Use of derived adipose stem cells to reduce complications of cutaneous scarring in smokers. An experimental model in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) in reducing the necrosis area in an experimental model of cutaneous ischemic flap in rats submitted to subcutaneous nicotine injection to simulate a smoker patient. Methods: In an experimental study, 30 rats were enrolled and divided into two experimental groups of 15 animals all submitted to a subcutaneous nicotine injection to create ischemic cutaneous flaps on their backs. Other 10 animals were used only to obtain adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSC). The first group (n=15) received ADSC treatment at the end of surgery while the other group, the control (n=15), received no other interventions. After euthanasia, a decal was performed on the whole area of the flap, accurately defining the transition from necrosis to healthy region. Photos of all animals were collected and evaluated by scales standardized by Paint-Autocad- 2015 software to define the area of flap necrosis in each rat. Student T test was performed to compare the groups, considering a p< 0.05 significant. Data were analyzed using SPSS IBM® 18 version. Results: Through the analysis of the images by the program Paint-Autocad-2015 and the area of decal obtained by the transparent sheet, we obtained a mean of 46% necrosis of the total area of the flap in the treatment group and 69.4% in the control group. In the descriptive analysis, a mean of 3.7 cm of necrosis CI 95% (3.2 - 4.2) was evident in the treatment group whereas a mean value of 5.56 CI 95% (5.2 - 5.9) was found in control group, with p value <0.001 for this comparison. Conclusion: The application of adipose-derived stem cells reduces the percentage of necrosis in an experimental model of randomized cutaneous flap in rats submitted to subcutaneous nicotine injection.(AU)

The effects of subcutaneous injection of nicotine on osseointegration of machined and anodized implants in rabbits

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of subcutaneous injection nicotine in osseointegration process on different implant surfaces. Methods: Twenty-two male rabbits were distributed into two groups according to the subcutaneous injections: (1) nicotine 3 mg/day/kg and (2) 0.9 % NaCI 3 mL/day/kg, three times a day; subgroups were then designated-machined and anodized implants were placed in the right and left tibia bones, respectively. The animals were submitted euthanasia after periods of eight weeks to determine nicotine and cotinine levels, alkaline phosphatase and biomechanical analysis. Results: The plasmatic levels of nicotine and cotinine were 0.5 ± 0.28 ng/mL and 9.5 ± 6.51 ng/mL, respectively. The alkaline phosphatase analyses in blood levels in control group were observed 40.8 ± 11.88 UI/L and 40.75 ± 12.46 UI/L, for the surfaces machined and anodized, respectively. In the test group was observed levels 37.9 ± 4.84 UI/L, for both implant surfaces. No significant differences were observed between control and test groups and between the implant surfaces regarding alkaline phosphatase blood levels. For biomechanics, no significant differences were observed in control group between the machined (25±8.46 Ncm) or anodized (31.2 ± 6.76 Ncm) implants. However, the treatment with nicotine induced higher torque than control in both machined (38.3 ± 13.52 Ncm) and anodized (35.5 ± 14.17 Ncm) implants, with p = 0.0024 and p = 0.0121, respectively.Conclusion: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine following implant insertion didnt have effect on osseointegration, independently from the implant surface.(AU)

The positive effect of Botulinum toxin type A on the viability of random flap in tobacco exposed in rats

PURPOSE:To evaluate the effect of Botulinum Toxin A in different time of tobacco exposure.METHODS:60 male, Wistar rats were divided into two tobacco exposure groups: a 2- month or a 4-month regimen. After this period, these two groups were subdivided as two: saline solution(SS) or botulinum toxin A(Bonta), at the time of the surgery. Seven days before the SS or Bonta injection, the animals were submitted to a random flap (3x10cm). On the seventh postoperative day, all animals were assessed for total flap area, viable area, and the viable/ total area ratio.RESULTS:This study showed a difference between groups 2-month saline vs. BontA injection (p=0.04); groups 4-month saline vs. BontA injection (p=0.001); groups 2-month saline vs. 4-month BontA (p=0.003), and, between groups 2- month BontA vs. 4-month saline(p=0.03).CONCLUSIONS:Botulinum Toxin A increased random flap viability in tobacco-exposed rats. Two months of tobacco exposure had the same effect as exposure for four months.(AU)

Analysis of effect isoxsuprine hydrochloride and nicotine in the Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of isoxsuprine and nicotine on TRAM. METHODS: Forty eight 48 Wistar rats distributed into four Groups (n=12). All rats received medication managed daily for 20 days: saline solution (SA), nicotine solution (NI), isoxsuprine solution (IS) and nicotine solution (NI) + isoxsuprine solution (IS). On day 21st the rats were submitted to the caudally based, right unipedicled TRAM flap and after 48 hours, made the macroscopic evaluation of the surface of the flap, photographic documentation and collection of material for histology. Data from macroscopic evaluation were analyzed by ANOVA and microscopic evaluation by Kruskal-Wallis test, with significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In the macroscopic evaluation of isoxsuprine Group retail presented absolute numbers: final area (p=0.001*) and viable area (p=0.006*) with the highest values; necrosis (p=0.001*) had the lowest value. Microscopic examination revealed no significant findings in the study of TRAM under the action of isoxsuprine and nicotine to the percentage of necrosis in the left and right cranial and caudal regions. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant improvement in viability of TRAM using the isoxsuprine solution alone. No influence using nicotine alone and in association with isoxsuprine.(AU)

Effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption on bone formation and osseous integration of hydroxyapatite implant / Os efeitos do cigarro e do consumo de café sobre a formação óssea e a integração óssea de implantes de hidroxiapatita

The present study aims to assess the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and/or coffee consumption on bone formation and osseous integration of a dense hydroxyapatite (DHA) implant in rats. For this study, 20 male rats were divided into four groups (n = 5): CT (control) group, CE (coffee) group, CI (cigarette) group and CC (coffee + cigarette) group. During 16 weeks, animals in the CI group were exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation equivalent to 6 cigarettes per day; specimens in the CE group drank coffee as liquid diet; and rats in the CC group were submitted to both substances. In the 6th week a 5 mm slit in the parietal bone and a 4 mm slit in the tibia were performed on the left side: the former was left open while the latter received a DHA implant. As soon as surgeries were finished, the animals returned to their original protocols and after 10 weeks of exposure they were euthanised (ethically sacrificed) and the mentioned bones collected for histological processing. Data showed that exposure to cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption did not interfere in weight gain and that solid and liquid diet consumption was satisfactory. Rats in the CC group showed a decrease in bone neoformation around the tibial DHA implant (31.8 ± 2.8) as well as in bone formation in the parietal slit (28.6 ± 2.2). On their own, cigarette smoke inhalation or coffee consumption also led to diminished bone neoformation around the implant and delayed the bone repair process in relation to the CT group. However, reduction in the bone repair process was accentuated with exposure to both cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption in this study.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do tabagismo e do consumo de café, isolada ou concomitantemente, sobre a formação óssea e a osseointegração de implantes hidroxiapatita densa. Foram utilizados 20 ratos machos, divididos em quatro grupos (n = 5): grupo CT (controle); grupo CA (café); grupo CI (cigarro), e grupo CC (cigarro + café). Durante 16 semanas, os animais do grupo CI foram expostos à fumaça de seis cigarros/dia; os animais do grupo CA consumiram café como dieta líquida, e os animais do grupo CC, ambas as substâncias. Após seis semanas de exposição, uma falha óssea de 5 mm foi produzida no osso parietal esquerdo e de 4 mm, na tíbia esquerda dos animais. A falha do parietal foi mantida aberta, enquanto na tíbia corpos cerâmicos de hidroxiapatita densa (HAD) foram implantados em cavidade produzida cirurgicamente. Após as cirurgias, os animais retornaram aos protocolos experimentais e, ao término de dez semanas, foram eutanasiados, sendo as tíbias e os parietais coletados para processamento histológico. A exposição à fumaça do cigarro e o consumo de café não interferiram no ganho de peso dos animais, e os consumos de dieta líquida e sólida foram satisfatórios entre os grupos. Os animais do grupo CC apresentaram menor volume de osso neoformado ao redor do implante de HAD na tíbia (31,8 ± 2,8) e menor osteogênese na falha produzida no osso parietal (28,6 ± 2,2). O café e o cigarro consumidos isoladamente provocam a diminuição do volume de osso ao redor do implante e o atraso no processo de reparação óssea. Observou-se que o consumo de café associado à exposição à fumaça do cigarro reduziu de forma acentuada o processo de reparação óssea, no presente estudo.(AU)

New experimental model of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

PURPOSE: To describe a new model to passive smoking for rodents. METHODS: Twenty rats were distributed into two study groups (N=10): control group (CG), that was not exposed to tobacco smoke and used as normal standard for biochemical and histological analysis; Experimental Group (EG), that Animals were exposed to the passive smoking; Euthanasia was performed after 14 days of exposure. The serum level of nicotine and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference on the nicotine serum levels between Experimental and Control group, with level of 286 ±23 nanograma/mL in the EG and undetectable on CG (p<0.01). The histological study suggested the model efficacy producing alveolar destruction and emphysema in the EG compared with the insignificant lesions in the CG's lung. CONCLUSION: The model of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke for rodents induced easily the changes related to secondhand smoke.(AU)

Evaluation of the abdominal wall cicatrization of rabbits exposed to nicotine and undergone abdominoplasty using nylon thread or cyanoacrylate / Avaliação da cicatrização da parede abdominal de coelhos expostos à nicotina e submetidos à abdominoplastia, utilizando-se nylon ou cianocrilato

