Bioactivity of substances isolated from natural products on mollusks Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) (Planorbidae): a review / Bioatividade de substâncias isoladas de produtos naturais em moluscos Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) (Planorbidae): uma revisão

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of several species of the genus Schistosoma. Transmission occurs by parasitic larvae that stay in freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria. Thus, the search for new products that are biodegradable has increased the interest in products of plant origin. The aim of this article is to review the isolated substances from natural products that showed molluscicidal activity against the species Biomphalaria glabrata in order to reevaluate the most promising prototypes and update the progress of research to obtain a new molluscicide. We perform searches using scientific databases, such as Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Google schoolar, PUBMED, Web of Science and Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS). From 2000 to 2022, using the keywords "isolated substances", "molluscicidal activity" and "Biomphalaria glabrata". In the present study, it was possible to observe 19 promising molluscicidal molecules with a lethal concentration below 20 µg/mL. Of these promising isolates, only 5 isolates had the CL90 calculated and within the value recommended by WHO: Benzoic acid, 2',4',6'-Trihydroxydihydrochalcone, Divaricatic acid, Piplartine and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (Lapachol). We conclude that beyond a few results in the area, the researches don't follow the methodological pattern (exposure time and measure units, toxicity test), in this way, as they don't follow a pattern on the result's exposure (LC), not following, in sum, the recommended by WHO.

A esquistossomose é uma doença tropical negligenciada causada por vermes parasitas de várias espécies do gênero Schistosoma. A transmissão ocorre por larvas parasitas que ficam em caramujos de água doce do gênero Biomphalaria. Assim, a busca por novos produtos biodegradáveis ​​tem aumentado o interesse por produtos de origem vegetal. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as substâncias isoladas de produtos naturais que apresentaram atividade moluscicida contra a espécie Biomphalaria glabrata a fim de reavaliar os protótipos mais promissores e atualizar o progresso das pesquisas para a obtenção de um novo moluscicida. Realizamos buscas em bases de dados científicas, como Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Google acadêmico, PUBMED, Web of Science e Literatura Latina-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da saúde (LILACS). De 2000 a 2022, utilizando as palavras-chave "substâncias isoladas", "atividade moluscicida" e "Biomphalaria glabrata". No presente estudo, foi possível observar 19 moléculas moluscicidas promissoras com concentração letal abaixo de 20 µg/mL. Destes isolados promissores, apenas 5 isolados tiveram o CL90 calculado e dentro do valor recomendado pela OMS: ácido benzóico, 2',4',6'-triidroxidihidrocalcona, ácido divaricático, piplartina e 2-hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona (Lapachol). Concluímos que além de poucos resultados na área, as pesquisas não seguem o padrão metodológico (tempo de exposição e unidades de medida, teste de toxicidade), assim como não seguem um padrão na exposição do resultado (CL), não seguindo, em suma, o recomendado pela OMS.

Uso de extrato aquoso de pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens L. ) em testes de sobrevivência sobre Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) (Mollusca, Gastropoda) / Effect of use of aqueous chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens l. ) on survival of Achatina fulica(Bowdich, 1822) (Mollusca, Gastropoda) molluscicidal activity

Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) é um molusco pulmonado terrestre originário do Leste-Nordesteda África, que se disseminou por todo o mundo, como praga agrícola e hospedeiro de váriasdoenças de interesse médico-veterinário, foi introduzido no Brasil por volta de 1980 por criadores doParaná, visando substituir o escargot Helix aspersa (Müller, 1774), embora exista relato da introduçãodesse molusco na Região Sudeste por volta da década de 1970. Com o insucesso na comercializaçãodessa espécie, foi solto no ambiente sem qualquer cuidado, causando assim um desequilíbrio nafauna nativa. Produtos sintéticos foram usados para tentar conter esse molusco, mas sem êxito, alémde serem inviavelmente mais caros. O uso de produtos naturais vem sendo estudado há vários anostentando chegar a uma substância que não agrida o meio ambiente e outras espécies. Com isso Capsicumfrutescens L. (Solanaceae) conhecida popularmente como pimenta malagueta, possui algumassubstâncias como alcaloides, compostos fenólicos e taninos, que sugere-se que possuam uma supostataxa moluscicida. Nesse trabalho utilizou-se do método direto, que consiste da aplicação do extratoaquoso diretamente sobre os moluscos. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Zoologia dosInvertebrados do CES-JF, além da triagem fitoquímica concomitante para identificação dos principaiscompostos presentes no extrato aquoso. Este trabalho objetivou-se em testar o extrato aquoso deC. frutescens sobre a sobrevivência de indivíduos de 30 e 120 dias de idade, utilizando-se de noveconcentrações, 10g/L, 9g/L, 8g/L, 7g/L, 6g/L, 5g/L, 4g/L, 3g/L e 2g/L, o acompanhamento deu-sedurante 30 dias.

Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)is a terrestrial pulmonary mollusk originating in East-Northeast Africa, which spreads throughout theworld as an agricultural pest and host of several zoonoses of medical and veterinary interest, includingthe nematodes Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus. costaricensis. It was introducedin Brazil around 1980, replacing the Helix aspersa escargot (Müller, 1774), but there is another reportof the introduction of the mollusk in the Southeast Region in 1970’s. With the failure to commercializethis species, it was released in the environment without care, thu s causing an imbalance in nativefauna. Synthetic products were used to control this mollusk, but without success, besides being unviableand more expensive. The use of ecological products have been studied for several years and havereached an area that does not please the environment or any other species. Thus, Capsicum frutescensL. popularly known as chilli pepper, has several compounds like alkaloids, phenolic compoundsand tannins, which have a molluscicide potential. In this work, the direct method was applied, whichconsists of the application of the aqueous extract on the mollusks. The experiment was conductedin the Laboratory of Zoology of the Invertebrates of the CES-JF, and a phytochemical screening wascarried out to identify the main non-aqueous extract compounds. The aim of this work was to test theaqueous extract of C. frutescens on the survival of individuals of 30 and 120 days of age, using nineconcentrations, 10g/L, 9g/L, 8g/L, 7g/L and 6g/L. 5g/L, 4g/L, 3g/L and 2g/L. Follow-up occurred for 30days. The results were efficient in snails of 30 days of age, causing 100% mortality, no group control.In individuals of 120 days of age concentrations 10g/L, 9g/L, 8g/L, 7g/L acted as molluscicide, causing100 % of mortality. There are no concentrations.

Uso de extrato aquoso de pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens L. ) em testes de sobrevivência sobre Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) (Mollusca, Gastropoda) / Effect of use of aqueous chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens l. ) on survival of Achatina fulica(Bowdich, 1822) (Mollusca, Gastropoda) molluscicidal activity.

Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) é um molusco pulmonado terrestre originário do Leste-Nordesteda África, que se disseminou por todo o mundo, como praga agrícola e hospedeiro de váriasdoenças de interesse médico-veterinário, foi introduzido no Brasil por volta de 1980 por criadores doParaná, visando substituir o escargot Helix aspersa (Müller, 1774), embora exista relato da introduçãodesse molusco na Região Sudeste por volta da década de 1970. Com o insucesso na comercializaçãodessa espécie, foi solto no ambiente sem qualquer cuidado, causando assim um desequilíbrio nafauna nativa. Produtos sintéticos foram usados para tentar conter esse molusco, mas sem êxito, alémde serem inviavelmente mais caros. O uso de produtos naturais vem sendo estudado há vários anostentando chegar a uma substância que não agrida o meio ambiente e outras espécies. Com isso Capsicumfrutescens L. (Solanaceae) conhecida popularmente como pimenta malagueta, possui algumassubstâncias como alcaloides, compostos fenólicos e taninos, que sugere-se que possuam uma supostataxa moluscicida. Nesse trabalho utilizou-se do método direto, que consiste da aplicação do extratoaquoso diretamente sobre os moluscos. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Zoologia dosInvertebrados do CES-JF, além da triagem fitoquímica concomitante para identificação dos principaiscompostos presentes no extrato aquoso. Este trabalho objetivou-se em testar o extrato aquoso deC. frutescens sobre a sobrevivência de indivíduos de 30 e 120 dias de idade, utilizando-se de noveconcentrações, 10g/L, 9g/L, 8g/L, 7g/L, 6g/L, 5g/L, 4g/L, 3g/L e 2g/L, o acompanhamento deu-sedurante 30 dias. (AU)

Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)is a terrestrial pulmonary mollusk originating in East-Northeast Africa, which spreads throughout theworld as an agricultural pest and host of several zoonoses of medical and veterinary interest, includingthe nematodes Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus. costaricensis. It was introducedin Brazil around 1980, replacing the Helix aspersa escargot (Müller, 1774), but there is another reportof the introduction of the mollusk in the Southeast Region in 1970s. With the failure to commercializethis species, it was released in the environment without care, thu s causing an imbalance in nativefauna. Synthetic products were used to control this mollusk, but without success, besides being unviableand more expensive. The use of ecological products have been studied for several years and havereached an area that does not please the environment or any other species. Thus, Capsicum frutescensL. popularly known as chilli pepper, has several compounds like alkaloids, phenolic compoundsand tannins, which have a molluscicide potential. In this work, the direct method was applied, whichconsists of the application of the aqueous extract on the mollusks. The experiment was conductedin the Laboratory of Zoology of the Invertebrates of the CES-JF, and a phytochemical screening wascarried out to identify the main non-aqueous extract compounds. The aim of this work was to test theaqueous extract of C. frutescens on the survival of individuals of 30 and 120 days of age, using nineconcentrations, 10g/L, 9g/L, 8g/L, 7g/L and 6g/L. 5g/L, 4g/L, 3g/L and 2g/L. Follow-up occurred for 30days. The results were efficient in snails of 30 days of age, causing 100% mortality, no group control.In individuals of 120 days of age concentrations 10g/L, 9g/L, 8g/L, 7g/L acted as molluscicide, causing100 % of mortality. There are no concentrations.(AU)

Influência de Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. no comportamento de Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae) / Influence of Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. on the behaviour of Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae)

Subulina octona é um molusco terrestre com ampla distribuição no continente americano. É herbívoro, sendo encontrado em culturas agrícolas e jardins. Atua como hospedeiro intermediário de parasitos que acometem homens e animais, sendo considerado uma praga de interesse médico-veterinário e agrícola. O período de atividade é nos meses chuvosos e quentes, sendo seu comportamento com maior atividade no período noturno. Furcreae foetida é uma planta naturalizada que apresenta em seu metabolismo secundários saponinas esteroídicas que possuem atividade citotóxica seletiva. O uso de extratos vegetais tem sido motivo de pesquisas para o controle de moluscos pragas. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do extrato de F. foetida no repertório comportamental e no horário de atividade de S. octona. Através do esmagamento por compressão das folhas de F. foetida obteve-se a seiva que foi filtrada e diluída em água destilada nas concentrações de 0,5 e 5%. Para verificar os efeitos do extrato de F. foetida no comportamento de S. octona utilizou-se 90 moluscos que foram divididos em 3 grupos: 1 controle e 2 tratados (T1 e T2 - 0,5 e 5% respectivamente). O extrato da seiva de F. foetida apresentou atividade de repelência e alterou o comportamento de S.octona. A análise química da seiva da planta foi realizada via marcha fitoquímica proposta por Matos (1988). O comportamento dos moluscos foi avaliado por meio de observações diretas pelos métodos grupo focal e scan. Para analisar se houve diferença significativa entre o horário de atividade utilizou-se o teste de Kruskall-Wallis e a frequência dos atos comportamentais foi avaliada pelo teste de comparação de amostras pareadas de Mann-Whitney, ambos com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Cada grupo foi composto por 10 indivíduos com três repetições. Foi possível perceber que a seiva alterou a frequência de realização do comportamento agregativo e deslocamento vertical, evidenciando sua ação repelente para S. octona.(AU)

Subulina octona is a terrestrial snail widely distributed in the Americas. It is a herbivore found in agricultural crops and gardens, able to acts as intermediate host of parasites that afflict humans and animals, being considered a pest of veterinary and agricultural interest. It is more active during rainy and hot months, speciallyat night. Furcreae foetida is a naturalized plant whose secondary metabolism produces steroidal saponins, which have selective cytotoxic activity. The use of plant extracts has been studied for control of snail pests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sap of F. foetida on the behavioral repertoire and timing of activity of S. octona. Leaves of F. foetida were crushed to obtain the sap, which was filtered and diluted in distilled water at concentrations of 0.5 and 5%. To verify the effects of F. foetida sap on the behavior of S. octona, 90 snails were used, divided into three groups: one control group and two treated groups (T1 and T2 0.5 and 5% respectively). The extract of F. foetida sap presented repellent activity and altered the behavior of S. octona. The chemical analysis of the sap was performed by the phytochemical technique proposed by Matos (1988). The snails behavior was evaluated by direct observations by the focus group and scanning methods. To analyze the existence of significant differences in the timing of activity, the Kruskall-Wallis test was used, and the frequency of the behavioral acts was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test of paired samples, both with confidence interval of 95%. Each group was composed of 10 individuals with three repetitions. The sap altered the frequency of aggregation behavior and vertical movement, indicating its repellent action on S. octona.(AU)

Influência de Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. no comportamento de Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae) / Influence of Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. on the behaviour of Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae)

Subulina octona é um molusco terrestre com ampla distribuição no continente americano. É herbívoro, sendo encontrado em culturas agrícolas e jardins. Atua como hospedeiro intermediário de parasitos que acometem homens e animais, sendo considerado uma praga de interesse médico-veterinário e agrícola. O período de atividade é nos meses chuvosos e quentes, sendo seu comportamento com maior atividade no período noturno. Furcreae foetida é uma planta naturalizada que apresenta em seu metabolismo secundários saponinas esteroídicas que possuem atividade citotóxica seletiva. O uso de extratos vegetais tem sido motivo de pesquisas para o controle de moluscos pragas. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do extrato de F. foetida no repertório comportamental e no horário de atividade de S. octona. Através do esmagamento por compressão das folhas de F. foetida obteve-se a seiva que foi filtrada e diluída em água destilada nas concentrações de 0,5 e 5%. Para verificar os efeitos do extrato de F. foetida no comportamento de S. octona utilizou-se 90 moluscos que foram divididos em 3 grupos: 1 controle e 2 tratados (T1 e T2 - 0,5 e 5% respectivamente). O extrato da seiva de F. foetida apresentou atividade de repelência e alterou o comportamento de S.octona. A análise química da seiva da planta foi realizada via marcha fitoquímica proposta por Matos (1988). O comportamento dos moluscos foi avaliado por meio de observações diretas pelos métodos grupo focal e scan. Para analisar se houve diferença significativa entre o horário de atividade utilizou-se o teste de Kruskall-Wallis e a frequência dos atos comportamentais foi avaliada pelo teste de comparação de amostras pareadas de Mann-Whitney, ambos com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Cada grupo foi composto por 10 indivíduos com três repetições. Foi possível perceber que a seiva alterou a frequência de realização do comportamento agregativo e deslocamento vertical, evidenciando sua ação repelente para S. octona.

