Using peritoneal and blood lactate as predictor of condition type, surgical referral and prognosis in equine colic cases / Uso do lactato peritoneal e sanguíneo como preditor do tipo de afecção, encaminhamento cirúrgico e prognóstico em casos de cólica equina

It is important to investigate fast and accurate equine colic syndrome diagnostic forms. Lactate results from anaerobic glycolysis; high levels of it may indicate intestinal disorders with tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia. The current study aims at investigating whether blood and peritoneal lactate values observed when horses with colic syndrome were hospitalized, were associated with condition type, therapeutic referral, and survival rates. Retrospective analysis was applied to 498 medical records of animals with colic syndrome, at EQUIVET Hospital -SP; 89 cases were herein selected. Based on logistic regression, peritoneal lactate played a more significant part than blood in variables like obstruction type and survival rates. Surgical cases comprised 52.8% of analyzed animals; strangulation changes, 26%; and overall survival, 62.9%. Mean blood and peritoneal lactate level in animals showing strangulation changes reached 5.11 and 7.33mmol/L, whereas non-strangulation cases recorded 3.54 and 3.06mmol/L, respectively. On the other hand, mean blood and peritoneal lactate level recorded for survivors reached 3.43 and 2.42mmol/L, whereas non-survivors recorded 4.84 and 7.13mmol/L, respectively. We concluded that peritoneal lactate measured when horses with colic syndrome were hospitalized was a predictor of condition type, and of animal survival and prognosis. However, blood and peritoneal lactate measurements did not contribute to therapeutic referral.

O estudo de formas diagnósticas rápidas e precisas é importante na síndrome cólica equina. O lactato, produto da glicólise anaeróbica, quando elevado, pode indicar afecções intestinais com hipoperfusão e hipóxia. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se os valores de lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal, na admissão de equinos com síndrome cólica, estão relacionados com o tipo de afecção, com o encaminhamento terapêutico e a sobrevida. Uma análise retrospectiva foi realizada em 498 atendimentos em síndrome cólica, no Hospital EQUIVET-SP, quando 89 casos foram selecionados. A regressão logística indicou que o lactato peritoneal obteve maior significância comparado ao sanguíneo, nas variáveis tipo de obstrução e sobrevida. Casos cirúrgicos foram 52,8%; alterações estrangulativas, 26%; e sobrevivência geral, 62,9%. Em alterações estrangulativas, a média do lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal foi de 5,11 e 7,33mmol/L; em não estrangulativos, 3,54 e 3,06mmol/L. Já os sobreviventes obtiveram 3,43 e 2,42mmol/L, e os não sobreviventes 4,84 e 7,13mmol/L, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a mensuração do lactato peritoneal na admissão de cavalos com cólica foi considerada um preditor do tipo de afecção, bem como da sobrevida e do prognóstico. Porém, as mensurações de lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal não auxiliaram no encaminhamento terapêutico.

Large bowel obstruction by enteroliths and/or foreign bodies in domestic equids: retrospective study of cases seen from January 2003 to March 2020 / [Obstrução do intestino grosso por enterólitos e/ou por corpos estranhos em equídeos domésticos: estudo retrospectivo de casos observados de janeiro de 2003 a março de 2020]

This retrospective study was based on data extracted from medical records of 48 horses with intestinal obstruction caused by enteroliths and/or foreign bodies seen over the course of 17 years. Data analysis was aimed at describing the major features of this type of colic. Obstructions caused by enteroliths, foreign bodies or both accounted for 40 (83.34%), 6 (12.50%) and 2 (4.16%) cases in this sample respectively. Affected horses were aged 1 to 32 years (mean age 9.5 years) and 14 horses were fed alfalfa. Alfalfa is thought to contribute to enterolith formation. Foreign bodies and enteroliths were found in the transverse (12 cases, 25%), the large or the small colon (10 cases, 20.83% respectively). Concurrent obstruction of different intestinal segments was also recorded. These involved the small and the large colon in 10 cases (20.83%), the transverse and the large colon in 4 cases (8.33%), the small and the transverse colon in 1 case (2.08%) and the transition from the large to the transverse colon in one case (2.08%). Short term survival was 77.08% overall and 87.50% when only patients submitted to postoperative treatment were accounted for. Survival data are consistent with survival rates of 91% reported in literature.

