Resumo
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of Bowdichia virgilioides in an area of Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna). The study was carried out in Chapadinha, State of Maranhão in northeastern Brazil. Bowdichia virgilioides has cornucopia flowering and annual pattern. Flowering occurred at the beginning of the dry season, between June and August; and fruiting in the middle of this season, between July and October. The anthesis of B. virgilioides is diurnal, and the main flower resource is the nectar. During the flower opening, the anthers becomes dehiscent and thus pollen grains are deposited at the stigma, promoting automatic self-pollination. The species is self-compatible and apomitic. In the study area, they were visited by nine species of bees, four butterflies, two wasps, and two hummingbirds. The visits began in early morning and persisted throughout the day, with a peak of activity between 8:00 and 9:00 hours. Species of Centris were the main visitors of B. virgilioides. The butterfly and wasp species were considered resource robbers, and other floral visitors were considered occasional visitors. Although the flowers of B. virgilioides are widely visited, the species shows a high rate of inbreeding because of automatic self-pollination.
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of Bowdichia virgilioides in an area of Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna). The study was carried out in Chapadinha, State of Maranhão in northeastern Brazil. Bowdichia virgilioides has cornucopia flowering and annual pattern. Flowering occurred at the beginning of the dry season, between June and August; and fruiting in the middle of this season, between July and October. The anthesis of B. virgilioides is diurnal, and the main flower resource is the nectar. During the flower opening, the anthers becomes dehiscent and thus pollen grains are deposited at the stigma, promoting automatic self-pollination. The species is self-compatible and apomitic. In the study area, they were visited by nine species of bees, four butterflies, two wasps, and two hummingbirds. The visits began in early morning and persisted throughout the day, with a peak of activity between 8:00 and 9:00 hours. Species of Centris were the main visitors of B. virgilioides. The butterfly and wasp species were considered resource robbers, and other floral visitors were considered occasional visitors. Although the flowers of B. virgilioides are widely visited, the species shows a high rate of inbreeding because of automatic self-pollination.
Resumo
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of Bowdichia virgilioides in an area of Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna). The study was carried out in Chapadinha, State of Maranhão in northeastern Brazil. Bowdichia virgilioides has cornucopia flowering and annual pattern. Flowering occurred at the beginning of the dry season, between June and August; and fruiting in the middle of this season, between July and October. The anthesis of B. virgilioides is diurnal, and the main flower resource is the nectar. During the flower opening, the anthers becomes dehiscent and thus pollen grains are deposited at the stigma, promoting automatic self-pollination. The species is self-compatible and apomitic. In the study area, they were visited by nine species of bees, four butterflies, two wasps, and two hummingbirds. The visits began in early morning and persisted throughout the day, with a peak of activity between 8:00 and 9:00 hours. Species of Centris were the main visitors of B. virgilioides. The butterfly and wasp species were considered resource robbers, and other floral visitors were considered occasional visitors. Although the flowers of B. virgilioides are widely visited, the species shows a high rate of inbreeding because of automatic self-pollination.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biologia reprodutiva de Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth (Fabaceae) e avaliar o papel dos visitantes florais em seu sucesso reprodutivo. Bowdichia virgilioides apresenta padrão de floração anual e do tipo cornucópica. A floração ocorre no início da estação seca, entre os meses de junho e agosto e a frutificação no meio desta estação, entre os meses de julho e outubro. Suas flores são de antese diurna e apresentam néctar como recurso floral. Durante a abertura floral, as anteras se encontram deiscentes e por esta razão há a adesão dos grãos de pólen no estigma da própria flor, promovendo o processo de autopolinização passiva. A espécie é autocompatível e apomitica. As flores foram visitadas por nove espécies de abelhas, quatro espécies de borboletas, duas espécies de vespas, e por duas espécies de beija-flores. As visitas iniciam logo ao amanhecer e perduram por todo o dia, com um pico de atividades de todos os insetos entre 8 e 9h. Em virtude do seu comportamento intrafloral, por sua abundância e frequência, Centris spp. são os principais visitantes de B. virgilioides. As borboletas e as vespas foram consideradas pilhadoras e os outros visitantes florais foram considerados visitantes ocasionais. Embora as flores de B. virgilioides sejam intensamente visitadas, a espécie pode apresentar alta taxa de endogamia pela autopolinização passiva.
Assuntos
Reprodução , Pradaria , Polinização , FabaceaeResumo
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (Bignoniaceae) é nativa da Argentina, Bolívia e Paraguai e exótica no estado de São Paulo. Essa espécie é ornamental e utilizada na arborização urbana. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a biologia floral e sistema reprodutivo e verificar os visitantes florais de J. mimosifolia em área urbana de Piracicaba (SP), no período de setembro a novembro de 2008. As flores dessa espécie são tubulares com quatro estames e um estaminódio desenvolvido. Durante a antese as flores são roxas, com odor suave e os osmóforos estão localizados no estaminódio. Néctar foi o recurso utilizado pelos visitantes florais. Jacaranda mimosifolia é autoincompatível. As visitas florais iniciaram-se às 6h30min e diminuíram às 17h30min. Entre os visitantes florais de J. mimosifolia, as abelhas de grande porte apresentaram comportamento de polinizadores, realizando visitas legítimas. Eulaema nigrita foi a mais abundante, com 14,8% das visitas, e apresentou comportamento de polinizador. Houve ainda um grande número de pilhadores de néctar, e Apis mellifera foi a espécie pilhadora com maior número de visitas (15,7%). Mesmo sendo uma espécie exótica, J. mimosilofia possui polinizadores nativos responsáveis pela polinização cruzada, porém apenas as abelhas de médio e grande porte atuam como polinizadores efetivos
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (Bignoniaceae) is natural from Argentina, Bolívia and Paraguay and it is exotic in São Paulo State, Brazil. This species is ornamental and used in urban areas. The aim of this study was to analyze floral biology and reproductive system and verify floral visitors of J. mimosifolia in ans urban area of Piracicaba, Brazil, from september to november 2008. The flowers of this species are tubular with four stamens and one well developed staminode. During anthesis the flowers are purple, smooth odor and the osmophores are located in staminode. Nectar was the resource used by floral visitors. J. mimosifolia is selfincompatible. Floral visits began at 6h30min and decreased at 17h30min among the pollinators of J. mimosifolia, the large bees behaved as pollinators, performing legitimate visits. Eulaema negrita was the most abundant bee species, with 14.88% of visits and it presents pollinator behavior. There was also a large number of nectar robbers, and Apis mellifera was the robber species with the highest number of visits (15.70%). Even if an exotic species, J. mimosifolia has native pollinators responsible for cross-pollination, but only bees of medium and large size act as effective pollinators
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas , PolinizaçãoResumo
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (Bignoniaceae) é nativa da Argentina, Bolívia e Paraguai e exótica no estado de São Paulo. Essa espécie é ornamental e utilizada na arborização urbana. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a biologia floral e sistema reprodutivo e verificar os visitantes florais de J. mimosifolia em área urbana de Piracicaba (SP), no período de setembro a novembro de 2008. As flores dessa espécie são tubulares com quatro estames e um estaminódio desenvolvido. Durante a antese as flores são roxas, com odor suave e os osmóforos estão localizados no estaminódio. Néctar foi o recurso utilizado pelos visitantes florais. Jacaranda mimosifolia é autoincompatível. As visitas florais iniciaram-se às 6h30min e diminuíram às 17h30min. Entre os visitantes florais de J. mimosifolia, as abelhas de grande porte apresentaram comportamento de polinizadores, realizando visitas legítimas. Eulaema nigrita foi a mais abundante, com 14,8% das visitas, e apresentou comportamento de polinizador. Houve ainda um grande número de pilhadores de néctar, e Apis mellifera foi a espécie pilhadora com maior número de visitas (15,7%). Mesmo sendo uma espécie exótica, J. mimosilofia possui polinizadores nativos responsáveis pela polinização cruzada, porém apenas as abelhas de médio e grande porte atuam como polinizadores efetivos(AU)
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (Bignoniaceae) is natural from Argentina, Bolívia and Paraguay and it is exotic in São Paulo State, Brazil. This species is ornamental and used in urban areas. The aim of this study was to analyze floral biology and reproductive system and verify floral visitors of J. mimosifolia in ans urban area of Piracicaba, Brazil, from september to november 2008. The flowers of this species are tubular with four stamens and one well developed staminode. During anthesis the flowers are purple, smooth odor and the osmophores are located in staminode. Nectar was the resource used by floral visitors. J. mimosifolia is selfincompatible. Floral visits began at 6h30min and decreased at 17h30min among the pollinators of J. mimosifolia, the large bees behaved as pollinators, performing legitimate visits. Eulaema negrita was the most abundant bee species, with 14.88% of visits and it presents pollinator behavior. There was also a large number of nectar robbers, and Apis mellifera was the robber species with the highest number of visits (15.70%). Even if an exotic species, J. mimosifolia has native pollinators responsible for cross-pollination, but only bees of medium and large size act as effective pollinators(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas , PolinizaçãoResumo
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of Bowdichia virgilioides in an area of Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna). The study was carried out in Chapadinha, State of Maranhão in northeastern Brazil. Bowdichia virgilioides has cornucopia flowering and annual pattern. Flowering occurred at the beginning of the dry season, between June and August; and fruiting in the middle of this season, between July and October. The anthesis of B. virgilioides is diurnal, and the main flower resource is the nectar. During the flower opening, the anthers becomes dehiscent and thus pollen grains are deposited at the stigma, promoting automatic self-pollination. The species is self-compatible and apomitic. In the study area, they were visited by nine species of bees, four butterflies, two wasps, and two hummingbirds. The visits began in early morning and persisted throughout the day, with a peak of activity between 8:00 and 9:00 hours. Species of Centris were the main visitors of B. virgilioides. The butterfly and wasp species were considered resource robbers, and other floral visitors were considered occasional visitors. Although the flowers of B. virgilioides are widely visited, the species shows a high rate of inbreeding because of automatic self-pollination.
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of Bowdichia virgilioides in an area of Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna). The study was carried out in Chapadinha, State of Maranhão in northeastern Brazil. Bowdichia virgilioides has cornucopia flowering and annual pattern. Flowering occurred at the beginning of the dry season, between June and August; and fruiting in the middle of this season, between July and October. The anthesis of B. virgilioides is diurnal, and the main flower resource is the nectar. During the flower opening, the anthers becomes dehiscent and thus pollen grains are deposited at the stigma, promoting automatic self-pollination. The species is self-compatible and apomitic. In the study area, they were visited by nine species of bees, four butterflies, two wasps, and two hummingbirds. The visits began in early morning and persisted throughout the day, with a peak of activity between 8:00 and 9:00 hours. Species of Centris were the main visitors of B. virgilioides. The butterfly and wasp species were considered resource robbers, and other floral visitors were considered occasional visitors. Although the flowers of B. virgilioides are widely visited, the species shows a high rate of inbreeding because of automatic self-pollination.