Subulina octona is a terrestrial snail widely distributed in the Americas. It is a herbivore found in agricultural crops and gardens, able to acts as intermediate host of parasites that afflict humans and animals, being considered a pest of veterinary and agricultural interest. It is more active during rainy and hot months, speciallyat night. Furcreae foetida is a naturalized plant whose secondary metabolism produces steroidal saponins, which have selective cytotoxic activity. The use of plant extracts has been studied for control of snail pests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sap of F. foetida on the behavioral repertoire and timing of activity of S. octona. Leaves of F. foetida were crushed to obtain the sap, which was filtered and diluted in distilled water at concentrations of 0.5 and 5%. To verify the effects of F. foetida sap on the behavior of S. octona, 90 snails were used, divided into three groups: one control group and two treated groups (T1 and T2 – 0.5 and 5% respectively). The extract of F. foetida sap presented repellent activity and altered the behavior of S. octona. The chemical analysis of the sap was performed by the phytochemical technique proposed by Matos (1988). The snails’ behavior was evaluated by direct observations by the focus group and scanning methods. To analyze the existence of significant differences in the timing of activity, the Kruskall-Wallis test was used, and the frequency of the behavioral acts was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test of paired samples, both with confidence interval of 95%. Each group was composed of 10 individuals with three repetitions. The sap altered the frequency of aggregation behavior and vertical movement, indicating its repellent action on S. octona.

A retrospective study of small animal poisoning at the veterinary medical teaching hospital from south region of Brazil

Background: Poisoning cases are a challenge for the veterinary practitioner, since many agents can be involved. The incomplete patient history associated with advanced poisoning stage often leads to death. Since lacking information is common, it is essential to be aware of principal poisoning agents and their associated symptomatology. The aim of this study is to describe the major agents involved in small animal poisoning, the causative agent, poisoning route, time to search veterinary care, clinical signs and ancillary tests of canine and feline patients treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 2010 to June 2016.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-four medical records with poisoning history were found and reviewed, but only 30 medical records had complete data to be evaluated. There were 24 dogs and 6 cats, 17 female and 13 male. Six females were spayed. Poisoning agent identification was possible in 29 cases and was food, molluscicide, cleaning product, ornamental plants, medication, rodenticide and antiparasitic drugs. Fourteen poisonings were caused by the owner and 16 were accidental. There was a higher poisoning incidence in dogs than cats. Most of the patients were young and unneutered/unspayed.Discussion: In this study there was a higher poisoning prevalence in dogs than cats, as occurred in other studies published in Europe, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Austria and other Brazilian regions. Most of the patients were young, which is in agreement with previous studies in which young animals were more affected. Domestic antiparasitic drugs were the most common poisoning agents (33%), as reported in studies from France and Spain. In southern Brazil, the most common poisoning agent was medication, whereas in southeast Brazil, organophosphates were the most prevalent poisoning agent. Considering this, the geographic localisation seems to influence the poisoning agent.[...]

A retrospective study of small animal poisoning at the veterinary medical teaching hospital from south region of Brazil

Background: Poisoning cases are a challenge for the veterinary practitioner, since many agents can be involved. The incomplete patient history associated with advanced poisoning stage often leads to death. Since lacking information is common, it is essential to be aware of principal poisoning agents and their associated symptomatology. The aim of this study is to describe the major agents involved in small animal poisoning, the causative agent, poisoning route, time to search veterinary care, clinical signs and ancillary tests of canine and feline patients treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 2010 to June 2016.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-four medical records with poisoning history were found and reviewed, but only 30 medical records had complete data to be evaluated. There were 24 dogs and 6 cats, 17 female and 13 male. Six females were spayed. Poisoning agent identification was possible in 29 cases and was food, molluscicide, cleaning product, ornamental plants, medication, rodenticide and antiparasitic drugs. Fourteen poisonings were caused by the owner and 16 were accidental. There was a higher poisoning incidence in dogs than cats. Most of the patients were young and unneutered/unspayed.Discussion: In this study there was a higher poisoning prevalence in dogs than cats, as occurred in other studies published in Europe, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Austria and other Brazilian regions. Most of the patients were young, which is in agreement with previous studies in which young animals were more affected. Domestic antiparasitic drugs were the most common poisoning agents (33%), as reported in studies from France and Spain. In southern Brazil, the most common poisoning agent was medication, whereas in southeast Brazil, organophosphates were the most prevalent poisoning agent. Considering this, the geographic localisation seems to influence the poisoning agent.[...](AU)

Influência de Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. sobre a sobrevivência, crescimento e reprodução de Subulina octona (Brugüiére, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae) / Influence of Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. on the survival, growth and reproduction of Subulina octona (Brugüiére, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae)

Subulina octona is a terrestrial mollusc found in gardens andplantations which may act as intermediate host for helminths and as vector for various pathogens. Furcraeafoetida is a naturalized plant, commonly used as ornament or as hedge. It has steroidal saponins on its secondarymetabolism, which are promising substances for mollusc control. The use of vegetal molluscicides has beenstudied for pest control since they are not as aggressive for both men and the environment and they may bea less toxic alternative for controlling these animals. This study aimed to analyze the influence of F. foetida onthe survival, growth and reproduction of S. octona. In order to assess the effect of the aqueous extract of thesap of F. foetida, the direct contact and indirect contact bioassays were used on S octona eggs, immatures andadults in laboratory conditions. Phytochemical analysis of F. foetida sap indicated presence of saponin in theleaves. The aqueous extract of F. foetida sap influenced on the survival and hatching of eggs in direct contact(without subtract) and indirect contact (with subtract); on the other hand, it had no influence on the growthor reproduction of S. octona. Immature and adult mortality rates were 100% in direct contact assays, and therewas significant difference for indirect contact assays regarding blank and negative control groups, which makesF. foetida sap a promising option for S. octona control.

Subulina octona é um molusco terrestre encontrado em jardins e culturas agrícolas, pode atuar comohospedeiro intermediário de helmintos e como vetor de vários patógenos. Furcraea foetida é uma planta naturalizada,muito usada para a ornamentação e cerca viva. Possui em seu metabolismo secundário saponinasesteroidais que são substâncias promissoras no controle de moluscos. O uso de moluscicidas de origem vegetaltem sido estudado para o controle de pragas, pois agridem menos o ambiente e ao homem, podendo ser uma alternativa menos tóxicas para o controle desses animais. O presente trabalho como objetivo avaliar a influênciade F. foetida sobre a sobrevivência, crescimento e reprodução de S. octona. Para avaliar o efeito do extratoaquoso da seiva de F. foetida, foram utilizados o teste de contato direto e contato indireto sobre ovos, jovense adultos de S. octona em condições de laboratório. A análise fitoquímica da seiva de F. foetida acusou a presençade saponina nas folhas. O extrato aquoso da seiva de F. foetida influenciou na sobrevivência e eclosão deovos no contato direto (sem substrato) e contato indireto (com substrato), por outro lado, não influenciou nocrescimento e na reprodução de S. octona. A mortalidade de jovens e adultos foi de 100% para os tratamentosdo experimento com contato direto e houve diferença significativa para os tratamentos do experimento comcontato indireto em relação ao controle branco e o negativo. Tornando a seiva de F. foetida, promissora para.