Este estudo retrospectivo foi baseado em dados extraídos de prontuários de 48 cavalos com obstrução intestinal causada por enterólitos e / ou corpos estranhos observados ao longo de 17 anos. A análise dos dados teve como objetivo descrever as principais características desse tipo de cólica. Obstruções provocadas por enterólitos, corpos estranhos ou ambos foram responsáveis por 40 (83,34%), seis (12,50%) e dois (4,16%) casos nesta amostra, respectivamente. Os cavalos afetados tinham entre um e 32 anos (idade média de 9,5 anos), e 14 cavalos foram alimentados com alfafa. Acredita-se que a alfafa contribua para a formação de enterólitos. Corpos estranhos e enterólitos foram encontrados no cólon transverso (12 casos, 25%), maior ou menor (10 casos, 20,83%, respectivamente). A obstrução simultânea de diferentes segmentos intestinais também foi registrada. Estes envolveram o cólon menor e o cólon maior em 10 casos (20,83%), o cólon transverso e o cólon maior em quatro casos (8,33%), o cólon menor e o transverso em um caso (2,08%) e a transição do cólon maior para o cólon transverso em um caso (2,08%). A sobrevida em curto prazo foi de 77,08%, em geral, e de 87,50% quando contabilizados apenas os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento pós-operatório. Os dados de sobrevivência são consistentes com as taxas de sobrevivência de 91% relatadas na literatura.

Esophageal obstruction and rupture by a foreign body in a miniature mixed-breed heifer / Obstrução esofágica e ruptura por um corpo estranho em uma novilha miniatura de raça mista

A 20-month-old miniature mixed-breed heifer weighing 200 kg was presented with a history of dysphagia, sialorrhea and dyspnea after being fed with food residues. At home it was treated with intravenous hydration, antibiotic combination, diuretics and AINEs. Additionally, one failed passage of oro-ruminal tube and several ruminal trocarizations were performed. At clinical examination the animal showed signs compatible with digestive obstruction, severe dyspnea and shock. Complete blood count showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia, left shift and lymphocytosis. Serum chemistry tests showed hyperlactatemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia and azotemia. Acid-base analysis indicated severe metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. Esophagoscopy was performed, during which the patient went into shock and died. In necropsy a complete middle third esophageal obstruction with rupture by a carrot was identified.(AU)

Uma novilha miniatura de 20 meses de idade com 200 kg de peso foi apresentada com um histórico de disfagia, sialorréia e dispnéia após ter sido alimentada com resíduos alimentares. Na fazenda, foi tratada com hidratação intravenosa, combinação de antibióticos, diuréticos e AINEs. Além disso, uma passagem falhada do tubo oro-ruminal e várias trocas de ruminal foram realizadas. No exame clínico o animal mostrou sinais compatíveis com obstrução digestiva, dispnéia severa e choque. O hemograma completo mostrou leucocitose com neutrofilia, deslocamento esquerdo e linfocitose. Testes de química sérica mostraram hiperlactatemia, hipocalemia, hipocalcemia, hiperglicemia e azotemia. A análise ácido-base indicou acidose metabólica grave e alcalose respiratória. A esofagoscopia foi realizada, durante a qual o paciente entrou em choque e morreu. Na necropsia foi identificada uma obstrução completa do terço médio do esôfago com ruptura por uma cenoura.(AU)

Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia

A female Persian cat arrives for clinical assessment with a 3-month history of weight loss and sporadic vomiting. The clinical and paraclinical findings were hypodynamia cachexia, leukocytosis and presence of a mass in duodenum. Histopathological evaluation revealed a non-neoplastic tumor proliferation, which was organized into dense, sclerotic-like connective tissue trabeculae that anastomosed, with cells of spindle-shaped morphology, elongated and rounded nuclei with prominent nucleoli and fine granular chromatin. These cells were intermingled with abundant eosinophils and in smaller proportion lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, with transmural distribution. Masson's trichrome differential staining trabeculae of collagen fibers. Based on the clinical and microscopic findings, the diagnosis of feline eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia is established, being this pathology's first documented report in Colombia.(AU)

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) is a rare condition which consists of reactive fibrous tissue proliferation with mixed inflammatory infiltration within the abdominal cavity. The present report describes an additional case of SEP affecting a mixed-breed immature female dog presented with persistent vomiting, progressive weight loss, and ascites. Abdominal radiographic and ultrasonographic findings suggested abdominal neoformation resulting in gastric displacement, in addition ascitic fluid was evaluated and cytology showed large numbers of inflammatory effusion. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and were detected multiple thick peritoneal adhesions which restricted mobility of abdominal viscera. Biopsy specimens of these lesions were submitted for histopathological examination. Microscopically, the external serous surfaces of the abdominal organs were covered with dense fibrous connective tissue characterized by intense mature collagen deposition and moderate angiogenesis. The animal was euthanized due to poor prognosis and sent for necropsy. The clinical, imaging, gross and microscopic findings were compatible with SEP.(AU)

Effects of N-acetylcysteine on the inflammatory response and bacterial translocation in a model of intestinal obstruction and ischemia in rats

