Atuação do médico veterinário especialista em reprodução no manejo de canis / Performance of veterinary specialist in reproduction on kennels management

A criação de cães de raça vem aumentando significativamente, consequentemente a exigência de serviços veterinários no mercado para lidar com essa categoria específica também aumentou. Em especial, temos os serviços de reprodução que crescem devido a procura por melhoria da qualidade de plantel, uma vez que pela incrementação de biotécnicas é possível dinamizar o potencial de crescimento da criação. Logo, é ideal que o profissional que irá prestar este serviço seja altamente capacitado para sua realização, tendo noções não somente de reprodução, mas também de outras necessidades que a criação de cães requer. É importante que o profissional saiba selecionar os animais adequados a reprodução, tanto reprodutores, quanto matrizes, além de quando realizar os procedimentos, assim, evitar protocolos desnecessários e que possam comprometer a criação. Desta forma, o profissional pode fornecer o serviço mais completo possível, fazendo com que esse profissional seja referência no mercado.(AU)

The breeding of purebred dogs has increased significantly, consequently the demand for veterinary services on the market to deal with this specific category has also increased. In particular, we have reproduction services that grow due to the demand for improving the quality of the herd, since by increasing biotechniques it is possible to boost the growth potential of creation. Therefore, it is ideal that the professional who will provide this service is highly qualified for its performance, having notions not only of reproduction, but also of other needs that dog breeding requires. It is important that the professional knows how to select the appropriate animals for reproduction, both breeders and matrices, in addition to when to perform the procedures, thus avoiding unnecessary protocols that could compromise the creation. In this way, the professional can provide the most complete service possible, making this professional a reference on the market.(AU)

Radiographic pelvimetry in the Tamandua tetradactyla / Pelvimetria radiográfica em Tamandua tetradactyla

The pelvis, formed by the ilium, ischium and pubis, forms the coxal, which is the largest of the flat bones of the skeleton, with an important role in the physiology of birth. Vastly studied in domestic animals, there is still much to be investigated regarding the anatomical classification in wild animals, mainly aiming to improve the understanding of the reproductive management of the species. Tamandua tetradactyla is one of these species in which morphological studies are still scarce, especially when it comes to reproductive aspects. In this context, we carried out the pelvimetry of T. tetradactyla using radiographic images to anatomically and obstetrically classify the pelvis of this species, classifying it as dolicopelvic, with evidence of homoscedasticity of the samples. Verification of the existence of a relationship between the variables studied by the statistical method of Pearson coefficients showed positive correlations of high intensity for the diameters studied (P < 0.01). Thus, we believed that our findings may support future reproductive studies in this species.

A pelve, constituída pelo ílio, ísquio e púbis, forma o coxal, sendo este o maior dos ossos planos constituintes do esqueleto, com importante papel na fisiologia do parto. Vastamente estudada em animais domésticos, ainda existe muito à se investigar quanto a classificação anatômica nos animais selvagens, visando principalmente melhorar a compreensão do manejo reprodutivo das espécies. Tamandua tetradactyla é uma dessas espécies em que estudos morfológicos ainda são escassos, principalmente quando se trata de aspectos reprodutivos. Neste contexto realizamos a pelvimetria do T. tetradactyla por meio de imagens radiográficas para classificar anato-obstetricamente a pelve desta espécie classificando-a como dolicopélvica, sendo evidenciada homoscedasticidade das amostras. A verificação da existência de relação entre as variáveis estudadas pelo método estatístico dos coeficientes de Pearson mostrou correlação positivas de alta intensidade para os diâmetros estudados (P< 0,01). Assim, acreditamos que nossos achados poderão subsidiar futuros estudos reprodutivos nesta espécie.

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico intrauterino de cardiomegalia fetal em felino / Intrauterine ultrasound diagnosis of fetal cardiomegaly in a feline

A ultrassonografia é um dos principais métodos de diagnóstico gestacional, no qual se realiza: biometria, monitoramento de batimentos e organogênese, detecção de anormalidades e avaliação da circulação sanguínea materno-fetal. Nesse quesito, o diagnóstico ultrassonográfico intrauterino de anormalidades fetais vem adquirindo espaço com o desenvolvimento de equipamentos mais avançados, tendo potencial para se tornar uma ferramenta de triagem para tal. Baseado na escassez observada nesse aspecto, visa-se relatar o diagnóstico ultrassonográfico intrauterino de uma alteração fetal em uma felina gestante. Foi atendida uma felina da raça persa, 3 anos, com histórico de monta natural há 40 dias. Na ultrassonografia visibilizou-se quatro fetos vivos com aproximadamente 38 dias. Uma segunda avaliação ultrassonográfica ocorreu após 12 dias, notando-se um feto com cardiomegalia, oscilação da frequência cardíaca e sofrimento fetal, enquanto os demais fetos apresentavam-se dentro da normalidade. O terceiro exame foi feito após quatro dias, visibilizando ausência de batimento cardíaco e presença de líquido em espaço pleural no feto em questão, confirmando o óbito. O parto natural ocorreu após uma semana, com nascimento de três filhotes vivos e um natimorto. Ao exame necroscópico do natimorto, confirmou-se cardiomegalia generalizada. Conclui-se que a ultrassonografia é um método padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de anormalidades fetais, permitindo planejar o parto e interceder de maneira precoce conforme a situação. Assim, esse trabalho enriquece a literatura com maiores informações relacionadas a malformações fetais observadas antes do parto, contribuindo assim com as condutas obstétricas em pequenos animais.(AU)

