Determination of the Relationship of Serum Amino Acid Profile with Sex and Body Weight in Healthy Geese by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The aim of this study is to determine the serum amino acid profile using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS / MS) in healthy male and female geese of the same age that were raised in similar care and feeding conditions. The animal material of the study consisted of a total of 41 geese, 18 male, and 23 female of the same age (9 months). After a 12h fasting period of the geese, blood samples were taken from V. subcutanaeulnaris into tubes without anticoagulant. After separating the serums, the samples were preserved at -20 O C degrees until Methylglutaryl (Met-Glu), Valine (Val), Leucyl-Isoleucine (Leu-Ile), Methionine (Met), Phenylalanine (Phe), Argininosuccinate (ASA), Tyrosine (Tyr), Aspartic acid (Asp), Alanine (Ala), Arginine (Arg), Citrulline (Cit), Glycine (Gly), Ornithine (Orn), Glutamic acid (Glu) were analyzed. The Val, Asp, Arg, Cit, Gly, and Orn levels of male geese were higher compared to female geese in the research (p<0.05). It was determined that Asp, Arg, Cit, and Gly levels increased as the body weights of the geese increased (p<0.05). It was also determined that the effect of Gender x Body Weight interaction on Val, Cit, and Orn levels was significant (p<0.05). As a result; it has been concluded that the serum amino acid profile of healthy geese can vary according to gender and live weight, and more studies are needed to elucidate the reasons for these changes.(AU)

Annexin A1 peptide Ac2-26 mitigates ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome rats and partly depended on the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway

Purpose: Although mechanical ventilation is an essential support for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ventilation also leads to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). This study aimed to estimate the effect and mechanism of Annexin A1 peptide (Ac2-26) on VILI in ARDS rats. Methods: Thirty-two rats were randomized into the sham (S), mechanical ventilation (V), mechanical ventilation/Ac2-26 (VA), and mechanical ventilation/Ac2-26/L-NIO (VAL) groups. The S group only received anesthesia, and the other three groups received endotoxin and then ventilation for 4 h. Rats in the V, VA and VAL groups received saline, Ac2-26, and A c2-26/N5-(1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine (L-NIO), respectively. Results: All indexes deteriorated in the V, VA and VAL groups compared with the S group. Compared with V group, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio was increased, but the wet-to-dry weight ratio and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were decreased in the VA group. The inflammatory cells and proinflammatory factors were reduced by Ac2-26. The oxidative stress response, lung injury and apoptosis were also decreased by Ac2-26 compared to V group. All improvements of Ac2-26 were partly reversed by L-NIO. Conclusions: Ac2-26 mitigates VILI in ARDS rats and partly depended on the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway.

A L-arginina na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos: perspectivas para o futuro / L-arginine in the in vitro production of bovine embryos: perspectives for the future

A L-arginina (L-arg) é o principal precursor da síntese do NO, contudo, é precursora também da síntese de creatina, agmatina, ureia, síntese proteica, L-ornitina, poliaminas, L-prolina e L-glutamato. Nesta breve revisão, vamos falar de alguns resultados que estão sendo obtidos sobre o papel da L-arg na capacitação de espermatozoides bovinos e seu impacto na produção in vitro de embriões. Estudos in vitro mostraram que a adição de L-arg ao meio de capacitação espermática está associada a um aumento na produção de NO, que se correlaciona com aumento da motilidade e vigor, integridade da membrana plasmática e acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial, capacitação espermática, peroxidação lipídica, bem como com a produção de blastocistos. Além disso, a adição da L-arg ao meio de capacitação in vitro, altera o perfil de proteínas importantes ligadas ao processo de capacitação, fertilização e desenvolvimento embrionário inicial. Estes efeitos da L-arg são GMPc dependentes e independentes. Na maturação in vitro, entretanto, embora já tenham sido encontrados bons resultados com o uso do L-arg, mais estudos são necessários para determinar a concentração ideal a ser adicionada ao meio de maturação in vitro e seu impacto na produção de blastocistos. Visto que a pré-capacitação de espermatozoides induzida pela heparina em presença de L-arg foi o método mais eficiente na produção in vitro de embriões, sugerimos sua utilização. Mais pesquisas sobre o metabolismo da L-arg no espermatozoide e CCOs de bovinos durante eventos ligados à fertilização são necessários para se identificar novas vias que atuem nestas etapas in vitro visando o aumento da percentagem e qualidade de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro.

L-arginine (L-arg) is the main source of NO synthesis; however, it is also a precursor of the synthesis of creatine, agmatine, urea, protein synthesis, L-ornithine, polyamines, L-proline, and Lglutamate. In this brief review, we will discuss some results obtained previously about the role of L-arg in the capacitation of bovine sperm and its impact on in vitro embryo production. In vitro studies have shown that the addition of L-arg to the sperm capacitation medium is associated with an increase in NO production, which in controlled levels is related to an increased motility and vigor, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, sperm capacitation, peroxidation lipids, as well as with the blastocyst production. Furthermore, the addition of L-arg to the in vitro capacitation medium alters the profile of important proteins linked to the capacitation process, fertilization, and early embryonic development. These effects of L-arg are cGMP dependent and independent. In in vitro maturation, however, although good results have already been found with the use of L-arg, further studies are needed to determine the ideal concentration to be added to the in vitro maturation medium and its impact on the production of blastocysts. Since heparin-induced pre-capacitation of spermatozoa in the presence of L-arg was the most efficient method for in vitro embryo production, we suggest its use. More research on L-arg metabolism in bovine sperm and OCCs during events related to fertilization is needed to identify new pathways that act in these in vitro steps aiming to increase the percentage and quality of bovine embryos produced in vitro.

Intoxicação de um canino por ingestão de Cannabis sativa / Intoxication of a canine by ingestion of Cannabis sativa

A Cannabis sativa, popularmente conhecida como "maconha", é uma planta que possui elevada solubilidade, absorção, distribuição e metabolização no organismo. Seu principal componente químico é a substância psicoativa delta-9-tetrahidrocanabiol e possui receptores com ampla distribuição anatômica, principalmente no sistema nervoso central, periférico e células do sistema imunológico, influenciando na ação de diferentes neurotransmissores e respostas imunomoduladoras. Seus efeitos dependem da quantidade de substância ingerida e os sinais clínicos acometem principalmente os sistemas neurológico, gastrointestinal e cardiovascular. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um canino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de dois meses de idade, acompanhada em uma clínica veterinária de Fortaleza/CE. O animal apresentava histórico de ingestão de maconha e sinais clínicos como ataxia, hiperestesia e desorientação, sendo assim, foi realizado o diagnóstico presuntivo baseado na anamnese, no exame físico e no laboratorial. Foi adotado um tratamento sintomático à base de fluidoterapia, furosemida e aspartato de L-Ornitina. O animal ficou internado durante 24h, apresentou boa resposta ao tratamento sem complicações secundárias, com redução dos sinais clínicos, e após isso recebeu alta.

