Tetanus in a canine: clinical and therapeutic aspects / Tétano em um canino: aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos

Tetanus is a serious and rare disease in small animals, of an acute nature and mediated by the action of the neurotoxin tetanospasmin, from the bacillus Clostridium tetani. This report describes a case of tetanus in a canine, with emphasis on its clinical and therapeutic aspects, in addition to its clinical recovery. A canine, female, Pitbull breed, five months old, in status epilepticus, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo. After stabilizing the patient, the animal was found in a trestle position, with generalized spastic paralysis, risus sardonicus, trismus, erect tail and ears, and difficulty in expanding the thorax. The presumptive diagnosis of tetanus was established based on the anamnesis, clinical signs, and laboratory findings. The established supportive treatment included hydro electrolytic replacement, antitetanus serum, antibiotic therapy, analgesia, myorelaxant and anticonvulsant drugs. The patient's intensive management was carried out with urethral and gastroesophageal probing, changes of position every two hours, and reduction of environmental stimuli. Physiotherapy and acupuncture were also used to complement the treatment and accelerate recovery. The patient was discharged one month after the beginning of the treatment, presenting satisfactory evolution. In the present case, the clinical examination in association with the characteristic clinical signs of the disease, added to the detailed anamnesis, was essential for the presumptive diagnosis of tetanus. In addition, intensive management, drug treatment, physiotherapy, and acupuncture enabled the evolution of the clinical condition to cure.

O tétano é uma doença grave e rara em pequenos animais, de caráter agudo e mediada pela ação da neurotoxina tetanospasmina, proveniente do bacilo Clostridium tetani. Neste relato descreve-se um caso de tétano em um canino, com ênfase em seus aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos, além da sua recuperação clínica. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Passo Fundo, um canino, fêmea, da raça Pitbull, com cinco meses, em status epilepticus. Após a estabilização da paciente, constataram-se animal em posição de cavalete, com paralisia espástica generalizada, risus sardonicus, trismo, cauda e orelhas eretas e dificuldade em expandir o tórax. O diagnóstico presuntivo de tétano foi firmado a partir da anamnese, sinais clínicos e achados laboratoriais. O tratamento suporte estabelecido incluiu reposição hidroeletrolítica, soro antitetânico, antibioticoterapia, analgesia, fármacos miorrelaxantes e anticonvulsivantes. O manejo intensivo da paciente foi realizado com sondagem uretral e nasoesofágica, trocas de decúbito a cada duas horas e diminuição de estímulos ambientais. A fisioterapia e a acupuntura também foram utilizadas para complementar o tratamento e acelerar a recuperação. A paciente recebeu alta médica um mês após o início do tratamento, apresentando evolução satisfatória. No presente caso, o exame clínico em associação aos sinais clínicos característicos da doença, acrescidos da anamnese minuciosa foram fundamentais ao diagnóstico presuntivo de tétano. Além disso, o manejo intensivo, o tratamento medicamentoso, assim como a realização de fisioterapia e acupuntura, possibilitaram a evolução do quadro clínico à cura.

Lafora's disease in a free-ranging toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) with neurologic disease

Lafora's disease is a genetic disease associated to mutations in genes that encodes laforin and malin, which results in intracellular polyglucan storage. The present report describes a case of Lafora's disease in a toco toucan with episodes of incoordination and myoclonus that resulted in traumatic lesions and fracture of the left hindlimb. The bird was euthanized and submitted to necropsy. Microscopically there were abundant PAS-positive and diastasis-resistant Lafora's inclusion bodies in neurons in the cerebellum, supporting the diagnosis of Lafora's disease.(AU)

Antiparkinsoniano para tratamento de sequelas neurológicas causadas pela cinomose / Antiparkinsonian for treatment of neurological sequels caused by canine distemper

Background: Canine distemper (CD) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV). In dogs, CDV infection is characterized by the presentation of systemic and/or neurological signs with viral persistence in some organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). Neurological damages resulting from CD are a defiance for veterinarians, due to occasioned clinical sequels that influence the patient quality of life. The treatment of sequelae should seek to promote the resolution or decrease of the deleterious effects that impede the patient independence. Thus, the present report aims to describe the action of antiparkinsonian medication (levodopa associated with carbidopa) administered to 3 dogs who presented neurological sequels resulting from the canine distemper. Cases: Dog 1. A 9-month-old male mixed breed; Dog 2. A 6-month-old male Shih Tzu. Dog 3. A 8-years-old bitch mixed breed. All animals were referred for neurological care because presented neurological damages after distemper involvement. Only the Dog 2 was vaccinated to CD. Dog 1 (mixed male) had severe myoclonus, lack of proprioception, decreased of muscle tonus and paralysis in both pelvic limbs, associated with a marked thoracolumbar kyphosis. Dog 2 (a puppy Shih Tzu male) presented myoclonus in PL, proprioceptive loss in thoracic and pelvic limbs, absence of withdrawal reflex in thoracic and pelvic limbs, decrease in muscle tonus in pelvic limb and increase in thoracic limb. Dog 3 (adult unneutered bitch) presented intense myoclonus, absence of proprioception, decrease in muscle tonus and paresis of pelvic limb. All patients were treated with antiparkinsonian medication (levodopa 250 mg associated with carbidopa 25 mg) with following dosages: Dog 1 received a commercially available tablet, orally once a day for 30 days, while Dogs 2 and 3 had doses calculated by extrapolation allometric. For the Dog 2 it was prescribed 0.25 mg of levodopa and 0.025 mg of carbidopa daily for 30 days. Dog 3 was treated with 1 mg of levodopa and 0.1 mg of carbidopa patient day for the same period. Thirty days after starting the treatment, the 3 patients were evaluated again, and showed improvement of the motor signs, and the treatment was maintained. At the next return (30 days): Dog 1 showed significant improvement, however, Dog 2 started to present epileptic seizures and nystagmus that were treated with levetiracetam, while the Dog 3 not returned. As Dog 1 had a better prognosis, treatment was maintained for 1 year, with the frequency being changed from 24 h x 24 h to 48 h x 48 h after 30 days and 72x72 h after another 30 days. Unfortunately, Dog 2 had a worsening of epileptic condition and died, while Dog 3 died by road-kill. Discussion: The cases reported are uncommon, because not exist information about the use of antiparksonian to treatment of neurological damages occasioned by canine distemper. Although there are emerging therapies, such as the use of mesenchymal stem cells, that can reduce these sequels, the access is still restricted to a few professionals. Thus, the use of medications for demyelinating diseases, as antiparkinsonian, may be an alternative. In fact, the three reported patients showed recovery of the motor and sensorial damages observed, which corroborates with the possibility of a new treatment using antiparkinsonian or other drugs to demyelinating diseases.