PURPOSE: To compare the wound healing of the abdominal wall of rabbits exposed to nicotine and submitted to abdominoplasty using 2-octyl cyanoacrylate or nylon thread for the surgery suture. METHODS: Thirty two rabbits were used. They were divided in subgroups: A1, A2, B1 e B2. Group A received saline 0.9%; group B received nicotine, both groups for 14 days before surgery. We performed an abdominoplasty with a nylon suture into the A1 and B1 subgroups; as for A2 and B2 groups the suture was performed with cyanoacrylate. The euthanasia happened in the 14th post-operative day. After, we evaluated: swollen process, fibroblast proliferation, collagen, neovascularization, and macroscope and microscope epithelization of the scars. RESULTS: We observed the presence of eosinophils in all scars exposed to the cyanoacrylate, and a significant increase of neovascularization in the subgroup B2 comparing to the A2 one (p=0.037). The other variables haven't showed any statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine hasn't influenced the swollen process, the fibroblast proliferation, the presence of collagen, neither the epithelialization. The neovascularization showed cicatricial immaturity when comparing group A2 to group B2. The eosinophils in the scars repaired with glue showed that the substance has acted as an allergen.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar a cicatrização da parede abdominal de coelhos expostos à nicotina e submetidos à abdominoplastia utilizando 2-octil cianoacrilato ou nylon na síntese cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 32 coelhos. Estes foram distribuídos em subgrupos: A1, A2, B1 e B2. O grupo A recebeu solução de NaCl 0,9%; o B recebeu nicotina, ambos durante 14 dias do pré-operatório. Nos subgrupos A1 e B1 foi realizada abdominoplastia e sutura com "nylon"; enquanto A2 e B2 a síntese ocorreu com cianoacrilato. A eutanásia ocorreu no 14º dia do pós-operatório. Na pesquisa avaliou-se: processo inflamatório, proliferação fibroblástica, colágeno, neovascularização, epitelização macro e microscópica das cicatrizes. RESULTADOS: Observou-se presença de eosinofilia em todas as cicatrizes expostas ao cianoacrilato, e aumento significativo da neovascularização no subgrupo B2 em comparação com o A2 (p=0,037). Demais variáveis não apresentaram diferença estatística. CONCLUSÕES: A nicotina não influenciou o processo inflamatório, a proliferação fibroblástica, a presença de colágeno e a epitelização. A neovascularização indicou imaturidade cicatricial na comparação dos grupos A2 e B2. A eosinofilia nas cicatrizes reparadas com cola indica que a substância atuou como alergeno.(AU)

Lung morphology and growth of rats exposed to tobacco smoke and alcohol / Estudo morfológico dos pulmões e crescimento de ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro e ao álcool

PURPOSE: Investigate the morphological effects of chronic exposure to tobacco smoke inhalation and alcohol consumption on the lungs and on the growth of rats. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, tobacco, alcohol, tobacco + alcohol, for a period of study 260 days. Morphological analysis was conducted by optical and electron microscopy. Rat growth was investigated by measuring the snout-anus length, body mass index and body weight. RESULTS: The three groups exposed to the drugs presented lower growth and lower weight than the control group. The percentages of alveolitis, bronchiolitis and the mean alveolar diameter were greater, particularly in the groups exposed to tobacco smoke, but were not significantly different from the control group. Electron microscopy revealed more intense apoptotic and degenerative lesions in the smoking group, while degenerative lesions in the lamellar bodies were more intense with the association of both drugs. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental model showed morphological alterations observed by electron microscopy, principally due to tobacco smoke exposure. Alcohol and tobacco hindered the growth of rats, such that tobacco showed a greater effect on body length and alcohol on body weight.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos morfológicos da exposição crônica à inalação de fumaça do tabaco e o do consumo de álcool nos pulmões e no crescimento de ratos. MÉTODOS: Sessenta ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle, tabaco, álcool e tabaco + álcool, e acompanhados por um período de 260 dias. No final do periodo foi realizada análise morfológica dos pulmões por microscopia óptica e eletrônica. O crescimento dos ratos foi investigado através da medição do comprimento focinho-ânus, peso corporal e índice de massa corporal. RESULTADOS: Os três grupos expostos às drogas apresentaram peso e comprimento significativamente menores que os do grupo controle. As percentagens de bronquiolite e alveolite, e o diâmetro alveolar médio foram maiores nos grupos expostos à fumaça do tabaco, mas sem significancia estatística quando comparadas ao grupo controle. A microscopia eletrônica revelou apoptose mais intensa e lesões degenerativas no grupo de fumantes, enquanto lesões degenerativas nos corpos lamelares foram mais intensas com a associação de ambas as drogas. CONCLUSÕES: Este modelo experimental mostrou alterações morfológicas observadas por microscopia eletrônica, principalmente devido à exposição ao tabaco. Tanto o alcool como o tabaco prejudicaram o crescimento dos animais, o tabaco mostrando um efeito maior sobre o comprimento e o álcool sobre o peso corporal.(AU)

MÉTODOS DIAGNÓSTICOS EM AFECÇÕES RESPIRATÓRIAS DE CÃES E GATOS.