Cannabis sativa, popularly known as "marijuana", is a plant that has high solubility, absorption, distribution and metabolization in the body. Its main chemical component is the psychoactive substance delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol, which has receptors with wide anatomical distribution, mainly in the central, peripheral nervous system and cells of the immune system, influencing the action of different neurotransmitters and immunomodulatory responses. Its effects depend on the amount of substance ingested and the clinical signs mainly affect the neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. The objective of this work is to report the case of a canine, female, mixed breed, two months old, followed up at a veterinary clinic in Fortaleza / CE. The animal had a history of marijuana ingestion, and clinical signs such as ataxia, hyperesthesia and disorientation, thus making the presumptive diagnosis based on anamnesis, physical and laboratory examination. A symptomatic treatment based on fluid therapy, furosemide and L-Ornithine aspartate was adopted. The animal was hospitalized for 24 hours, presented a good response to treatment without secondary complications with reduced clinical signs, and after that he was discharged.

Screening of medium constituents for clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus

Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam compound with potent inhibitory activity against beta-lactamases. Studies have shown that certain amino acids play essential roles in CA biosynthesis. However, quantitative evaluations of the effects of these amino acids are still needed in order to improve CA production. Here, we report a study of the nutritional requirements of Streptomyces clavuligerus for CA production. Firstly, the influence of the primary nitrogen source and the salts composition was investigated. Subsequently, soybean protein isolate was supplemented with arginine (0.03.20 g L-1), threonine (0.01.44 g L-1), ornithine (0.04.08 g L-1), and glutamate (0.08.16 g L-1), according to a two-level central composite rotatable design. A medium containing ferrous sulfate yielded CA production of 437 mg L-1, while a formulation without this salt produced only 41 mg L-1 of CA. This substantial difference suggested that Fe2+ is important for CA biosynthesis. The experimental design showed that glutamate and ornithine negatively influenced CA production while arginine and threonine had no influence. The soybean protein isolate provided sufficient C5 precursor for CA biosynthesis, so that supplementation was unnecessary. Screening of medium components, together with experimental design tools, could be a valuable way of enhancing CA titers and reducing the process costs.(AU)

AÇÃO DO FENETIL ÉSTER DO ÁCIDO CAFEICO (CAPE) EM LEISHMANIA (LEISHMANIA) AMAZONENSIS

MESQUITA, A. Ação do fenetil éster do ácido cafeico (CAPE) em Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis. 2021, 80 p. Dissertação de mestrado. Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. As leishmanioses são doenças causadas por parasitas intracelulares do gênero Leishmania e seu processo infeccioso é potencializado na presença da enzima arginase e na ativação de macrófagos pelo sistema Th2. Atualmente, são registrados casos de resistência parasitária à terapêutica e ao óxido nítrico. O fenetil éster do ácido cafeico (CAPE) é um polifenol encontrado em plantas e na própolis e possui uma diversidade de efeitos biológicos. O objetivo desta dissertação foi verificar se o CAPE possui potencial para eliminar cepas de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. A enzima arginase recombinante de L. (L.) amazonensis foi utilizada como alvo terapêutico para correlacionar com a ação sobre promastigotas e amastigotas intracelulares. Macrófagos infectados com o parasito foram ativados com LPS + IFN associados ou não com o CAPE para avaliação do índice de infectividade. Também foi realizado um ensaio de reversão da ação do CAPE em macrófagos infectados tratados com o composto associado ou não com L- ornitina com o objetivo de verificar se a ação do composto era revertida após suplementação. Os resultados mostraram que o CAPE apresentou uma EC50 de 1,9 M com 95% CI de 1,4 2,6 M sob a enzima arginase do parasito, inibindo a enzima de forma não competitiva. O valor de IC50 nos promastigotas foi de 8,6 M com variação entre 7,2 M à 10,4 M (intervalo de confiança (CI) de 95%). A concentração que reduziu em 50% o índice de infectividade foi de 16,3 M com variação entre 9,0 M a 31,5 M (CI 95%). A suplementação com L ornitina não reverteu a ação do CAPE evidenciando que o polifenol, embora seja um potente inibidor da enzima arginase do parasito, o seu efeito leishmanicida ocorre por mecanismo desconhecido. Conclusão: o CAPE é um composto que possui ação contra L. (L.) amazonensis, mas não deve agir através da inibição da arginase. A ação leishmanicida do CAPE contra as duas formas do parasito pode servir de ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de um novo tratamento para a leishmaniose.

MESQUITA, A. Action of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis. 2021, 80 p. M.Sc. Dissertation Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. Leishmaniasis are diseases caused by intracellular parasites of the Leishmania genus and its infectious process is potentiated in the presence of the arginase enzyme and the activation of macrophages by the Th2 system. Currently, cases of parasitic resistance to therapy and nitric oxide are reported. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a polyphenol found in plants and propolis and has a variety of biological effects. The objective of this dissertation was to verify if CAPE has the potential to eliminate Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis strains. The recombinant arginase enzyme from L. (L.) amazonensis was used as a therapeutic target to correlate with the action on intracellular promastigotes and amastigotes. Macrophages infected with the parasite were activated with LPS + IFN associated or not with CAPE to assess the infectivity index. A reversion test of the action of CAPE in infected macrophages treated with the compound associated or not with L- ornithine was also carried out to verify if the action of the compound was reverted after supplementation. The results showed that CAPE had an EC50 of 1.9 M with a 95% CI of 1.4 2.6 M under the parasite arginase enzyme, inhibiting the enzyme in a non-competitive way. The IC50 value in promastigotes was 8.6 M, ranging from 7.2 M to 10.4 M (95% confidence interval (CI). The concentration that reduced the infectivity index by 50% was 16.3 M, ranging from 9.0 M to 31.5 M (95% CI). Supplementation with L-ornithine did not reverse the action of CAPE, showing that polyphenol, although it is a potent inhibitor of the parasite's arginase enzyme, its leishmanicidal effect occurs through an unknown mechanism. Conclusion: CAPE is a compound that has an action against L. (L.) amazonensis, but should not act through arginase inhibition. CAPE's leishmanicidal action against both forms of the parasite may serve as a starting point for the development of a new treatment for leishmaniasis.

Quinolone resistance and ornithine decarboxylation activity in lactose-negative Escherichia coli

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are widely used to treat uropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Bacterial resistance to these antimicrobials primarily involves mutations in gyrA and parC genes. To date, no studies have examined the potential relationship between biochemical characteristics and quinolone resistance in uropathogenic E. coli strains. The present work analyzed the quinolone sensitivity and biochemical activities of fifty-eight lactose-negative uropathogenic E. coli strains. A high percentage of the isolates (48.3%) was found to be resistant to at least one of the tested quinolones, and DNA sequencing revealed quinolone resistant determining region gyrA and parC mutations in the multi-resistant isolates. Statistical analyses suggested that the lack of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity is correlated with quinolone resistance. Despite the low number of isolates examined, this is the first study correlating these characteristics in lactose-negative E. coli isolates.(AU)

Effect of dietary arginine supplementation after hatching on the intestinal morphometry and integrity of chicks housed under health challenge conditions