Características epizootiológicas da infecção natural pelo vírus da cinomose canina em Belo Horizonte / Natural canine distemper virus infection epizootiology characteristics in Belo Horizonte

O perfil epizootiológico da cinomose canina em Belo Horizonte é desatualizado e não alberga algumas características relevantes. Uma análise recente da distribuição do vírus em relação às características do hospedeiro e do meio ambiente associada aos principais sinais clínicos e achados laboratoriais são importantes para se adotarem medidas estratégicas para o controle da enfermidade. Objetivou-se, assim, determinar as características epizootiológicas da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina associada à variedade de sinais clínico-neurológicos e laboratoriais em Belo Horizonte, auxiliando no diagnóstico precoce da infecção e na diminuição das taxas de morbidade e mortalidade da doença. A avaliação do perfil epizootiológico de 90 cães revelou que a doença é mais frequente em animais adultos (um a seis anos de idade) e que não receberam vacinas conforme recomendado pelos protocolos. Os sinais clínicos extraneurais e neurais foram variados, com predomínio para manifestações gastrentérica e respiratória, mioclonia e déficit motor, respectivamente. O exame do fluido cérebro-espinhal demonstrou predomínio de proteinorraquia associada à pleocitose linfocítica. O teste de imunocromatografia para pesquisa de antígeno com amostras do fluido cerebroespinhal foi eficaz para identificar a doença em pacientes com sinais neurológicos, diferentemente das amostras do swab conjuntival, que não devem ser utilizadas.(AU)

The epizootiology profile of canine distemper in Belo Horizonte is outdated and does not harbor some important characteristics. A recent analysis of the virus distribution in relation to host and environmental characteristics associated with the main clinical signs and laboratory findings are important for adopting strategic measures to control the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the epizootiology characteristics of canine distemper virus infection associated with a variety of clinical and neurologic signs and laboratory findings in Belo Horizonte, helping to detect early infection and reduce morbidity and mortality rates. The evaluation of the epizootiology profile of 90 dogs revealed that the disease is more frequent in adult animals (1-6 years of age) and did not receive vaccines as recommended by the protocols. Extra neural and neural clinical signs were varied, with predominance for gastrointestinal and respiratory manifestations and myoclonus and motor deficit, respectively. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid of 16 dogs showed a predominance of increase protein associated with lymphocytic pleocytosis. The immunochromatography test for antigen screening with samples of cerebrospinal fluid in 76 animals with neurological signs was effective in identifying the disease, unlike conjunctival swab samples, which should not be used.(AU)

Características epizootiológicas da infecção natural pelo vírus da cinomose canina em Belo Horizonte / Natural canine distemper virus infection epizootiology characteristics in Belo Horizonte

O perfil epizootiológico da cinomose canina em Belo Horizonte é desatualizado e não alberga algumas características relevantes. Uma análise recente da distribuição do vírus em relação às características do hospedeiro e do meio ambiente associada aos principais sinais clínicos e achados laboratoriais são importantes para se adotarem medidas estratégicas para o controle da enfermidade. Objetivou-se, assim, determinar as características epizootiológicas da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina associada à variedade de sinais clínico-neurológicos e laboratoriais em Belo Horizonte, auxiliando no diagnóstico precoce da infecção e na diminuição das taxas de morbidade e mortalidade da doença. A avaliação do perfil epizootiológico de 90 cães revelou que a doença é mais frequente em animais adultos (um a seis anos de idade) e que não receberam vacinas conforme recomendado pelos protocolos. Os sinais clínicos extraneurais e neurais foram variados, com predomínio para manifestações gastrentérica e respiratória, mioclonia e déficit motor, respectivamente. O exame do fluido cérebro-espinhal demonstrou predomínio de proteinorraquia associada à pleocitose linfocítica. O teste de imunocromatografia para pesquisa de antígeno com amostras do fluido cerebroespinhal foi eficaz para identificar a doença em pacientes com sinais neurológicos, diferentemente das amostras do swab conjuntival, que não devem ser utilizadas.(AU)

The epizootiology profile of canine distemper in Belo Horizonte is outdated and does not harbor some important characteristics. A recent analysis of the virus distribution in relation to host and environmental characteristics associated with the main clinical signs and laboratory findings are important for adopting strategic measures to control the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the epizootiology characteristics of canine distemper virus infection associated with a variety of clinical and neurologic signs and laboratory findings in Belo Horizonte, helping to detect early infection and reduce morbidity and mortality rates. The evaluation of the epizootiology profile of 90 dogs revealed that the disease is more frequent in adult animals (1-6 years of age) and did not receive vaccines as recommended by the protocols. Extra neural and neural clinical signs were varied, with predominance for gastrointestinal and respiratory manifestations and myoclonus and motor deficit, respectively. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid of 16 dogs showed a predominance of increase protein associated with lymphocytic pleocytosis. The immunochromatography test for antigen screening with samples of cerebrospinal fluid in 76 animals with neurological signs was effective in identifying the disease, unlike conjunctival swab samples, which should not be used.(AU)