As doenças respiratórias em cães e gatos tem caráter etiológico muito diverso e podem ser extremamente desafiantes quanto ao seu manejo e diagnóstico. Nota-se que no Brasil, pouco ainda se investe em exames diagnósticos nas enfermidades respiratórias em cães e gatos. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário estudar tais exames, e compreender sua eficácia e indicação. A partir do diagnóstico obtido, é possível conhecer a casuística das afecções respiratórias presentes na rotina clínica. A presente tese de doutorado está dividida em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo é uma revisão sistemática sobre os termos semiológicos utilizados na ausculta pulmonar. Evidenciou-se que a nomenclatura é bastante divergente entre a literatura publicada. Baseado nos estudos abordados foram sugeridos termos semiológicos a serem utilizados para ausculta pulmonar. Concluiu-se que a padronização e utilização dos termos sugeridos contribuiria sobremaneira para valorização do método e melhor entendimento do uso na pesquisa, ensino e na prática clínica. No segundo capítulo é analisada a eficácia da radiografia torácica e do lavado broncoalveolar seguido de análises citológica e microbiológica em quarenta animais (cães e gatos) com doença bronquial crônica. Foram demonstradas alterações específicas na radiografia torácica nas quais se recomenda realização do lavado broncoalveolar na sequência, associado à análise citológica e microbiológica. A combinação dos exames apresentados aumenta o sucesso diagnóstico. O terceiro capítulo aborda a pneumonia fúngica em cães e gatos, cita a escassez de estudos sobre o tema, apresenta a incidência da enfermidade em cães e gatos com alterações respiratórias atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), descreve e discute os achados radiográficos, hematológicos e do lavado broncoalveolar dos animais positivos. Por fim, o quarto capítulo, relata sobre a mensuração de cotinina sérica, um biomarcador da nicotina, usada em cães fumantes passivos. Foi mensurada a cotinina sérica por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectometria de massas,.de vinte cães, destes dez fumantes, que tiveram contatato com a fumaça do cigarro por no mínimo um ano. Por esse estudo não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre cães expostos ao tabaco ambiental e o uso de biomarcadores, dessa forma, mais estudos são necessários.

Respiratory diseases in dogs and cats have a very diverse etiological character and can be extremely challenging in the management and diagnosis. It is noted that in Brazil, little is invested in diagnostic exams in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats. In this way, it is necessary to study such tests, and their effectiveness and indication. From the obtained diagnosis, it is possible to know the incidence of the respiratory diseases present in the clinical routine. The present doctoral dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a systematic review on the semiological terms used in pulmonary auscultation. It has been shown that a nomenclature is quite divergent among published literature. Based on the studies discussed, semiological terms were suggested to be used for pulmonary auscultation. It was concluded that a consensus and standardization of the terms would contribute to the valorization of the method and a better understanding of its use in research, teaching and clinical practice. In the second chapter the efficacy of thoracic radiography and bronchoalveolar lavage followed by cytological and microbiological tests were analyzed, in forty animals (dogs and cats) with chronic bronchial disease. Specific abnormalities in thoracic radiography have been demonstrated in which a bronchoalveolar exam is recommended in the sequence associated to cytologic and microbiologic analysis. The combination of exams presented increases the diagnostic success. The third chapter deal with fungal pneumonia in dogs and cats, quote the paucity of studies on the subject and presents an incidence of the disease in dogs and cats with respiratory clinical signs attended at the veterinary hospital of the university and describes the radiographic, hematological and bronchoalveolar lavage findings of positive animals. Finally, the fourth chapter is a short communication on the measurement of serum cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine used in passive smoking dogs. Serum cotinine was measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, of twenty dogs of these ten smokers who had contact with cigarette smoke for at least one year. Through this study was not possible to establish a relationship between dogs exposed to environmental tobacco and the use of biomarkers, this way, more studies are needed. Keywords: Respiratory diseases in dogs and cats have a very diverse etiological character and can be extremely challenging in the management and diagnosis. It is noted that in Brazil, little is invested in diagnostic exams in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats. In this way, it is necessary to study such tests, and their effectiveness and indication. From the obtained diagnosis, it is possible to know the incidence of the respiratory diseases present in the clinical routine. The present doctoral dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a systematic review on the semiological terms used in pulmonary auscultation. It has been shown that a nomenclature is quite divergent among published literature. Based on the studies discussed, semiological terms were suggested to be used for pulmonary auscultation. It was concluded that a consensus and standardization of the terms would contribute to the valorization of the method and a better understanding of its use in research, teaching and clinical practice. In the second chapter the efficacy of thoracic radiography and bronchoalveolar lavage followed by cytological and microbiological tests were analyzed, in forty animals (dogs and cats) with chronic bronchial disease. Specific abnormalities in thoracic radiography have been demonstrated in which a bronchoalveolar exam is recommended in the sequence associated to cytologic and microbiologic analysis. The combination of exams presented increases the diagnostic success. The third chapter deal with fungal pneumonia in dogs and cats, quote the paucity of studies on the subject and presents an incidence of the disease in dogs and cats with respiratory clinical signs attended at the veterinary hospital of the university and describes the radiographic, hematological and bronchoalveolar lavage findings of positive animals. Finally, the fourth chapter is a short communication on the measurement of serum cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine used in passive smoking dogs. Serum cotinine was measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, of twenty dogs of these ten smokers who had contact with cigarette smoke for at least one year. Through this study was not possible to establish a relationship between dogs exposed to environmental tobacco and the use of biomarkers, this way, more studies are needed.