Background: Arginine (Arg) is an essential amino acids for birds, especially in the starter phase. The degradation of Argproduces ornithine, a precursor of polyamines that are considered nutritionally important local factors for growth and thedevelopment of small intestinal of the newly hatched chick. The first week is a critical time intestine development andthe aggression to the mucosa may compromise the final productive result. This study aimed to evaluate the productiveperformance, intestinal morphometry and integrity of broilers housed under health challenge conditions and supplementedwith L-Arginine in the pre-starter diet.Materials, Methods & Results: Three-hundred-twenty male Cobb chicks were randomly assigned according to a completelyrandomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications of 16 birds each. Treatments consisted of: A: control (basal diet);B: diet with 1% L-Arginine; C: health challenge (reused poultry manure litter) + basal diet; D: health challenge (reusedpoultry manure litter) + diet with 1% L-Arginine. The reused poultry manure litter was obtained from a commercial poultryfarm with birds in the final growth phase and without any previous treatment. In order to achieve the supplemented dietsit was added 1% Arg replacing the inert. At the ages of seven days, all the birds and the feed remains were weighed inorder to determine body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The small intestine of twenty birds per treatment was weighed and measured; samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for injury assessment scores, formorphometric study and counting of goblet cells in segments of the duodenum...(AU)

UREA SUPPLEMENTATION IN RUMEN AND POST-RUMEN FOR CATTLE FED A LOWQUALITY TROPICAL FORAGE

P>0.10) o consumo de forragem e a digestão da fibra. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal (NAR) foi maior (P<0.10) quando a ureia foi totalmente ou parcialmente fornecida no rúmen. O controle exibiu as menores (P<0.10) perdas de N fecal e urinária, que foram, em geral, aumentadas pela suplementação. As maiores perdas urinárias de N (P<0.10) foram observadas quando a ureia era total ou parcialmente fornecida como dose pulso no rúmen. O balanço de N no rúmen foi negativo para o controle e quando a ureia foi totalmente fornecida no abomaso. As maiores produções microbianas de N (P<0.10) foram obtidas quando a ureia foi parcial ou totalmente fornecida no abomaso. A maior eficiência de produção microbiana (EFM) foi observado (P<0.10) quando a ureia foi parcial ou totalmente fornecida no abomaso, e a menor EFM (P<0.10) ocorreu para o controle. A quantidade de ureia reciclada para o TGI (taxa de entrada no TGI, GER) aumentou (P<0.10) ao fornecer a ureia. A quantidade de N-ureia retornada ao ciclo da ornitina (ROC) foi aumentada (P<0.10) pela suplementação de ureia e não diferiu entre as formas de suplementação. As maiores (P<0.10) quantidades de N-ureia usadas para anabolismo (UUA) foram observadas quando a ureia era total e continuamente infundida no abomaso. A infusão abomasal contínua de ureia causou a maior assimilação (P<0.10) de N microbiano da reciclagem (g/d), enquanto os demais tratamentos não diferiram (P>0.10). O N-ureia sérico (SUN) foi maior (P<0.10) e a 3-metil histidina foi menor (P<0.10) quando a ureia suplementar foi fornecida em comparação ao controle. A atividade sanguínea da aspartato transaminase e alanina transaminase foi maior (P<0.10) quando a ureia foi totalmente fornecida como dose pulso no rúmen. Os genes associados a aquaporinas 3 (AQP3) e a proteína transportadora de ureia UT-B (SLC14A1) foram mais expressos (P<0.10) no tratamento controle. A liberação contínua de ureia ao longo do dia, no rúmen ou abomaso, é capaz de melhorar o acréscimo de N corporal, apesar de o mecanismo responsável ser diferente. O suprimento de ureia como dose pulso no rúmen não e capaz de conferir os mesmo benefícios, provavelmente porque uma quantidade maior de N é perdida na urina. As tecnologias atuais para retardar a liberação de ureia no rúmen não são totalmente eficazes em termos de alcançar uma condição de liberação lenta. Portanto, a proteção de ureia visando sua liberação em um compartimento pós-ruminal parece uma tecnologia promissora que pode melhorar a utilização de N a partir de uma fonte de N não comestível.

The aim of this study was to evaluated differences between the supplementation or infusion of urea in rumen and/or abomasum on forage digestion, nitrogen (N) metabolism, urea kinetics and urea transporters in heifers fed a low-quality tropical forage. Five heifers (283±23 kg, Body Weight, BW) were fitted with rumen and abomasum fistulas and assigned to a 5 ×5 Latin square design. The treatments were: control (only forage), continuous infusion of urea in the abomasum (AC), continuous infusion of urea in the rumen (RC), a pulse dose of urea in the rumen every 12 hours (PR), and a combination of PR and AC, with half of the urea dose delivery in each supplementation site (PRAC). General, treatments did not influence (P>0.10) forage intake and fiber digestion. The ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen concentration was higher (P<0.10) when urea was totally or partially supplied in the rumen. The control exhibited the lowest (P<0.10) fecal and urinary N losses, which were, overall, increased by supplementation. The highest urinary N losses (P<0.10) was observed when urea was either totally or partially supplied as a ruminal pulse dose. The rumen N balance was negative for the control and when urea was totally supplied in the abomasum. The greatest microbial N production (P<0.10) was obtained when urea was partially or totally supplied in the abomasum. The highest efficiency of microbial production (EFM) was observed (P<0.10) when urea was partially or totally supplied in the abomasum, and the lowest EFM (P<0.10) occurred for the control. The amount of urea recycled to the gastrointestinal tract was increased (P<0.10) by providing urea. The amount of N-urea returned to the ornithine cycle was increased (P<0.10) by supplemental urea and did not differ (P>0.10) amongst supplementation forms. The greatest (P<0.10) amounts of N-urea used for anabolism was observed when urea was totally and continuously infused in the abomasum. The continuous abomasal infusion of urea caused the highest (P<0.10) assimilation of microbial N from recycling, whereas the remaining treatments did not differ (P>0.10) to each other. The serum urea N (SUN) was higher (P<0.10) and the blood 3-methyl histidine was lower (P<0.10) when supplemental urea was provided compared to the control. The blood activity of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase was higher (P<0.10) when urea was totally supplied as a ruminal pulse dose. The genes associated with aquaporin 3 and urea transport protein UT-B were more expressed (P<0.10) in the control compared to the supplemented treatments. The continuous releasing of urea along the day either in the rumen or abomasum, is able to improved N accretion in the animal body, despite of mechanism responsible for that be different. The supply of urea as a pulse dose in the rumen is not able to confer the same benefits, probably because a greater amount of N is lost in the urine. Current technologies for delaying urea releasing in the rumen are not totally effective in terms of achieving a steady state condition. Therefore, the protection of urea aiming to its releasing into a post-rumen compartment seems a promising technology that may improve the N utilization from a non-edible N source.

Effect of dietary arginine supplementation after hatching on the intestinal morphometry and integrity of chicks housed under health challenge conditions

Background: Arginine (Arg) is an essential amino acids for birds, especially in the starter phase. The degradation of Argproduces ornithine, a precursor of polyamines that are considered nutritionally important local factors for growth and thedevelopment of small intestinal of the newly hatched chick. The first week is a critical time intestine development andthe aggression to the mucosa may compromise the final productive result. This study aimed to evaluate the productiveperformance, intestinal morphometry and integrity of broilers housed under health challenge conditions and supplementedwith L-Arginine in the pre-starter diet.Materials, Methods & Results: Three-hundred-twenty male Cobb chicks were randomly assigned according to a completelyrandomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications of 16 birds each. Treatments consisted of: A: control (basal diet);B: diet with 1% L-Arginine; C: health challenge (reused poultry manure litter) + basal diet; D: health challenge (reusedpoultry manure litter) + diet with 1% L-Arginine. The reused poultry manure litter was obtained from a commercial poultryfarm with birds in the final growth phase and without any previous treatment. In order to achieve the supplemented dietsit was added 1% Arg replacing the inert. At the ages of seven days, all the birds and the feed remains were weighed inorder to determine body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The small intestine of twenty birds per treatment was weighed and measured; samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for injury assessment scores, formorphometric study and counting of goblet cells in segments of the duodenum...