Alterações laboratoriais e post-mortem de um felino com doença renal crônica positivo para o vírus da imunodeficiência felina / Laboratory changes and post-death of a feline with positive chronic kidney disease for the feline immunodeficiency virus

A Imunodeficiência Viral Felina (FIV) é uma patologia infecciosa, na qual o vírus está presente na saliva de gatos infectados, o que mostra transmissão direta por ferimentos causados por mordidas, além disso, pode ocorrer transmissão vertical. A doença renal crônica (DRC)é uma das patologias mais comumente observadas em gatos infectados com FIV. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever um relato de caso clínico de um felino com DRC portador do FIV, enfatizando suas alterações laboratoriais e post-mortem. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Adrisse, Fortaleza-CE, um felino, sem raça definida, de aproximadamente sete anos. Segundo a tutora, o felino havia fugido de casa, e quando retornou, apresentava vômitos esporádicos, diarreia e anorexia há quatro dias. No exame físico, apresentava quadro de ataxia, apatia, grau de desidratação em torno de 8%, dor abdominal, mioclonias, êmese, hipotermia, nistagmo bilateral, mucosas levemente ictéricas, desnutrição, urina concentrada, úlceras na boca e hálito urêmico. Foram solicitados como exames complementares: hemograma e dosagens bioquímicas (alanina aminotransferase, creatinina, aspartatoaminotransferase), sódio, potássio, fósforo, fosfatase alcalina, cálcio, ureia, sumário de urina, ultrassonografia abdominal e snap® teste FIV/FeLV. O diagnóstico foi conclusivo através do snap FIV/FelV e a DRC se confirmou pela ultrassonografia abdominal e necropsia, através de alterações compatíveis com os sintomas e achados laboratoriais. Pode-se concluir que em felinos acometidos por FIV, são imprescindíveis a avaliação clínica e o diagnóstico de complicações renais, visto que há uma ação viral no desencadeamento de lesões renais, os quais podem ser identificados por meio de exames laboratoriais, ultrassonográficos e necroscópicos.

Feline Viral Immunodeficiency (FIV) is an infectious pathology, in which the virus is present in the saliva of infected cats, which shows direct transmission through injuries caused by bites, in addition, vertical transmission can occur. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the pathologies most commonly seen in cats infected with IVF. The objective of the study was to describe a clinical case report of a feline with CKD with IVF, emphasizing his laboratory and post-mortem changes. At the Veterinary Hospital Adrisse, Fortaleza-CE, a feline, of mixed breed, of approximately seven years was attended. According to the tutor, the cat had run away from home, and when he returned, he had sporadic vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia for four days. On physical examination, he presented ataxia, apathy, degree of dehydration around 8%, abdominal pain, myoclonus, emesis, hypothermia, bilateral nystagmus, slightly jaundiced mucous membranes, malnutrition, concentrated urine, mouth ulcers and uremic breath. Complementary tests were requested: blood count and biochemical measurements (alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase), sodium, potassium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, urea, urine summary, abdominal ultrasound and snap® FIV/FeLV test. The diagnosis was conclusive through the FIV/FelV snap and CKD was confirmed by abdominal ultrasound and necropsy, through alterations compatible with the symptoms and laboratory findings. It can be concluded that in cats affected by FIV, clinical evaluation and diagnosis of kidney complications are essential, since there is a viral action in the triggering of kidney injuries, which can be identified through laboratory, ultrasound and necroscopic exams.

Alterações laboratoriais e post-mortem de um felino com doença renal crônica positivo para o vírus da imunodeficiência felina / Laboratory changes and post-death of a feline with positive chronic kidney disease for the feline immunodeficiency virus

A Imunodeficiência Viral Felina (FIV) é uma patologia infecciosa, na qual o vírus está presente na saliva de gatos infectados, o que mostra transmissão direta por ferimentos causados por mordidas, além disso, pode ocorrer transmissão vertical. A doença renal crônica (DRC)é uma das patologias mais comumente observadas em gatos infectados com FIV. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever um relato de caso clínico de um felino com DRC portador do FIV, enfatizando suas alterações laboratoriais e post-mortem. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Adrisse, Fortaleza-CE, um felino, sem raça definida, de aproximadamente sete anos. Segundo a tutora, o felino havia fugido de casa, e quando retornou, apresentava vômitos esporádicos, diarreia e anorexia há quatro dias. No exame físico, apresentava quadro de ataxia, apatia, grau de desidratação em torno de 8%, dor abdominal, mioclonias, êmese, hipotermia, nistagmo bilateral, mucosas levemente ictéricas, desnutrição, urina concentrada, úlceras na boca e hálito urêmico. Foram solicitados como exames complementares: hemograma e dosagens bioquímicas (alanina aminotransferase, creatinina, aspartatoaminotransferase), sódio, potássio, fósforo, fosfatase alcalina, cálcio, ureia, sumário de urina, ultrassonografia abdominal e snap® teste FIV/FeLV. O diagnóstico foi conclusivo através do snap FIV/FelV e a DRC se confirmou pela ultrassonografia abdominal e necropsia, através de alterações compatíveis com os sintomas e achados laboratoriais. Pode-se concluir que em felinos acometidos por FIV, são imprescindíveis a avaliação clínica e o diagnóstico de complicações renais, visto que há uma ação viral no desencadeamento de lesões renais, os quais podem ser identificados por meio de exames laboratoriais, ultrassonográficos e necroscópicos.(AU)