The influence of nicotine on the population of fibroblasts in cutaneous scars in rats / A influência da nicotina na população de fibroblastos em cicatrizes cutâneas de ratos

PURPOSE: To study the collagen density and the population of fibroblasts in cutaneous injuries in rats under the influence of nicotine. METHODS: The scars of abdominal wounds in rats were analyzed. 2 mg/kg/d of nicotine was administered to the animals in the experiment group and the solution used as a vehicle for the animals in the control group. Treatment was begun seven days prior to surgery and maintained for seven or fourteen days following surgery. The removed scars were prepared for histopathological study. Histological cuts were stained by Sirius Supra red F3BA for collagen analysis and submitted to the examination using the immunohistochemical technique, which enabled us to recognize the population of fibroblasts. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in type I collagen density after seven days (p=0.912), nor after fourteen days (p=0.211). The control group had more type III collagen after seven days (p=0.004), but after fourteen days there was no significant difference (p=0,720). The total quantification of collagen, although higher in the control group, was not significantly so at any time during the study (p=0.103 after seven days and p=0.549 after fourteen days). The average of fibroblasts per field was lower after seven days (p=0.0001) and after fourteen days (p=0.0000). CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this experiment, nicotine reduced the fibroblast population without modifying collagen density significantly.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Estudar a densidade de colágeno e a população de fibroblastos em feridas cutâneas de ratos sob a influência da nicotina. MÉTODOS: Analisaram-se as cicatrizes de feridas abdominais de ratos. Foi administrada 2 mg/kg/d de nicotina, por via subcutânea aos animais do grupo experimento e a solução usada como veículo para os animais do grupo controle. O tratamento foi iniciado sete dias antes do ato operatório e mantido por sete ou quatorze dias no pós-operatório. As cicatrizes ressecadas foram preparadas para estudo histo-patológico. Cortes histológicos foram corados pelo Sirius Supra red F3BA para a análise do colágeno e submetidos à exame pela técnica imuno-histoquímica permitiram reconhecer a população de fibroblastos. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que não existiu diferença significante na densidade de colágeno tipo I, na avaliação feita com sete dias (p=0,912) e com 14 dias (p=0,211). O grupo controle mostrava mais colágeno tipo III com sete dias (p=0,004), mas aos 14 dias não havia diferença significante (p=0,720). A quantificação do colágeno total, embora fosse maior no grupo controle, não o foi de forma significante em nenhum dos tempos estudados (p=0,103 aos sete dias e p=0,549 aos 14 dias). A média de fibroblastos por campo esteve diminuída na avaliação de sete dias (p=0,0001) e na de quatorze dias (p=0,0000). CONCLUSÃO: Nas condições do experimento, a nicotina promoveu diminuição da população de fibroblastos sem modificar a densidade do colágeno de forma significante.(AU)

Nicotine on rat TRAM flap / Nicotina em retalho TRAM em ratos

PURPOSE: The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap is one of the preferential techniques used in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Nicotine has a detrimental effect on cutaneous flap survival; although there are no experimental studies proving this effect on musculocutaneous flaps. The aim of this study is to verify the effect of nicotine on the rat TRAM flap. METHODS: 30 Wistar EPM-1 rats were randomly distributed in two groups: control and experimental. The animals of the control group received saline solution injected subcutaneously, in a volume of 0.2 ml, twice a day, during 28 days in the preoperative period. The animals of the experimental group were treated with nicotine, injected subcutaneously, in a dose of 2 mg/kg twice a day, during 28 days in the preoperative period. All the animals were submitted to the caudally based, right unipedicled TRAM flap. 48 hours after the procedure, a study of the viable area of the flap was done through photographic documentation. Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric Mann-Whitney's test. RESULTS: The experimental group had significantly greater area of necrosis when compared with the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Nicotine increased the area of necrosis of the TRAM flap, in rats(AU)