PROTEIN METABOLISM AND UREA KINETIC IN FEEDLOT NELLORE STEERS FED WITH DIFFERENT PROTEIN SOURCES AND INCLUSION LEVELS

O uso de fontes de proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR) em dietas de alta energia pode ser uma alternativa para aumentar a eficiência do uso de nitrogênio (ENU) em ruminantes. Neste estudo, tivemos dois objetivos principais: 1) compreender como o teor de proteína da dieta e a ingestão de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) podem afetar a reciclagem de uréia e sua utilização. 2) como o teor de proteína da dieta e o perfil de aminoácidos da proteína metabolizável (MP) podem afetar a eficiência do uso de aminoácidos (AA) em bovinos Nelore em confinamento recebendo dietas de alta densidade energética. Assim, avaliamos os efeitos de diferentes fontes e níveis proteína na dieta de bovinos Nelore confinados que recebendo dietas de alto concentrado. Tivemos duas hipóteses principais: 1) reduzir o teor de N na dieta associado às fontes de PNDR pode aumentar a ENU por uma redução na concentração de NH3 ruminal, produção de uréia no fígado e excreção urinária de N, enquanto mantém o N disponível para a síntese de proteína microbiana (MICP) através da reciclagem de ureia. 2) existem diferenças na eficiência do uso de AA e a eficiência bruta de uso de AA é afetada por fatores dietéticos, como fontes e níveis de N. Essas hipóteses foram testadas utilizando seis novilhos Nelore, canulados no rúmen, duodeno e íleo com peso corporal inicial (PC) de 354 ± 11,8 kg e 18 meses de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber cada dieta por uma vez ao longo dos 6 períodos, em um quadrado latino 6 × 6. As dietas experimentais consistiram em 80% de concentrado e 20% de volumoso (base de MS), onde a cana-de-açúcar fresca foi usada como fonte de volumoso e os concentrados diferenciados em sua fonte de proteína. O farelo de glúten de milho (CGM) e os grãos secos de destilaria (DDG) foram utilizados como fonte de PNDR, com baixa e intermediária degradabilidade ruminal, respectivamente, e farelo de soja e ureia (SU) foram utilizados como fonte de PDR. Os tratamentos foram organizados em um fatorial A × B, onde o fator A consistiu em 3 fontes de proteína (FP; farelo de soja mais uréia, CGM e DDG) e o fator B consistiu em 2 níveis de proteína bruta (PB) na dieta (NP; 11 e 14% ). Não houve interação entre FP e NP sobre o consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes (P > 0,05). Os animais alimentados com dietas com nível de inclusão de 11% de PB tiveram maior (P < 0,05) ingestão de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e tenderam (P < 0,10) a ter maior ingestão de MS (% do PC e kg / dia), matéria orgânica (MO) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). A ingestão de PDR foi maior (P < 0,05) e a PNDR menor (P < 0,05) quando os animais foram alimentados com as dietas SU. Os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo DDG tiveram maior (P < 0,05) consumo de FDN comparado às dietas SU ou CGM. Os animais alimentados com DDG tenderam (P = 0,10) a apresentar maior digestibilidade aparente do trato total da FDN comparado aos alimentados com as dietas SU. Os animais alimentados com as dietas SU tiveram maior (P < 0,05) concentração de amônia ruminal (NH3-N) do que aqueles alimentados com CGM ou DDG. O fluxo de N microbiano e a eficiência de síntese de N microbiano não foram afetados pelo NP e FP. Os animais alimentados com as dietas SU tiveram menor (P < 0,05) ENU e maior taxa de entrada de ureia N (TEU). Além disso, o aumento do NP de 11 para 14% de PB tendeu (P < 0,10) a aumentar a TEU. Os animais alimentados com dietas SU tenderam (P < 0,10) a apresentar maior taxa de entrada de ureia no gastrointestinal (TEG) do que aqueles alimentados com dietas CGM ou DDG. Os animais alimentados com as dietas SU tiveram maior (P < 0,05) quantidade de ureia N retornando ao ciclo da ornitina (RCO) em comparação com os animais alimentados com as dietas. contendo CGM ou DDG. A quantidade de ureia reciclada utilizada para funções anabólicas (UUA) foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com 11% de PB, em comparação com aqueles alimentados com 14% de PB, quando predita pela equação do modelo de exigências nutricionais de gado de corte (BCNRM). Além disso, a UUA predita foi maior (P < 0,05) que a UUA mensurada. A quantidade de RCO expressa como proporção de TEU foi maior à medida que o NP diminuiu (P < 0,05). A ureia N excretada nas fezes (UFE) em proporção de TEG tendeu (P < 0,10) a ser maior nos animais alimentados com a fonte SU. A proporção da síntese de MICP (% do total de N microbiano) a partir da reciclagem da ureia foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com CGM em comparação com aqueles alimentados com as dietas SU e também pela redução do NP de 14 para 11% de PB. Quando a proporção da síntese de MICP a partir da reciclagem de ureia foi expressa como uma proporção de TEU e TEG, os animais alimentados com DDG tiveram o resultado mais alto. Os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo 11% de PB tiveram maior síntese de MICP a partir da reciclagem de ureia quando expressos como uma proporção de TEU (P < 0,05). Não houve interações entre FP e NP para o fluxo de qualquer AA avaliado (P > 0,05). O fluxo duodenal de AA essencial (AAE) e não essencial (AANE) não foram afetados (P > 0,05) pelas FP e NP. A concentração de prolina foi aumentada nas dietas SU, reduzida nas dietas CGM e não foi afetada nas dietas DDG pelo aumento no NP. Dietas contendo DDG e 11% de PB tenderam a (P < 0,10) a ter maior concentração de arginina e histidina nas bactérias do rúmen em comparação com as dietas SU ou GGM com 11% de PB; no entanto, não houve diferença entre as FP no nível de 14% de PB. A concentração de lisina nas bactérias do rúmen tendeu (P < 0,10) a ser maior à medida que o NP aumentou nas dietas CGM. A concentração de tirosina nas bactérias do rúmen tendeu (P < 0,10) a ser maior nos animais alimentados com as dietas contendo CGM em comparação aos animais alimentados com as dietas DDG. Além disso, o aumento do NP das dietas de 11 para 14% de PB tendeu (P < 0,10) a aumentar a concentração de tirosina na proteína microbiana. Os animais alimentados com DDG tenderam (P < 0,10) a ter maior fluxo de arginina, lisina e leucina de origem microbiana do que aqueles alimentados com as dietas contendo SU ou CGM. Os animais alimentados com DDG tiveram maior (P < 0,05) suprimento de AANE de origem microbiana do que aqueles alimentados com as dietas contendo SU, mas não diferiram dos animais alimentados com as dietas CGM. O suprimento de histidina e glutamato de origem microbiana foi maior (P < 0,05) pela inclusão de CGM ou DDG nas dietas em comparação com a fonte SU. Os animais alimentados com CGM ou DDG tenderam (P < 0,10) a apresentar maior fluxo de prolina e serina de origem microbiana do que aqueles alimentados com as dietas SU. Os animais alimentados com CGM ou DDG tenderam (P < 0,10) a ter maior fluxo de AAE, arginina, isoleucina e valina da fração PNDR. O suprimento de leucina da fração PNDR foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com CGM ou DDG em comparação com aqueles alimentados com as dietas SU. A concentração de histidina no plasma tendeu (P < 0,10) a ser maior nos animais alimentados com as dietas DDG. A concentração plasmática de leucina foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com CGM ou DDG em comparação com aqueles alimentados com as dietas SU. Os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo 14% de PB tiveram maior (P < 0,05) concentração de leucina em comparação com as dietas contendo 11% de PB. A concentração plasmática de fenilalanina foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com as dietas contendo CGM ou DDG em comparação com aqueles alimentados com as dietas SU. A concentração de valina plasmática foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com as dietas com um nível de PB de 14% em comparação com aqueles alimentados com as dietas contendo 11% de PB. A concentração plasmática de glutamina foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com as dietas SU em comparação com aqueles alimentados. com CGM ou DDG. A concentração plasmática de glicina foi maior (P < 0,05) nos animais alimentados com as dietas SU em comparação com aqueles alimentados com as dietas contendo CGM ou DDG. Houve interações, ou tendências para interações, entre FP e NP sobre a utilização bruta de AA de todos os AA avaliados, exceto para metionina e cistina. A utilização de arginina e histidina foi maior nos animais alimentados com as dietas contendo 11% de PB com DDG e 14% de PB com CGM. Os animais alimentados com a dieta contendo 11% de PB e DDG tiveram maior eficiência de uso de isoleucina, lisina, fenilalanina, treonina valina, alanina, ácido aspártico, glutamato, prolina, serina e tirosina do que outras dietas, exceto a dieta de 14% de PB com CGM que não diferiu. A utilização de metionina e cistina não foi afetada por FP ou NP (P > 0,05). A eficiência de uso de AA é afetada pelos níveis e fontes de proteína na dieta. Nossos resultados sugerem que é possível aumentar a suprimento de AA essencial usando CGM ou DDG (fontes RUP) na dieta em comparação ao farelo de soja mais ureia, especialmente em situações em que seja possível aumentar o fluxo de proteína microbiana. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o nível de 11% de PB pode ser usada para bovinos Nelore em confinamento alimentados com dietas de alto concentrado, sem afetar negativamente a ingestão de nutrientes, a digestibilidade e a fermentação ruminal. Além disso, nas atuais condições experimentais, as fontes de PNDR testadas aumentaram acentuadamente a ENU, mantendo a síntese do MICP constante pelo estímulo do uso de uréia reciclada para o crescimento microbiano. Além disso, a eficiência bruta de uso dos AA é afetada pelos níveis e fontes de proteína na dieta.