Influência de Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. sobre a sobrevivência, crescimento e reprodução de Subulina octona (Brugüiére, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae) / Influence of Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. on the survival, growth and reproduction of Subulina octona (Brugüiére, 1789) (Mollusca, Subulinidae).

Subulina octona is a terrestrial mollusc found in gardens andplantations which may act as intermediate host for helminths and as vector for various pathogens. Furcraeafoetida is a naturalized plant, commonly used as ornament or as hedge. It has steroidal saponins on its secondarymetabolism, which are promising substances for mollusc control. The use of vegetal molluscicides has beenstudied for pest control since they are not as aggressive for both men and the environment and they may bea less toxic alternative for controlling these animals. This study aimed to analyze the influence of F. foetida onthe survival, growth and reproduction of S. octona. In order to assess the effect of the aqueous extract of thesap of F. foetida, the direct contact and indirect contact bioassays were used on S octona eggs, immatures andadults in laboratory conditions. Phytochemical analysis of F. foetida sap indicated presence of saponin in theleaves. The aqueous extract of F. foetida sap influenced on the survival and hatching of eggs in direct contact(without subtract) and indirect contact (with subtract); on the other hand, it had no influence on the growthor reproduction of S. octona. Immature and adult mortality rates were 100% in direct contact assays, and therewas significant difference for indirect contact assays regarding blank and negative control groups, which makesF. foetida sap a promising option for S. octona control.(AU)

Subulina octona é um molusco terrestre encontrado em jardins e culturas agrícolas, pode atuar comohospedeiro intermediário de helmintos e como vetor de vários patógenos. Furcraea foetida é uma planta naturalizada,muito usada para a ornamentação e cerca viva. Possui em seu metabolismo secundário saponinasesteroidais que são substâncias promissoras no controle de moluscos. O uso de moluscicidas de origem vegetaltem sido estudado para o controle de pragas, pois agridem menos o ambiente e ao homem, podendo ser uma alternativa menos tóxicas para o controle desses animais. O presente trabalho como objetivo avaliar a influênciade F. foetida sobre a sobrevivência, crescimento e reprodução de S. octona. Para avaliar o efeito do extratoaquoso da seiva de F. foetida, foram utilizados o teste de contato direto e contato indireto sobre ovos, jovense adultos de S. octona em condições de laboratório. A análise fitoquímica da seiva de F. foetida acusou a presençade saponina nas folhas. O extrato aquoso da seiva de F. foetida influenciou na sobrevivência e eclosão deovos no contato direto (sem substrato) e contato indireto (com substrato), por outro lado, não influenciou nocrescimento e na reprodução de S. octona. A mortalidade de jovens e adultos foi de 100% para os tratamentosdo experimento com contato direto e houve diferença significativa para os tratamentos do experimento comcontato indireto em relação ao controle branco e o negativo. Tornando a seiva de F. foetida, promissora para. (AU)

Determination of Niclosamide and its Metabolites in Liver and Muscles of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fingerlings

Background: Niclosamide is a medication used to treat tapeworm infestation in animals and humans. It is also lampricide and molluscicide, and can be used in in agriculture as a pesticide. In the treatment of parasitic diseases in fish, niclosamide can be used as bath or mixed with the feed. Its most important use in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is for the treatment of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, which is a very common parasite in this fish species. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of niclosamide (NIC) and its metabolite 2-chloro 4-nitro aniline (CNA) and 5-chloro salycilic acid (CSA) in the liver and muscles of common carp fingerlings.Materials, Methods & Results: The fish for the experiment were obtained from Kapetanski Rit fish pond, and were acclimated to test conditions at 20.5 ± 1C. Common carps with an average mass of 60 ± 10 g were treated with niclosamide in concentration of 2 g/kg of feed during five consecutive days. The experiment was performed in two treatments: one control and niclosamide, in three replications.  Each group contained of 30 fish, in 120 L polyethylene tanks. At the end of the treatment, the levels of niclosamide residues were determined using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis during over 13 days. The mean values of niclosamide and CNA concentrations in the muscles ranged from 27.7 µg/kg starti

Determination of niclosamide and its metabolites in liver and muscles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

Background: Niclosamide is a medication used to treat tapeworm infestation in animals and humans. It is also lampricide and molluscicide, and can be used in in agriculture as a pesticide. In the treatment of parasitic diseases in fish, niclosamide can be used as bath or mixed with the feed. Its most important use in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is for the treatment of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, which is a very common parasite in this fish species. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of niclosamide (NIC) and its metabolite 2-chloro 4-nitro aniline (CNA) and 5-chloro salycilic acid (CSA) in the liver and muscles of common carp fingerlings.Materials, Methods & Results: The fish for the experiment were obtained from Kapetanski Rit fish pond, and were acclimated to test conditions at 20.5 ± 1°C. Common carps with an average mass of 60 ± 10 g were treated with niclosamide in concentration of 2 g/kg of feed during five consecutive days. The experiment was performed in two treatments: one control and niclosamide, in three replications. Each group contained of 30 fish, in 120 L polyethylene tanks. At the end of the treatment, the levels of niclosamide residues were determined using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis during over 13 days. The mean values of niclosamide and CNA concentrations in the muscles ranged from 27.7 µg/kg starting from the first day to < 0.5 µg/kg on the 11th day and 14.2 µg/kg from the first day to < 1 µg/kg on the 9th day. The CSA metabolite in muscles were < 1 µg/kg during throughout the entire study. The niclosamide concentration in the liver were found to be 51.5 (30.2-61.8) µg/kg the first day and decreased proportionally to < 0.5 µg/kg on the13th day. CNA level in the liver of treated Common Carps amounted to 170.1 (157-181) µg/kg on the first day and continuously declined until the 13th day when recorded values were < 1 µg/kg.[...]

Determination of niclosamide and its metabolites in liver and muscles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

Background: Niclosamide is a medication used to treat tapeworm infestation in animals and humans. It is also lampricide and molluscicide, and can be used in in agriculture as a pesticide. In the treatment of parasitic diseases in fish, niclosamide can be used as bath or mixed with the feed. Its most important use in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is for the treatment of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, which is a very common parasite in this fish species. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of niclosamide (NIC) and its metabolite 2-chloro 4-nitro aniline (CNA) and 5-chloro salycilic acid (CSA) in the liver and muscles of common carp fingerlings.Materials, Methods & Results: The fish for the experiment were obtained from Kapetanski Rit fish pond, and were acclimated to test conditions at 20.5 ± 1°C. Common carps with an average mass of 60 ± 10 g were treated with niclosamide in concentration of 2 g/kg of feed during five consecutive days. The experiment was performed in two treatments: one control and niclosamide, in three replications. Each group contained of 30 fish, in 120 L polyethylene tanks. At the end of the treatment, the levels of niclosamide residues were determined using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis during over 13 days. The mean values of niclosamide and CNA concentrations in the muscles ranged from 27.7 µg/kg starting from the first day to < 0.5 µg/kg on the 11th day and 14.2 µg/kg from the first day to < 1 µg/kg on the 9th day. The CSA metabolite in muscles were < 1 µg/kg during throughout the entire study. The niclosamide concentration in the liver were found to be 51.5 (30.2-61.8) µg/kg the first day and decreased proportionally to < 0.5 µg/kg on the13th day. CNA level in the liver of treated Common Carps amounted to 170.1 (157-181) µg/kg on the first day and continuously declined until the 13th day when recorded values were < 1 µg/kg.[...](AU)