OBJETIVOS: O retalho musculocutâneo transverso do músculo reto do abdome (TRAM) é uma das principais opções na reconstrução do relevo mamário pós-mastectomia. A nicotina tem efeito deletério na viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos; porém, não foram encontrados trabalhos experimentais comprovando este efeito em retalhos musculocutâneos. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o efeito da nicotina na viabilidade do retalho TRAM, em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 30 ratos da linhagem Wistar EPM-1. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle e experimento. Os animais do grupo controle foram tratados com solução salina injetada no tecido celular subcutâneo num volume de 0,2 ml, duas vezes ao dia, durante 28 dias no período pré-operatório. Os animais do grupo experimento foram tratados com nicotina injetada no tecido celular subcutâneo em uma dose de 2mg/kg/2 vezes ao dia, durante 28 dias no período pré-operatório. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento do retalho TRAM de base caudal unilateral à direita (pedículo não dominante). 48 horas depois, foi feita a avaliação da área viável de superfície do retalho, por documentação fotográfica. Para análise dos resultados foram utilizados testes não paramétricos: Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: O grupo experimento apresentou uma área de necrose maior, quando comparado com o grupo controle (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A nicotina aumentou a área de necrose do retalho TRAM, em ratos(AU)

Utilização de drosophila melanogaster como bioindicador na avaliação da letalidade de extrato de nicotiana tabacum

ABSTRACT Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus is a plant of economic importance, raised commercially throughout the world. Chemically, there is the presence of pyrimidine alkaloids, such as anabasina and nicotine, along with steroids, coumarins and terpenes. The present study was aimed to measure the concentration of the aqueous extract of tobacco that will kill approximately 50% of the population of bioindicator Drosophila melanogaster Morgan in 24 hours (LC50). A total of 689 individuals from the wild strain of D. melanogaster were exposed to the tobacco aqueous extract at concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Mortality of individuals was recorded at 24h and 48h after exposure to the extract. The results showed that the aqueous extract of N. tabacum promoted death of individuals at all concentrations tested. In 24 hours, the 10% solution killed 50% of the flies. There was a correlation between increased solution concentration and increased mortality. These results underscore the relevance of research on tobacco, due to its toxic properties and its being consumed by millions of people around the world, along with the use of D. melanogaster as an efficient bioindicator organism due to its easy maintenance and large number of individuals.

RESUMO Nicotiana tabacumLinnaeus é uma planta de importância econômica, explorada comercialmente em todo o mundo. Quimicamente, destaca-se pela presença de alcalóides pirimidínicos, como a anabasina e a nicotina, além de esteroides, cumarinas e terpenos. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a concentração do extrato aquoso do tabaco que mata aproximadamente 50% da população do bioindicador Drosophila melanogaster Morgan em 24h (CL50). Foram utilizados o total de 689 indivíduos da linhagem selvagem de D. melanogaster que foram expostos às concentrações 0, 5, 10 e 15% do extrato aquoso de tabaco. A mortalidade dos indivíduos foi contabilizada em 24h e 48h após aplicação do extrato. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o extrato aquoso de N. tabacum promove morte dos indivíduos em todas as concentrações testadas. Em 24h, o extrato aquoso na concentração a 10% matou 50% das moscas. Houve uma correlação entre o aumento da concentração de fumo com aumento da mortalidade. Estes resultados reforçam a relevância das investigações sobre o tabaco, devido a suas propriedades tóxicas e por ser consumido por milhões de pessoas no mundo.

Pharmacological characterization of venoms obtained from Mexican toxoglossate gastropods on isolated guinea pig ileum

The protein-containing extracts prepared from the venom ducts of Conus austini, Conus spurius and Polystira albida caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions in guinea pig ileum. The most potent extract was obtained from P. albida venom ducts (IC50 = 0.11 ± 0.02 µg protein/mL). The three extracts produced a moderate inhibition of contractions elicited by acetylcholine (ACh 1 µM), suggesting the presence of anticholinergic compounds. The contractile response elicited by nicotine (10 µM) was significantly reduced by the extracts prepared from the ducts of C. austini and P. albida, which indicates that the venom produced by these species contains toxins that target neuronal nicotinic receptors. All three extracts significantly inhibited contractions evoked by histamine (0.5 µM), particularly those from C. spurius and P. albida. These findings reveal the presence of antihistaminergic compounds not previously described in any conoidean venom. Finally, we found that only the extract prepared from C. spurius ducts decreased KCl (60 mM)-induced contractions, indicating that the venom of this snail contains compounds that block voltage-dependent Ca2+ or Na+ channels.