The use of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources in high-energy diets may be an alternative to increase the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in ruminants. In this study we had two main objectives: 1) to understand how the protein content of the diet and the rumen degradable protein (RDP) intake can affect urea recycling and its utilization. 2) how the protein content of the diet and the amino acid profile of the metabolizable protein (MP) can affect the efficiency of the use of amino acids (AA) in feedlot Nellore cattle receiving high-energy density diets. Thus, we evaluated the effects of different sources and protein levels in the diet of feedlot Nellore cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. We had two major hypotheses: 1) reducing dietary N associated with RUP sources can increase NUE by reducing ruminal NH3 concentration, urea production in the liver and urinary N excretion, while maintaining N available for microbial protein (MICP) synthesis through urea N recycling. 2) differences in AA use efficiency exists and the gross AA use efficiency is affected by dietary factors such as N sources and levels. These hypotheses were tested using six Nellore steers, cannulated in the rumen, duodenum and ileum with initial body weight (BW) of 354 ± 11.8 kg and 18 months of age. The animals were randomly assigned to receive each diet once over the 6 periods in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Experimental diets consisted of 80% concentrate and 20% roughage (DM basis), where fresh chopped sugar cane was used as the roughage source and the concentrates differed in the protein source. Corn gluten meal (CGM) and dry distillers grains (DDG) were used as RUP sources, with low and intermediate ruminal degradability, respectively, and soybean meal and urea (SU) were used as RDP source. Treatments were arranged in a factorial A × B, where factor A consisted of 3 protein sources (PS; soybean meal plus urea, CGM and DDG) and factor B consisted of 2 dietary crude protein (CP) levels (PL; 11 and 14%). There was no interaction between PS and PL on nutrient intake and digestibility (P > 0.05). Animals fed diets with an inclusion level of 11% CP had greater (P < 0.05) non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) intake and tended (P < 0.10) to have greater intake of DM (% of BW and kg/day), organic matter (OM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Intake of RDP was greater (P < 0.05) and RUP intake was less (P < 0.05) when animals were fed SU diets. Animals fed DDG diets had greater (P < 0.05) NDF intake compared to SU or CGM diets. Animals fed DDG tended (P = 0.10) to have greater NDF apparent total-tract digestibility compared to those fed SU diets. Animals fed SU diets had a greater (P < 0.05) ruminal ammonia (NH3-N) concentration than those fed with CGM or DDG diets. Microbial N flow and efficiency was not affected (P > 0.05) by PL and PS. Animals fed SU diets had lower (P < 0.05) NUE and greater urea entry rate (UER). In addition, increasing PL from 11 to 14% CP tended (P < 0.10) to lead to greater UER production. Animals fed SU diets tended (P < 0.10) to have greater gastrointestinal entry rate (GER) than those fed CGM or DDG diets. Animals fed SU diets had greater (P < 0.05) urea N returned to ornithine cycle (ROC) compared to those fed CGM or DDG. When predicted by the equation developed by the Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (BCNRM) the amount of urea used for anabolism (UUA) was greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed 11% CP diets compared to those fed diets containing 14% CP. In addition, the predicted UUA was greater (P < 0.05) than the measured UUA. The ROC expressed as a proportion of UER was greater for diets with 11% CP than for those with 14% CP (P < 0.05). The urea N excreted in feces (UFE) as a proportion of GER tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for SU than for DDG and CGM. The proportion of MICP synthesis (% of total microbial N) from urea recycling was greater (P < 0.05) for animals fed CGM compared to those fed SU diets and also greater for diets with 11% CP than for those containing 14% CP. MICP synthesis from urea recycling expressed as a proportion of UER and GER, was greater for animals fed DDG. Animals fed diets containing 11% CP had higher MICP synthesis from urea recycling, when expressed as a proportion of UER, than did animals fed 14% CP diets (P < 0.05). There were no interactions between PS and PL for the flow of any AA evaluated (P > 0.05). The duodenal flow of essential (EAA) and non-essential AA (NEAA) was not affected (P > 0.05) by PS and PL. Proline concentration was increased in SU diets, reduced in CGM diets and not affected in DDG diets by the increase in PL. Diets containing DDG and 11% CP tended (P < 0.10) to have greater arginine and histidine concentration in rumen bacteria compared to SU and GGM diets with 11% CP; however, there was no difference between PS within the 14% CP level. Lysine concentration in rumen bacteria tended (P < 0.10) to be greater as the PL increased in the CGM diets. Tyrosine concentration in rumen bacteria tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in animals fed diets containing CGM compared to those fed DDG diets. Also, increasing PL in the diet from 11 to 14% CP tended (P < 0.10) to lead to higher concentrations of tyrosine in microbial protein. Animals fed DDG tended (P < 0.10) to have greater arginine, lysine and leucine supply from microbial protein than those fed diets containing SU or CGM. Animals fed DDG had greater (P < 0.05) NEAA supply from microbial protein flow than those fed diets containing SU, but they did not differ from animals fed CGM diets. Histidine and glutamate from microbial protein had a greater supply (P < 0.05) by the dietary inclusion of CGM or DDG compared to SU diets. Animals fed CGM or DDG tended (P < 0.10) to have greater proline and serine flow from microbial protein than those fed SU diets. Animals fed CGM or DDG tended (P < 0.10) to have greater EAA, arginine, isoleucine and valine supply from RUP fraction. The Leucine supply from RUP was greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed CGM or DDG compared to those fed SU diets. Plasma histidine concentration tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in animals fed DDG diets. Plasma leucine concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed CGM or DDG compared to those fed SU diets. Animals fed diets containing 14% CP had greater (P < 0.05) leucine concentration compared to the diets containing 11% CP. Plasma phenylalanine concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed diets containing CGM or DDG compared to those fed SU diets. Plasma valine concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed diets with a CP level of 14% compared to fed 11% CP diets. Plasma glutamine concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed SU diets compared to those fed CGM or DDG diets. Plasma glycine concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed SU diets compared to those fed CGM or DDG diets. There were interactions, or tendencies for interactions, between PS and PL for gross AA utilization of all AA evaluated, except methionine and cystine. Arginine and histidine utilization were greater in animals fed diets containing 11% CP with DDG and 14% CP with CGM. Animals fed the diet containing 11% CP and DDG showed greater isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, alanine, aspartic, glutamate, proline, serine, and tyrosine use efficiency than other diets, except diet 14% CP with CGM which did not differ. Methionine and cystine utilization were not affected by PS or PL (P > 0.05). The AA use efficiency is affected by dietary protein levels and sources. Our results suggest that it is possible to increase the supply of essential AA using CGM or DDG (RUP sources) in the diet compared to soybean meal plus urea, especially in situations where it is possible to increase the microbial protein flow. Results from this study indicate that 11% of CP inclusion rate can be used for feedlot Nellore cattle fed high-concentrate diets without negatively affecting nutrient intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation. Moreover, in the present experimental conditions, the tested RUP feed sources markedly increased NUE, while keeping the MICP synthesis constant by stimulating the use of recycled urea for microbial growth. In addition, the gross AA use efficiency is affected by dietary protein levels and sources.