Efeito dos óleos essenciais de Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare e dos terpenos timol e carvacrol, sobre adultos e massas ovígeras de Pseudosuccinea columella

A fasciolose é uma doença de distribuição mundial que pode levar a grandes prejuízos econômicos na criação de ruminantes e possui como hospedeiro intermediário moluscos aquáticos, sendo Pseudossucinea columella uma das espécies mais frequentes. Os moluscicidas sintéticos são indicados para o controle dos moluscos, entretanto, são tóxicos para diversas espécies de plantas e animais, sendo prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Devido a necessidade da busca de novas substâncias naturais, menos nocivas ao meio ambiente e que possam atuar no controle de moluscos, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais de Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare edos terpenos timol e carvacrol, sobre adultos e massas ovígeras de P. columella. Os óleos de T. vulgaris, O. vulgare e os majoritários, timol e carvacrol, foram diluídos nas concentrações de 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 ppm, como controle positivo se utilizou o sulfato de cobre (CuSo4) e como controle negativo se utilizou a água potável (H2O) e o Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) 1% (diluente das soluções). Os moluscos foram divididos em grupos de 10 espécimes para cada solução, foram expostas as diferentes soluções teste pelo período de 24 horas e avaliados durante esse período nos tempos de 30 minutos, duas, seis, 12 e 24 horas. A mesma metodologia foi utilizada com as massas ovígeras, entretanto, as massas foram expostas as substâncias por 24 horas, passaram pelo processo de lavagem e foram avaliadas por 18 dias após exposição. Durante o estudo biológico dos moluscos adultos se observou que os óleos essenciais de orégano nas concentrações de 60, 80 e 100 ppm e tomilho na concentração de 100 ppm levaram a morte de 100% dos e se mostraram dentro das normas estabelecidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para uma mistura complexa de substâncias. Os óleos essenciais e componentes majoritários se mostraram efetivos na inibição do crescimento e da eclosão das massas. Somente as massas expostas ao majoritário timol, nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 40 ppm, eclodiram. Em relação a histologia, foi possível observar vacuolizações e fragmentação nos tecidos de glândula digestiva, ovotestis e manto nos moluscos tratados com os óleos essenciais e os componentes majoritários. Notou-se ainda na histologia, áreas de autólise em moluscos tratados com timol na concentração de 80 ppm. Na Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) encontraram-se alteraçõesteciduais em glândula digestiva e manto nas concentrações de 100 ppm dos óleos essenciais e seus componentes majoritários. Assim, pode-se concluir que os óleos essências de O. vulgare e T. vulgaris se comportaram como substâncias moluscicidas em P. columella. Além disso, notou-se efeitos inibitórios no crescimento e eclosão das massas ovígeras tratadas com os componentes majoritários e os óleos essenciais estudados.

Fasciolosis is a disease with worldwide distribution that can lead to great economic losses in ruminant breeding and has aquatic molluscs as an intermediate host, with Pseudosucinea columella being one of the most frequent species. Synthetic molluscicides are indicated for the control of molluscs, however, they are toxic to several species of plants and animals, being harmful to the environment. Due to the need to search for new natural substances, less harmful to the environment and that can act in the control of molluscs, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare and terpenes thymol and carvacrol, on adults and ovigerous masses of P. columella. The oils of T. vulgaris, O. vulgare and the major ones, thymol and carvacrol, were diluted in concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm, as a positive control using copper sulfate (CuSo4) and as negative control, drinking water (H2O) and 1% Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (solutions diluent) were used. The molluscs were divided into groups of 10 specimens for each solution, the different test solutions were exposed for a period of 24 hours and evaluated during this period at times of 30 minutes, two, six, 12 and 24 hours. The same methodology was used with the ovigerous masses, however, the masses were exposed to substances for 24 hours, went through the washing process and were evaluated for 18 days after exposure. During the biological study of adult molluscs, it was observed that essential oils of oregano at concentrations of 60, 80 and 100 ppm and thyme at a concentration of 100 ppm led to the death of 100% of them and were within the standards established by the World Health Organization for a complex mixture of substances. Essential oils and major components proved to be effective in inhibiting the growth and hatching of doughs. Only the masses exposed to the majority of thymol, at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 ppm, hatched. Regarding histology, it was possible to observe vacuolization and fragmentation in the tissues of the digestive gland, ovotestis and mantle in molluscs treated with essential oils and major components. It was also noted in histology, areas of autolysis in molluscs treated with thymol at a concentration of 80 ppm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed tissue changes in the digestive gland and mantle at 100 ppm concentrations of essential oils and their major components. Thus, it can be concluded that the essential oils of O. vulgare and T. vulgaris behaved as molluscicide substances in P. columella. In addition, inhibitory effects were noted on the growth and hatching of ovigerous masses treated with the major components and essential oils studied.

Plant extracts, metaldehyde and saline solutions on the population control of Bradybaena similaris / Extratos vegetais, metaldeído e soluções salinas para o controle populacional de Bradybaena similaris

This study aimed to test the efficiency of plant extracts, metaldehyde and saline solutions, as alternatives to the population control of the snail Bradybaena similaris , and to investigate the effect of the plant extracts in reducing the damage of the snail on Brassica oleracea . The experiments were performed at the Entomology Laboratory of the Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), using a random experimental design with nine treatments in triplicate. Five adult individuals of B. similaris were subjected to each trial, totaling 135 snails. The following treatments were tested: cinnamon ( Melia azedarach ), timbó ( Ateleia glazioveana ), rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), mate herb ( Ilex paraguariensis ), two concentrations of metaldehyde (3% and 5%), two concentrations of salt solution (5% and 10 %), and a control treatment (distilled water). To evaluate the survival of B. similaris it was checked the treatments every 24 hours, over four consecutive days. The results revealed that the two concentrations of metaldehyde were fully efficient, that the saline solution (10%) had and intermediate efficiency, and that all other treatments were not effective. The treatment with the M. azedarach extract induced a higher consumption of B. oleracea , while the saline solution at 10% and the extracts of R. officinalis and I. paraguariensis inhibited leaf consumption.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de extratos vegetais, metaldeído e soluções salinas como alternativas para o controle populacional de Bradybaena similaris e o efeito dos extratos para a redução dos danos sobre Brassica oleracea , em condições de laboratório (Laboratório de Entomologia da Unochapecó, Chapecó, Santa Catarina). O experimento foi conduzido utilizando cinco indivíduos adultos de B. similares para cada um dos nove tratamentos em triplicatas, totalizando 135 caracóis. Os seguintes tratamentos foram testados: extrato de cinamomo ( Melia azedarach ), timbó ( Ateleia glazioveana ), alecrim ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), erva-mate ( Ilex paraguariensis ), metaldeído (3% e 5%), soluções salinas (5% e 10%) e a testemunha (água destilada). Para avaliação dos dados, foi determinada a taxa de sobrevivência de B. similaris a cada 24 horas em um período de quatro dias. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as duas concentrações de metaldeído foram eficientes, a solução salina (10%) apresentou eficiência intermediária, enquanto os demais tratamentos não foram eficazes. Observou-se que o tratamento com extrato de M. azedarach induziu a um consumo maior de B. oleracea , enquanto a solução salina a 10% e os extratos de R. officinalis e I. paraguariensis inibiram o consumo.(AU)

