Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.(AU)

Integrative taxonomy reveals disjunct distribution and first record of Hoplias misionera (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in the Amazon River basin: morphological, DNA barcoding and cytogenetic considerations

The Hoplias malabaricus group encompasses six valid species and still is believed to harbors cryptic diversity. In this work, an integrative approach including morphological, DNA barcoding, and cytogenetic considerations was conducted to characterize a population of H. malabaricus from the Amazon basin that was recently allocated in the same mitochondrial lineage with H. misionera, a species originally described from La Plata basin. The DNA barcoding analysis revealed that the Amazon population nested together with H. misionera specimens from the La Plata basin (BIN AAB1732) in the same cluster. The intragroup distance (0.5%) was 12 times lower than the nearest neighbor (6%) distance. The morphometric analysis demonstrated slightly variation between Amazon and La Plata populations, being the former composed by larger specimens. Further morphological data supported the molecular evidence of H. misionera inhabiting Amazon basin. The karyotype characterization of H. misionera in the Amazon population showed 2n=40 and karyotypic formulae 20m+20sm, that added to C-banding, Ag-NOR and 18S results are suggestive of the similarity to karyomorph C of H. malabaricus. This work reveals the first record of H. misionera outside of La Plata basin and expands the species distribution for 2500 km northward until the Marajó Island, estuary of Amazonas River.(AU)

O grupo Hoplias malabaricus compreende seis espécies válidas e ainda acredita-se que abriga diversidade críptica. Neste trabalho, uma abordagem integrativa incluindo considerações morfológicas, de DNA barcoding e de citogenética foi conduzida para caracterizar uma população de H. malabaricus da bacia amazônica que foi recentemente alocada na mesma linhagem mitocondrial de H. misionera, uma espécie originalmente descrita para a bacia La Plata. A análise molecular por DNA barcoding revelou que essa população amazônica forma um clado monofilético com espécimes de H. misionera provenientes da bacia La Plata (BIN AAB1732). A distância genética intragrupo (0,5%) é 12 vezes menor do que para o vizinho mais próximo (6%). A comparação morfométrica demonstrou pequena variação entre as populações amazônica e La Plata, sendo os primeiros ligeiramente maiores. Entretanto, os dados morfológicos corroboram com evidência molecular e confirmam a ocorrência de H. misionera na bacia amazônica. A caracterização cariotípica de H. misionera na população amazônica apresentou 2n=40 e fórmula cariotípica 20m+20sm, que aliada aos resultados de banda C, Ag-NOR e 18S sugerem que seja similar ao cariomorfo C de H. malabaricus. Esse trabalho revela o primeiro registro de H. misionera fora da bacia La Plata e estende a distribuição da espécie por mais de 2500 km ao Norte, até a Ilha do Marajó, estuário do rio Amazonas.(AU)

Integrative taxonomy reveals disjunct distribution and first record of Hoplias misionera (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in the Amazon River basin: morphological, DNA barcoding and cytogenetic considerations

The Hoplias malabaricus group encompasses six valid species and still is believed to harbors cryptic diversity. In this work, an integrative approach including morphological, DNA barcoding, and cytogenetic considerations was conducted to characterize a population of H. malabaricus from the Amazon basin that was recently allocated in the same mitochondrial lineage with H. misionera, a species originally described from La Plata basin. The DNA barcoding analysis revealed that the Amazon population nested together with H. misionera specimens from the La Plata basin (BIN AAB1732) in the same cluster. The intragroup distance (0.5%) was 12 times lower than the nearest neighbor (6%) distance. The morphometric analysis demonstrated slightly variation between Amazon and La Plata populations, being the former composed by larger specimens. Further morphological data supported the molecular evidence of H. misionera inhabiting Amazon basin. The karyotype characterization of H. misionera in the Amazon population showed 2n=40 and karyotypic formulae 20m+20sm, that added to C-banding, Ag-NOR and 18S results are suggestive of the similarity to karyomorph C of H. malabaricus. This work reveals the first record of H. misionera outside of La Plata basin and expands the species distribution for 2500 km northward until the Marajó Island, estuary of Amazonas River.(AU)