Effects of the addition of trofic agents in weaned piglets diet on the expression of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, on the contents of protein and DNA and on performance / Efeitos da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase, os conteúdos de proteína e DNA e o desempenho

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of adding glutamine, fish oil or yeast cellular wall to the diet of weaned piglets on the expression of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the protein content and DNA in small intestine samples and on performance. In the first experiment, 24 weaned piglets were used to measure the performance at the phases prestarter, starter 1 and starter 2. Four diets were tested (T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + 1% of glutamine; T3 - BD + 0,2% of yeast cellular wall; T4 - BD + 5% of fish oil). At the second experiment 45 weaned piglets were used and distributed in a randomized block design, in factorial outline with four diets and three slaughter ages (on the day of weaning, on the seventh and fourteenth days postweaning). The tested diets did not alter the piglets performance in none of the phases. There was reduction of the expression of the ODC enzyme, of the protein concentration and of the relationship protein/DNA to the seven days postweaning, with increase of the values on the 14th day, evidencing a state of hypotrophy of the mucous membrane, suggesting that the process of protein synthesis in the small intestine was diminished in the first week after weaning, but it presented recovery signs in the second week.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da adição de glutamina, óleo de peixe ou parede celular de levedura à dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), o conteúdo de proteína e DNA em amostras de intestino delgado e o desempenho. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 24 leitões desmamados para medir o desempenho nas fases pré-inicial, inicial 1 e inicial 2. Foram testadas quatro dietas (T1 - dieta basal (DB); T2 DB + 1% de glutamina; T3 - DB + 0,2% de parede celular de levedura; T4 - DB + 5% de óleo de peixe). No segundo experimento foram utilizados 45 leitões desmamados e distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com quatro dietas e três idades de abate (ao desmame, sete e 14 dias pós-desmame). As dietas testadas não alteraram o desempenho dos leitões em nenhuma das fases. Houve redução da expressão da enzima ODC, da concentração de proteína e da relação proteína/DNA aos sete dias pós-desmame, com aumento dos valores aos 14 dias, evidenciando um estado de hipotrofia da mucosa, sugerindo que o processo de síntese protéica no intestino delgado ficou comprometido na primeira semana após o desmame, e apresentou sinais de recuperação na segunda semana.

Effects of the addition of trofic agents in weaned piglets diet on the expression of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, on the contents of protein and DNA and on performance / Efeitos da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase, os conteúdos de proteína e DNA e o desempenho

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of adding glutamine, fish oil or yeast cellular wall to the diet of weaned piglets on the expression of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the protein content and DNA in small intestine samples and on performance. In the first experiment, 24 weaned piglets were used to measure the performance at the phases prestarter, starter 1 and starter 2. Four diets were tested (T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + 1% of glutamine; T3 - BD + 0,2% of yeast cellular wall; T4 - BD + 5% of fish oil). At the second experiment 45 weaned piglets were used and distributed in a randomized block design, in factorial outline with four diets and three slaughter ages (on the day of weaning, on the seventh and fourteenth days postweaning). The tested diets did not alter the piglets performance in none of the phases. There was reduction of the expression of the ODC enzyme, of the protein concentration and of the relationship protein/DNA to the seven days postweaning, with increase of the values on the 14th day, evidencing a state of hypotrophy of the mucous membrane, suggesting that the process of protein synthesis in the small intestine was diminished in the first week after weaning, but it presented recovery signs in the second week.(AU)

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da adição de glutamina, óleo de peixe ou parede celular de levedura à dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), o conteúdo de proteína e DNA em amostras de intestino delgado e o desempenho. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 24 leitões desmamados para medir o desempenho nas fases pré-inicial, inicial 1 e inicial 2. Foram testadas quatro dietas (T1 - dieta basal (DB); T2 DB + 1% de glutamina; T3 - DB + 0,2% de parede celular de levedura; T4 - DB + 5% de óleo de peixe). No segundo experimento foram utilizados 45 leitões desmamados e distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com quatro dietas e três idades de abate (ao desmame, sete e 14 dias pós-desmame). As dietas testadas não alteraram o desempenho dos leitões em nenhuma das fases. Houve redução da expressão da enzima ODC, da concentração de proteína e da relação proteína/DNA aos sete dias pós-desmame, com aumento dos valores aos 14 dias, evidenciando um estado de hipotrofia da mucosa, sugerindo que o processo de síntese protéica no intestino delgado ficou comprometido na primeira semana após o desmame, e apresentou sinais de recuperação na segunda semana.(AU)

Glutamine and ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation on malate dehydrogenases expression in hepatectomized rats