Ultrasonography is one of the main methods of gestational diagnosis, in which it performs: biometry, monitoring of beats and organogenesis, detection of abnormalities and evaluation of maternal-fetal blood circulation. In this regard, intrauterine sonographic diagnosis of fetal abnormalities has been gaining space with the development of more advanced equipment, and has the potential to become a screening tool for this purpose. Based on the scarcity observed in this aspect, this study aimsto report the intrauterine ultrasound diagnosis of a fetal abnormality in a pregnant feline. The patient was a 3-year-old Persian female with a history of natural mounting for 40 days. At ultrasonography, four live fetuses were visualized at approximately38 days of age. Asecond ultrasonographic evaluation was performed after 12 days, and one fetus with cardiomegaly, heart rate oscillation and fetal distress was observed, while the other fetuses were within normal limits. The third scan was performed after four days, showing absence of heartbeat and presence of fluid in the pleural space in the fetus in question, confirming the death. Natural delivery occurred after one week, with the birth of three live pups and one stillborn. At necroscopic examination of the stillborn, generalized cardiomegaly was confirmed. We conclude that ultrasonography is a gold standard method for diagnosing fetal abnormalities, allowing birth planning and early intervention according to the situation. Thus, this study enriches theliterature with more information related to fetal malformations observed before delivery, thus contributing to obstetric management in small animals.(AU)

Hematological, serum biochemical results, and treatment approach of an Arabian mare with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva - case report / Resultados hematológicos, bioquímicos séricos e abordagem de tratamento de uma égua Árabe com carcinoma escamoso de células da vulva - relato de caso

A 20-year-old Arabian mare, was brought to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic with the complaint of an unknown wound in the genital area. Although the mare's general condition was good, examination of the genital area revealed a wide-open wound in the vulva and posterior vagina, characterized by fibrotic growth. The biopsy sample was sent to the pathology laboratory. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was made after histopathological examination. Blood samples for serum biochemistry and hematological tests were collected from the jugular vein. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are generally used to diagnose diseases in animals and humans. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are important with genital SCC. Therefore, the findings of these values are given in this case report.

Uma égua de 20 anos (raça árabe), foi levada à clínica de obstetrícia e ginecologia com a queixa de uma ferida desconhecida na área genital. Embora o estado geral da égua fosse bom, o exame da área genital revelou uma ferida amplamente aberta na vulva e na vagina posterior, caracterizada pelo crescimento fibrótico. A amostra da biópsia foi enviada para o laboratório de patologia. Um diagnóstico de carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) foi feito como resultado do exame histopatológico. Amostras de sangue para bioquímica sérica e testes hematológicos foram coletadas da veia jugular. Os resultados hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos são geralmente usados para diagnosticar doenças em animais e seres humanos. Os achados hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos são importantes com o SCC genital. Portanto, as descobertas destes valores são dadas neste relatório de caso.

Fetal distress during the last third of pregnancy in bitches - evaluation by Doppler ultrasound imaging