Alterações imunológicas e histopatológicas em Biomphalaria glabrata SAY, 1818 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) infectada por Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) e exposta a concentração subletal do latex de Euphorbia milii (syn splenden

No Brasil a esquistossomose mansônica acomete cerca de sete milhões de pessoas e 25 milhões estão sob risco contrair a infecção. Uma das medidas de controle da esquistossomose é o uso de moluscicidas, dentre os naturais testados, o látex de Euphorbia milii var. hislopii apresentou-se como potencial moluscicida em baixas concentrações, enquadrando-se nos critérios da OMS. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar as alterações imunológicas e teciduais provocadas pela exposição à concentração subletal do látex de E. milii por 24 horas em Biomphalaria glabrata infectada por Schistosoma mansoni. As analises foram feitas em quatro grupos de moluscos: infectado por S. mansoni e exposto ao látex (IE), não infectado e exposto ao látex (E), apenas infectado (I) e controle - sem infecção e exposição (C). As alterações imunológicas foram analisadas individualmente em 10 moluscos de cada grupo, através da quantificação e tipagem de hemócitos e produção de óxido nítrico. Em relação à histologia, cinco moluscos de cada grupo foram separados para a análise, através de cortes longitudinais. Os resultados relacionados a contagem de hemócitos foram: o grupo I apresentou menor quantidade de hemócitos, e o grupo IE a maior. Os grupos E e C não apresentaram diferença significativa. Foram encontrados três tipos de hemócitos: hialinócitos, granulócitos e células blásticas. Em todos os grupos a proporção hialinócitos foi superior, C (59,8%), E (47,5%), I (45,7%), IE (41,3%). Nos grupos E (28,4%), I (36,8%) e IE (31,7%) o segundo maior tipo de hemócitos foi granulócitos, seguido por células blásticas em menor proporção. No grupo C as células blásticas representaram 27,5%, seguido dos granulócitos 12,5%. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tipos celulares e os diferentes grupos analisados em 24 horas. Comparando os tipos de hemócitos em cada grupo, observamos diferença significativa entre o número de células do tipo hialinócitos e blásticas tanto nos grupos controle, como dos infectados. Com relação a produção de óxido nítrico (NO), os moluscos do grupo C apresentaram uma quantidade superior comparado aos demais. Não houve diferença na produção NO comparando o grupo IE, com os grupos E e I. O grupo E apresentou uma redução em comparação com o grupo I. A exposição ao látex promoveu no grupo IE, intensa proliferação de hemócitos no tentáculo, manto, mufla, glândula digestiva, rim e ovotestes. Na glândula digestiva e no rim foram observadas reações granulomatosas em torno dos esporocistos, característica de moluscos refratários à infecção. No manto, foi observado destruição tecidual com esporocistos mortos. No grupo E também houve proliferação hemocitária no rim e na glândula digestiva, além de edemas na região do manto.Conclui-se que a concentração subletal do látex de E. milii influenciou a resposta imune celular de uma linhagem suscetível de B. glabrata a infecção por S.mansoni, levando a destruição dos parasitos no tecido como observado em linhagens de moluscos resistentes a infecção.

In Brazil, schistosomiasis mansoni affects about 7 million people and other 25 millions are at the risk of becoming infected with it. One of the ways to control schistosomiasis is the use of molluscicides to control the intermediate host. Among the non-chemicals tested, latex Euphorbia milii var. hislopii showed molluscicide potencial in low concentrations following the criteria of WHO. This thesis aimed to verify Biomphalaria glabrata immunological and tissue changes caused by exposure to a sublethal concentration of E. milii latex for 24 hours. The analysis were made in 4 groups of mollusks : infected by S. mansoni and exposed to latex (IE) uninfected and exposed to latex (E), only infected (I) and control neither infected nor exposed (C). The immunological analysis was made in 10 mollusks of each group through the quantification, chracterization of hemocytes and production of nitric oxide. In relation to histology, five mollusks of each group were separated to the analysis, through longitudinal sections. The results related to the number of hemocytes were: group I presented the lower number of hemocytes than others and group IE showed the significative increase comparing with the others. The groups E and C did not present significative difference. Three types of hemocytes were found: hyalinocytes, granulocytes and blast-like cells. In all the groups the proportion of hyalinocytes was superior, C (59,8%), E (47,5%), I (45,7%), IE (41,3%). In groups E (28,4%), I (36,8%) and IE (31,7%) the second greatest type was granulocytes followed by blast-like cells in lower proportion. In group C the blast-like cells represented 27,5%, followed by granulocytes 12,5%. There was no significant difference among the cell types and the different groups analyzed in 24 hours. Comparing the types of hemocytes in each group significant difference was observed between the number of cells of the type hyalinocytes and blast-like in the control and infected group. Concerning the NO production, the mollusks of group C showed an increase comparing with the others. There was no difference in the NO production comparing the group IE with the groups E and I. Whereas the group E presented a reduction in relation to the group I. The E.milii latex exposition promoted, in the group infected by S. mansoni a great proliferation of hemocytes in the tentacles, mantle, mufla, digestive gland, kidney and ovotestis. In the digestive gland and the kidney were observed granulomatous reactions around the sporocysts, characteristics of mollusks resistant to the infection. In the mantle, tissue destruction with dead sporocysts was observed. In the uninfected group and exposed, there was also proliferation of hemocytes in the kidney and the digestive gland, besides of this we observed edema in the mantle area. We conclude that the sublethal concentration of the latex of E. milii influenced the immune response of the suscetible lineage B. glabrata to infection by S.mansoni, promoving the destruction of parasites as observed in resistant snails.

Letalidade do extrato de synadenium grantii hook. F. (Euphorbiaceae) frente a caramujos biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (gastropoda, planorbidae) / Letalidad del extracto de synadenium grantii hook. F. (Euphorbiaceae) contra caracoles biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (gastropoda, planorbidae) / Lethality of synadenium grantii hook. F. (Euphorbiaceae) extract to snails biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (gastropoda, planorbidae)

No Brasil, o caramujo Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Gastropoda, Planorbidae) atua como principal vetor hospedeiro intermediário do helminto trematódeo Schistosoma mansoni (Schistosomatidae), agente etiológico da esquistossomose. O combate deste hospedeiro com substâncias moluscicidas é considerado uma das formas de redução do risco de transmissão da esquistossomose. Na busca por novos produtos naturais para controlar este vetor, o presente trabalho testou os extratos de algumas espécies vegetais exóticas consideradas tóxicas: Allamanda cathartica L. (Apocynaceae), Breynia nivosa (W. Bull) Small (Phyllanthaceae), Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), Dieffenbachia picta Schott (Araceae), Euphorbia milii des Mol. var. breonii (Euphorbiaceae), Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae), Monstera deliciosa Liebm. (Araceae) e Synadenium grantii Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae). Apenas a espécie S. grantii apresentou atividade moluscicida (CL50 = 40,0 µg mL-1) promissora, sendo este o primeiro relato desta atividade para espécies do gênero Synadenium.(AU)