Feline Viral Immunodeficiency (FIV) is an infectious pathology, in which the virus is present in the saliva of infected cats, which shows direct transmission through injuries caused by bites, in addition, vertical transmission can occur. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the pathologies most commonly seen in cats infected with IVF. The objective of the study was to describe a clinical case report of a feline with CKD with IVF, emphasizing his laboratory and post-mortem changes. At the Veterinary Hospital Adrisse, Fortaleza-CE, a feline, of mixed breed, of approximately seven years was attended. According to the tutor, the cat had run away from home, and when he returned, he had sporadic vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia for four days. On physical examination, he presented ataxia, apathy, degree of dehydration around 8%, abdominal pain, myoclonus, emesis, hypothermia, bilateral nystagmus, slightly jaundiced mucous membranes, malnutrition, concentrated urine, mouth ulcers and uremic breath. Complementary tests were requested: blood count and biochemical measurements (alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase), sodium, potassium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, urea, urine summary, abdominal ultrasound and snap® FIV/FeLV test. The diagnosis was conclusive through the FIV/FelV snap and CKD was confirmed by abdominal ultrasound and necropsy, through alterations compatible with the symptoms and laboratory findings. It can be concluded that in cats affected by FIV, clinical evaluation and diagnosis of kidney complications are essential, since there is a viral action in the triggering of kidney injuries, which can be identified through laboratory, ultrasound and necroscopic exams.(AU)

Frequency of lentz bodies inclusion in erythrocytes of whole blood and expanded buffy coat smears

Background: Canine distemper has been classified as highly contagious for most of domestic and wild carnivores, and theinfection can be fatal. Canine distemper inclusion bodies, also denominated Lenz inclusion bodies, are large aggregatesof viral nucleocapsid particles that can be form in red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and epithelial cellsin many tissues during the acute phase of infection. Their presence in blood is transient and rarely encountered in lightmicroscopy but are pathognomonic when identified in blood smears. The objective of this study was to investigate thefrequency of distemper inclusions in erythrocytes according to the fraction of the sample used for blood smears.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted with routine blood sample provided by the Veterinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. TheEDTA-K2 blood sample of a 40 days old male dog, mixed breed, no immunization records, presenting diarrhea, hyporexia,myoclonus and pustules in the abdomen, was selected. In a routine peripheral blood smear examination, several distemperinclusions were observed in the erythrocytes. From this sample, ten smears were performed using a whole blood (WB)and top erythrocyte fraction combined with buffy coat, denominated of expanded buffy coat (EBC). The EBC fraction wasobtained after centrifugation of EDTA whole blood in microhematocrit tubes at 9600 g for 5 min to obtained the packedcell volume (PCV) and buffy coat. After centrifugation, the blood cells are separated into three layers based on density:platelets (adjacent to supernatant), WBCs, and RBCs in the bottom. The PCV was measured and the microhematocrit tubewas ruptured 2% below the interface between leukocytes and plasma, deposited into a plastic microtubes, homogenized andused for blood smear preparation. All smears were stained with Diff-Quick Stain...

Frequency of lentz bodies inclusion in erythrocytes of whole blood and expanded buffy coat smears

Background: Canine distemper has been classified as highly contagious for most of domestic and wild carnivores, and theinfection can be fatal. Canine distemper inclusion bodies, also denominated Lenz inclusion bodies, are large aggregatesof viral nucleocapsid particles that can be form in red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and epithelial cellsin many tissues during the acute phase of infection. Their presence in blood is transient and rarely encountered in lightmicroscopy but are pathognomonic when identified in blood smears. The objective of this study was to investigate thefrequency of distemper inclusions in erythrocytes according to the fraction of the sample used for blood smears.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted with routine blood sample provided by the Veterinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. TheEDTA-K2 blood sample of a 40 days old male dog, mixed breed, no immunization records, presenting diarrhea, hyporexia,myoclonus and pustules in the abdomen, was selected. In a routine peripheral blood smear examination, several distemperinclusions were observed in the erythrocytes. From this sample, ten smears were performed using a whole blood (WB)and top erythrocyte fraction combined with buffy coat, denominated of expanded buffy coat (EBC). The EBC fraction wasobtained after centrifugation of EDTA whole blood in microhematocrit tubes at 9600 g for 5 min to obtained the packedcell volume (PCV) and buffy coat. After centrifugation, the blood cells are separated into three layers based on density:platelets (adjacent to supernatant), WBCs, and RBCs in the bottom. The PCV was measured and the microhematocrit tubewas ruptured 2% below the interface between leukocytes and plasma, deposited into a plastic microtubes, homogenized andused for blood smear preparation. All smears were stained with Diff-Quick Stain...(AU)

Occurrence of parvovirus and distemper in dogs in the Plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Ocorrência de parvovirose e cinomose em cães no Planalto Catarinense

This study determined the occurrence of parvovirus and distemper in dogs treated at the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina (UDESC). For such, 3198 medical records filed in the HCV, from February 2013 to July 2015, were reviewed.  From the records, 145 (4.53%) dogs were diagnosed with parvovirus (76 [2.38%]) or distemper (69 [2.15%]). The most common clinical signs of parvovirus were gastrointestinal signs (76 [100%]), having hematochezia as the most commonly observed (74 [97.37%]); for distemper, neurological signs (48 [69.56%]) were most frequently described and myoclonus had the highest occurrence (31 [64.58%]). Regarding complete blood count, the most observed variation in parvovirus was leukopenia by neutropenia and lymphopenia (20 [71.43%]). Distemper showed lymphopenia (28 [59.57%]). It was also observed that the occurrence of distemper and parvovirus were higher according to some selection criteria: breed, age, outdoor access, having contact with other animals and vaccination status. Young non-vaccinated dogs with outdoor access had the highest occurrence ratio. This study showed that viral infectious diseases presented low occurrence, and parvovirus was the most reported agent.