Background: Diagnostic ultrasound has revolutionized obstetric practice. Doppler techniques provided in vivo studies of the fetus-placental and uterus-placental circulations, in an increasingly precise manner. The assessment of fetal well-being is essential in obstetric practice, however, in veterinary medicine, there is a deficit of ultrasound parameters related to fetal distress. The main of this research was to determine the hemodynamic characteristics and behavior, through Doppler ultrasonography, of maternal-fetal vessels during the final third of gestation in bitches with fetuses under stress, as well as correlating them with each other and with fetal distress. Materials, Methods & Results: An observational, prospective study was carried out, in which 30 healthy bitches were examined, during the last third of pregnancy, with fetuses under fetal distress. Fetuses were evaluated in 2 stages: (1st): 50-54 days and (2nd): 55-60 days of gestation. All fetuses were calmly assessed, one by one, and fetal heart rate (FHR) was measured 5 times, for at least 3 min, to identify and confirm fetal distress. At least 3 fetuses were evaluated in each bitch and each measurement was performed in triplicate, setting a hemodynamic mean for each value evaluated. The flow pattern in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and umbilical artery (UA) was evaluated. The analyzed vessel was initially visualized in B mode, followed by evaluation by color and spectral Doppler. The variables observed were: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and the resistivity (RI) and pulsatility (PI) index, as well as the systole/diastole ratio (S/D). The analysis of RI and PI of the umbilical artery showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, increasing from time 1 to time 2. For middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries, PI, RI and the relationship systole/diastole (S/D), showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, decreasing from time 1 to time 2. Discussion: Fetal heart rate (HR) findings are considered normal above 200 beats per minute (bpm), only if preceded by acceleration and deceleration. This fact confirms the presence of fetal stress, by this parameter, for the fetuses in the present study. Corroborating the picture of fetal distress, another study concluded that HR tends to increase up to 20 days before delivery, a fact that did not occur in the study in question, where animals in the same gestational period were evaluated. Recent research has concluded that an elevated umbilical artery PI at 28 weeks of gestation, in the absence of fetal growth restriction or prematurity, is associated with some adverse cognitive findings in 12-year-olds children. In the present study, a progressive increase in this index was observed throughout the final third of pregnancy. Although the pups were not monitored after birth, this data serves as a warning for veterinarians, and can be useful in the assessment and diagnosis of possible postnatal nervous alterations. Like what was found in the present study, a study reported that from the 4th week to birth, the PSV of the umbilical artery (UA) increased almost linearly, with high significance. For the middle cerebral arteries, the PI showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, however, decreasing throughout the final third of pregnancy.

Ultrasonographic aspects of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the estrous cycle paper review / Aspectos ultrassonográficos do útero e ovários de cadelas durante o ciclo estral revisão de literatura

The ultrasonographic exam is of great value in animal reproduction and veterinary obstetrics, because it allows gestational diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the evaluation of the female reproductive system, providing diagnosis of the reproductive state and estrous phase of females. One of the techniques that has been employed in the field of theriogenology is the Doppler Mode, which allows qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamics of reproductive organs. Several studies were carried out in attempt to elucidate the ultrasonographic aspect of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the different phases of the estrous cycle in B mode and Doppler mode. The objective of the present study is to review the information present in the literature regarding the sonographic changes of the reproductive organs of bitches during the different hormonal phases.(AU)

O exame ultrassonográfico tem grande importância na reprodução animal e obstetrícia veterinária, pois permite o diagnóstico e acompanhamento gestacional, bem como a avaliação do sistema reprodutor, proporcionando o diagnóstico do status reprodutivo e fase do ciclo estral. Uma das técnicas ultrassonográficas que vêm sendo empregadas no ramo da teriogenologia é o modo Doppler, que permite avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas da hemodinâmica dos órgãos da reprodução. Diversos estudos foram realizados na tentativa de elucidar o aspecto ultrassonográfico do útero e dos ovários das cadelas durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral ao modo-B e ao modo Doppler. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar as informações presentes na literatura a respeito das mudanças ultrassonográficas dos órgãos reprodutores da cadela durante as diferentes fases hormonais.(AU)

Ultrasonographic aspects of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the estrous cycle – paper review / Aspectos ultrassonográficos do útero e ovários de cadelas durante o ciclo estral – revisão de literatura

The ultrasonographic exam is of great value in animal reproduction and veterinary obstetrics, because it allows gestational diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the evaluation of the female reproductive system, providing diagnosis of the reproductive state and estrous phase of females. One of the techniques that has been employed in the field of theriogenology is the Doppler Mode, which allows qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamics of reproductive organs. Several studies were carried out in attempt to elucidate the ultrasonographic aspect of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the different phases of the estrous cycle in B mode and Doppler mode. The objective of the present study is to review the information present in the literature regarding the sonographic changes of the reproductive organs of bitches during the different hormonal phases.

O exame ultrassonográfico tem grande importância na reprodução animal e obstetrícia veterinária, pois permite o diagnóstico e acompanhamento gestacional, bem como a avaliação do sistema reprodutor, proporcionando o diagnóstico do status reprodutivo e fase do ciclo estral. Uma das técnicas ultrassonográficas que vêm sendo empregadas no ramo da teriogenologia é o modo Doppler, que permite avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas da hemodinâmica dos órgãos da reprodução. Diversos estudos foram realizados na tentativa de elucidar o aspecto ultrassonográfico do útero e dos ovários das cadelas durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral ao modo-B e ao modo Doppler. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar as informações presentes na literatura a respeito das mudanças ultrassonográficas dos órgãos reprodutores da cadela durante as diferentes fases hormonais.