Influence of nicotine on healing of vesical sutures in rabbits / A influência da nicotina na cicatrização de suturas vesicais em coelhos

PURPOSE: To study the effects of nicotine on inflammatory cells, deposition of collagen and its interference on the strength of tissue in vesical sutures in rabbits. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand rabbits were used, randomized into two groups: group N, consisting of 10 animals, to which nicotine was administered in the dose of 2mg/kg of weight as a subcutaneous injection, diluted in 1ml of saline solution at 0.9 percent in a daily administration during the 28 days prior to the surgery; and group C, consisting of 10 animals, to which saline solution at 0.9 percent was administered in the same conditions and time intervals of the nicotine group. All the animals underwent cystotomy and suture of the bladder wall 28 days after the administration of nicotine or saline solution. The measurements were performed on the fourth and seventh day in each group after cystectomy and euthanasia of the animals. A fragment of bladder was removed and sent for a tensile strength test to evaluate the tissue strength and another fragment underwent a histological analysis of inflammatory process and deposition of collagen. RESULTS: There was a decrease of neutrophils on the fourth postoperative day (p=0.079) and an increase of plasmocytes on the seventh postoperative day (p=0.053) in the animals that were given nicotine, without statistical difference in relation to the control group. In the analysis of the proliferation of fibroblasts, deposition of collagen and tensile strength test, there was no statistical difference in relation to the control group. CONCLUSION: The administration of nicotine in rabbits did not influence the healing process of vesical suture in relation to the inflammatory cells, deposit of collagen and tissue strength of the suture(AU)

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos da nicotina sobre as células inflamatórias, deposição de colágeno e sua interferência sobre a força tecidual em suturas vesicais de coelhos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 20 coelhos Nova Zelândia, divididos de maneira aleatória em dois grupos: grupo N, composto de 10 animais, no qual foi administrada nicotina na dose de 2mg/Kg de peso por via subcutânea, diluída em 1ml de solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento em 1 aplicação diária por 28 dias prévios à cirurgia; e grupo C, composto por 10 animais, no qual foi administrada solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento nas mesmas condições e intervalos de tempo do grupo nicotina. Todos os animais foram submetidos à cistotomia com sutura da parede vesical após 28 dias da administração de nicotina ou solução fisiológica. As aferições foram realizadas no 4º e 7º dia em cada grupo após cistectomia e eutanásia dos animais. Uma parte da bexiga foi submetida a teste de tração para avaliar a força tecidual da sutura e outro fragmento foi submetido à análise histológica de processo inflamatório e deposição de colágeno. RESULTADOS: Houve uma diminuição de neutrófilos no 4º dia pós-operatório (p=0,079) e aumento de plasmócitos no 7º dia após a cirurgia (p=0,053) nos animais que receberam nicotina, sem diferença estatística em relação ao grupo controle. Na análise de proliferação de fibroblastos, deposição de colágeno e teste de tração tecidual, não houve diferença estatística em relação ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A administração de nicotina em coelhos não influenciou no processo de cicatrização de sutura vesicais em relação às células inflamatórias, depósito de colágeno e força tecidual da sutura(AU)

Experimental model to study the effect of nicotine in a random skin flap, in the rat

Presentation of an experimental model to study the effect of nicotine in a random skin flap, in the rat. Adult rats of the same lineage are exposed to nicotine for seven days in the preoperative period. After the preoperative period, the animals are anesthetized and a dorsal random pattern skin flap, cranially based is elevated. On the seventh postoperative day, the rats are anesthetized and the percentages of distal necrosis in the flaps are determined. After that, excision of skin fragments for biochemical analysis is possible. Blood samples may be collected by decapitation.

Apresentação de um modelo experimental para estudar o efeito da nicotina em um retalho cutâneo randômico, no rato. Ratos adultos da mesma linhagem são expostos à nicotina por sete dias no período pré-operatório. Após este período os animais são anestesiados e um retalho cutâneo randômico dorsal, de base cranial é elevado. No sétimo dia de pós-operatório, os ratos são anestesiados e as porcentagens de necrose distal são determinadas. Isto feito, é possível colher fragmentos de pele para análise bioquímica. Amostras de sangue podem ser colhidas por decapitação.

Experimental model to study the effect of nicotine in a random skin flap, in the rat

Presentation of an experimental model to study the effect of nicotine in a random skin flap, in the rat. Adult rats of the same lineage are exposed to nicotine for seven days in the preoperative period. After the preoperative period, the animals are anesthetized and a dorsal random pattern skin flap, cranially based is elevated. On the seventh postoperative day, the rats are anesthetized and the percentages of distal necrosis in the flaps are determined. After that, excision of skin fragments for biochemical analysis is possible. Blood samples may be collected by decapitation.

Apresentação de um modelo experimental para estudar o efeito da nicotina em um retalho cutâneo randômico, no rato. Ratos adultos da mesma linhagem são expostos à nicotina por sete dias no período pré-operatório. Após este período os animais são anestesiados e um retalho cutâneo randômico dorsal, de base cranial é elevado. No sétimo dia de pós-operatório, os ratos são anestesiados e as porcentagens de necrose distal são determinadas. Isto feito, é possível colher fragmentos de pele para análise bioquímica. Amostras de sangue podem ser colhidas por decapitação.

