e mínima e para Me. rafaeli com larvas de Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae)

The hemerobiids associated to Coffea arabica L. were sampled in Cravinhos and Monte Mor, São Paulo, Brazil. In Cravinhos, weekly and from May/2005 to April/2007, were realized collects by using sweeping net, light trap and Moericke trap; in Monte Mor, between August/2005 and March/2006, were evaluated the coloration and height in relation to the ground level of Moericke traps to sample Hemerobiidae. In Monte Mor, the results showed that the color and height of the traps did not present differences in regard to the evaluation of the diversity of the population of hemerobiids (129 individuals / 4 species). A total of 882 hemerobiids belonging to seven species were collected in Cravinhos: Nusalala tessellata (467 individuals / 52.9% of the hemerobiids collected), Hemerobius bolivari (153 / 17.3%), Megalomus impudicus (114 / 12.9%), Sympherobius miranda (109 / 12.4%), Megalomus rafaeli (30 / 3.4%), Sympherobius ariasi (6 / 0.7%) and Nomerobius psychodoides (3 / 0.3%). The Moericke trap and sweeping net were the most efficient methods to capture Hemerobiidae. The highest abundance occurred in the winter/2005 and in the two spring and summer seasons studied. The peak of occurrence was in November/2006. The light trap was the sampling method that presented the highest indexes of diversity (H?= 0.66) and equitability (J= 0.78). Three species were constants: H. bolivari (C= 79.2%), Me. impudicus (C= 87.5%) and Nu. tessellata (C= 95.8%). Nu. tessellata and Me. impudicus presented positive and significant correlations (p< 0.05) with Coccus sp. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and maxim and minim temperatures and rainfall; the same occurred to H. bolivari with Oligonychus ilicis (Acari, Tetranychidae) and minim temperature, to S. miranda with the maxim and minim temperatures and to Me. rafaeli with Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae) larvae