Prepubic tendon rupture in Santa Inês ewe: case report / Desmorrexia pré-púbica em ovelha Santa Inês: relato de caso

Prepubic tendon rupture may lead to the loss of pelvic floor support. A four-year-old Santa Inês ewe had been reported suffering from apathy, progressive weight loss throughout ten days, and prolonged pregnancy. Physical exams showed an excessive pendulous abdomen, a mild ventral edema between the udder and the umbilical scar (xiphoid region). Also, the udder was cranially displaced and with hematomas. Other symptoms noticed were walking reluctance, pelvic asymmetry, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The urinalysis findings indicated the presence of ketone bodies. The ultrasound examination confirmed the presence of fetuses with normal development, and a potential rupture of the abdominal muscles was excluded. Eight days following its hospitalization, labor induction was carried out using dexamethasone (20mg, IM, single application). She went into labor three days after the initial dose of corticosteroid. The ewe had difficulty expelling the lambs, making their traction necessary. Although the animal has recovered from its injuries, the clinical picture shows prepubic tendon rupture, and in order to prevent future complications, the ewe is not going to breed anymore. The report of this case works as an alert to the possibility of the occurrence of this affection in ewes and demonstrates the need of parturition assistance in animals with this condition, which can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and ultrasound examination.

A ruptura do tendão pré-púbico resulta na perda do suporte do assoalho abdominal do animal. Uma ovelha, prenhe, da raça Santa Inês, de quatro anos, foi atendida com apatia e emagrecimento progressivo há dez dias e prolongamento da gestação. Ao exame clínico, verificou-se abdômen demasiadamente penduloso, discreto edema ventral entre o úbere e a região xifóide, úbere penduloso e com feridas, dificuldade de locomoção, assimetria de pelve, taquicardia e taquipneia. Detectou-se, na urinálise presença de corpos cetônicos. Foi confirmada à ultrassonografia, a viabilidade dos fetos. O parto foi induzido após oito dias de internação. Após três dias da aplicação do corticoide a ovelha entrou em trabalho de parto, sendo necessárias manobras obstétricas para retirada dos fetos, pois a mesma não apresentava contrações abdominais. O paciente se recuperou, mas como o quadro clínico era compatível com ruptura do tendão prépúbico, foi recomendado a retirada do animal da reprodução para evitar problemas futuros à ovelha e aos cordeiros. Conclui-se que o acompanhamento gestacional é indispensável para animais com esta afecção e que mediante avaliação clínica e ultrassonografia, pode-se chegar ao diagnóstico dessa afecção.

Prepubic tendon rupture in Santa Inês ewe: case report / Desmorrexia pré-púbica em ovelha Santa Inês: relato de caso

Prepubic tendon rupture may lead to the loss of pelvic floor support. A four-year-old Santa Inês ewe had been reported suffering from apathy, progressive weight loss throughout ten days, and prolonged pregnancy. Physical exams showed an excessive pendulous abdomen, a mild ventral edema between the udder and the umbilical scar (xiphoid region). Also, the udder was cranially displaced and with hematomas. Other symptoms noticed were walking reluctance, pelvic asymmetry, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The urinalysis findings indicated the presence of ketone bodies. The ultrasound examination confirmed the presence of fetuses with normal development, and a potential rupture of the abdominal muscles was excluded. Eight days following its hospitalization, labor induction was carried out using dexamethasone (20mg, IM, single application). She went into labor three days after the initial dose of corticosteroid. The ewe had difficulty expelling the lambs, making their traction necessary. Although the animal has recovered from its injuries, the clinical picture shows prepubic tendon rupture, and in order to prevent future complications, the ewe is not going to breed anymore. The report of this case works as an alert to the possibility of the occurrence of this affection in ewes and demonstrates the need of parturition assistance in animals with this condition, which can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and ultrasound examination.(AU)

A ruptura do tendão pré-púbico resulta na perda do suporte do assoalho abdominal do animal. Uma ovelha, prenhe, da raça Santa Inês, de quatro anos, foi atendida com apatia e emagrecimento progressivo há dez dias e prolongamento da gestação. Ao exame clínico, verificou-se abdômen demasiadamente penduloso, discreto edema ventral entre o úbere e a região xifóide, úbere penduloso e com feridas, dificuldade de locomoção, assimetria de pelve, taquicardia e taquipneia. Detectou-se, na urinálise presença de corpos cetônicos. Foi confirmada à ultrassonografia, a viabilidade dos fetos. O parto foi induzido após oito dias de internação. Após três dias da aplicação do corticoide a ovelha entrou em trabalho de parto, sendo necessárias manobras obstétricas para retirada dos fetos, pois a mesma não apresentava contrações abdominais. O paciente se recuperou, mas como o quadro clínico era compatível com ruptura do tendão prépúbico, foi recomendado a retirada do animal da reprodução para evitar problemas futuros à ovelha e aos cordeiros. Conclui-se que o acompanhamento gestacional é indispensável para animais com esta afecção e que mediante avaliação clínica e ultrassonografia, pode-se chegar ao diagnóstico dessa afecção.(AU)

Torção uterina unicornual em cadela gestante / Unicornual uterine torsion in pregnant bitch