Purpose: To evaluate effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) associated with Ringer lactate or hypertonic saline in inflammation and bacterial translocation on experimental intestinal obstruction (IO). Methods: Wistar rats was subjected to IO. Six or 24 hours after, rats were subjected to enterectomy and fluid resuscitation: IO, RL (subjected to the same procedures but with fluid resuscitation using Ringer's lactate solution); RLNAC (added NAC to Ringer's solution); and HSNAC (surgical procedure + fluid reposition with 7.5% hypertonic saline and NAC). After 24 h, tissues were collected to cytokines, bacterial translocation, and histological assessments. Results: In kidney, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was lower in the groups with fluid resuscitation compared to IO group. The RLNAC showed lower levels compared to the RL. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and (IFN-gamma) were lower in the treatment groups than in IO. In lung, IL-1beta and IL-6 were lower in RLNAC compared to IO. IL-10 was lower in RL, RLNAC and HSNAC compared to IO. TNF-alpha was higher in HSNAC compared to both RL and RLNAC. Bacterial translocation was observed in all animals of IO group. In kidneys, inflammation and congestion degrees were lower in HSNAC compared to RL. In lungs, inflammation levels were higher in RLNAC compared with the sham group. Conclusions: The data indicates that NAC associated with RL can promote a decrease in the inflammatory process in the kidneys and lungs in rats, following intestinal obstruction and ischemia in rats.

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of ileal intussusception in calf

Background: Intussusception, characterized by invagination of an intestinal segment into the lumen of the adjacent segment, is one of the main causes of intestinal obstruction in cattle, and occurs more frequently in calves. The diagnosis of the disease is based on the history, clinical examination, and complementary exams, which are a challenge in this species, especially in calves, in which transrectal palpation is limited. As it is a non-invasive, effective, and low-cost test, ultrasonography could be an important tool in the diagnosis of intestinal obstructions, in which time is essential for the prognosis. Therefore, the objective was to report a case of intussusception in a calf diagnosed by ultrasound. Case: A 4-month-old calf, weaned at 3 months and raised intensively, was treated at the Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, campus of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (CBG/UFRPE), with a history of apathy, anorexia, and dyschezia for 3 days. On physical examination, fever, moderate dehydration, tachycardia, tachypnea with polypnea, bilaterally bulging abdomen, sound of fluid on ballottement, ruminal and intestinal hypomotility, and melena were observed. The hematological findings revealed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia (degenerate neutrophils), hypoproteinemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. The analysis of the ruminal fluid showed compromised microbiota and increased chloride content. The transabdominal ultrasonography demonstrated, in the right ventral region, hypermotile and full small bowel loops and an increase in the volume of the peritoneal fluid. In addition, there was a segment of the small intestine which, in cross-section, showed multiple concentric rings ("onion rings", "target pattern", or "bull's eye") and adherence to adjacent loops, compatible with intestinal obstruction due to intussusception. Due to the seriousness of the clinical condition and the ultrasound findings, the animal was euthanized and the necropsy revealed focal fibrinous peritonitis and intestinal obstruction due to intussusception in ileum intestinal segments. Discussion: Intussusception has previously been reported in calves, however this is the first report of ultrasound diagnosis of the disease in Brazil. Although the etiology is rarely confirmed, the age group and recent changes in diet (weaning) were predisposing factors. The history, clinical signs, and laboratory tests were similar to those described in cattle with intussusception, however they may be present in other gastrointestinal illnesses. Other authors have also reported that the nonspecificity of the signs and the impossibility of performing transrectal palpation made it difficult to diagnose intestinal obstruction in calves without the use of other diagnostic tools. As it is a non-invasive and accurate technique, ultrasound has been used in ruminants for diagnostic purposes, including intestinal obstructions. In the present case, the main findings are described as the presence of a lesion with the appearance of multiple concentric rings, hypermotile, dilated, and full intestinal loops. The pathological findings were compatible with the ultrasound images and similar to those described by other authors, confirming the diagnosis. The use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in cattle should be expanded, aiming at the early determination of diagnosis and prognosis, to reduce producer costs and animal discomfort. In cases of intussusception, late diagnosis makes treatment unfeasible.

Cecocolic intussusception and cecal torsion in cattle / Intussuscepção cecocólica e torção de ceco em bovinos