O grupo Hoplias malabaricus compreende seis espécies válidas e ainda acredita-se que abriga diversidade críptica. Neste trabalho, uma abordagem integrativa incluindo considerações morfológicas, de DNA barcoding e de citogenética foi conduzida para caracterizar uma população de H. malabaricus da bacia amazônica que foi recentemente alocada na mesma linhagem mitocondrial de H. misionera, uma espécie originalmente descrita para a bacia La Plata. A análise molecular por DNA barcoding revelou que essa população amazônica forma um clado monofilético com espécimes de H. misionera provenientes da bacia La Plata (BIN AAB1732). A distância genética intragrupo (0,5%) é 12 vezes menor do que para o vizinho mais próximo (6%). A comparação morfométrica demonstrou pequena variação entre as populações amazônica e La Plata, sendo os primeiros ligeiramente maiores. Entretanto, os dados morfológicos corroboram com evidência molecular e confirmam a ocorrência de H. misionera na bacia amazônica. A caracterização cariotípica de H. misionera na população amazônica apresentou 2n=40 e fórmula cariotípica 20m+20sm, que aliada aos resultados de banda C, Ag-NOR e 18S sugerem que seja similar ao cariomorfo C de H. malabaricus. Esse trabalho revela o primeiro registro de H. misionera fora da bacia La Plata e estende a distribuição da espécie por mais de 2500 km ao Norte, até a Ilha do Marajó, estuário do rio Amazonas.(AU)

Phenotypic divergence of Plinia spp. genotypes based on plant growth behavior / Divergência fenotípica de Plinia spp. baseada no comportamento de crescimento das plantas

Phenotypic divergence among population genotypes is useful to improve our knowledge about how to preserve the genetic resource available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic divergence among jabuticaba genotype trees in relation to stem and primary shoot length analyzed in three consecutives productive cycles. The genotypes of jabuticaba trees were obtained from Fruteiras Nativas collection of Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR –Campus Dois Vizinhos, Parana State, Brazil). The genotypes had their origin in forest fragments of the Southwest Region of Paraná and Minas Gerais State (Brazil). Phenotypic divergence was performed through analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mahalanobis distance, Tocher optimization cluster analysis and by the nearest neighbor method. The results obtained showed that the diversity among the genotypes were different according to the cycle analyzed since we obtained different groups for each year analyzed. Genotypes from Minas Gerais tended to remain in distinct groups, since it had low similarity with the others. The genotype 'Vitorino' had a high divergence among individuals from the same place.

A divergência fenotípica entre os genótipos de uma população é útil para que se tenha conhecimento sobre formas de conservação dos recursos genéticos disponíveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a divergência fenotípica entre os genótipos de jabuticabeira em relação ao comprimento do caule e de brotações analisados em três ciclos produtivos consecutivos. Os genótipos de jabuticabeiras foram obtidos da coleção de Fruteiras Nativas da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR - Campus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil). Os materiais são originários de fragmentos florestais da Região Sudoeste do Paraná e do Estado de Minas Gerais. A divergência fenotípica foi caracterizada por meio das análises de variância (ANOVA), distância de Mahalanobis, de análise de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher e pelo método do vizinho mais próximo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a diversidade entre os genótipos foi diferente conforme o ciclo analisado, pois em cada ano houve a formação de grupos diferentes. Os genótipos provenientes de Minas Gerais tenderam a se manter em grupos distintos, já que possuíram baixa similaridade com os demais. O genótipo ‘Vitorino’ apresentou alta divergência entre indivíduos do mesmo local.

Phenotypic divergence of Plinia spp. genotypes based on plant growth behavior / Divergência fenotípica de Plinia spp. baseada no comportamento de crescimento das plantas

Phenotypic divergence among population genotypes is useful to improve our knowledge about how to preserve the genetic resource available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic divergence among jabuticaba genotype trees in relation to stem and primary shoot length analyzed in three consecutives productive cycles. The genotypes of jabuticaba trees were obtained from Fruteiras Nativas collection of Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR –Campus Dois Vizinhos, Parana State, Brazil). The genotypes had their origin in forest fragments of the Southwest Region of Paraná and Minas Gerais State (Brazil). Phenotypic divergence was performed through analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mahalanobis distance, Tocher optimization cluster analysis and by the nearest neighbor method. The results obtained showed that the diversity among the genotypes were different according to the cycle analyzed since we obtained different groups for each year analyzed. Genotypes from Minas Gerais tended to remain in distinct groups, since it had low similarity with the others. The genotype 'Vitorino' had a high divergence among individuals from the same place.(AU)