Uterine torsion can be defined as the rotation of the uterine horn or body of the uterus, and it can be present in both clockwise and counterclockwise, its rotation can vary which directly affects the prognosis. It is a rare condition in bitches, and pregnancy is a factor commonly involved in this condition. The ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) technique is the treatment of choice. A bitch of two years old of Pinscher breed was attend with a history of copulafor approximately 30 days ago, manifesting anorexia, apathy and abdominal pain for two days. Animal was hypothermic, dehydrated, hypotensive, hypoglycemic and presented neutrophilia lynfocytosis with a left shift. By performing the ultrasound examination, the presence of dead fetuses was observed. It was decided to initially stabilize the patient, subsequent OSH surgery was performed. Antibiotics and analgesics were administered during the hospitalization period, observing an improvement in the condition on the third day. The patient was discharged from hospital and a good recovery was observed on return. Despite the rare involvement of bitches in cases of uterine torsion, pregnancy can increase the risk of occurrences, the rapid intervention is of paramount importancef or the prognosis, since in this case the treatment proposed by the literature was carried out, obtaining the total recovery of the patient.

Eventração paracostal de útero gravídico em cadela / Paracostal eventration of a pregnant uterus in a bitch

Background: Traumatic abdominal hernias result from trauma which causes muscular and fascia rupture, with dislocation of viscera into the subcutaneous space without perforation of the skin. Paracostal eventration, occurs due to avulsion of the abdominal external oblique and abdominal transverse muscles from their insertion point at the ribs, resulting in dislocation of the abdominal viscera into the subcutaneous region, lateral to the abdominal wall; however, there are few reports in the literature describing this type of lesion in dogs, especially when the herniated content is a gravid uterus. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of traumatic paracostal hernia of a pregnant uterus in a dog. Case: A 2-year-old pregnant bitch weighing 8.9 kg was presented with a sudden increase in abdominal volume lateral to the left thoracic wall which, according to the owner, started after the dog was hit by a car. On physical examination, the dog had a greenish vaginal secretion and the increased volume on the left paracostal region mentioned above. Laboratory exams showed normocytic normochromic anemia, slight leukocytosis without left shift, and a discreet increase in creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase. Abdominal radiographs showed a lack of continuity of the left abdominal muscle wall, with passage of the uterine horn into the subcutaneous space lateral to the rib cage. After stabilization of the patient with fluid therapy and analgesia, the bitch was anesthetized with propofol intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Cephazolin was administered intravenously 30 min prior to the surgery as prophylactic antibiotic therapy. An exploratory celiotomy was then performed, where a defect in the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles and transverse abdominal muscle was observed at their point of origin and insertion at the...

Torção uterina unicornual em cadela gestante / Unicornual uterine torsion in pregnant bitch

Uterine torsion can be defined as the rotation of the uterine horn or body of the uterus, and it can be present in both clockwise and counterclockwise, its rotation can vary which directly affects the prognosis. It is a rare condition in bitches, and pregnancy is a factor commonly involved in this condition. The ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) technique is the treatment of choice. A bitch of two years old of Pinscher breed was attend with a history of copulafor approximately 30 days ago, manifesting anorexia, apathy and abdominal pain for two days. Animal was hypothermic, dehydrated, hypotensive, hypoglycemic and presented neutrophilia lynfocytosis with a left shift. By performing the ultrasound examination, the presence of dead fetuses was observed. It was decided to initially stabilize the patient, subsequent OSH surgery was performed. Antibiotics and analgesics were administered during the hospitalization period, observing an improvement in the condition on the third day. The patient was discharged from hospital and a good recovery was observed on return. Despite the rare involvement of bitches in cases of uterine torsion, pregnancy can increase the risk of occurrences, the rapid intervention is of paramount importancef or the prognosis, since in this case the treatment proposed by the literature was carried out, obtaining the total recovery of the patient.(AU)

Eventração paracostal de útero gravídico em cadela / Paracostal eventration of a pregnant uterus in a bitch

Background: Traumatic abdominal hernias result from trauma which causes muscular and fascia rupture, with dislocation of viscera into the subcutaneous space without perforation of the skin. Paracostal eventration, occurs due to avulsion of the abdominal external oblique and abdominal transverse muscles from their insertion point at the ribs, resulting in dislocation of the abdominal viscera into the subcutaneous region, lateral to the abdominal wall; however, there are few reports in the literature describing this type of lesion in dogs, especially when the herniated content is a gravid uterus. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of traumatic paracostal hernia of a pregnant uterus in a dog. Case: A 2-year-old pregnant bitch weighing 8.9 kg was presented with a sudden increase in abdominal volume lateral to the left thoracic wall which, according to the owner, started after the dog was hit by a car. On physical examination, the dog had a greenish vaginal secretion and the increased volume on the left paracostal region mentioned above. Laboratory exams showed normocytic normochromic anemia, slight leukocytosis without left shift, and a discreet increase in creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase. Abdominal radiographs showed a lack of continuity of the left abdominal muscle wall, with passage of the uterine horn into the subcutaneous space lateral to the rib cage. After stabilization of the patient with fluid therapy and analgesia, the bitch was anesthetized with propofol intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Cephazolin was administered intravenously 30 min prior to the surgery as prophylactic antibiotic therapy. An exploratory celiotomy was then performed, where a defect in the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles and transverse abdominal muscle was observed at their point of origin and insertion at the...(AU)