In Brazil, Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Gastropoda, Planorbidae) snail serves as the principal intermediate vector host of Schistosoma mansoni (Schistosomatidae) trematode helminth, the etiologic agent of schistosomiasis. A way of reducing transmission risk of schistosomiasis is the combat of this host with molluscicide substances. In the search for new natural products to control this vector, the present study tested the extracts of some exotic plant species considered toxic: Allamanda cathartica L. (Apocynaceae), Breynia nivosa (W. Bull) Small (Phyllanthaceae), Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), Dieffenbachia picta Schott (Araceae), Euphorbia milii des Mol. var. breonii (Euphorbiaceae), Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae), Monstera deliciosa Liebm. (Araceae) and Synadenium grantii Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae). Only the S. grantii species showed molluscicide activity promising (LC50 = 40.0 mg mL-1), and this is the first report of this activity to the genus Synadenium (Euphorbiaceae).(AU)

En Brasil, el caracol Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Gastropoda, Planorbidae) actúa como principal vector hospedero intermediario del helmintos trematodo Schistosoma mansoni (Schistosomatidae), agente etiológico de la esquistosomiasis. El combate de este hospedero con sustancias molusquicidas es considerado una de las formas de reducción del riesgo de transmisión de la esquistosomiasis. En la búsqueda por nuevos productos naturales para el control de este vector, el presente estudio examinó los extractos de algunas especies exóticas de plantas consideradas tóxicas: Allamanda cathartica L. (Apocynaceae), Breynia nivosa (W. Bull) Small (Phyllanthaceae), Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), Dieffenbachia picta Schott (Araceae), Euphorbia milii des Mol. var. breonii (Euphorbiaceae), Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae), Monstera deliciosa Liebm. (Araceae) y Synadenium grantii Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae). Sólo la especie S. grantii presentó actividad molusquicida prometedores (CL50 = 40,0 ug mL-1) promisora, siendo éste el primer relato de esta actividad para especies del género Synadenium.(AU)

The influence of thymol+DMSO on survival, growth and reproduction of Bradybaena similaris (Mollusca: Bradybaenidae)

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821), commonly known as the Asian trampsnail, is a terrestrial snail native to Asia, introduced in other regions of the world. In Brazil, populations of this land snail are distributed from the state of Amapá in the North to Rio Grande do Sul in the South. This species acts as an intermediate host for parasites and is a difficult-to-control agricultural pest as well, causing great losses to crops and ornamental plant cultivation. This land snail is easily reared in the laboratory and has been successfully used as a biological model in studies that aim at verifying molluscicidal effects of plant extracts. Several studies have demonstrated that B. similaris, like many other species of land and freshwater snails, is physiologically adapted to survival over transitory unfavorable environmental conditions. Moreover, this species seems to have a life history strategy characterized by a short life span and a maximal opportunistic reproductive effort during transient favorable periods. Such biological features may potentially lead to the inefficacy of control attempts and, simultaneously, make this species able to repopulate sites previously treated with biocides. For this reason, studies that aim at verifying the effect of molluscicides on the reproduction, growth and survival of molluscs are greatly required. Molluscicides of plant origin may represent a safe and effective way of controlling these animals. Thymol is a substance of plant origin which has bactericidal, fungicidal and anti-inflammatory properties and has been presented as a promissory biocide of mollusc species. The aim of this work was to assess the molluscicidal property of thymol in combination with DMSO against eggs and adults of B. similaris. During 120 days, we evaluated the effect of thymol+DMSO at different concentrations (2.5 g/L and 5 g/L) on the hatching success, hatchling survival, growth and reproduction of B. similaris under laboratory conditions. We tested thymol+DMSO on 160 eggs, 160 10-day-old and 160 30-day-old juveniles. The results showed that thymol+DMSO (5 g/L and 2.5 g/L) affected hatching success, acting as an ovicide. The tests with 10-day-old juveniles showed that thymol+DMSO at 2.5 g/L and 5 g/L caused 90 and 100% of mortality, respectively. For the 30-day-old juveniles, thymol+DMSO caused 87.5% of mortality at 5 g/L, and 75% at 2.5 g/L. With regard to growth, the results were not significant. The 10-day-old individuals treated with thymol+DMSO showed only one reproductive event during the 120 days of the experiment. Thymol+DMSO showed molluscicidal and residual activity, which makes evident its potential for controlling snails, and consequently, snail-borne diseases.

The influence of thymol+DMSO on survival, growth and reproduction of Bradybaena similaris (Mollusca: Bradybaenidae)

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821), commonly known as the Asian trampsnail, is a terrestrial snail native to Asia, introduced in other regions of the world. In Brazil, populations of this land snail are distributed from the state of Amapá in the North to Rio Grande do Sul in the South. This species acts as an intermediate host for parasites and is a difficult-to-control agricultural pest as well, causing great losses to crops and ornamental plant cultivation. This land snail is easily reared in the laboratory and has been successfully used as a biological model in studies that aim at verifying molluscicidal effects of plant extracts. Several studies have demonstrated that B. similaris, like many other species of land and freshwater snails, is physiologically adapted to survival over transitory unfavorable environmental conditions. Moreover, this species seems to have a life history strategy characterized by a short life span and a maximal opportunistic reproductive effort during transient favorable periods. Such biological features may potentially lead to the inefficacy of control attempts and, simultaneously, make this species able to repopulate sites previously treated with biocides. For this reason, studies that aim at verifying the effect of molluscicides on the reproduction, growth and survival of molluscs are greatly required. Molluscicides of plant origin may represent a safe and effective way of controlling these animals. Thymol is a substance of plant origin which has bactericidal, fungicidal and anti-inflammatory properties and has been presented as a promissory biocide of mollusc species. The aim of this work was to assess the molluscicidal property of thymol in combination with DMSO against eggs and adults of B. similaris. During 120 days, we evaluated the effect of thymol+DMSO at different concentrations (2.5 g/L and 5 g/L) on the hatching success, hatchling survival, growth and reproduction of B. similaris under laboratory conditions. We tested thymol+DMSO on 160 eggs, 160 10-day-old and 160 30-day-old juveniles. The results showed that thymol+DMSO (5 g/L and 2.5 g/L) affected hatching success, acting as an ovicide. The tests with 10-day-old juveniles showed that thymol+DMSO at 2.5 g/L and 5 g/L caused 90 and 100% of mortality, respectively. For the 30-day-old juveniles, thymol+DMSO caused 87.5% of mortality at 5 g/L, and 75% at 2.5 g/L. With regard to growth, the results were not significant. The 10-day-old individuals treated with thymol+DMSO showed only one reproductive event during the 120 days of the experiment. Thymol+DMSO showed molluscicidal and residual activity, which makes evident its potential for controlling snails, and consequently, snail-borne diseases.