A divergência fenotípica entre os genótipos de uma população é útil para que se tenha conhecimento sobre formas de conservação dos recursos genéticos disponíveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a divergência fenotípica entre os genótipos de jabuticabeira em relação ao comprimento do caule e de brotações analisados em três ciclos produtivos consecutivos. Os genótipos de jabuticabeiras foram obtidos da coleção de Fruteiras Nativas da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR - Campus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil). Os materiais são originários de fragmentos florestais da Região Sudoeste do Paraná e do Estado de Minas Gerais. A divergência fenotípica foi caracterizada por meio das análises de variância (ANOVA), distância de Mahalanobis, de análise de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher e pelo método do vizinho mais próximo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a diversidade entre os genótipos foi diferente conforme o ciclo analisado, pois em cada ano houve a formação de grupos diferentes. Os genótipos provenientes de Minas Gerais tenderam a se manter em grupos distintos, já que possuíram baixa similaridade com os demais. O genótipo ‘Vitorino apresentou alta divergência entre indivíduos do mesmo local.(AU)

The context of the size and distance of Atlantic Forest fragments in a small city in Southern Brazil

The Atlantic Forest is highly anthropized, this reduce the areas of native vegetation and impacts the biodiversity of the biome. The objective of this study is to analyze forest remnants with native vegetation characteristics using a free GIS. This analysis takes place using landscape metrics and was based on the supervised vectorization of land use in the municipality of California, PR. The area of the vectored polygons was obtained and a classified, and then the calculation was made with the nearest neighbor index, mean distance observed, Patton diversity index and the perimeter/area ratio of forest fragments. The results show that most of the fragments have an area smaller than 1 ha, the fragments with more significant area (<50 ha) represent more than 16% of the native vegetation area. The small fragments are important to maintain the connectivity, since the withdrawal of these increases the mean distance observed and nearest neighbor index. Most of the fragments are elongated and amorphous in accordance with the perimeter/area ratio and the Patton diversity index respectively, this may demonstrate the fragments may be subject to edge effects. Even with these characteristics, these fragments may be part of what is planned in public policy for preservation in the Atlantic Forest in the state of Paraná. Therefore, even small fragments with little core area are important for maintaining biodiversity, especially in a highly anthropogenic landscape.

Spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) in a long-term study of an Amazonian terra firme stream, Leticia - Colombia

Weakly electric fishes continually emit electric organ discharges (EOD) as a means of communication and localization of objects in their surroundings. Depending on water conductivity, the amplitude of the electric field generated is known to increase with decreases in electrical conductivity of the water. In Amazonian terra firme streams, water conductivity is extremely low and fluctuates constantly due to local and regional rains. In this context, the space between freely moving weakly electric fishes may be expected to decrease, on average, with an increase in water conductivity. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the positions at rest of the sand-dwelling fish Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni in a terra firme stream for several days in alternating months, over two years. Based on daily nearest neighbor distances among individual fish in a grid, we found a uniform temporal distribution pattern (which was not affected by water conductivity) indicative of site fidelity. Here we highlight the role of other factors that could influence resting site fidelity.(AU)

Los peces eléctricos emiten continuamente descargas con su órgano eléctrico (DOE) para comunicarse y localizar objetos a su alrededor. Dependiendo de la conductividad del agua, la amplitud del campo eléctrico generado aumenta con una disminución en la conductividad eléctrica del agua. En los arroyos de terra firme amazónicos, la conductividad eléctrica del agua es extremadamente baja y fluctua constantemente dependiendo de las lluvias locales y regionales. Teniendo esto en cuenta, esperamos que el espacio entre peces eléctricos débiles con libertad de movimiento disminuya, en promedio, de acuerdo al incremento en la conductividad del agua. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, registramos bajo condiciones naturales por varios dias en meses alternos y durante dos años las posiciones en reposo del pez Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni en un arroyo de terra firme. Con los valores de registro diario de la distancia al vecino mas cercano en peces individuales dentro de una grilla, encontramos un patrón de distribución temporal uniforme (que no fue afectado por la conductividad del agua) e indicativo de una fidelidad por los sitios de reposo. Entonces, nosotros resaltamos aquí el posible papel que otros factores pueden estar jugando para entender la fidelidad por sus sitios de reposo.(AU)

Spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) in a long-term study of an Amazonian terra firme stream, Leticia - Colombia

Weakly electric fishes continually emit electric organ discharges (EOD) as a means of communication and localization of objects in their surroundings. Depending on water conductivity, the amplitude of the electric field generated is known to increase with decreases in electrical conductivity of the water. In Amazonian terra firme streams, water conductivity is extremely low and fluctuates constantly due to local and regional rains. In this context, the space between freely moving weakly electric fishes may be expected to decrease, on average, with an increase in water conductivity. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the positions at rest of the sand-dwelling fish Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni in a terra firme stream for several days in alternating months, over two years. Based on daily nearest neighbor distances among individual fish in a grid, we found a uniform temporal distribution pattern (which was not affected by water conductivity) indicative of site fidelity. Here we highlight the role of other factors that could influence resting site fidelity.(AU)

Los peces eléctricos emiten continuamente descargas con su órgano eléctrico (DOE) para comunicarse y localizar objetos a su alrededor. Dependiendo de la conductividad del agua, la amplitud del campo eléctrico generado aumenta con una disminución en la conductividad eléctrica del agua. En los arroyos de terra firme amazónicos, la conductividad eléctrica del agua es extremadamente baja y fluctua constantemente dependiendo de las lluvias locales y regionales. Teniendo esto en cuenta, esperamos que el espacio entre peces eléctricos débiles con libertad de movimiento disminuya, en promedio, de acuerdo al incremento en la conductividad del agua. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, registramos bajo condiciones naturales por varios dias en meses alternos y durante dos años las posiciones en reposo del pez Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni en un arroyo de terra firme. Con los valores de registro diario de la distancia al vecino mas cercano en peces individuales dentro de una grilla, encontramos un patrón de distribución temporal uniforme (que no fue afectado por la conductividad del agua) e indicativo de una fidelidad por los sitios de reposo. Entonces, nosotros resaltamos aquí el posible papel que otros factores pueden estar jugando para entender la fidelidad por sus sitios de reposo.(AU)

Divergência genética entre populações de pessegueiro baseada em características da planta e do fruto / Genetic divergence among peach populations based on the characteristics of plant and fruit

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a divergência genética entre populações de pessegueiro e quantificar a contribuição relativa de 13 características na diversidade, utilizando procedimentos multivariados. Foram analisados 179 indivíduos de 15 populações, com número de indivíduos variando de 3 a 64 plantas. As características avaliadas foram: na planta (densidade de nós por metro em ramos mistos, densidade de gemas vegetativas brotadas por metro de ramo, altura da planta e diâmetro do tronco); nos frutos (comprimento, diâmetro médio, firmeza, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável, teor de vitamina C, área percentual de recobrimento com pigmento vermelho da epiderme, coordenada 'b' obtida da epiderme e ângulo hue da epiderme). A diversidade genética das populações foi avaliada pelos métodos de agrupamento de Tocher e vizinho mais próximo, utilizando-se a distância de Mahalanobis como medida de dissimilaridade. Foi obtido também o coeficiente de parentesco entre as populações estudadas e a contribuição relativa dos caracteres na variabilidade total. A realização do agrupamento pelo método de Tocher e Vizinho mais Próximo utilizando como medida de dissimilaridade as distâncias de Mahalanobis promoveram a formação de quatro grupos. Entre as populações estudadas, observa-se certo grau de parentesco entre a maioria das possíveis combinações com coeficientes de pequena magnitude (inferior a 0,2). As características que mais contribuíram para a discriminação dos genótipos foram o percentual de vermelho na epiderme, acidez total titulável e altura de plantas. As menores contribuições para a diversidade foram obtidas dos caracteres BRIX, número de nós/metro linear de ramo e vitamina C.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence among peach populations and quantify the relative contribution of thirteen diversity characteristics using multivariate procedures. It was analyzed 179 individuals from 15 populations, number of individuals ranging from 3 to 64 plants. The characteristics evaluated were: plant (node density per meter mixed branches, density of vegetative buds sprouted per meter of branch, plant height and trunk diameter), fruit (length, diameter, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, percentage of coverage area with red pigment of the epidermis, coordinated 'b' obtained from epidermis and hue angle of the epidermis). The genetic diversity of populations was evaluated by cluster Tocher and nearest neighbor using the Mahalanobis distance as the dissimilarity measure. It was also obtained the coefficient of relatedness among populations and the relative contribution of the characters in the total variability. The realization of grouping by the Tocher method and by the Nearest Neighbor using as dissimilarity measure the Mahalanobis distances promoted the formation of four groups. Among populations studied, it was observed certain relatedness degree between most possible combinations with coefficients of small magnitude (less than 0.2). The characteristics that contributed most to the discrimination of genotypes were the percentage of red in the epidermis, titratable acidity and plant height. The smaller contributions to diversity of characters were obtained by BRIX, number of nodes / linear meter of branch and vitamin C.(AU)