Forty years of assisted reproduction research in non-domestic, wild and endangered mammals / 40 anos de pesquisa em reprodução de mamíferos não-domésticos, selvagens e em extinção

For nearly forty years, at three institutions, our team conducted studies to advance the use of ARTs for propagating threatened and endangered mammalian species. The initial studies began in 1978 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, moving in the mid-1980s to The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CREW) at the Cincinnati Zoo and lastly at the Audubon Center for Research in Endangered Species (ACRES) in New Orleans from 1996 to 2015. Our collaborative endeavors with more than two dozen zoological and academic institutions resulted in the births of ET offspring in two non-human primate species, four non-domestic bovid species and seven non-domestic felid species, six of which were interspecies transfers (Table 1). Origin of embryos that were successfully transferred ranged from those flushed from the uterus of mated females (baboon and bovids) to those generated by IVF, ICSI, and SCNT (gorilla and non-domestic felids). Additionally, embryos of five species underwent cryopreservation (baboon, common eland, African wildcat, caracal, black-footed cat) before successful transfer.(AU)

Gestação ectópica concomitante a piometra em ouriço-cacheiro (Sphiggurus villosus) de vida livre / Ectopic gestation concomitant with pyometra in a free-ranging orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus) / Gestación ectópica concomitante a piometra en coendú chico (Sphiggurus villosus) de vida libre

Muitas doenças reprodutivas têm sido descritas em roedores domésticos, porém são escassas as informações quanto a ocorrência destas enfermidades em espécies selvagens. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os achados clínicos, radiográficos e necroscópicos de uma gestação ectópica concomitante a piometra em ouriço-cacheiro (Sphiggurus villosus) proveniente de vida livre. A gestação ectópica é uma complicação obstétrica grave, na qual o feto desenvolve-se fora do útero, enquanto a piometra caracteriza-se por uma inflamação aguda ou crônica, em que ocorre acúmulo de pus no lúmen uterino. Ambas apresentam sinais clínicos similares e para o diagnóstico destas enfermidades são necessários exames de imagem e, em alguns casos, laparotomia exploratória.

Many reproductive diseases have been described in domestic rodents. However, there is not much information about them in wild rodents. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical signs, radiographic and necroscopic findings in an ectopic gestation concomitant with pyometra in a free-ranging orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus). The ectopic gestation is a serious obstetric complication in which the fetus develops outside of the uterus, while the pyometra is an acute or chronic inflammation that accumulates purulent secretion in the uterine lumen. Both present similar clinical signs and for the diagnosis of these diseases image exams are necessary and, in some cases, exploratory laparotomy.

Muchas enfermedades reproductivas tienen sido descritas en los roedores domésticos, pero son escasas las informaciones cuanto la ocurrencia de estas enfermedades en especies salvajes. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir los hallazgos clínicos, radiográficos y necroscópicos de una gestación ectópica concomitante con la piometra en coendú chico (Sphiggurus villosus) proveniente de vida libre. La gestación ectópica es una complicación obstétrica grave, en la cual el feto se desarrolla fuera del útero, mientras la piometra se caracteriza por una inflamación aguda o crónica, en la que ocurre un acumulo de pus en el lúmen uterino. Ambas presentan signos clínicos similares y para el diagnóstico de estas enfermedades son necesarios exámenes de imagen y, en algunos casos, laparotomía exploratoria.

Gestação ectópica concomitante a piometra em ouriço-cacheiro (Sphiggurus villosus) de vida livre / Ectopic gestation concomitant with pyometra in a free-ranging orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus) / Gestación ectópica concomitante a piometra en coendú chico (Sphiggurus villosus) de vida libre

Muitas doenças reprodutivas têm sido descritas em roedores domésticos, porém são escassas as informações quanto a ocorrência destas enfermidades em espécies selvagens. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os achados clínicos, radiográficos e necroscópicos de uma gestação ectópica concomitante a piometra em ouriço-cacheiro (Sphiggurus villosus) proveniente de vida livre. A gestação ectópica é uma complicação obstétrica grave, na qual o feto desenvolve-se fora do útero, enquanto a piometra caracteriza-se por uma inflamação aguda ou crônica, em que ocorre acúmulo de pus no lúmen uterino. Ambas apresentam sinais clínicos similares e para o diagnóstico destas enfermidades são necessários exames de imagem e, em alguns casos, laparotomia exploratória.(AU)