Terazosin and propranolol as blockers to the deleterious effect of nicotine in a random skin flap, in the rat

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Terazosin and Propranolol on the prevention of necrosis induced by nicotine, in a random skin flap. METHODS: This study utilized 32 adult male Wistar-EPM rats divided, at random, into four groups of eight animals each. All the 32 animals received nicotine (2 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously, for one week before and one week after flap elevation. CG (Control) group received distilled water (0.2 ml/day) by gavage and saline (0.5 ml) intraperitoneally, for seven days in the postoperative period. TG (Terazosin) group received terazosin hydrochloride (3 mg/day) by gavage and saline, intraperitoneally, for seven days in the postoperative period. PG (Propranolol) group received propranolol (1.5 mg/day) intraperitoneally and distilled water, by gavage, following the stablished pattern. TPG (Terazosin + Propranolol) group received both drugs. On the seventh postoperative day, the distal necrotic area of the flaps was determined via the paper template method. Blood and skin samples were collected in order to allow determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels RESULTS: The control group had a mean value of 39.5 % of necrosis; the Terazosin group 25.1 %; the Propranolol group 34.5 % and the Terazosin + Propranolol group 26.2 % of necrosis. MDA levels in the serum and in the skin samples behave similarly, with an exception regarding Propranolol group in this case. CONCLUSION: Terazosin is effective in the prevention of necrosis in this animal model and Propranolol is not effective in this case.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo experimental foi avaliar o efeito da Terazosina e do Propranolol na prevenção da necrose induzida pela nicotina, em um retalho cutâneo randômico. MÉTODOS: Este estudo utilizou 32 ratos machos adultos Wistar-EPM divididos, ao acaso, em quatro grupos de oito animais. Todos os 32 animais receberam nicotina (2 mg/kg/dia), por via subcutânea, por uma semana antes e uma semana após a elevação do retalho. O grupo CG (Controle) recebeu água destilada (0,2 ml/dia), por gavagem e salina (0,5 ml), por via intraperitoneal, por sete dias no período pós-operatório. O grupo TG (Terazosina) recebeu terazosina (3 mg/dia), por gavagem, e salina, intraperitoneal, por sete dias no pós-operatório. O grupo PG (Propranolol) recebeu propranolol (1,5 mg/dia), intraperitoneal e água destilada, por gavagem, seguindo o padrão estabelecido. O grupo TPG (Terazosina + Propranolol) recebeu ambas as drogas. No sétimo dia de pós-operatório, a área de necrose distal dos retalhos foi determinada pelo método do gabarito de papel. Amostras de sangue e de pele foram coletadas de forma a permitir a determinação dos níveis de malondialdeído (MDA). RESULTADOS: O grupo controle apresentou um valor médio de necrose de 39,5 %; o grupo Terazosina 25,1 %; o grupo Propranolol 34,5 % e o grupo Terazosina + Propranolol 26,2 % de necrose. Os níveis de MDA no soro e nas amostras de pele comportaram-se de maneira similar, com uma exceção no caso do grupo Propranolol neste caso. CONCLUSÃO: A Terazosina foi eficaz na prevenção da necrose neste modelo animal e o Propranolol não foi eficaz neste caso.

Nicotine contents in the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and cigarettes / Em torno do teor de nicotina nas folhas de nicotiana tabacum e nos cigarros

Este artigo não possui resumo.

Nicotine contents in the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and cigarettes / Em torno do teor de nicotina nas folhas de nicotiana tabacum e nos cigarros

Este artigo não possui resumo.

Lesões pulmonares provocadas pela nicotina por via subcutânea em ratos

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine and quantify the influence of nicotine, applied subcutaneously, in the lungs of rats. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats weighing 235±35g were randomly separated in two groups. The group I (n=10) received nicotine ( 2 mg/Kg body mass/day) during 20 days and the group II (n=10) received placebo subcutaneously. RESULTS: The results illustrate that in the group I resulted bronchopneumonia in 3 (30%) rats, alveolar leucocitosis in 10 (100%), septal leucocitosis in 7 (70%) and atelectasia was found in 2 (20%). Transformed in scores, the data totalized 52 points. The scores of the lesions observed in the lungs of group II rats reached 11 points (p 0,05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate and conclude that the use of nicotine subcutaneously can be implicated in significant lung lesions in rats, when compared with controls.

OBJETIVO: Estudo com o objetivo de observar a influência da nicotina, aplicada pela via subcutânea, em pulmões de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 20 ratos Wistar pesando 235± 35g, separados aleatoriamente em 2 grupos iguais. O grupo I (n=10) recebeu nicotina na dose de 2 mg/Kg/dia pela via subcutânea durante 20 dias e o grupo II (n=10) recebeu placebo pela mesma via de administração. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que no grupo I ocorreu broncopneumonia em 3 (30%) ratos, leucocitose alveolar em 10 (100%) e leucocitose septal em 7 (70%). Atelectasia foi encontrada em 2 (20%). Transformados em escores, os dados totalizaram 52 pontos. Os escores das alterações observadas nos pulmões do grupo II atingiram 11 pontos (p 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados permitiram concluir que o uso da nicotina por via subcutânea contribuiu para o aparecimento de lesões pulmonares em ratos, em número e intensidade significativamente maiores do que nos animais considerados controles.