To evaluate the relative gene expression (RGE) of cytosolic (MDH1) and mitochondrial (MDH2) malate dehydrogenases enzymes in partially hepatectomized rats after glutamine (GLN) or ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) suplementation. One-hundred and eight male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into six groups (n=18): CCaL, GLNL and OKGL and fed calcium caseinate (CCa), GLN and OKG, 0.5g/Kg by gavage, 30 minutes before laparotomy. CCaH, GLNH and OKGH groups were likewise fed 30 minutes before 70% partial hepatectomy. Blood and liver samples were collected three, seven and 14 days after laparotomy/hepatectomy for quantification of MDH1/MDH2 enzymes using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology. Relative enzymes expression was calculated by the 2-ΔΔC T method using the threshold cycle (CT) value for normalization. MDH1/MDH2 RGE was not different in hepatectomized rats treated with OKG compared to rats treated with CCa. However, MDH1/MDH2 RGE was greater on days 3 (321:1/26.48:1) and 7 (2.12:1/2.48:1) while MDH2 RGE was greater on day 14 (7.79:1) in hepatectomized rats treated with GLN compared to control animals. CONCLUSION: Glutamine has beneficial effects in liver regeneration in rats by promoting an up-regulation of the MDH1 and MDH2 relative gene expression.(AU)

Efeitos da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase, os conteúdos de proteína e DNA e o desempenho

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of adding glutamine, fish oil or yeast cellular wall to the diet of weaned piglets on the expression of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the protein content and DNA in small intestine samples and on performance. In the first experiment, 24 weaned piglets were used to measure the performance at the phases prestarter, starter 1 and starter 2. Four diets were tested (T1 -basal diet (BD); T2 -BD + 1% of glutamine; T3 -BD + 0,2% of yeast cellular wall; T4 -BD + 5% of fish oil). At the second experiment 45 weaned piglets were used and distributed in a randomized block design, in factorial outline with four diets and three slaughter ages (on the day of weaning, on the seventh and fourteenth days postweaning). The tested diets did not alter the piglets' performance in none of the phases. There was reduction of the expression of the ODC enzyme, of the protein concentration and of the relationship protein/DNA to the seven days postweaning, with increase of the values on the 14th day, evidencing a state of hypotrophy of the mucous membrane, suggesting that the process of protein synthesis in the small intestine was diminished in the first week after weaning, but it presented recovery signs in the second week.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da adição de glutamina, óleo de peixe ou parede celular de levedura à dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), o conteúdo de proteína e DNA em amostras de intestino delgado e o desempenho. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 24 leitões desmamados para medir o desempenho nas fases pré-inicial, inicial 1 e inicial 2. Foram testadas quatro dietas (T1 -dieta basal (DB); T2 - DB + 1% de glutamina; T3 -DB + 0,2% de parede celular de levedura; T4 -DB + 5% de óleo de peixe). No segundo experimento foram utilizados 45 leitões desmamados e distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com quatro dietas e três idades de abate (ao desmame, sete e 14 dias pós-desmame). As dietas testadas não alteraram o desempenho dos leitões em nenhuma das fases. Houve redução da expressão da enzima ODC, da concentração de proteína e da relação proteína/DNA aos sete dias pós-desmame, com aumento dos valores aos 14 dias, evidenciando um estado de hipotrofia da mucosa, sugerindo que o processo de síntese protéica no intestino delgado ficou comprometido na primeira semana após o desmame, e apresentou sinais de recuperação na segunda semana.

Avaliação de aminoácidos como palatabilizantes hídricos para gatos

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar a palatabilidade; o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes; características fecais e urinárias; parâmetros hematológicos e concentrações séricas de ureia e creatinina, para gatos adultos. No experimento 1, foi realizado o teste de palatabilidade e de consumo de água que avaliou a inclusão de 0,5% de L-prolina, L-ornitina ou L-cisteína na água. Foram avaliados a primeira escolha, primeiro consumo e consumo total de água com aminoácido comparada com a água controle. O experimento 2 foi composto pelo teste de digestibilidade e avaliação da qualidade fecal, parâmetros urinário, hemograma e concentrações séricas de ureia e creatinina, em gatos consumindo água com a inclusão de 0,5% de L-prolina. Os gatos não demonstraram preferência entre à água contendo aminoácido. Dentre os aminoácidos a água contendo Lcisteína foi a de menor abordagem no primeiro consumo. O mesmo foi observado para o consumo. No segundo experimento a inclusão da L-prolina na água não alterou o consumo de alimento, a sua digestibilidade e a qualidade fecal dos animais. O consumo de água foi o mesmo entre os tratamentos, não modificando também os nos parâmetros urinários. Para as avaliações sanguíneas, não houve diferença significativa entre tratamentos. Todos os parâmetros se apresentaram dentro dos limites fisiológicos para a espécie, exceto para os parâmetros de monócitos, eosinófilos e ureia, que se mostraram acima do preconizado. A adição dos aminoácidos na concentração estudada não foi suficiente para aumentar o consumo de água. No entanto, a água adicionada de L-prolina a 0,5% não influenciou a digestibilidade da dieta, os parâmetros urinários e os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate palatability; the coefficient of apparent digestibility of nutrients; fecal and urinary characteristics; haematological parameters and serum concentrations of urea and creatinine for adult cats. In experiment 1, the palatability and water consumption test was performed, which evaluated the inclusion of 0.5% of L-proline, L-ornithine or L-cysteine in water. The first choice, first consumption and total consumption of water with amino acid compared to the control water were evaluated. Experiment 2 consisted of the digestibility test and fecal quality evaluation, urinary parameters, blood count and serum concentrations of urea and creatinine in cats consuming water with the inclusion of 0.5% Lproline. Cats showed no preference for water containing amino acids. Among the amino acids, the water containing L-cysteine was the one with the lowest intake at the first consumption. The same was observed for consumption. In the second experiment the inclusion of L-proline in the water did not alter the feed consumption, its digestibility and the fecal quality of the animals. The water consumption was the same among the treatments, not modifying also in the urinary parameters. For the blood evaluations, there was no significant difference between treatments. All parameters were within the physiological limits for the species, except for the parameters of monocytes, eosinophils and urea, which were higher than those recommended. The addition of amino acids at the concentration studied was not sufficient to increase water consumption. However, the added water of 0.5% L-proline did not influence diet digestibility, urinary parameters and blood parameters evaluated.