This work aims to describe the clinical, laboratory, and anatomopathological findings of two bovines, one affected by cecocolic intussusception, and the other by dilation with cecal torsion. The clinical examination demonstrated metallic resonance from the right flank, ruminal and intestinal hypomotility, and abdominal distension, in addition to alterations in feces characteristics. Was observed in the two animals leukocytosis by neutrophilia with regenerative shift to the left, and hyperfibrinogenemia. The analysis of ruminal fluid revealed impairment of the microbiota and an increase in chloride levels. The laparoscopic examination performed on one of the animals showed dilation of the colon, the cecum with hyperemia and serous edema, with a dividing halo between affected and unaffected portions, in addition to reddish peritoneal fluid. In the laparotomy, an enlarged cecum was found, with gaseous and liquid contents, swollen and turgid colon, and peritonitis. In addition to the findings observed during surgery, the anatomopathological examination demonstrated, in bovine 01, intestinal intussusception in the region of the cecocolic valve, and, in bovine 02, twisting of the loop at the ileocecocolic junction. Despite the low occurrence of digestive system disorders in cattle, cecal torsion and intussusception represent serious intestinal clinical conditions. These reports take the attention to the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to provide a correct diagnosis of intestinal diseases.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicos de dois bovinos, um acometido por intussuscepção cecocólica e o outro por dilatação com torção de ceco. O diagnóstico de ambos os casos foi base-ado nos achados clínicos, laboratoriais, videolaparoscópicos, cirúrgicos e anatomopatológicos. No exame clínico evidenciou-se ressonância metálica no flanco direito, hipomotilidade ruminal e intestinal, distensão abdominal, além de alteração nas carac-terísticas das fezes. Observou-se nos dois animais leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio para esquerda regenerativo e hiperfi-brinogenia. A análise do fluido ruminal revelou comprometimento da microbiota e elevação nos teores de cloretos. O exame videolaparoscópico, realizado no bovino dois (02), evidenciou dilatação do cólon, ceco com hiperemia e edema de serosa com halo divisório entre porção acometida e não acometida, além de líquido peritoneal de coloração avermelhada. Na laparotomia constatou-se ceco dilatado por conteúdo gasoso e líquido, cólon edemaciado e túrgido e, peritonite. No exame anatomopato-lógico, constatou-se, no bovino um (01), intussuscepção intestinal na região de válvula ceco-cólica e, no bovino (02) torção de alça na junção ileocecocólica. Apesar da baixa ocorrência, a torção de ceco e a intussuscepção acarretam condição intestinal grave e devem ser inseridas na lista de diagnósticos diferenciais das enfermidades digestivas de bovinos. Estes relatos chamam a atenção para a importância da abordagem multidisciplinar no diagnóstico das enfermidades intestinais.

Cecocolic intussusception and cecal torsion in cattle / Intussuscepção cecocólica e torção de ceco em bovinos

This work aims to describe the clinical, laboratory, and anatomopathological findings of two bovines, one affected by cecocolic intussusception, and the other by dilation with cecal torsion. The clinical examination demonstrated metallic resonance from the right flank, ruminal and intestinal hypomotility, and abdominal distension, in addition to alterations in feces characteristics. Was observed in the two animals leukocytosis by neutrophilia with regenerative shift to the left, and hyperfibrinogenemia. The analysis of ruminal fluid revealed impairment of the microbiota and an increase in chloride levels. The laparoscopic examination performed on one of the animals showed dilation of the colon, the cecum with hyperemia and serous edema, with a dividing halo between affected and unaffected portions, in addition to reddish peritoneal fluid. In the laparotomy, an enlarged cecum was found, with gaseous and liquid contents, swollen and turgid colon, and peritonitis. In addition to the findings observed during surgery, the anatomopathological examination demonstrated, in bovine 01, intestinal intussusception in the region of the cecocolic valve, and, in bovine 02, twisting of the loop at the ileocecocolic junction. Despite the low occurrence of digestive system disorders in cattle, cecal torsion and intussusception represent serious intestinal clinical conditions. These reports take the attention to the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to provide a correct diagnosis of intestinal diseases.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicos de dois bovinos, um acometido por intussuscepção cecocólica e o outro por dilatação com torção de ceco. O diagnóstico de ambos os casos foi base-ado nos achados clínicos, laboratoriais, videolaparoscópicos, cirúrgicos e anatomopatológicos. No exame clínico evidenciou-se ressonância metálica no flanco direito, hipomotilidade ruminal e intestinal, distensão abdominal, além de alteração nas carac-terísticas das fezes. Observou-se nos dois animais leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio para esquerda regenerativo e hiperfi-brinogenia. A análise do fluido ruminal revelou comprometimento da microbiota e elevação nos teores de cloretos. O exame videolaparoscópico, realizado no bovino dois (02), evidenciou dilatação do cólon, ceco com hiperemia e edema de serosa com halo divisório entre porção acometida e não acometida, além de líquido peritoneal de coloração avermelhada. Na laparotomia constatou-se ceco dilatado por conteúdo gasoso e líquido, cólon edemaciado e túrgido e, peritonite. No exame anatomopato-lógico, constatou-se, no bovino um (01), intussuscepção intestinal na região de válvula ceco-cólica e, no bovino (02) torção de alça na junção ileocecocólica. Apesar da baixa ocorrência, a torção de ceco e a intussuscepção acarretam condição intestinal grave e devem ser inseridas na lista de diagnósticos diferenciais das enfermidades digestivas de bovinos. Estes relatos chamam a atenção para a importância da abordagem multidisciplinar no diagnóstico das enfermidades intestinais.(AU)

In vitro evaluation of the dissolving effect of carbonated beverages (Coca-Cola®) and enzyme-based solutions on enteroliths obtained from horses: pilot study / Avaliação in vitro do efeito dissolvente de bebidas carbonatadas (Coca-Cola®) e soluções à base de enzimas sobre enterólitos obtidos de cavalos: estudo piloto

Enteroliths are concretions of minerals that cause partial or total obstruction of the intestinal lumen, resulting in recurrent and chronic colic in horses. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the in vitro solvent effect of carbonated beverages (Coca-Cola® and Coca-Cola® Zero), and papain and cellulase enzymes (Robinson Pharma®, Santa Ana, CA, USA) on enteroliths obtained from horses. Six 51-grams-samples of six enteroliths were assigned to six treatments of immersion solutions: T1, Coca-Cola®; T2: Coca-Cola® Zero; T3: distilled water + papain (90 mg) and cellulase (120 mg); T4: Coca-Cola® + papain and cellulase; T5: Coca-Cola® Zero + papain and cellulase; and, CT: distilled water (control). The volume for immersion in the assigned solution was 150 mL, at a pH of 7.1, using an incubation shaker (Heidolph®, Germany) at 37ºC and 25 rpm, for 72 h. The evaluation periods of the dissolution percentage (difference between the initial weight and final weight of the samples), were 0, 3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h. After 72 h of immersion, solutions T4, T5, and T1 presented 47, 38.8, and 14.9% of dissolution, respectively. The other solutions did not have major differences with CT (control). Under the in vitro conditions of this pilot study, papain and cellulase enzymes potentiated the dissolving effect of the carbonated solutions on the enteroliths obtained from horses. Further studies are suggested since the existing literature is on the dissolution of phytobezoars and not of enteroliths.(AU)

Enterólitos são concreções de minerais que causam obstrução parcial ou total do lume intestinal, resultando em cólica crônica e recorrente nos cavalos. Este estudo piloto teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro o efeito dissolvente sobre os enterólitos das bebidas carbonatadas (Coca-Cola® e Coca-Cola® Zero) e a solução à base das enzimas papaína e celulase (Robinson Pharma®, Santa Ana, CA, USA). Seis (6) amostras de seis (6) enterólitos de 51gramas de peso foram distribuídas em seis tratamentos de imersão: T1: Coca-Cola®; T2: Coca-Cola® Zero; T3: água destilada + papaína (90 mg) e celulase (120 mg); T4: Coca-Cola® + papaína e celulase; T5: Coca-Cola® Zero + papaína e celulase; e, CT: água destilada (controle). O volume das soluções de imersão foi de 150 mL, com pH de 7.1, usando um shaker de incubação (Heidolph®, Germany) com 37ºC e 25 rpm, durante 72 horas. A avaliação dos períodos da porcentagem de dissolução (diferenças entre o peso inicial e o peso final das amostras) foram 0, 3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 h. Depois de 72 h de imersão, as soluções T4, T5 e T1 apresentaram 47, 38,8 e 14,9% de dissolução, respectivamente. As outras soluções não tiveram diferenças com relação ao CT (controle). Nas condições in vitro deste estudo piloto, as enzimas papaína e celulase potenciam o efeito dissolvente das bebidas carbonatadas sobre os enterólitos obtidos de cavalos. Mais estudos são sugeridos, uma vez que só existe literatura sobre a dissolução de fitobezoares e não de enterólitos.(AU)

In vitro evaluation of the dissolving effect of carbonated beverages (Coca-Cola®) and enzyme-based solutions on enteroliths obtained from horses: pilot study / Avaliação in vitro do efeito dissolvente de bebidas carbonatadas (Coca-Cola®) e soluções à base de enzimas sobre enterólitos obtidos de cavalos: estudo piloto

Enteroliths are concretions of minerals that cause partial or total obstruction of the intestinal lumen, resulting in recurrent and chronic colic in horses. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the in vitro solvent effect of carbonated beverages (Coca-Cola® and Coca-Cola® Zero), and papain and cellulase enzymes (Robinson Pharma®, Santa Ana, CA, USA) on enteroliths obtained from horses. Six 51-grams-samples of six enteroliths were assigned to six treatments of immersion solutions: T1, Coca-Cola®; T2: Coca-Cola® Zero; T3: distilled water + papain (90 mg) and cellulase (120 mg); T4: Coca-Cola® + papain and cellulase; T5: Coca-Cola® Zero + papain and cellulase; and, CT: distilled water (control). The volume for immersion in the assigned solution was 150 mL, at a pH of 7.1, using an incubation shaker (Heidolph®, Germany) at 37ºC and 25 rpm, for 72 h. The evaluation periods of the dissolution percentage (difference between the initial weight and final weight of the samples), were 0, 3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h. After 72 h of immersion, solutions T4, T5, and T1 presented 47, 38.8, and 14.9% of dissolution, respectively. The other solutions did not have major differences with CT (control). Under the in vitro conditions of this pilot study, papain and cellulase enzymes potentiated the dissolving effect of the carbonated solutions on the enteroliths obtained from horses. Further studies are suggested since the existing literature is on the dissolution of phytobezoars and not of enteroliths.(AU)