The influence of thymol+DMSO on survival, growth and reproduction of Bradybaena similaris (Mollusca: Bradybaenidae)

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821), commonly known as the Asian trampsnail, is a terrestrial snail native to Asia, introduced in other regions of the world. In Brazil, populations of this land snail are distributed from the state of Amapá in the North to Rio Grande do Sul in the South. This species acts as an intermediate host for parasites and is a difficult-to-control agricultural pest as well, causing great losses to crops and ornamental plant cultivation. This land snail is easily reared in the laboratory and has been successfully used as a biological model in studies that aim at verifying molluscicidal effects of plant extracts. Several studies have demonstrated that B. similaris, like many other species of land and freshwater snails, is physiologically adapted to survival over transitory unfavorable environmental conditions. Moreover, this species seems to have a life history strategy characterized by a short life span and a maximal opportunistic reproductive effort during transient favorable periods. Such biological features may potentially lead to the inefficacy of control attempts and, simultaneously, make this species able to repopulate sites previously treated with biocides. For this reason, studies that aim at verifying the effect of molluscicides on the reproduction, growth and survival of molluscs are greatly required. Molluscicides of plant origin may represent a safe and effective way of controlling these animals. Thymol is a substance of plant origin which has bactericidal, fungicidal and anti-inflammatory properties and has been presented as a promissory biocide of mollusc species. The aim of this work was to assess the molluscicidal property of thymol in combination with DMSO against eggs and adults of B. similaris. During 120 days, we evaluated the effect of thymol+DMSO at different concentrations (2.5 g/L and 5 g/L) on the hatching success, hatchling survival, growth and reproduction of B. similaris under laboratory conditions. We tested thymol+DMSO on 160 eggs, 160 10-day-old and 160 30-day-old juveniles. The results showed that thymol+DMSO (5 g/L and 2.5 g/L) affected hatching success, acting as an ovicide. The tests with 10-day-old juveniles showed that thymol+DMSO at 2.5 g/L and 5 g/L caused 90 and 100% of mortality, respectively. For the 30-day-old juveniles, thymol+DMSO caused 87.5% of mortality at 5 g/L, and 75% at 2.5 g/L. With regard to growth, the results were not significant. The 10-day-old individuals treated with thymol+DMSO showed only one reproductive event during the 120 days of the experiment. Thymol+DMSO showed molluscicidal and residual activity, which makes evident its potential for controlling snails, and consequently, snail-borne diseases.

Alterações locomotoras e reprodutivas em Biomphalaria glabrata (SAY, 1818) (MOLLUSCA: PLANORBIDAE) hospedeiro intermediário de Schistosoma mansoni SAMBON, 1907 (TREMATODA: SCHISTOSOMATIDAE) sob condições de estresse

Os efeitos da infecção por parasitos e da ação de contaminantes em moluscos tem influência direta sobre o comportamento destas espécies, dentre eles o locomotor e o reprodutivo, funcionando como biomarcadores de estresse e da qualidade da água. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a atividade locomotora e reprodutiva de Biomphalaria glabrata, principal hospedeiro intermediário de Schistosoma mansoni no Brasil, sob duas condições de estresse diferentes: a infecção parasitária por S. mansoni e a ação de um moluscicida, o látex de Euphorbia milii var. hislopii. Estes fatores de estresse foram avaliados separadamente em B. glabrata em relação aos parâmetros locomotores usando o sistema de biomonitoramento por análise de imagem Videomex V® e reprodutivos, analisando fecundidade e eclodibilidade. Para avaliar a atividade locomotora foram analisados cinco parâmetros: Distância percorrida, Tempo ambulatorial, Tempo estereotipado, Tempo em repouso e Velocidade média. A infecção foi observada em dois momentos diferentes: antes e após a infecção e a exposição ao látex na concentração subletal (CL50 - 0,53 mg/L) em três momentos diferentes: antes da exposição (grupo controle), 1 dia pós exposição (grupo 1 d.p.e.) e 30 dias pós exposição (grupo 30 d.p.e.). Os parâmetros reprodutivos de B. glabrata analisados foram: número de massas ovígeras, ovos e moluscos eclodidos. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa R. Dos moluscos infectados com S. mansoni, 47,8% eliminaram cercárias (positivos) e 52,2% (expostos) não eliminaram cercárias. A atividade locomotora de todos os moluscos aumentou significativamente após a infecção por S. mansoni. Contudo, os moluscos positivos foram menos móveis comparados aos expostos. Com relação à reprodução, 84,8% dos moluscos positivos não conseguiram restabelecer o número de massas ovígeras durante o período patente. O número de cercárias eliminadas individualmente por cada molusco positivo apresentou uma relação positiva com o tempo estereotipado e uma relação negativa com o número de ovos. Quanto aos efeitos da exposição ao látex de E. milii var. hislopii em B. glabrata foi observado um decréscimo significativo (p-value<0.05) de todas as atividades locomotoras dos moluscos do grupo 1 d.p.e em comparação ao controle. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos controle e o 30 d.p.e. Comparando os grupos pós exposição (1 dia e 30 dias) foi observado uma redução na atividade locomotora do grupo 1 d.p.e. Em relação aos parâmetros reprodutivos, a relação ovos/massa ovígera diminuiu na semana seguinte a exposição (6ª semana) enquanto houve aumento na taxa de eclosão. Após trinta dias, estes parâmetros reprodutivos foram similares aos observados nestes mesmos moluscos antes da exposição. Houve, no entanto, redução no número de moluscos eclodidos após a exposição até o final do experimento (10a semana). Concluímos que a infecção por S. mansoni e a exposição ao látex de E. milii var. hislopii afetam o comportamento locomotor e reprodutivo de B. glabrata de forma diferente, sendo capaz de influenciar na epidemiologia da transmissão da esquistossomose.

The effects of infection by parasites and action of the pollutants in freshwater mollusks have a direct influence on their behaviour, as the locomotor and reproductive, that can be used as stress and quality of water biomarkers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the locomotor and reproductive activities of Biomphalaria glabrata, the main intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil on two different conditions of stress: a parasitic infection by S. mansoni and under the action of a molluscicide, the latex of Euphorbia milii var. hislopii. These stress factors were evaluated separately in B. glabrata on locomotor parameters using image analysis biomonitoring system Videomex V® and reproductive, analyzing fertility and hatchability. To assess the locomotor activity five parameters were analyzing: Distance travelled, Ambulatory time, Stereotypic time, Resting time and Average speed'. The infection was observed at two different times: before and after the infection; the exposition to sublethal latex concentration (LC50 - 0.53 mg/L) was observed at three different times: before exposure (control group) 1 day after exposure (group 1 d.p.e.) and 30 days after exposure (group 30 d.p.e.). The reproductive parameters analyzed of the B. glabrata were the number of egg masses, eggs and number of snails hatched. All statistical analyzes were performed using the program R. From snails infected with S. mansoni, 47.8% shed cercariae (positive snails) and 52.2% (exposed snails) did not shed it. The locomotor activity of all mollusks increased significantly after infection with S. mansoni. However, the positive snails were slower than exposed snails. In relation of the reproduction, 84.8% of positive snails reduced the number of eggs masses during the patent period. The number of cercariae shed by individual snails showed a positive relation with the Stereotypical time and a negative relation with the number of eggs. The effects of exposure to E. milii var. hislopii latex in B. glabrata decreased significantly (p-value <0.05) all locomotory activity of the snails group 1 d.p.e. compared to the control group. There was no significant difference between the control group and 30 d.p.e. group. Comparing the post-exposure groups (1 day and 30 days) a reduction in locomotor activity in group 1 d.p.e. was observed. Regarding the reproductive parameters, the eggs/eggs masses ratio decreased in the following week after exposition (6th week) while the hatching rate increased. After thirty days of exposition, these reproductive parameters, in the same snails, were similar to those measured before the exposition. However, the number of hatched snails after exposure reduced until the end of the experiment (10th week). We conclude that infection by S. mansoni and the exposure to E. milii var. hislopii latex affected differently the locomotor and reproductive behaviours of B. glabrata being able to influence the epidemiology of transmission of schistosomiasis.