L-ARGININA EM RAÇÕES PARA FÊMEAS SUÍNAS NO TERÇO FINAL DE GESTAÇÃO

O melhoramento genético realizado nas matrizes suínas nas últimas décadas, permitiu o aumento do número de nascidos totais, hoje a hiperprolificidade é uma realidade nos sistemas produtivos. No entanto, acompanhado a melhorias no desempenho reprodutivo, tem-se o aumento da incidência de leitões de baixo peso, bem como o aumento da desuniformidade do peso nas leitegadas. Essa condição pode levar ao aumento da mortalidade pré e pós-natal e prejuízos ao sistema. Estratégias nutricionais durante o período de gestação podem minimizar esses efeitos negativos. A utilização de aminoácidos funcionais podem otimizar o desempenho das matrizes e, entre esses aminoácidos, destaca-se a L-Arginina. A arginina está envolvida em diversas rotas metabólicas importantes, como por exemplo, ela serve de substrato para a síntese de proteína, creatina, óxido nítrico, poliaminas, citrulina, agmatina, ornitina, prolina e glutamato. Também contribui para estimular a secreção de alguns hormônios como a insulina, prolactina e hormônio do crescimento. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da suplementação com L-arginina na ração de matrizes suínas, dos 85 aos 115 dias de gestação, sobre o desempenho reprodutivo da fêmea, desempenho dos leitões ao nascimento, parâmetros fisiológicos e de sobrevivência dos leitões nas primeiras 24 h de vida. Foram utilizadas 20 matrizes suínas pluríparas de dois a sete partos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, constituído de dois tratamentos: ração sem a suplementação de L-Arginina HCl e ração com suplementação de 1% de L-Arginina HCl na forma on top, com base na quantidade de ração fornecida. Para as análises estatísticas, utilizou-se o software SAS® (SAS INSTITUTE, 2004). A suplementação com L-arginina não influenciou o número de leitões nascidos por leitegada, o peso dos leitões ao nascimento e peso da leitegada ao nascimento. A composição corporal das fêmeas, produção de colostro e duração do parto também não foram influenciados pela suplementação. O percentual de leitões com peso abaixo de 0,8 kg ao nascimento e às 24 h foi menor (P<0,05), em matrizes suínas suplementadas com L-arginina, também foi observado diminuição (P<0,05) da variabilidade dos pesos dos leitões às 24 h. A temperatura retal dos leitões ao nascimento foi influenciada positivamente pela suplementação das fêmeas. A suplementação da ração de gestação de matrizes suínas com L-arginina diminui a porcentagem de leitões de baixo peso, influencia positivamente o vigor dos leitões ao nascimento e diminui a variabilidade da leitegada, 24 horas pós-nascimento.

The genetic improvement achieved in sows in the last decades, allowed the increase of the number of total births, today the hyperprolificity is a reality in the productive systems. However, accompanied by improvements in reproductive performance, there has been an increase in the incidence of low-weight piglets, as well as increased weight variability in litters. This condition may lead to increased pre and post-natal mortality and system damage. Nutritional strategies during the gestation period can minimize these negative effects. The use of functional amino acids can optimize the production of sows and among these amino acids stands out the L-Arginine. Arginine is involved in several important metabolic routes, for example, it serves as a substrate for the synthesis of protein, creatine, nitric oxide, polyamines, citrulline, agmatine, ornithine, proline and glutamate. It also helps to stimulate the secretion of some hormones like insulin, prolactin and growth hormone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing L-arginine on sows diets, from 85 to 115 days of gestation, on the reproductive performance, performance of piglets at birth, physiological and survival parameters of piglets a t the first 24 hours of life. Twenty pluriparous sows of two to seven parity were used. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of two treatments: feed without supplementation of L-Arginine HCl and feed with 1% supplementation of L-Arginine HCl top-dressed, based on the amount of feed supplied. L-arginine supplementation did not influence the number of piglets born per litter, piglet weight and litter weight at birth. Female body composition, colostrum production and duration of calving were not influenced by treatments. The percentage of piglets weighing less than 0.8 kg at birth (P<0,05) and at 24 h was lower in L-arginine supplemented sows, and a decrease in piglet weight variability was observed at 24 h. The rectal temperature of the piglets at birth was positively influenced by the sow supplementation. Supplementation of the sows gestation feed with L-arginine decreases the percentage of low-weight piglets, positively influences the vigor of piglets at birth and decreased the variability of litter at 24 hours post-birth.

Influence of phenolic compounds on the growth and arginine deiminase system in a wine lactic acid bacterium

The influence of seven phenolic compounds, normally present in wine, on the growth and arginine deiminase system (ADI) of Lactobacillus hilgardii X1B, a wine lactic acid bacterium, was established. This system provides energy for bacterial growth and produces citrulline that reacts with ethanol forming the carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC), found in some wines. The influence of phenolic compounds on bacterial growth was compound dependent. Growth and final pH values increased in presence of arginine. Arginine consumption decreased in presence of protocatechuic and gallic acids (31 and 17%, respectively) and increased in presence of quercetin, rutin, catechin and the caffeic and vanillic phenolic acids (between 10 and 13%, respectively). ADI enzyme activities varied in presence of phenolic compounds. Rutin, quercetin and caffeic and vanillic acids stimulated the enzyme arginine deiminase about 37-40%. Amounts of 200 mg/L gallic and protocatechuic acids inhibited the arginine deiminase enzyme between 53 and 100%, respectively. Ornithine transcarbamylase activity was not modified at all concentrations of phenolic compounds. As gallic and protocatechuic acids inhibited the arginine deiminase enzyme that produces citrulline, precursor of EC, these results are important considering the formation of toxic compounds.

Influence of phenolic compounds on the growth and arginine deiminase system in a wine lactic acid bacterium

The influence of seven phenolic compounds, normally present in wine, on the growth and arginine deiminase system (ADI) of Lactobacillus hilgardii X1B, a wine lactic acid bacterium, was established. This system provides energy for bacterial growth and produces citrulline that reacts with ethanol forming the carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC), found in some wines. The influence of phenolic compounds on bacterial growth was compound dependent. Growth and final pH values increased in presence of arginine. Arginine consumption decreased in presence of protocatechuic and gallic acids (31 and 17%, respectively) and increased in presence of quercetin, rutin, catechin and the caffeic and vanillic phenolic acids (between 10 and 13%, respectively). ADI enzyme activities varied in presence of phenolic compounds. Rutin, quercetin and caffeic and vanillic acids stimulated the enzyme arginine deiminase about 37-40%. Amounts of 200 mg/L gallic and protocatechuic acids inhibited the arginine deiminase enzyme between 53 and 100%, respectively. Ornithine transcarbamylase activity was not modified at all concentrations of phenolic compounds. As gallic and protocatechuic acids inhibited the arginine deiminase enzyme that produces citrulline, precursor of EC, these results are important considering the formation of toxic compounds.

Uterine environment and conceptus development in ruminants

Interferon tau (IFNT), the pregnancy recognition signal from trophectoderm cells of ruminant conceptuses abrogates the uterine luteolytic mechanism to ensure maintenance of functional corpora lutea for production of progesterone (P4). IFNT acts in concert with P4 to induce expression of genes for transport and/or secretion of histotroph that includes nutrients such as glucose and arginine that activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) nutrient sensing cell signaling pathway to stimulate proliferation, migration, differentiation and translation of mRNAs essential for growth and development of the conceptus. Arginine, leucine, glutamine and glucose increase in the uterine lumen during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy due to increased expression of their transporters by uterine luminal epithelium (LE) and superficial glandular epithelium (sGE) in response to P4 and IFNT. In day 16 ovine conceptus explant cultures, arginine increases GTP cyclohydrolase 1 mRNA, and IFNT, while arginine and glucose increase ornithine decarboxylase, nitric oxide synthase 2, and GCH1. Arginine can be metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines which stimulate proliferation of ovine trophectoderm (oTr) cells. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1, also known as osteopontin) in uterine histotroph increases focal adhesion assembly as a prerequisite for adhesion and migration of oTr cells through activation and cross-talk between MTOR, MAPK, and myosin II motor pathways. Glucose, arginine, leucine and glutamine stimulate MTOR signaling, proliferation and mRNA translation by oTr cells. Further, glucose and fructose were equivalent in stimulating proliferation and synthesis of hyaluronic acid via the hexosamine pathway in oTr and pig Tr cells. These mechanisms allow select nutrients and SPP1 to act coordinately to affect synthesis of proteins involved in cell signaling affecting conceptus growth, development, and survival during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy.