Do organic fertilization and azospirillum brasilense influence radish cultivation? / A adubação orgânica e o azospirillum brasilense influenciam o cultivo do rabanete?

The association of conventional fertilizers with fertilizers of organic origin is a well-known practice in agriculture for achieving high productivity and also with the adoption of inoculants, composed of bacteria for promoting better plant development of crops. Thus, the objective of the work was to investigate the growth and productivity of radish with organic fertilization and the influence of the use of nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Azospirillum spp.radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Hybrid Margaret Queen. The treatments were the use of different doses of organic fertilizer and the application of Azospirillum brasilense, besides the control. At the end of the cycle, plant height, tuber diameter, tuber fresh mass, tuber dry mass, and total tuber fresh mass were evaluated. With and without application of A. brasilense,increases of 16.5% and 6.40% in tuber diameter were obtained, respectively. Without application of A. brasilense, there was an increase of 0.37% in leaf dry mass when the maximum concentration of 8 kg m² of organic fertilizer was used. For root fresh mass and root dry mass, with foliar application of A. brasilense, there was an increase of 9.57% and 0.67%, while without A. brasilensethere was an increase of 2.43% and 0.22%. There were increases of 12.83% for total fresh mass with the management of A. brasilenseand 3.4% without A. brasilense, using the maximum concentration of 8 kg m² of organic fertilizer. For height, there was an increase of 5.12% without A. brasilense.It was concluded that organic fertilization alone or combined with A. brasilenseis an alternative in radish production.(AU)

A associação de fertilizantes convencionais com fertilizantes de origem orgânica é uma prática bastante conhecida na agricultura por alcançar alta produtividade e também com a adoção de inoculantes, compostos por bactérias por promoverem melhor desenvolvimento vegetal das lavouras. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar o crescimento e a produtividade do rabanete com adubação orgânica e a influência do uso de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio do gênero Azospirillum spp. rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.) Híbrido Margaret Queen. Os tratamentos foram o uso de diferentes doses de adubo orgânico e a aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense, além da testemunha. Ao final do ciclo, foram avaliados altura da planta, diâmetro do tubérculo, massa fresca do tubérculo, massa seca do tubérculo e massa fresca total do tubérculo. Com e sem aplicação de A. brasilense, foram obtidos aumentos de 16,5% e 6,40% no diâmetro do tubérculo, respectivamente. Sem aplicação de A. brasilense, houve aumento de 0,37% na massa seca foliar quando utilizada a concentração máxima de 8 kg m² de adubo orgânico. Para massa fresca de raiz e massa seca de raiz, com aplicação foliar de A. brasilense, houve aumento de 9,57% e 0,67%, enquanto sem A.brasilense houve aumento de 2,43% e 0,22%. Houve incrementos de 12,83% para massa fresca total com manejo de A. brasilense e de 3,4% sem A. brasilense, com a utilização da concentração máxima de 8 kg m² de adubo orgânico. Para altura, houve aumento de 5,12% sem A. brasilense. Concluiu-se que a adubação orgânica isolada ou combinada com A. brasilense é uma alternativa na produção de rabanete.(AU)

Physical and environmental characteristics of the compost barn system and its effects on the physical integrity, reproduction and milk production of dairy cattle: a scoping review

Compost barn (CB), although recent in Brazil, is increasingly gaining popularity among the intensive breeding systems in the dairy sector. This system promises to offer several advantages to producers and animals: such as providing an environment in which milk production is increased and the physical integrity of cattle is improved, reducing mastitis episodes, and promoting thermal comfort for animals. Another factor that highlights CB concerning other intensive systems is the composting process, generated by the deposition of carbon-rich materials (bedding) with nitrogen sources (urine and feces) from animals. For the full benefits of this composting to be achieved, management, especially of bedding, must be carried out correctly, considering the development requirements of the compost, the use of quality organic material, adequate ventilation, and an ideal rate of animal capacity, so that the generation of heat occurs efficiently. However, there is a general lack of information about the CB system. Hence, there is an increasing need for data surveys of Brazilian regions to compare the diversity of materials used in bedding, assessing energy efficiency and performance over time. Therefore, this bibliographical review addressed the main points of the CB system approach, considering that studies such as this are consistently relevant for rural producers, facilitating decisions regarding the implementation and management of the CB system on their farms.

Three Months of Composting Are Enough to Eliminate the Fowl Typhoid Bacteria

The composting technique has been increasingly highlighted in poultry production units, as an efficient and low-cost solution for the destination of carcasses. The process is based on the accelerated decomposition of organic material under high temperatures, associated with eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the time necessary for the elimination of Salmonella Gallinarum in carcasses of poultry submitted to the composting process. The composting was carried out following the models used in the field, and microbiological analysis was performed in five different periods: 45, 90, 120, 150 and 180-days after closing the composter. After 90 days of experiment and in the subsequent analysis, the elimination of the bacteria in 100% of the samples was verified, validating the composting process as an effective method for eliminating S. Gallinarum in poultry carcasses, when respecting the period necessary for the elimination of the bacteria and the good quality of the structure adopted for the process.(AU)

The role of local earthworms in plant nutrient addition in the Ethiopian Drylands

The Ethiopian Drylands are rich in their variety of local earthworm species. However, the category of species, and the effect of their performance on additions to plant nutrients have not been adequately evaluated. Thus, local earthworm samples were collected from the three major agroecological zones (highland, midland, and lowland) in Tigray (northern Ethiopia) and classified down to species level. Moreover, a vermicomposting experiment with four treatments (three local earthworm species, Eisenia fetida , and a conventional composting method) and three replications was established. Finally, each bin's mature compost sample was taken to analyze plant nutrient content. The study results indicated that earthworm species in the highland, midland and lowland agroecological zones were Dendrobaena veneta, Eisenia andrie and Lumbricus rubellus , respectively. The use of these earthworms in the composting process (average of the four earthworm species) yielded higher nutrient content, ranging from 21.9 % for Sodium to 3300 % for Boron, compared to the conventional one. The highest total nitrogen (an increase of 44.4 %) and organic carbon (an increase of 33.4 %) were recorded in the Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta treated bins, respectively. Composting with Eisenia andrie has resulted in increases in P (96.1 %), K (125 %), Mg (83 %) and all micro-nutrients (between 91 % for Zn and 4400 % for B). Both Eisenia andrie and Lumbricus rubellus species contributed to the increased additions of Sulfur (85.7 %) compared to the control. It can be concluded that the use of local earthworms (particularly Eisenia andrie) in the composting process plays a significant role in plant nutrient addition.(AU)

The interaction impact of compost and biostimulants on growth, yield and oil content of black cumin (Nigella sativa L) plants / O impacto da interação de composto e bioestimulantes no crescimento, rendimento e teor de óleo de plantas de cominho-preto (Nigella sativa L)

This study was conducted during the seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 to investigate the effect of the interaction between compost and biostimulants on growth measurements, seed yield, and oil production of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Four levels of fertilizer (0.6, 12, 18 tons/ha) were used. While the biostimulants were ascorbic acid (AS) at 100 ppm, yeast extract (YE) at 8 g/L, and AS at 100 ppm + 8 g/L YE. The plants were treated with these stimuli as follows: control (without addition), 100 ppm, YE at 8 g/L, and the results showed that fertilization at all levels, as well as foliar spraying with the used stimuli, led to a significant increase. Growth parameters, number of capsules, seed production, as well as fixed and volatile oil production, and plant treatment with organic fertilizers at a high level (18 tons). /ha) recorded the highest values for the trait under study. It was also shown that the foliar treatment at a concentration of 8 g/l YE was more effective in increasing the previously studied variables. All interactions were great. Most of the composite coefficients increased significantly for all the traits studied. Moreover, the application of manure at a high rate (18 t/ha) at a rate of 8 g/l YE was the best treatment. GC-MS analysis of the volatile and persistent oil showed that the main constituents of both species were also affected by the use of organic fertilizers and biotreatments. The combination of high-rate fertilizer (18 t/ha) plus AS at 100 ppm + 8 g/L YE improved main oil components compared to untreated plants.

Este estudo foi realizado durante as temporadas 2020/2021 e 2021/2022 para investigar o efeito da interação entre composto e bioestimulantes nas medidas de crescimento, rendimento de sementes e produção de óleo de cominho-preto (Nigella sativa L.). Quatro níveis de fertilizantes (0,6, 12, 18 ton/ha) foram usados, enquanto os bioestimulantes foram ácido ascórbico (AS) a 100 ppm, extrato de levedura (YE) a 8 g/L e AS a 100 ppm + 8 g/L YE. As plantas foram tratadas com esses estímulos da seguinte forma: controle (sem adição), 100 ppm e YE a 8 g/L. Os resultados mostraram que a adubação em todos os níveis bem como a pulverização foliar com os estímulos utilizados levaram a um aumento significativo aumentar. Parâmetros de crescimento, número de cápsulas, produção de sementes, bem como produção de óleo fixo e volátil e tratamento de plantas com fertilizantes orgânicos em alto nível (18 ton/ha), registraram os maiores valores para as características em estudo. Também foi demonstrado que o tratamento foliar na concentração de 8 g/l YE foi mais eficaz em aumentar as variáveis estudadas. Todas as interações foram ótimas. A maioria dos coeficientes compostos aumentou significativamente para todas as características estudadas. Além disso, a aplicação de esterco em alto nível (18 ton/ha) na taxa de 8 g/l YE foi o melhor tratamento. A análise GC-MS do óleo volátil e persistente mostrou que os principais constituintes de ambas as espécies também foram afetados pelo uso de fertilizantes orgânicos e biotratamentos. A combinação de fertilizante de alto nível (18 ton/ha) + AS a 100 ppm + 8 g/L YE melhorou os principais componentes do óleo em comparação com plantas não tratadas.

Effect of bacterial co-culture and organic amendments on the bioremediation of hydrocarbons in a soil contaminated with spent engine oil

Bioenhancement of hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms with suitable nutrients has a huge impact in achieving positive bioremediation of polluted environments. This study was conducted to assess the bio-enhancing effect of some organic amendments on Streptococcus pyogenes andEnterococcus faecalis co-culture with a view toremediating spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soil. Top soil (1.5 kg) was autoclaved and thereafter contaminated with SEO at three levels. The contaminated soil was inoculated with bacterial co-culture (150 mL) and subsequently bioenhanced with compost,processed cocoa pod husk (CPH) and cow dung. The factorial experiment was laid out in completely randomized design. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were estimated on the first day, 5th week and 10th week of incubation. Results obtained show that bacterial co-culture bioenhanced with compost produced the most significant TPH reductions (1318 and 261 mg kg-1)on 10% SEO contaminated soil at the 5th and 10th week respectively (p<0.05). Again, bacterial co-culture bioenhanced with compost produced the most significant PAH reductions (65.9 and 55.8 mg kg-1) on 10% SEO contaminated soil at the 5th and 10th week respectively (p<0.05). The significant bioremediation capabilities exhibited by the bacterial co-culture bioenhanced with organic amendments in this study has made these bioremediation agents potential candidates in remediating soils impacted with petroleum hydrocarbons.(AU)

Response of Rhizobacterial strains and organic amendments on chickpea growth / Resposta de cepas de rizobactérias e alterações orgânicas no crescimento do grão-de-bico

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth through a variety of mechanisms such as phosphate solubilization, phytohormones production, antifungal activity and also improve plant growth and yield. Field experiment was carried out to investigate the residual effect of organic amendments plus soil microbes along with integrated nutrient management. (PGPR) are important soil organism that promotes plant growth and yield root colonization is an example of a direct and indirect mechanism. The treatments included control, (inorganic fertilizer and no organic fertilization).Five bacterial strains were identified morphologically and biochemically screened from the rhizospheres of chickpea, lentil, barseem, mungbean, and sesame. The experiment was conducted at the Arid Zone Research Center in D.I.Khan (Pakistan). The majority of isolates resulted in significant increase in shoot length, root length, and dry matter production of Cicer arietinum seedlings' shoot and root. The experiment represented that isolates treated plots with rhizobium strain inoculation resulted in greater plant height (35.000 cm) and nodule count (38.00) No of pods per plant-1 (44.66) when compared to the control treatment, While (Mesorhizobium cicero) along with organic amendments showed significant response the greater root length (50 cm) was observed in T4 treatment. The Performance of rhizobial strains on chickpea germination in an arid environment was found to significantly increase crop germination percentage. This combination thus increases nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in inoculation treated plots. The study found that plots with inoculation treatments yielded significantly higher than non-treated plots Treatment with Mesorhizobium Cicero and compost resulted in a higher grain yield (8%) as compared to the control. The greater grain yield was observed in Treatment T4 (183.67).The result showed that use of PGPR have the potential to increase nutrient absorption from soil while improved growth of chickpea.(AU)

As rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (PGPR) são bactérias benéficas que colonizam as raízes das plantas e promovem o crescimento das plantas através de uma variedade de mecanismos, como solubilização de fosfato, produção de fito-hormônios, atividade antifúngica e também melhoram o crescimento e o rendimento das plantas. O experimento de campo foi realizado para investigar o efeito residual de corretivos orgânicos mais micróbios do solo, juntamente com o manejo integrado de nutrientes. PGPR são importantes organismos do solo que promovem o crescimento das plantas e produzem a colonização de raízes, que é um exemplo de mecanismo direto e indireto. Os tratamentos incluíram controle (fertilizante inorgânico e sem adubação orgânica). Cinco cepas bacterianas foram identificadas morfologicamente e bioquimicamente selecionadas das rizosferas de grão-de-bico, lentilha, barseem, feijão-mungo e gergelim. O experimento foi conduzido no Arid Zone Research Center em D.I.Khan (Paquistão). A maioria dos isolados resultou em aumento significativo no comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz das plântulas de Cicer arietinum. O experimento demonstrou que isolados de parcelas tratadas com inoculação de cepa de rizóbio resultaram em maior altura de planta (35.000 cm) e contagem de nódulos (38,00) n.º de vagens por planta-1 (44,66), quando comparado ao tratamento controle, enquanto (Mesorhizobium cicero), juntamente com as alterações orgânicas, apresentaram resposta significativa quanto maior o comprimento da raiz (50 cm) observado no Tratamento T4. O desempenho de linhagens de rizóbios na germinação do grão-de-bico em ambiente árido aumentou significativamente a porcentagem de germinação da cultura. Esta combinação aumenta assim a absorção de nitrogênio e fósforo nas parcelas tratadas com inoculação. O estudo constatou que as parcelas com tratamentos de inoculação produziram significativamente mais do que as parcelas não tratadas. O tratamento com Mesorhizobium cicero e composto resultou em maior produtividade de grãos (8%) em comparação com o controle. A maior produtividade de grãos foi observada no Tratamento T4 (183,67). O resultado mostrou que o uso de PGPR tem potencial para aumentar a absorção de nutrientes do solo enquanto melhora o crescimento do grão-de-bico.(AU)

Physical and chemical aspects of the footbath from dairy farms with different production systems in Arapoti, Paraná / Aspectos físicos e químicos do pedilúvio de propriedades leiteiras com diferentes sistemas de produção, no município de Arapoti, Paraná

This study aimed to evaluate copper sulfate solutions at 5% and 10% concentrations in footbaths from three dairy farms (A, B and C) with free stall and compost barn production systems, located in the municipality of Arapoti, Parana, Brazil. Farms A, B and C were composed of 537, 88 and 208 lactating cows, respectively, all conditioned to the use of a footbath. Every seven days, before and after the passage of each batch of cows through the footbath, samples of the solution were collected for the evaluation of pH, temperature, and the volume of the solution measured. Farms A and C had higher pH alkalinization due to the greater number of batch passages, from the third batch onwards, and also a reduction in the volume of the solution. It is concluded that the volume varied both with the number of animals that passed through the footbath and with the deposition of organic matter in the solution. The concentration of 10% copper sulfate solution was not able to inhibit pH changes. Furthermore, there was no standardization in the dimensions of the footbaths on the farms.

Objetivou-se avaliar as soluções de sulfato de cobre nas concentrações de 5% e 10%, em pedilúvios de três propriedades leiteiras (A, B e C), com sistemas de produção "free stall" e "compost barn", localizadas no município de Arapoti, Paraná, Brasil. As propriedades A, B e C eram compostas por 537, 88 e 208 vacas em lactação, respectivamente, todas condicionadas ao uso do pedilúvio. A cada sete dias, antes e após a passagem de cada lote de vacas pelo pedilúvio, foram colhidas amostras da solução para a avaliação do pH, da temperatura e do volume. As propriedades A e C tiveram alcalinização maior do pH devido ao maior número de passagem de lotes, a partir do terceiro lote, com redução também do volume da solução. Conclui-se que o volume variou tanto com o número de animais que passaram pelo pedilúvio quanto com a deposição de matéria orgânica na solução. A concentração da solução de sulfato de cobre a 10% não foi capaz de inibir as alterações de pH. Além disso, não houve padronização das dimensões dos pedilúvios nas fazendas.

Synergistic effect of organic amendments and biostimulants on faba bean grown under sandy soil conditions

A combination of abiotic stresses in sandy soils, such as saline water, saline soil, and lack of nutrients, affects productivity of faba bean. In this study, organic amendments and biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were used in combination to increase yield of faba bean seed as well as the protein content under a sandy soil and irrigation affected by salt water. Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. A split-split-plot design in a randomized complete block was used. The main plots were allotted to the organic amendments, rates of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were assigned to sub-plot, and the cultivars were applied to sub-sub-plot. The results showed that the treatment of plant compost applied as an organic amendment and 1.5 L ha-1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) with foliar application significantly increased seed yield of cultivars, Sakha-4, Sakha-1, and Giza-843 by 17.2, 33.0, and 19.8 % respectively, compared to control under a sandy soil and irrigation water affected by salts. The interaction between Sakha-1 cultivar, plant compost, and 1.5 L ha-1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) achieved the optimal combination, providing the highest grain yield, as compared to all other treatments. The combination of these treatments is recommended in order to improve faba bean productivity under similar conditions.(AU)

Efficacy of disinfectants to inactivate H1N1 influenza A virus isolated from pigs / Eficácia de desinfetantes para inativar o vírus da influenza A H1N1 isolado de suínos

The aim of this study was to access the efficacy of four disinfectants to inactivate influenza A [H1N1] 0 hour and 72 hours after disinfectant dilution. A pandemic H1N1 influenza virus isolated from a pig with respiratory disease was used to obtain inoculums containing 6.4log10 EID50/mL; 5.4log10 EID50/mL; 4.4log10 EID50/mL and 3.4log10 EID50/mL. Suspension test was composed of 400µL of viral inoculum, 100µL of organic load and 500µL of each individually diluted disinfectant and incubated for ten minutes of contact time. After a neutralizing step, each mixture was filtered on a 0.22µm membrane and 0.2mL was inoculated in six 9-day-old embryo chicken egg through allantoic route. The allantoic fluid from eggs was harvest for RT-PCR and hemagglutination test. The experiment was repeated 72 hours after disinfectant dilution. On the first assessment with fresh disinfectant, influenza virus was inactivated by oxidizing compost disinfectant and phenolic disinfectant in all virus concentrations, the quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and glutaraldehyde association inactivated the virus up to a concentration of 5.4log10 EID50/mL. QAC disinfectant did not eliminate virus viability. Seventy-two hours after disinfectants were diluted, oxidizing compost disinfectant and QAC and glutaraldehyde association disinfectant demonstrated the same result as the evaluation with fresh disinfectant solution. Phenolic disinfectant inactivated viral inoculum up to a concentration of 5.4log10 EID50/mL. QAC had no effect on inactivating 3.4log10 EID50/ mL of influenza virus. In conclusion, three of the four disinfectants tested were effective to inactivate pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in the presence of organic load. Test result performed 72hours after disinfectant dilution suggest a decrease in the effectiveness of one disinfectant.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de quatro desinfetantes em inativar o vírus da influenza A [H1N1] 0-hora e 72-horas após a diluição dos produtos. Um vírus H1N1 pandêmico isolado previamente de um suíno com doença respiratória foi utilizado e foram obtidas quatro concentrações de inóculo contendo 6,4log10 EID50/mL; 5,4log10 EID50/mL; 4,4log10 EID50/mL and 3,4log10 EID50/mL. Para compor o teste em suspensão foram adicionados 400µL de inóculo viral, 100µL de matéria orgânica e 500µL de cada desinfetante diluído individualmente e a mesma foi incubada por 10 minutos. Após a etapa neutralizante, a suspensão foi filtrada em membrana 0,22µm e 0,2mL foi inoculado em seis ovos de galinha embrionados de nove dias de incubação, via rota alantóide. O fluido alantóide foi colhido após 72 horas para testes de hemaglutinação e RTPCR. O mesmo protocolo experimental foi repetido usando as soluções desinfetantes 72 horas após a diluição. O vírus da influenza foi inativado pelo composto oxidante e também pelo desinfetante fenólico em todas as concentrações virais testadas 0-hora após diluição. O desinfetante com associação de amônia quaternária e glutaraldeído inativou o vírus na concentração de até 5,4log10 EID50/mL. O desinfetante à base de amônia quaternária não inativou o vírus. Os resultados 72-horas após a diluição não diferiram quando comparado com 0-hora, exceto o desinfetante fenólico, o qual inativou o vírus da influenza somente até a concentração 5,4log10 EID50/ mL. Concluindo, três dos quatro desinfetantes testados foram efetivos ao inativar o vírus da influenza [H1N1] pandêmico na presença de matéria orgânica. Os resultados do teste com produtos diluídos após 72 horas sugerem redução da efetividade em, pelo menos, um desinfetante.

Organic carbon mineralization of the biochar and organic compost of poultry litter in an Argisol / Mineralização de carbono orgânico do biocarvão e do composto orgânico de cama de aviário em um Argissolo

The dynamics of the organic residues added to the soil are closely related to its mineralization rate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the organic carbon mineralization in soil samples incubated with different doses of biochar and organic compost from poultry litter. Carbon mineralization was evaluated experimentally by measuring the C-CO2 liberated by incubating 200 g of soil mixed with different doses 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha-1 of both biochar and organic compost for 61 days. The soil microbial activity, and consequently the carbon mineralization, increased with the application of doses of biochar and organic compost from the poultry litter. The highest C-CO2 mineralization was observed in the treatments that received organic compost. The carbon mineralization process followed chemical kinetics with two simultaneous reactions. The greatest amount of released and accumulated C-CO2 was observed in the soil incubated with 15 and 20 t ha-1 of organic compost from the poultry litter. The doses of biochar did not influence the content of mineralized carbon; this behavior was not verified with the use of this compost, whose highest content corresponded to 85.69 mg kg-1, applying 20 t ha-1.(AU)

A dinâmica dos resíduos orgânicos adicionados ao solo está intimamente relacionada à sua taxa de mineralização. Para isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a mineralização do carbono orgânico em amostras de solo incubadas com diferentes doses de biocarvão e de composto orgânico da cama de aviário. A mineralização de carbono foi avaliada experimentalmente medindo-se o C-CO2 liberado durante uma incubação de 200 g de solo misturado com doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1 de biocarvão e de composto orgânico, durante 61 dias. A atividade microbiana do solo e consequentemente a mineralização de carbono aumentaram com a aplicação das doses de biocarvão e de composto orgânico da cama de aviário. A maior mineralização de C-CO2 foi observada nos tratamentos que receberam composto orgânico. A mineralização do carbono foi um processo dividido em duas fases distintas, a primeira com mineralização intensa e meia-vida curta do carbono e a segunda com processo de mineralização lento, com tendência de redução e estabilização do fluxo de C-CO2. A mineralização de carbono obtida com os substratos avaliados no presente estudo mostrou que os materiais pirolisados (biocarvão) são bastante eficientes para sequestrar o carbono do solo e mitigar o efeito "estufa".(AU)

Organic carbon mineralization of the biochar and organic compost of poultry litter in an Argisol / Mineralização de carbono orgânico do biocarvão e do composto orgânico de cama de aviário em um Argissolo

The dynamics of the organic residues added to the soil are closely related to its mineralization rate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the organic carbon mineralization in soil samples incubated with different doses of biochar and organic compost from poultry litter. Carbon mineralization was evaluated experimentally by measuring the C-CO2 liberated by incubating 200 g of soil mixed with different doses 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha-¹ of both biochar and organic compost for 61 days. The soil microbial activity, and consequently the carbon mineralization, increased with the application of doses of biochar and organic compost from the poultry litter. The highest C-CO2 mineralization was observed in the treatments that received organic compost. The carbon mineralization process followed chemical kinetics with two simultaneous reactions. The greatest amount of released and accumulated C-CO2 was observed in the soil incubated with 15 and 20 t ha-¹ of organic compost from the poultry litter. The doses of biochar did not influence the content of mineralized carbon; this behavior was not verified with the use of this compost, whose highest content corresponded to 85.69 mg kg-¹, applying 20 t ha-¹.(AU)

A dinâmica dos resíduos orgânicos adicionados ao solo está intimamente relacionada à sua taxa de mineralização. Para isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a mineralização do carbono orgânico em amostras de solo incubadas com diferentes doses de biocarvão e de composto orgânico da cama de aviário. A mineralização de carbono foi avaliada experimentalmente medindo-se o C-CO2 liberado durante uma incubação de 200 g de solo misturado com doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-¹ de biocarvão e de composto orgânico, durante 61 dias. A atividade microbiana do solo e consequentemente a mineralização de carbono aumentaram com a aplicação das doses de biocarvão e de composto orgânico da cama de aviário. A maior mineralização de C-CO2 foi observada nos tratamentos que receberam composto orgânico. A mineralização do carbono foi um processo dividido em duas fases distintas, a primeira com mineralização intensa e meia-vida curta do carbono e a segunda com processo de mineralização lento, com tendência de redução e estabilização do fluxo de C-CO2. A mineralização de carbono obtida com os substratos avaliados no presente estudo mostrou que os materiais pirolisados (biocarvão) são bastante eficientes para sequestrar o carbono do solo e mitigar o efeito "estufa". (AU)

Organic carbon mineralization of the biochar and organic compost of poultry litter in an Argisol / Mineralização de carbono orgânico do biocarvão e do composto orgânico de cama de aviário em um Argissolo

The dynamics of the organic residues added to the soil are closely related to its mineralization rate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the organic carbon mineralization in soil samples incubated with different doses of biochar and organic compost from poultry litter. Carbon mineralization was evaluated experimentally by measuring the C-CO2 liberated by incubating 200 g of soil mixed with different doses 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha-¹ of both biochar and organic compost for 61 days. The soil microbial activity, and consequently the carbon mineralization, increased with the application of doses of biochar and organic compost from the poultry litter. The highest C-CO2 mineralization was observed in the treatments that received organic compost. The carbon mineralization process followed chemical kinetics with two simultaneous reactions. The greatest amount of released and accumulated C-CO2 was observed in the soil incubated with 15 and 20 t ha-¹ of organic compost from the poultry litter. The doses of biochar did not influence the content of mineralized carbon; this behavior was not verified with the use of this compost, whose highest content corresponded to 85.69 mg kg-¹, applying 20 t ha-¹.

A dinâmica dos resíduos orgânicos adicionados ao solo está intimamente relacionada à sua taxa de mineralização. Para isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a mineralização do carbono orgânico em amostras de solo incubadas com diferentes doses de biocarvão e de composto orgânico da cama de aviário. A mineralização de carbono foi avaliada experimentalmente medindo-se o C-CO2 liberado durante uma incubação de 200 g de solo misturado com doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-¹ de biocarvão e de composto orgânico, durante 61 dias. A atividade microbiana do solo e consequentemente a mineralização de carbono aumentaram com a aplicação das doses de biocarvão e de composto orgânico da cama de aviário. A maior mineralização de C-CO2 foi observada nos tratamentos que receberam composto orgânico. A mineralização do carbono foi um processo dividido em duas fases distintas, a primeira com mineralização intensa e meia-vida curta do carbono e a segunda com processo de mineralização lento, com tendência de redução e estabilização do fluxo de C-CO2. A mineralização de carbono obtida com os substratos avaliados no presente estudo mostrou que os materiais pirolisados (biocarvão) são bastante eficientes para sequestrar o carbono do solo e mitigar o efeito "estufa".

Chemical characteristics of the compost of waste from the production and slaughter of small ruminants / Características químicas na compostagem de resíduos da criação e abate de pequenos ruminantes

The aim of this study was to assess the chemical characteristics of a continuous aerobic composting process with passive aeration of feed material from the production and slaughter of small ruminants at different moisture levels. The composting process was performed in a brick barn with solid residues (manure and carcass parts) from the slaughter of goats and sheep along with chopped dry elephant grass and tree trimmings. The treatments employed three moisture contents (30, 50, and 70% water) and four sample collections at timed intervals (0, 30, 60, and 120 days), with three repetitions. The variables evaluated were the chemical attributes of the generated compost. The compositing process increased the concentrations of the elements Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn and reduced the pH, lignin, and lignin/nitrogen ratio. The levels of N, P, and B increased up to 111, 61, and 94 days, respectively, whereas no change in the K content occurred. At the end of the process at 120 days, the contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and electrical conductivity were increased by 33.7, 6.3, 17.5, 16.3, 666, 22, 31.3, 49.7, 30.4, 29.4 and 16.1%, respectively. The pH and lignin values decreased by 8.4 and 27.2%, respectively.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características químicas de um processo contínuo de compostagem aeróbia com aeração passiva com material de alimentação proveniente da produção e abate de pequenos ruminantes, realizado com diferentes níveis de umidade. O processo de compostagem foi realizado em celas de tijolos, com resíduos sólidos (esterco e partes de carcaça) do abate de cabras e ovelhas, juntamente com capim-elefante seco picado e aparas de árvores. Os tratamentos empregaram três teores de umidade nas pilhas (30, 50 e 70%) e intervalos de tempo (0, 30, 60 e 120 dias) de avaliação do material compostado, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram os atributos químicos do composto gerado. O processo de compostagem aumentou as concentrações dos elementos Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn e reduziu o pH, o teor de lignina e a razão lignina/nitrogênio. O N, P e B apresentaram maior teor com 111, 61 e 94 dias, respectivamente. O K não teve sua concentração alterada. O teor de água de 70% produziu os maiores teores de N e menor razão lignina/N. Ao final do processo de compostagem, em 120 dias, houve aumento dos teores de N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e condutividade elétrica em 33,7; 6,3; 17,5; 16,3; 666; 22; 31,3; 49,7; 30,4: 29,4 e 16,1%, respectivamente. E houve decréscimo nos valores de pH e lignina em 8,4 e 27,2%, respectivamente.(AU)

Chemical characteristics of the compost of waste from the production and slaughter of small ruminants

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the chemical characteristics of a continuous aerobic composting process with passive aeration of feed material from the production and slaughter of small ruminants at different moisture levels. The composting process was performed in a brick barn with solid residues (manure and carcass parts) from the slaughter of goats and sheep along with chopped dry elephant grass and tree trimmings. The treatments employed three moisture contents (30, 50, and 70% water) and four sample collections at timed intervals (0, 30, 60, and 120 days), with three repetitions. The variables evaluated were the chemical attributes of the generated compost. The compositing process increased the concentrations of the elements Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn and reduced the pH, lignin, and lignin/nitrogen ratio. The levels of N, P, and B increased up to 111, 61, and 94 days, respectively, whereas no change in the K content occurred. At the end of the process at 120 days, the contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and electrical conductivity were increased by 33.7, 6.3, 17.5, 16.3, 666, 22, 31.3, 49.7, 30.4, 29.4 and 16.1%, respectively. The pH and lignin values decreased by 8.4 and 27.2%, respectively.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características químicas de um processo contínuo de compostagem aeróbia com aeração passiva com material de alimentação proveniente da produção e abate de pequenos ruminantes, realizado com diferentes níveis de umidade. O processo de compostagem foi realizado em celas de tijolos, com resíduos sólidos (esterco e partes de carcaça) do abate de cabras e ovelhas, juntamente com capim-elefante seco picado e aparas de árvores. Os tratamentos empregaram três teores de umidade nas pilhas (30, 50 e 70%) e intervalos de tempo (0, 30, 60 e 120 dias) de avaliação do material compostado, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram os atributos químicos do composto gerado. O processo de compostagem aumentou as concentrações dos elementos Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn e reduziu o pH, o teor de lignina e a razão lignina/nitrogênio. O N, P e B apresentaram maior teor com 111, 61 e 94 dias, respectivamente. O K não teve sua concentração alterada. O teor de água de 70% produziu os maiores teores de N e menor razão lignina/N. Ao final do processo de compostagem, em 120 dias, houve aumento dos teores de N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e condutividade elétrica em 33,7; 6,3; 17,5; 16,3; 666; 22; 31,3; 49,7; 30,4: 29,4 e 16,1%, respectivamente. E houve decréscimo nos valores de pH e lignina em 8,4 e 27,2%, respectivamente.

Comparison between cattle manure, organic compost, and vermicompost in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings / Comparação entre esterco bovino, composto orgânico e vermicomposto na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis

Composting and vermicomposting before addition to the soil is a viable alternative to the disposal of cattle manure. However, this residue has been used in the untreated form for seedling production. This study evaluated the use of cattle manure in natura, and the organic composted or vermicomposted variants of cattle manure on substrates used in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. The treatments consisted of substrates formulated by mixing the organic fertilizers with washed sand in 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 (v/v) percentages, compared to a commercial substrate. The E. urograndis seedlings were grown in tubes in a greenhouse and evaluated after 120 days for shoot and root dry weights, plant height, stem diameter, shoot/root ratio, and Dickson quality index. The substrate formulated from a mixture of 80% (v/v) of cattle manure in natura and washed sand allows for better development in Eucalyptus seedlings. Substrate containing 100% bovine manure vermicompost or organic compost produced seedlings with lower quality than in natura bovine manure but superior to the commercial substrate. Due to the health risks associated with use of untreated bovine manure, organic compost and vermicompost are good alternatives for the production of E. urograndis seedlings.(AU)

Uma alternativa para destinar corretamente o esterco bovino é realizar a compostagem e/ou vermicompostagem e depois adicioná-lo ao solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, este resíduo tem sido utilizado na produção de mudas sem tratamento. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de esterco bovino in natura, de composto orgânico e de vermicomposto, produzidos a partir do esterco bovino, em substratos para a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis. Os tratamentos constituíram-se dos substratos formulados pela mistura dos fertilizantes orgânicos com areia lavada nas porcentagens de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 (v/v), em comparação com um substrato comercial (SC). As mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis foram cultivadas em tubetes, em casa de vegetação, e avaliadas aos 120 dias quanto a massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, relação parte aérea/raiz e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O substrato formulado pela mistura de 80% (v/v) de esterco bovino in natura com areia lavada proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de eucalipto. O substrato contendo 100% de vermicomposto de esterco bovino ou composto orgânico produziu mudas com qualidade inferior ao esterco bovino in natura, mas superior ao substrato comercial. Devido aos riscos à saúde associados ao uso de esterco bovino não tratado, o composto orgânico e o vermicomposto são boas alternativas para a produção de mudas de E. urograndis.(AU)

Comparison between cattle manure, organic compost, and vermicompost in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings / Comparação entre esterco bovino, composto orgânico e vermicomposto na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis

Composting and vermicomposting before addition to the soil is a viable alternative to the disposal of cattle manure. However, this residue has been used in the untreated form for seedling production. This study evaluated the use of cattle manure in natura, and the organic composted or vermicomposted variants of cattle manure on substrates used in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. The treatments consisted of substrates formulated by mixing the organic fertilizers with washed sand in 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 (v/v) percentages, compared to a commercial substrate. The E. urograndis seedlings were grown in tubes in a greenhouse and evaluated after 120 days for shoot and root dry weights, plant height, stem diameter, shoot/root ratio, and Dickson quality index. The substrate formulated from a mixture of 80% (v/v) of cattle manure in natura and washed sand allows for better development in Eucalyptus seedlings. Substrate containing 100% bovine manure vermicompost or organic compost produced seedlings with lower quality than in natura bovine manure but superior to the commercial substrate. Due to the health risks associated with use of untreated bovine manure, organic compost and vermicompost are good alternatives for the production of E. urograndis seedlings.

Uma alternativa para destinar corretamente o esterco bovino é realizar a compostagem e/ou vermicompostagem e depois adicioná-lo ao solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, este resíduo tem sido utilizado na produção de mudas sem tratamento. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de esterco bovino in natura, de composto orgânico e de vermicomposto, produzidos a partir do esterco bovino, em substratos para a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis. Os tratamentos constituíram-se dos substratos formulados pela mistura dos fertilizantes orgânicos com areia lavada nas porcentagens de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 (v/v), em comparação com um substrato comercial (SC). As mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis foram cultivadas em tubetes, em casa de vegetação, e avaliadas aos 120 dias quanto a massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, relação parte aérea/raiz e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O substrato formulado pela mistura de 80% (v/v) de esterco bovino in natura com areia lavada proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de eucalipto. O substrato contendo 100% de vermicomposto de esterco bovino ou composto orgânico produziu mudas com qualidade inferior ao esterco bovino in natura, mas superior ao substrato comercial. Devido aos riscos à saúde associados ao uso de esterco bovino não tratado, o composto orgânico e o vermicomposto são boas alternativas para a produção de mudas de E. urograndis.

Diazotrophic bacteria and substrates in the growth and nitrogen accumulation of sugarcane seedlings

Little is known about the interaction between the inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria, the variety, and the substrate used in inoculated sugarcane seedling production. Bearing this in mind, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diazotrophic bacteria inoculation, four sugarcane varieties and four different substrates on the growth and nitrogen accumulation of sugarcane seedlings. Parameters related to sprouting, height, and root growth, as well as nitrogen accumulation, were evaluated. The results indicate that inoculating sugarcane seedlings belonging to the following varieties: RB867515, RB92579, RB966928 and RB975932 with bacteria may increase sprouting speed index, height, root length, fresh and dry matter weight, as well as nitrogen accumulation, which has resulted in a more uniform stem diameter. However, the responses to inoculation differ from variety to variety and are also dependent on the substrate used with better results observed in the commercial substrate and the substrate mixtures containing a higher proportion of organic compost. Understanding the interaction between the variety and the substrate with the bacterial inoculation is essential to the success of the production of inoculated sugarcane seedlings.

Diazotrophic bacteria and substrates in the growth and nitrogen accumulation of sugarcane seedlings

Little is known about the interaction between the inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria, the variety, and the substrate used in inoculated sugarcane seedling production. Bearing this in mind, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diazotrophic bacteria inoculation, four sugarcane varieties and four different substrates on the growth and nitrogen accumulation of sugarcane seedlings. Parameters related to sprouting, height, and root growth, as well as nitrogen accumulation, were evaluated. The results indicate that inoculating sugarcane seedlings belonging to the following varieties: RB867515, RB92579, RB966928 and RB975932 with bacteria may increase sprouting speed index, height, root length, fresh and dry matter weight, as well as nitrogen accumulation, which has resulted in a more uniform stem diameter. However, the responses to inoculation differ from variety to variety and are also dependent on the substrate used with better results observed in the commercial substrate and the substrate mixtures containing a higher proportion of organic compost. Understanding the interaction between the variety and the substrate with the bacterial inoculation is essential to the success of the production of inoculated sugarcane seedlings.(AU)

Morphogenetic, structural and production traits of marandu grass under nitrogen rates in Neo soil / [Características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas do capim-marandu sob doses de nitrogênio em Neossolo]

Most sandy soils have low natural fertility and low levels of organic matter, making nitrogen (N) fertilization essential. Thus, five doses of N were applied (0, 75, 125, 175 and 225mg dm-³) in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the morphogenetic, structural and production characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in a Quartzarenic neosoil. The doses of N did not affect the height of the canopy. The leaf elongation rate, final leaf length and number of live leaves increased linearly at the doses of N. Leaf appearance rate, stem elongation rate, leaf lifespan, phyllochron, leaf senescence rate and tiller density showed a quadratic response to the rates There was also an effect of N rates in herbage mass, leaf mass, stem mass, which increased linearly. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu cultivated in Quartzarenic neosoil requires higher doses of N, 175 and 225mg dm-³. Under these conditions, increases in its morphogenetic, structural and productive characteristics are observed. These findings may not be repeated in the most fertile soils with the greatest capacity to supply N.(AU)

A maioria dos solos arenosos tem baixa fertilidade natural e baixos teores de matéria orgânica, tornando a adubação com nitrogênio (N) essencial. Assim, foram aplicadas cinco doses de N (0, 75, 125, 175 e 225mg dm-³) em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, para se avaliarem os efeitos da adubação com nitrogênio nas características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, em um Neossolo Quartzarênico. As doses de N não afetaram a altura do dossel. A taxa de alongamento foliar, o comprimento final da folha e o número de folhas vivas aumentaram linearmente em função das doses de N. A taxa de aparecimento de folhas, a taxa de alongamento do caule, o tempo de vida da folha, o filocrono, a taxa de senescência foliar e a densidade de perfilhos apresentaram resposta quadrática às doses de N. A massa da forragem, a massa foliar e a massa do caule aumentaram linearmente. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu cultivada em Neossolo Quartzarênico requer maiores doses de N, 175 e 225mg dm-³. Nessas condições, são observados aumentos em suas características morfogenéticas, estruturais e produtivas. Esses achados podem não se repetir nos solos mais férteis e com maior capacidade de suprir N.(AU)