Este estudo teve como principal objetivo determinar a ocorrência de parvovirose e cinomose nos cães atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Para isso, foram revisados 3198 prontuários de consultas clínicas de cães, arquivados no HCV, do período de fevereiro de 2013 a julho de 2015. Entre os prontuários revisados, 145 (4,53%) foram diagnosticados com parvovirose (76 [2,38%]) ou cinomose (69 [2,15%]). Os sinais clínicos mais encontrados de cada doença foram: para a parvovirose, os sinais gastrointestinais (76 [100%]), dos quais a hematoquezia foi a mais observada (74 [97,37%]); para a cinomose, os sinais neurológicos (48 [69,56%]), sendo a mioclonia de maior ocorrência (31 [64,58%]). Com relação aos resultados do hemograma, a alteração mais encontrada na parvovirose foi a leucopenia por neutropenia e linfopenia (20 [71,43%]), já na cinomose foi a linfopenia (28 [59,57%]). Também foram observadas a ocorrência de cinomose e parvovirose de acordo com alguns critérios de seleção, como raça, idade, sexo, acesso à rua, contato com outros animais e status de vacinação. Apresentaram maior ocorrência destas doenças os cães jovens, não vacinados e com acesso livre à rua. No âmbito geral, as doenças infecciosas virais na população em estudo se mostraram de baixa ocorrência, sendo a parvovirose a mais relatada.

Occurrence of parvovirus and distemper in dogs in the Plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Ocorrência de parvovirose e cinomose em cães no Planalto Catarinense

This study determined the occurrence of parvovirus and distemper in dogs treated at the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina (UDESC). For such, 3198 medical records filed in the HCV, from February 2013 to July 2015, were reviewed.  From the records, 145 (4.53%) dogs were diagnosed with parvovirus (76 [2.38%]) or distemper (69 [2.15%]). The most common clinical signs of parvovirus were gastrointestinal signs (76 [100%]), having hematochezia as the most commonly observed (74 [97.37%]); for distemper, neurological signs (48 [69.56%]) were most frequently described and myoclonus had the highest occurrence (31 [64.58%]). Regarding complete blood count, the most observed variation in parvovirus was leukopenia by neutropenia and lymphopenia (20 [71.43%]). Distemper showed lymphopenia (28 [59.57%]). It was also observed that the occurrence of distemper and parvovirus were higher according to some selection criteria: breed, age, outdoor access, having contact with other animals and vaccination status. Young non-vaccinated dogs with outdoor access had the highest occurrence ratio. This study showed that viral infectious diseases presented low occurrence, and parvovirus was the most reported agent.(AU)

Este estudo teve como principal objetivo determinar a ocorrência de parvovirose e cinomose nos cães atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC). Para isso, foram revisados 3198 prontuários de consultas clínicas de cães, arquivados no HCV, do período de fevereiro de 2013 a julho de 2015. Entre os prontuários revisados, 145 (4,53%) foram diagnosticados com parvovirose (76 [2,38%]) ou cinomose (69 [2,15%]). Os sinais clínicos mais encontrados de cada doença foram: para a parvovirose, os sinais gastrointestinais (76 [100%]), dos quais a hematoquezia foi a mais observada (74 [97,37%]); para a cinomose, os sinais neurológicos (48 [69,56%]), sendo a mioclonia de maior ocorrência (31 [64,58%]). Com relação aos resultados do hemograma, a alteração mais encontrada na parvovirose foi a leucopenia por neutropenia e linfopenia (20 [71,43%]), já na cinomose foi a linfopenia (28 [59,57%]). Também foram observadas a ocorrência de cinomose e parvovirose de acordo com alguns critérios de seleção, como raça, idade, sexo, acesso à rua, contato com outros animais e status de vacinação. Apresentaram maior ocorrência destas doenças os cães jovens, não vacinados e com acesso livre à rua. No âmbito geral, as doenças infecciosas virais na população em estudo se mostraram de baixa ocorrência, sendo a parvovirose a mais relatada.(AU)

Caracterização molecular do vírus da cinomose canina, aspectos epizootiológicos, clínicos e do diagnóstico em cães naturalmente infectados

O vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) é um dos principais agentes infecciosos de cães domésticos e carnívoros silvestres, causando uma doença infecciosa multissistêmicas de alta mortalidade que acomete animais de diferentes faixas etárias, raças, machos e fêmeas e, tanto vacinados quanto não vacinados. A vacinação é o principal método de controle desta doença, no entanto, estudos vêm mostrando a possível existência de falhas vacinais em decorrência de diferença genética entre estirpes circulantes e estirpes vacinais. Dados referentes à epizootiologia são desconhecidos em Goiânia, poucos estudos comparam métodos diagnósticos em diferentes amostras em uma população de cães sintomáticos e às características moleculares do CDV em Goiás ainda não foram documentados. Este estudo objetivou determinar as características epizootiológicas do CDV, comparar os métodos diagnósticos de imunocromatografia (IC) e RT-PCR para a identificação do agente etiológico em diferentes amostras biológicas [swab conjuntival, sangue, urina, fluido cerebroespinal (FCE) e pool de amostras] e identificar as estirpes do CDV circulantes em cães naturalmente infectados e sintomáticos, no município de Goiânia, GO, Brasil, durante os anos de 2017 e 2020. Dados epizootiológicos foram coletados de 74 cães com sinais clínicos extraneurais e/ou neurais compatíveis com cinomose. Destes cães, 46 (62%) foram positivos por meio do teste de imunocromatografia (31%) ou pela técnica de RT-PCR (53%). Cães machos e fêmeas, de diferentes raças e idades foram acometidos, mas houve predominância em cães sem raça definida, adultos de um a seis anos e não vacinados. No entanto, aproximadamente 10,9% dos cães infectados e sintomáticos eram vacinados. Os sinais extraneurais predominantes foram hiporexia ou anorexia, secreção nasal e/ou ocular, desidratação e hiperqueratose de coxins e trufa. Dentre os sinais clínicos neurais os mais frequentes foram alteração de estado mental, déficit motor e mioclonias. Foi observada letalidade de aproximadamente 89% entre os animais com acometimento neurológico. As amostras de swab conjuntival, urina, pool e FCE tiveram maior frequência de positividade no teste de IC enquanto as amostras de urina e sangue, na RT-PCR. Do total de 149 amostras (sangue, urina e FCE) destinadas ao RT-PCR (gene N), o vírus foi identificado em 64 amostras (42,95%) e foram selecionadas 54 positivas para a RT-PCR seguida por Nested PCR para amplificação parcial do gene hemaglutinina (H). A amplificação parcial do gene H foi realizada e oito amostras foram sequenciadas e caracterizadas por meio da análise filogenética como pertencentes ao genótipo América do Sul 1/ Europa. Foram encontrados diferentes locais de substituição de aminoácidos no fragmento do gene H analisado das sequências identificadas e uma estirpe apresentou a mutação Y549H, típica de animais silvestres. Outros locais do fragmento apresentaram substituições em epítopos (resíduos 367, 376, 379, 381, 386 e 388) que podem interferir com a habilidade da vacina em promover proteção adequada contra a infecção pelo CDV, reduzindo sua efetividade. As estirpes isoladas foram geneticamente distante das estirpes vacinais, pertencentes ao genótipo América do Norte 1, com aproximadamente 10% de diferença nucleotídica. A partir da análise do genótipo América do Sul 1/ Europa, foram definidos dez subgenótipos. Esses achados evidenciam a relevância da infecção de cães por cinomose no Brasil, demonstrando a predominância do genótipo América do Sul 1/ Europa na região central do país e suportam a necessidade da realização de estudos epizootiológicos e de identificação molecular do CDV em outras regiões do país, em decorrência de sua grande extensão geográfica, da variabilidade de espécies animais acometidas, das diferenças moleculares entre as estirpes e da alta taxa de letalidade entre os animais infectados sintomáticos.

The canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the main infectious agents of domestic dogs and wild carnivores, causing a multisystemic infectious disease with high mortality that affects animals of different age groups, breeds, males and females, and both vaccinated and unvaccinated. Vaccination is the main method of controlling this disease, however, studies have shown the possible existence of vaccine failures due to a genetic difference between circulating strains and vaccine strains. Data regarding epizootiology are unknown in Goiânia, few studies compare diagnostic methods in different samples in a population of symptomatic dogs and the molecular characteristics of CDV in Goiás have not yet been documented. This study aimed to determine the epizootiological characteristics of CDV, compare the diagnostic methods of immunochromatography (IC) and RT-PCR for the identification of the etiological agent in different biological samples [conjunctival swab, blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and sample pool] and identify the circulating CDV strains in naturally infected and symptomatic dogs in the municipality of Goiânia, GO, Brazil, during 2017 and 2020. Epizootiological data were collected from 74 dogs with extraneural and/or neural clinical signs compatible with distemper. Of these dogs, 46 (62%) were positive using the immunochromatography test (31%) or by the RT-PCR technique (53%). Male and female dogs of different breeds and ages were affected, but there was a predominance in mixed breed dogs, adults aged one to six years and not vaccinated. However, approximately 10.9% of infected and symptomatic dogs were vaccinated. Predominant extraneural signs were hyporexia or anorexia, nasal and/or ocular discharge, dehydration, and nasal and digital hyperkeratosis. Among the neural clinical signs, the most frequent were changes in mental status, motor deficit, and myoclonus. A mortality rate of approximately 89% was observed among animals with neurological involvement. Conjunctival swab, urine, pool, and CSF samples had a higher frequency of positivity in the CI test, while urine and blood samples in RT-PCR. From a total of 149 samples (blood, urine, and FCE) destined for RT-PCR (N gene), the virus was identified in 64 samples (42.95%) and 54 positives were selected for RT-PCR followed by Nested PCR for partial amplification of the hemagglutinin (H) gene. Partial amplification of the H gene was performed and eight samples were sequenced and characterized by phylogenetic analysis as belonging to the South America 1/Europe genotype. Different amino acid substitution sites were found in the analyzed H gene fragment of the identified sequences and one strain presented the Y549H mutation, typical of wild animals. Other fragment sites had epitope substitutions (residues 367, 376, 379, 381, 386, and 388) that may interfere with the vaccine's ability to provide adequate protection against CDV infection, reducing its effectiveness. The isolated strains were genetically distant from the vaccine strains, belonging to the North America 1 genotype, with approximately 10% nucleotide difference. From the analysis of the South America 1/ Europe genotype, ten subgenotypes were defined. These findings highlight the relevance of canine distemper infection in Brazil, demonstrating the predominance of the South America 1/ Europe genotype in the central region of the country and support the need to conduct epizootiological and molecular identification studies of CDV in other regions of the country, due to its large geographic extension, the variability of animal species affected, the molecular differences between the strains and the high lethality rate among symptomatic infected animals.

Erliquiose canina - relato de caso / Ehrlichiosis canine - case report

Canine ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by species of genus Ehrlichia with great importance in veterinary. The clinical signs as well as haematological changes are variable and it is necessary to use other more specific diagnostic methods. The present work reports the case of a female dog, SRD, presenting hyperthermia, convulsion, uveitis, nystagmus, myoclonus, ataxia, prostration and lymphadenitis. The necropsy report was suggestive of ehrlichiosis.

Erliquiose canina - relato de caso / Ehrlichiosis canine - case report

Canine ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by species of genus Ehrlichia with great importance in veterinary. The clinical signs as well as haematological changes are variable and it is necessary to use other more specific diagnostic methods. The present work reports the case of a female dog, SRD, presenting hyperthermia, convulsion, uveitis, nystagmus, myoclonus, ataxia, prostration and lymphadenitis. The necropsy report was suggestive of ehrlichiosis.(AU)

Medulloblastoma in a Calf: Case Report

A two-month-old calf was presented to the Bovine Clinic of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Campus Garanhuns (Brazil), with a history of lack of motor coordination in the hind limbs, progressing toward laterally inclined ambulation and imbalance since birth. The recent onset of daily seizures left the calf unable to stand. The animal exhibited pedaling movements and salivation. During the clinical exam, the calf was in lateral recumbency, with hyperextension of the fore and hind limbs, myoclonus, intention tremors (mainly of the head), opisthotonus and nystagmus. The signs were exacerbated upon stimulation. Anus and tail reflexes were diminished. The blood count findings were non-specific. The necropsy revealed a whitish, friable mass with an irregular contour affecting the surface and interior of the cerebellum and brain stem, with the left cerebellar hemisphere more affected. The lateral ventricles (mainly the left ventricle) were dilated and herniation of the cerebellum through the magnum foramen was observed. The diagnosis of medulloblastoma was performed based on the anatomical location and histopathological characteristics of the tumor.