Genetic divergence among soybean cultivars in irrigated lowland in the State of Tocantins

In order to evaluate the genetic divergence among soybean cultivars, an assay was carried out at Formoso do Araguaia, TO, Brazil, in off-season of 2007, in irrigated lowland conditions. The experimental design were randomized blocks with 12 treatments and three replications. Genetic divergence was evaluated by multivariate procedures: Mahalanobis distance, Tocher clustering method's and nearest neighbor method. It was observed the formation of two distinct groups by the dendrogram of genetic dissimilarity, which were identical to those groups formed by Tocher's method. The Tocher optimization method and the nearest neighbor agreed among themselves. The traits number of days to maturity, plant height and weight of 100 seed were the ones that most contributed for genetic dissimilarity. The presence of genetic variability allowed the identification of dissimilar cultivars with high average for the evaluated traits. The hybridations 'DOKO' x 'CONQUEST' and 'DOKO' x 'FT-2000' are promising to obtain segregating populations with high variability

Com objetivo de avaliar a divergência genética entre cultivares de soja, foi realizado o ensaio, no município de Formoso do Araguaia, na entressafra de 2007, em condições de várzea irrigada. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com 12 tratamentos e três repetições. A divergência genética foi avaliada por procedimentos multivariados: distância generalizada de Mahalanobis, método de agrupamento de Tocher e método vizinho mais próximo. Foi observada a formação de dois grupos distintos pelo dendrograma de dissimilaridade genética, que foi idêntico aos grupos formados pelo método de Tocher. As características número de dias para maturação, altura de plantas e peso de 100 sementes foram as que mais contribuíram na dissimilaridade genética. A presença de variabilidade genética permitiu a identificação de cultivares dissimilares e com média elevada nas características estudadas. As hibridações 'DOKO' x 'CONQUISTA' e 'DOKO' x 'FT-2000' são promissoras para obtenção de populações segregantes com alta variabilidade.

Genetic divergence among soybean cultivars in irrigated lowland in the State of Tocantins

In order to evaluate the genetic divergence among soybean cultivars, an assay was carried out at Formoso do Araguaia, TO, Brazil, in off-season of 2007, in irrigated lowland conditions. The experimental design were randomized blocks with 12 treatments and three replications. Genetic divergence was evaluated by multivariate procedures: Mahalanobis distance, Tocher clustering method's and nearest neighbor method. It was observed the formation of two distinct groups by the dendrogram of genetic dissimilarity, which were identical to those groups formed by Tocher's method. The Tocher optimization method and the nearest neighbor agreed among themselves. The traits number of days to maturity, plant height and weight of 100 seed were the ones that most contributed for genetic dissimilarity. The presence of genetic variability allowed the identification of dissimilar cultivars with high average for the evaluated traits. The hybridations 'DOKO' x 'CONQUEST' and 'DOKO' x 'FT-2000' are promising to obtain segregating populations with high variability

Com objetivo de avaliar a divergência genética entre cultivares de soja, foi realizado o ensaio, no município de Formoso do Araguaia, na entressafra de 2007, em condições de várzea irrigada. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com 12 tratamentos e três repetições. A divergência genética foi avaliada por procedimentos multivariados: distância generalizada de Mahalanobis, método de agrupamento de Tocher e método vizinho mais próximo. Foi observada a formação de dois grupos distintos pelo dendrograma de dissimilaridade genética, que foi idêntico aos grupos formados pelo método de Tocher. As características número de dias para maturação, altura de plantas e peso de 100 sementes foram as que mais contribuíram na dissimilaridade genética. A presença de variabilidade genética permitiu a identificação de cultivares dissimilares e com média elevada nas características estudadas. As hibridações 'DOKO' x 'CONQUISTA' e 'DOKO' x 'FT-2000' são promissoras para obtenção de populações segregantes com alta variabilidade.