Enterólitos são concreções de minerais que causam obstrução parcial ou total do lume intestinal, resultando em cólica crônica e recorrente nos cavalos. Este estudo piloto teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro o efeito dissolvente sobre os enterólitos das bebidas carbonatadas (Coca-Cola® e Coca-Cola® Zero) e a solução à base das enzimas papaína e celulase (Robinson Pharma®, Santa Ana, CA, USA). Seis (6) amostras de seis (6) enterólitos de 51gramas de peso foram distribuídas em seis tratamentos de imersão: T1: Coca-Cola®; T2: Coca-Cola® Zero; T3: água destilada + papaína (90 mg) e celulase (120 mg); T4: Coca-Cola® + papaína e celulase; T5: Coca-Cola® Zero + papaína e celulase; e, CT: água destilada (controle). O volume das soluções de imersão foi de 150 mL, com pH de 7.1, usando um shaker de incubação (Heidolph®, Germany) com 37ºC e 25 rpm, durante 72 horas. A avaliação dos períodos da porcentagem de dissolução (diferenças entre o peso inicial e o peso final das amostras) foram 0, 3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 h. Depois de 72 h de imersão, as soluções T4, T5 e T1 apresentaram 47, 38,8 e 14,9% de dissolução, respectivamente. As outras soluções não tiveram diferenças com relação ao CT (controle). Nas condições in vitro deste estudo piloto, as enzimas papaína e celulase potenciam o efeito dissolvente das bebidas carbonatadas sobre os enterólitos obtidos de cavalos. Mais estudos são sugeridos, uma vez que só existe literatura sobre a dissolução de fitobezoares e não de enterólitos.(AU)

Síndrome gastrointestinal em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Gastrointestinal syndrome in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: The term “rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome” (RGIS) refers to a decrease in peristaltic movements, which insome cases can progress to absolute inactivity of the digestive apparatus. This condition is mostly secondary to others thatpromote changes in gastrointestinal motility, such as dehydration, fiber deficiency, excess carbohydrates in diets, stress,and acute or chronic painful processes. Clinical manifestations are mostly nonspecific. Thus, a case of RGIS resultingfrom environmental change in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported.Case: A 4-month-old male domestic rabbit weighing 0.962 kg was referred to a university veterinary hospital. The patient had a history of absence of defecation and anorexia for the past two days. The owner reported that the patient wasapathetic but became aggressive when manipulated. The changes started after a move of residence. On physical evaluation, an increase in abdominal volume and a painful response to touch on the abdomen were observed. Complementaryexaminations were performed, such as a blood count and an ultrasound study. The blood tests showed no alterations,but the ultrasound evaluation showed the presence of free abdominal fluid, dilated intestinal loops due to fluid content,reduced gastrointestinal motility, and a hyperechoic structure associated with acoustic shading in the small intestine, allfindings suggestive of obstruction. Given the failure of clinical management, the patient was referred for an exploratorylaparotomy procedure followed by enterotomy. The obstruction point was located near the ileocecal junction. After surgery,analgesics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal motility inducers, and probiotics were prescribed.One week after the surgical procedure, the patient showed improvement in the clinical condition, with normal appetite,defecation, and docility...

Síndrome gastrointestinal em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Gastrointestinal syndrome in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: The term “rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome” (RGIS) refers to a decrease in peristaltic movements, which insome cases can progress to absolute inactivity of the digestive apparatus. This condition is mostly secondary to others thatpromote changes in gastrointestinal motility, such as dehydration, fiber deficiency, excess carbohydrates in diets, stress,and acute or chronic painful processes. Clinical manifestations are mostly nonspecific. Thus, a case of RGIS resultingfrom environmental change in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is reported.Case: A 4-month-old male domestic rabbit weighing 0.962 kg was referred to a university veterinary hospital. The patient had a history of absence of defecation and anorexia for the past two days. The owner reported that the patient wasapathetic but became aggressive when manipulated. The changes started after a move of residence. On physical evaluation, an increase in abdominal volume and a painful response to touch on the abdomen were observed. Complementaryexaminations were performed, such as a blood count and an ultrasound study. The blood tests showed no alterations,but the ultrasound evaluation showed the presence of free abdominal fluid, dilated intestinal loops due to fluid content,reduced gastrointestinal motility, and a hyperechoic structure associated with acoustic shading in the small intestine, allfindings suggestive of obstruction. Given the failure of clinical management, the patient was referred for an exploratorylaparotomy procedure followed by enterotomy. The obstruction point was located near the ileocecal junction. After surgery,analgesics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, intestinal motility inducers, and probiotics were prescribed.One week after the surgical procedure, the patient showed improvement in the clinical condition, with normal appetite,defecation, and docility...(AU)

Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Íleo paralítico em três bovinos: Relato de caso / Paralytic ileus in three cattle: case report

O íleo paralítico é uma obstrução do tipo funcional, na qual o lúmen intestinal está patente, comprometendo a passagem da ingesta no intestino. Este relato objetiva descrever três casos em vacas com aptidão leiteira, atendidos na rotina hospitalar e diagnosticados com íleo paralítico. Em seus históricos, os proprietários queixavam-se que os animais apresentavam redução do apetite, timpania ruminal, diminuição da produção de leite e eliminação das fezes. Ao exame físico, alguns sinais clínicos apresentaram destaque, como apatia, desidratação, redução da motilidade ruminal e intestinal, fezes em pequena quantidade e com muco, distensão do abdômen e ao balotamento constatou-se a presença de líquido. Na análise do fluido ruminal todos os animais apresentaram o teor de cloreto elevado (>30 mEq/L), caracterizando, dessa forma, um processo obstrutivo. Diante dos achados, suspeitou-se inicialmente de um quadro de obstrução intestinal. Nos casos, a conduta adotada foi realizar uma laparotomia exploratória através do flanco direito, porém constatou-se, que não existia qualquer segmento com obstrução de natureza mecânica, que justificasse as alterações físicas e laboratoriais encontradas. Diante destes resultados, configurou-se um quadro clínico indicativo de íleo paralítico. As vacas foram submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico pós-cirúrgico composto por antibioticoterapia, anti-inflam

Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the functional type, in which the intestinal lumen is patent, compromising the passage of the intake in the intestine. The objective of this study was to describe three cases in dairy cows treated in the hospital routine diagnosed with paralytic ileus. In their histories, the owners complained that the animals presented reduced appetite, ruminal tympany, decreased milk yield and elimination of faeces. At the physical examination, some clinical signs were prominent in both, such as apathy, dehydration, reduction of ruminal and intestinal motility, faeces were present in small quantity and with mucus present, abdominal enlargement and the succession produced sloshing sounds. In the analysis of the ruminal fluid, the chloride content in both was high (>30 mEq/L), characterizing an obstructive process. In the face of the findings, a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was initially suspected. In animals, the adopted approach was to perform an exploratory laparotomy through the right flank, but it was verified that there was no segment with mechanical obstruction that justified the physical and laboratorial alterations found. In view of these results, a clinical diagnosis indicative of paralytic ileus was established. The three animals were submitted to a post-surgical therapeutic protocol consisting of antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatory, calcium, pro-kinetic and supportive treatment. The animals showed a favourable response to therapeutic treatment, with restoration of gastrointestinal function and other physiological parameters, and was discharged after a clinical evolution ranging from ten to twelve days.(AU)

Íleo paralítico em três bovinos: Relato de caso / Paralytic ileus in three cattle: case report

O íleo paralítico é uma obstrução do tipo funcional, na qual o lúmen intestinal está patente, comprometendo a passagem da ingesta no intestino. Este relato objetiva descrever três casos em vacas com aptidão leiteira, atendidos na rotina hospitalar e diagnosticados com íleo paralítico. Em seus históricos, os proprietários queixavam-se que os animais apresentavam redução do apetite, timpania ruminal, diminuição da produção de leite e eliminação das fezes. Ao exame físico, alguns sinais clínicos apresentaram destaque, como apatia, desidratação, redução da motilidade ruminal e intestinal, fezes em pequena quantidade e com muco, distensão do abdômen e ao balotamento constatou-se a presença de líquido. Na análise do fluido ruminal todos os animais apresentaram o teor de cloreto elevado (>30 mEq/L), caracterizando, dessa forma, um processo obstrutivo. Diante dos achados, suspeitou-se inicialmente de um quadro de obstrução intestinal. Nos casos, a conduta adotada foi realizar uma laparotomia exploratória através do flanco direito, porém constatou-se, que não existia qualquer segmento com obstrução de natureza mecânica, que justificasse as alterações físicas e laboratoriais encontradas. Diante destes resultados, configurou-se um quadro clínico indicativo de íleo paralítico. As vacas foram submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico pós-cirúrgico composto por antibioticoterapia, anti-inflam

Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the functional type, in which the intestinal lumen is patent, compromising the passage of the intake in the intestine. The objective of this study was to describe three cases in dairy cows treated in the hospital routine diagnosed with paralytic ileus. In their histories, the owners complained that the animals presented reduced appetite, ruminal tympany, decreased milk yield and elimination of faeces. At the physical examination, some clinical signs were prominent in both, such as apathy, dehydration, reduction of ruminal and intestinal motility, faeces were present in small quantity and with mucus present, abdominal enlargement and the succession produced sloshing sounds. In the analysis of the ruminal fluid, the chloride content in both was high (>30 mEq/L), characterizing an obstructive process. In the face of the findings, a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was initially suspected. In animals, the adopted approach was to perform an exploratory laparotomy through the right flank, but it was verified that there was no segment with mechanical obstruction that justified the physical and laboratorial alterations found. In view of these results, a clinical diagnosis indicative of paralytic ileus was established. The three animals were submitted to a post-surgical therapeutic protocol consisting of antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatory, calcium, pro-kinetic and supportive treatment. The animals showed a favourable response to therapeutic treatment, with restoration of gastrointestinal function and other physiological parameters, and was discharged after a clinical evolution ranging from ten to twelve days.

Íleo paralítico em três bovinos: relato de caso / Paralytic ileus in three cattle: case report

O íleo paralítico é uma obstrução do tipo funcional, na qual o lúmen intestinal está patente, comprometendo a passagem da ingesta no intestino. Este relato objetiva descrever três casos em vacas com aptidão leiteira, atendidos na rotina hospitalar e diagnosticados com íleo paralítico. Em seus históricos, os proprietários queixavam-se que os animais apresentavam redução do apetite, timpania ruminal, diminuição da produção de leite e eliminação das fezes. Ao exame físico, alguns sinais clínicos apresentaram destaque, como apatia, desidratação, redução da motilidade ruminal e intestinal, fezes em pequena quantidade e com muco, distensão do abdômen e ao balotamento constatou-se a presença de líquido. Na análise do fluido ruminal todos os animais apresentaram o teor de cloreto elevado (>30 mEq/L), caracterizando, dessa forma, um processo obstrutivo. Diante dos achados, suspeitou-se inicialmente de um quadro de obstrução intestinal. Nos casos, a conduta adotada foi realizar uma laparotomia exploratória através do flanco direito, porém constatou-se, que não existia qualquer segmento com obstrução de natureza mecânica, que justificasse as alterações físicas e laboratoriais encontradas. Diante destes resultados, configurou-se um quadro clínico indicativo de íleo paralítico. As vacasforam submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico pós-cirúrgico composto por antibioticoterapia, anti-inflamatório, cálcio, procinético e tratamento de suporte. Os animais manifestaram uma resposta favorável a conduta terapêutica, com restabelecimento da função gastrointestinal e dos demais parâmetros fisiológicos, recebendo alta após uma evolução clínica variando entre dez a doze dias.

Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the functional type, in which the intestinal lumen is patent, compromising the passage of the intake in the intestine. The objective of this study was to describe three cases in dairy cows treated in the hospital routine diagnosed with paralytic ileus. In their histories, the owners complained that the animals presented reduced appetite, ruminal tympany, decreased milk yield and elimination of faeces. At the physical examination, some clinical signs were prominent in both, such as apathy, dehydration, reduction of ruminal and intestinal motility, faeces were present in small quantity and with mucus present, abdominal enlargement and the succession produced sloshing sounds. In the analysis of the ruminal fluid, the chloride content in both was high (>30 mEq/L), characterizing an obstructive process. In the face of the findings, a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was initially suspected. In animals, the adopted approach was to perform an exploratory laparotomy through the right flank, but it was verified that there was no segment with mechanical obstruction that justified the physical and laboratorial alterations found. In view of these results, a clinical diagnosis indicative of paralytic ileus was established. The three animals were submitted to a post-surgical therapeutic protocol consisting of antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatory, calcium, pro-kinetic and supportive treatment. The animals showed a favourable response to therapeutic treatment, with restoration of gastrointestinal function and other physiological parameters, and was discharged after a clinical evolution ranging from ten to twelve days.

Small intestine strangulating obstruction by mesenteric pedunculated lipoma in a criollo mare

Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adiposetissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps aroundan intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim ofthe present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum bya pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospitalof the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates,normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all fourquadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpationrevealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thicknesswas increased Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, anexploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found.Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the smallintestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasiawas performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed...

Small intestine strangulating obstruction by mesenteric pedunculated lipoma in a criollo mare

Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adiposetissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps aroundan intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim ofthe present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum bya pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospitalof the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates,normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all fourquadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpationrevealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thicknesswas increased Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, anexploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found.Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the smallintestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasiawas performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed...(AU)