Many reproductive diseases have been described in domestic rodents. However, there is not much information about them in wild rodents. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical signs, radiographic and necroscopic findings in an ectopic gestation concomitant with pyometra in a free-ranging orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus). The ectopic gestation is a serious obstetric complication in which the fetus develops outside of the uterus, while the pyometra is an acute or chronic inflammation that accumulates purulent secretion in the uterine lumen. Both present similar clinical signs and for the diagnosis of these diseases image exams are necessary and, in some cases, exploratory laparotomy.(AU)

Muchas enfermedades reproductivas tienen sido descritas en los roedores domésticos, pero son escasas las informaciones cuanto la ocurrencia de estas enfermedades en especies salvajes. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir los hallazgos clínicos, radiográficos y necroscópicos de una gestación ectópica concomitante con la piometra en coendú chico (Sphiggurus villosus) proveniente de vida libre. La gestación ectópica es una complicación obstétrica grave, en la cual el feto se desarrolla fuera del útero, mientras la piometra se caracteriza por una inflamación aguda o crónica, en la que ocurre un acumulo de pus en el lúmen uterino. Ambas presentan signos clínicos similares y para el diagnóstico de estas enfermedades son necesarios exámenes de imagen y, en algunos casos, laparotomía exploratoria.(AU)

Forty years of assisted reproduction research in non-domestic, wild and endangered mammals / 40 anos de pesquisa em reprodução de mamíferos não-domésticos, selvagens e em extinção

For nearly forty years, at three institutions, our team conducted studies to advance the use of ARTs for propagating threatened and endangered mammalian species. The initial studies began in 1978 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, moving in the mid-1980’s to The Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CREW) at the Cincinnati Zoo and lastly at the Audubon Center for Research in Endangered Species (ACRES) in New Orleans from 1996 to 2015. Our collaborative endeavors with more than two dozen zoological and academic institutions resulted in the births of ET offspring in two non-human primate species, four non-domestic bovid species and seven non-domestic felid species, six of which were interspecies transfers (Table 1). Origin of embryos that were successfully transferred ranged from those flushed from the uterus of mated females (baboon and bovids) to those generated by IVF, ICSI, and SCNT (gorilla and non-domestic felids). Additionally, embryos of five species underwent cryopreservation (baboon, common eland, African wildcat, caracal, black-footed cat) before successful transfer.

Emergências obstétricas em éguas / Obstetric emergencies in mares

Para entender a enfrentar os desafios do ato cirúrgico torna-se necessário a leitura obrigatória do livro “O século dos cirurgiões”, onde o autor descreveu os primórdios dos procedimentos antes e após o advento e descoberta das drogas anestésicas, as técnicas cruentas utilizadas na época, às amputações, a operação cesariana, a comprovação da contaminação bacteriana e os princípios da antissepsia Thorwald (2010). As dificuldades em improvisações enfrentadas pelos praticantes pioneiros da medicina veterinária equina estão historicamente relatadas no livro “Ars Veterinária” detalhadamente compiladas por Walker (1991), onde escreveu uma narrativa da importância do cavalo na história do ser humano e sua utilização como meio de transporte, lazer e atividade militar nas grandes batalhas principalmente dos exploradores e dos impérios greco-romano, contendo ilustrações do instrumental cirúrgico artesanal utilizado na época. Nós sabemos menos do que pensamos conhecer, principalmente com o advento a inteligência artificial e dos algoritmos com suas definições na informática e na matemática. “embora os desafios não tenham precedentes e as discordâncias sejam intensas o gênero humano pode se mostrar á altura do momento se mantivermos nossos temores sob controle e formos um pouco mais humildes quanto as nossas opiniões” Harari (2018). A despeito de todas as previsões para o século XXI nada ira superar o talento e a capacidade do médico veterinário, em especial dos cirurgiões. O objetivo desse texto será o de apresentar uma súmula das principais emergências obstétricas das éguas sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto, mas sim deixar registrado uma parte da experiência pessoal deste profissional embasado na literatura especializada Prestes e Lourenção (2015).(AU)

In order to face the challenges of surgical act, reading Jürgen Thorwald's book “The Century of the Surgeon” (Das Jahrhundert der Chirurgen) is a must. In his book, the author describes the beginning of surgical procedures before and after the discovery of anaesthetic drugs, the bloody techniques used in those times, the amputations, the caesarean section, the evidence of bacterial contamination, and the principles of antisepsis Thorwald (2010). The difficulties and improvisations faced by the pioneers in equine medicine are historically reported in the book “ArsVeterinaria”, carefully reported by Walker (1991), who tells about the importance of horses in human history and about the use of those animals for transportation, leisure and military purposes, specially on great battles involving explorers and the Greek-Roman empire, including illustrations of the handmade surgical instruments used in that time. We usually know less than we think we know, especially with the artificial intelligence and algorithms advents, with their definitions in computer science and mathematics. “ Although the challenges are unprecedented and the discordances are intense, the human genre may prove to be timely if we keep our fears under control and if we can be a little more humble than our opinions” Harari (2018). Despite all the predictions for the 21 st century, nothing will outweigh the talent and the ability of the veterinarian, especially surgeons. The aim of this text is to present a summary of the main obstacles faced in mares reproductive surgery, with no pretension to exhaust the subject, but to report part of the personal experience of this professional, grounded in specialized literature. Prestes e Lourenção (2015).(AU)