Genetic divergence among accesses of sweet-cassava collected from Cianorte county, northwestern region of Paraná State / Divergência genética entre acessos de mandioca-de-mesa coletados no município de Cianorte, região Noroeste do Estado do Paraná

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence among 43 accesses of sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), collected in urban area of Cianorte county PR, were used 12 quantitative morph-agronomic descriptors. For clustering analysis, the methods of Tocher Optimization and the Nearest Neighbor both based on the Euclidian mean distance standardized were applied to data set. The highest genetic divergence was observed among UEM-38 and UEM-130 accesses, besides UEM-38 and UEM-154, whereas the lowest genetic divergence was observed among UEM-53 and UEM-79, and among UEM-53 and UEM-68. Both clustering methods presented similarity in relation to discrimination of the accesses groups. Traits that better evidenced the higher genetics divergences were length of storage roots, length of blades and number of storage roots per plant, whereas the height of plants, height of first ramification and diameter of storage roots showed the lowest contributions to genetic divergence.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a divergência genética entre 43 acessos de mandioca-de-mesa (Manihot esculenta Crantz), coletados na zona urbana do município de Cianorte-PR, foram utilizados 12 descritores morfo-agronômicos quantitativos. Na análise de agrupamento foram aplicados os métodos de Otimização de Tocher e Hierárquico do Vizinho Mais Próximo, ambos com base na Distância Euclidiana Média padronizada. A maior divergência genética foi observada entre os acessos UEM-38 e UEM-130, bem como UEM-38 e UEM-154, enquanto que a menor divergência genética foi observada entre os acessos UEM-53 e UEM-79, e entre UEM-53 e UEM-68. Os dois métodos de agrupamento apresentaram similaridade em discriminar os grupos de acessos avaliados. As características que evidenciaram as maiores divergências genéticas foram o comprimento das raízes tuberosas, o comprimento de pecíolos e o número de raízes tuberosas por planta, enquanto que a altura de plantas e da primeira ramificação, e o diâmetro de raízes tuberosas mostraram as menores contribuições na divergência genética.

Genetic divergence among accesses of sweet-cassava collected from Cianorte county, northwestern region of Paraná State / Divergência genética entre acessos de mandioca-de-mesa coletados no município de Cianorte, região Noroeste do Estado do Paraná

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence among 43 accesses of sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), collected in urban area of Cianorte county PR, were used 12 quantitative morph-agronomic descriptors. For clustering analysis, the methods of Tocher Optimization and the Nearest Neighbor both based on the Euclidian mean distance standardized were applied to data set. The highest genetic divergence was observed among UEM-38 and UEM-130 accesses, besides UEM-38 and UEM-154, whereas the lowest genetic divergence was observed among UEM-53 and UEM-79, and among UEM-53 and UEM-68. Both clustering methods presented similarity in relation to discrimination of the accesses groups. Traits that better evidenced the higher genetics divergences were length of storage roots, length of blades and number of storage roots per plant, whereas the height of plants, height of first ramification and diameter of storage roots showed the lowest contributions to genetic divergence.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a divergência genética entre 43 acessos de mandioca-de-mesa (Manihot esculenta Crantz), coletados na zona urbana do município de Cianorte-PR, foram utilizados 12 descritores morfo-agronômicos quantitativos. Na análise de agrupamento foram aplicados os métodos de Otimização de Tocher e Hierárquico do Vizinho Mais Próximo, ambos com base na Distância Euclidiana Média padronizada. A maior divergência genética foi observada entre os acessos UEM-38 e UEM-130, bem como UEM-38 e UEM-154, enquanto que a menor divergência genética foi observada entre os acessos UEM-53 e UEM-79, e entre UEM-53 e UEM-68. Os dois métodos de agrupamento apresentaram similaridade em discriminar os grupos de acessos avaliados. As características que evidenciaram as maiores divergências genéticas foram o comprimento das raízes tuberosas, o comprimento de pecíolos e o número de raízes tuberosas por planta, enquanto que a altura de plantas e da primeira ramificação, e o diâmetro de raízes tuberosas mostraram as menores contribuições na divergência genética.