Medulloblastoma in a Calf: Case Report

A two-month-old calf was presented to the Bovine Clinic of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Campus Garanhuns (Brazil), with a history of lack of motor coordination in the hind limbs, progressing toward laterally inclined ambulation and imbalance since birth. The recent onset of daily seizures left the calf unable to stand. The animal exhibited pedaling movements and salivation. During the clinical exam, the calf was in lateral recumbency, with hyperextension of the fore and hind limbs, myoclonus, intention tremors (mainly of the head), opisthotonus and nystagmus. The signs were exacerbated upon stimulation. Anus and tail reflexes were diminished. The blood count findings were non-specific. The necropsy revealed a whitish, friable mass with an irregular contour affecting the surface and interior of the cerebellum and brain stem, with the left cerebellar hemisphere more affected. The lateral ventricles (mainly the left ventricle) were dilated and herniation of the cerebellum through the magnum foramen was observed. The diagnosis of medulloblastoma was performed based on the anatomical location and histopathological characteristics of the tumor.(AU)

Molecular detection and phylogenetic relationship of wild-type strains of canine distemper virus in symptomatic dogs from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais / Detecção molecular e relação filogenética de cepas selvagens do vírus da cinomose canina em cães sintomáticos oriundos de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais

This study investigated the occurrence of canine distemper virus (CDV) by evaluating the presence of viral RNA within urine samples of dogs from Uberlândia, MG, with clinical manifestations suggestive of infection by CDV by targeting the CDV N gene. Of the clinical samples collected ( n =33), CDV viruria was detected in 45.5%. Five dogs died spontaneously; all had characteristic CDV-associated histopathological alterations and demonstrated CDV viruria. Statistical analyses revealed that the age, gender, breed, or the organ system of the dog affected had no influence on the occurrence of canine distemper. Myoclonus and motor incoordination were the most significant neurological manifestations observed. A direct association was observed between keratoconjunctivitis and dogs with CDV viruria. These findings suggest that CDV viruria in symptomatic dogs might not be age related, and that symptomatic dogs can demonstrate clinical manifestations attributed to CDV without viruria identified by RT-PCR. Additionally, the results of the sequence identities analysed have suggested that all Brazilian wild-type strains of CDV currently identified are closely related and probably originated from the same lineage of CDV. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses suggest that there are different clusters of wild-type strains of CDV circulating within urban canine populations in Brazil(AU)

A presença do ácido nucleico (RNA) do vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) foi avaliada por meio da amplificação parcial do gene N pela técnica RT-PCR realizada em urina de cães provenientes de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, que apresentavam sinais clínicos sugestivos de cinomose. Das 33 amostras de urina avaliadas, o CDV foi identificado em 45,5%. Em cinco cães que morreram espontaneamente, além da excreção do CDV na urina, foram observadas alterações histopatológicas associadas à infecção por esse vírus. Análises estatísticas demonstraram que a idade, gênero, raça e o sistema orgânico comprometido dos cães avaliados não exerceram influência no diagnóstico da cinomose canina. Mioclonia e incoordenação motora foram as manifestações neurológicas que apresentaram frequência de ocorrência significativa (P<0,05). Uma associação direta foi observada entre a presença de ceratoconjuntivite e a identificação de virúria pelo CDV. Esses achados sugerem que a excreção do CDV pela urina em cães com sinais clínicos compatíveis com cinomose pode não ser relacionada com a idade do animal, e que animais sintomáticos podem apresentar manifestações clínicas atribuídas ao CDV, porém sem a caracterização de virúria por RT-PCR. Adicionalmente, análises filogenéticas sugerem que várias cepas de CDV podem estar circulando em populações caninas de áreas urbanas no Brasil(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO CLÍNICAS E HEMATOLÓGICAS EM CÃES PORTADORES DE ALTERAÇÕES MIOCLÔNICAS DECORRENTES DA CINOMOSE CANINA SUPLEMENTADOS COM VITAMINA D

Em cães, a síntese de vitamina D na pele é considerada ineficiente, fazendo da suplementação dietética a principal fonte desta vitamina para esses animais. Em humanos, há valores estabelecidos para níveis de deficiência, insuficiência e suficiência de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D), porém, em cães as concentrações séricas desses valores não são bem estabelecidas. O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os níveis séricos de 25(OH)D em cães portadores de mioclonia como sequela da cinomose, avaliar a resposta aos níveis de vitamina D perante suplementação oral, avaliar os níveis de pTH, cálcio, fosforo, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), hemograma, leucograma e realizar observações clínicas das mioclonias. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso de nove cães portadores de mioclonias em decorrência da cinomose, entretanto sem quaisquer outras alterações clínica ou laboratorial, de raças variadas e mesma faixa etária (1-8 anos). Exames laboratoriais de triagem foram realizados para atestar a saúde dos animais em um período de 30 dias, onde as coletas foram divididas em três períodos dia 0, 15 e 30. Após o início do tratamento, os animais passaram por avaliações físicas e laboratoriais a cada 15 dias, durante 90 dias, completando um total de 120 dias. A dose utilizada para suplementação oral de vitamina D3 foi de 1000 UI/kg administrada todos os dias uma vez ao dia durante todo o período experimental. Para a avaliação clínica foram avaliados os parâmetros de distribuição anatômica, ritmo e velocidade e distribuição no tempo. Os resultados laboratoriais foram submetidos a análise de variância e quando significativos (P<0,05) foram submetidos a análise de regressão, para análise dos resultados clínicos foi utilizada estatística descritiva. Houve diferença significativa nas concentrações sanguíneas de 25(OH)D, PTH, cálcio e fósforo. Mas não houve efeito significativo da vitamina D sob os demais parâmetros avaliados. Podemos concluir que a dose utilizada de vitamina D3, foi suficiente para aumentar os níveis séricos de 25(OH)D no sangue, a níveis de suficiência, tendo influência sob os níveis ne PTH, fosforo e cálcio, sem alterar os demais parâmetros hematológicos e clínicos avaliados.