Emergências obstétricas em éguas / Obstetric emergencies in mares

Para entender a enfrentar os desafios do ato cirúrgico torna-se necessário a leitura obrigatória do livro “O século dos cirurgiões”, onde o autor descreveu os primórdios dos procedimentos antes e após o advento e descoberta das drogas anestésicas, as técnicas cruentas utilizadas na época, às amputações, a operação cesariana, a comprovação da contaminação bacteriana e os princípios da antissepsia Thorwald (2010). As dificuldades em improvisações enfrentadas pelos praticantes pioneiros da medicina veterinária equina estão historicamente relatadas no livro “Ars Veterinária” detalhadamente compiladas por Walker (1991), onde escreveu uma narrativa da importância do cavalo na história do ser humano e sua utilização como meio de transporte, lazer e atividade militar nas grandes batalhas principalmente dos exploradores e dos impérios greco-romano, contendo ilustrações do instrumental cirúrgico artesanal utilizado na época. Nós sabemos menos do que pensamos conhecer, principalmente com o advento a inteligência artificial e dos algoritmos com suas definições na informática e na matemática. “embora os desafios não tenham precedentes e as discordâncias sejam intensas o gênero humano pode se mostrar á altura do momento se mantivermos nossos temores sob controle e formos um pouco mais humildes quanto as nossas opiniões” Harari (2018). A despeito de todas as previsões para o século XXI nada ira superar o talento e a capacidade do médico veterinário, em especial dos cirurgiões. O objetivo desse texto será o de apresentar uma súmula das principais emergências obstétricas das éguas sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto, mas sim deixar registrado uma parte da experiência pessoal deste profissional embasado na literatura especializada Prestes e Lourenção (2015).

In order to face the challenges of surgical act, reading Jürgen Thorwald's book “The Century of the Surgeon” (Das Jahrhundert der Chirurgen) is a must. In his book, the author describes the beginning of surgical procedures before and after the discovery of anaesthetic drugs, the bloody techniques used in those times, the amputations, the caesarean section, the evidence of bacterial contamination, and the principles of antisepsis Thorwald (2010). The difficulties and improvisations faced by the pioneers in equine medicine are historically reported in the book “ArsVeterinaria”, carefully reported by Walker (1991), who tells about the importance of horses in human history and about the use of those animals for transportation, leisure and military purposes, specially on great battles involving explorers and the Greek-Roman empire, including illustrations of the handmade surgical instruments used in that time. We usually know less than we think we know, especially with the artificial intelligence and algorithms advents, with their definitions in computer science and mathematics. “ Although the challenges are unprecedented and the discordances are intense, the human genre may prove to be timely if we keep our fears under control and if we can be a little more humble than our opinions” Harari (2018). Despite all the predictions for the 21 st century, nothing will outweigh the talent and the ability of the veterinarian, especially surgeons. The aim of this text is to present a summary of the main obstacles faced in mares reproductive surgery, with no pretension to exhaust the subject, but to report part of the personal experience of this professional, grounded in specialized literature. Prestes e Lourenção (2015).

Effect of metronidazole on placental and fetal development in albino rats

Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial used in gynecology and obstetrics for the treatment of parasitic infections. However, despite having clinical use for more than three decades, questions about the safety of its use during pregnancy is not well understood. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of metronidazole on placental and fetal development in pregnant rats. Metronidazole was orally administered by gavage at a dosage of 130 mg/kg for 7 and 14 days. Morphological analysis, morphometry and immunohistochemistry were performed at the implantation sites and placentas with 14 days of development. The results showed that in the treated group there was a significant reduction in the number of implantation sites, total placental disc area and constituent elements of the labyrinth and spongiotrophoblast layers. Histochemical analysis revealed no significant changes in the content of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. The TUNEL test showed apoptotic activity in the implantation sites and placentas with 14 days of development independent of the treatment. There was no evidence of malformation in the neonates. However, there was a significant reduction in the number and weight of neonates in the group treated with metronidazole when compared to the control group. Thus, it is concluded that the administration of 130 mg/kg of metronidazole during pregnancy in rats, in addition to interfering with the number of implanted embryos, promotes changes in placental structure and interferes with fetal development. This suggests that this drug should be used with caution during pregnancy