In dogs, vitamin D testing is considered ineffective, making dietary supplementation as the main source of vitamin for these animals. In humans, there are values determined for levels of deficiency, low and sufficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D), however, in dogs as concentrations and concentrations are not well established. Now, what he needs to do is follow the meanings of 25 (OH) D serum levels in myoclonus dogs as a sequela of distemper, evaluate the response to vitamin D levels in oral supplementation, assess pTH levels, calcium, phosphorus, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood count, leukogram and clinical observations of myoclonus. Blood series of nine new myoclonus canals were classified as a result of distemper, and the varied and partial series were from 7 to 8 years. Laboratory tests were performed to verify the animals' lives in a period of 30 days, where the samples were divided into three days of diameter 0, 15 and 30. 15 days, during 90 days, completing a total of 120 days. One dose used for oral vitamin D3 supplementation was 1000 IU / kg administered on a daily basis once daily throughout the experimental period. For a clinical evaluation the parameters of anatomical distribution, rhythm and velocity and timeless distribution were evaluated. The laboratory results were submitted to an analysis of variance and when they were diagnosed (P <0.05), when they were submitted to regression analysis, to analyze the clinical results. 405H, PTH, calcium and phosphorus. But there was no significant effect of the disease. We conclude that a dose of vitamin D3 was sufficient to increase serum levels of PTH, phosphorus and calcium without any changes in the hematological parameters examined.

Estratégias de controle da circovirose suína / Strategies to control swine circovirosis

A circovirose suína é uma virose causada pelo Circovirus que acomete suínos mundialmente, levando a manifestação da Sindrome Multisistemica definhante dos suíno, mioclonia congênita, síndrome dermatite nefropatia além de estar relacionada com Alteraçoes reprodutivas e respiratórias. O vírus é resistente a diferentes desinfetantes e ao calor o que dificulta a sua eliminação do ambiente, aliado a isto, ele esta presente em altas prevalências nos rebanhos mundiais, causando prejuízos por perdas de animais, condenações de carcaças bem como gastos com tratamentos principalmente de infecções secundarias, tendo em vista sua ação imunosupressora. As medidas de controle são a implantação dos 20 pontos de Madec nas granjas, uso de desinfetantes, ingestão de colostro, ingestão de plasma suíno e recentemente adoção de vacinas, as quais tem se mostrado eficazes na redução da viremia, eliminação do vírus e melhora dos índices produtivos. Portanto o controle desta enfermidade deve ser focado nos esquemas de vacinação e na biosegurança. (AU)

The circovirosis swine is caused by a virus that affects pigs worldwide Circovirus, leading to multisystem syndrome manifestation of the withering of swine, congenital myoclonus, syndrome dermatitis nephropathy besides being related changes reproductive and respiratory. The virus is resistant to various disinfectants and heat which complicates their disposal environment, allied to this, it is present in high prevalence herds in the world, causing damages for loss of animals, carcass condemnations and expenses treatments mainly secondary infections, given its immunosuppressive action. Control measures are the implementation of the 20 points of Madec on farms, use of disinfectants, colostrum intake, intake of porcine plasma and recently adopting vaccines, which have proven effective in reducing viremia, virus elimination and improvement of production indices. Therefore the control of this disease should be focused on vaccination schedules and biosafety. (AU)

Estratégias de controle da circovirose suína / Strategies to control swine circovirosis

A circovirose suína é uma virose causada pelo Circovirus que acomete suínos mundialmente, levando a manifestação da Sindrome Multisistemica definhante dos suíno, mioclonia congênita, síndrome dermatite nefropatia além de estar relacionada com Alteraçoes reprodutivas e respiratórias. O vírus é resistente a diferentes desinfetantes e ao calor o que dificulta a sua eliminação do ambiente, aliado a isto, ele esta presente em altas prevalências nos rebanhos mundiais, causando prejuízos por perdas de animais, condenações de carcaças bem como gastos com tratamentos principalmente de infecções secundarias, tendo em vista sua ação imunosupressora. As medidas de controle são a implantação dos 20 pontos de Madec nas granjas, uso de desinfetantes, ingestão de colostro, ingestão de plasma suíno e recentemente adoção de vacinas, as quais tem se mostrado eficazes na redução da viremia, eliminação do vírus e melhora dos índices produtivos. Portanto o controle desta enfermidade deve ser focado nos esquemas de vacinação e na biosegurança.

The circovirosis swine is caused by a virus that affects pigs worldwide Circovirus, leading to multisystem syndrome manifestation of the withering of swine, congenital myoclonus, syndrome dermatitis nephropathy besides being related changes reproductive and respiratory. The virus is resistant to various disinfectants and heat which complicates their disposal environment, allied to this, it is present in high prevalence herds in the world, causing damages for loss of animals, carcass condemnations and expenses treatments mainly secondary infections, given its immunosuppressive action. Control measures are the implementation of the 20 points of Madec on farms, use of disinfectants, colostrum intake, intake of porcine plasma and recently adopting vaccines, which have proven effective in reducing viremia, virus elimination and improvement of production indices. Therefore the control of this disease should be focused on vaccination schedules and biosafety.