Síndrome vestibular secundária à otite média em gata / Secondary vestibular syndrome to otitis media in a cat

A Síndrome Vestibular é um distúrbio frequente na neurologia felina que é caracterizado como um conjunto de sinais neurológicos, causados por uma disfunção de qualquer parte do sistema vestibular. Este é dividido nos componentes periférico e central e o exame neurológico é essencial para localizar a origem da lesão. A Síndrome Vestibular Periférica pode ser causada por anomalias congênitas, neoplasias, traumas, pólipos e doenças inflamatórias; sendo a otite média/interna uma das principais etiopatogenias em cães e gatos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso de um felino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de sete meses de idade, apresentando Síndrome Vestibular secundária à otite média. O animal deu entrada na clínica com sinais neurológicos súbitos, apresentando nistagmo e incoordenação motora, bem como secreção nasal unilateral. Foram solicitados exames hematológicos e bioquímicos, ultrassonografia abdominal e radiografia de crânio, além de recomendada a internação. Nos exames bioquímicos, os valores de bilirrubina total e frações estavam acima do valor de referência e a relação albumina/globulina estava diminuída. O exame radiográfico confirmou a suspeita de otite média. O tratamento foi realizado com marbofloxacino e gabapentina. Após o tratamento, o animal apresentou melhora significativa do quadro clínico. Baseado no exposto, conclui-se que a Síndrome Vestibular secundária à alteração otológica é um quadro presente na rotina veterinária, sendo importante a associação de exame clínico e exames complementares para que seja possível chegar ao diagnóstico.

Vestibular syndrome is a frequent disorder in feline neurology that is characterized as a set of neurological signs caused by a dysfunction of any part of the vestibular system. The vestibular system is divided into peripheral and central components, and a neurological examination is essential to locate the origin of the lesion. The peripheral vestibular syndrome can be caused by congenital anomalies, neoplasms, trauma, polyps, and inflammatory diseases, with otitis media/internal being one of the main etiologies in dogs and cats. Thus, the present work aims to present a case report of a feline, female, mixed breed, seven months old, with secondary vestibular syndrome to otitis media. The animal was admitted to the clinic with sudden neurological signs, presenting nystagmus and motor incoordination, as well as unilateral nasal secretion. Hematological and biochemical tests, abdominal ultrasound, and skull radiography were requested, and hospitalization was recommended. In the biochemical tests, the values of total bilirubin and fractions were above the reference value and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased. The radiographic examination confirmed the suspicion of otitis media. The treatment was performed with marbofloxacin and gabapentin. After treatment, the animal showed a significant improvement in clinical condition. Therefore, it is concluded that secondary vestibular syndrome to otologic alteration is a condition present in the veterinary routine, and the association of clinical examination and complementary exams is important so that it is possible to reach the diagnosis.

Bilateral inflammatory aural polyps in a kitten ­ case report / Pólipo aural inflamatório bilateral em um filhote de gato - relato de caso

Feline aural inflammatory polyps are non-neoplastic masses in the tympanic cavity or the Eustachian tube that can be observed in the ear canal of the cat and are a common cause of otitis externa and otitis media in young animals, with or without respiratory signs depending on the direction of polyp growth. Most of the polyps occurring in cats are unilateral. Otoscopy or video-otoscopy is necessary for its diagnosis, and treatment consists of the mechanical removal of the polyp and subsequent use of anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this paper was to report a case of bilateral inflammatory aural polyps in a kitten treated successfully by the minimally invasive technique of per-endoscopic trans-tympanic traction. A seven-month-old female mixed-breed cat, presenting bilateral ear discharge, was submitted to endoscopic examination of both ears and polypoid masses observed in each horizontal canal. Both polyps were grasped and pulled with a polypectomy snare through the otoendoscope. The patient received dexamethasone immediately after the procedure and a long-term oral corticosteroid protocol was established post-avulsion. It was concluded that otoendoscopy allowed an accurate and quick diagnosis, that the mass removal by per-endoscopic trans-tympanic traction was an effective treatment with no complications, and that bilateral occurrences could indicate a differential diagnosis, especially in young cats.(AU)

Pólipos inflamatórios aurais felinos são massas não neoplásicas na cavidade timpânica ou na tuba auditiva que podem ser observadas no canal auditivo do gato e são uma causa comum de otite externa e otite média em animais jovens, com ou sem sinais respiratórios dependendo da direção do crescimento do pólipo. A maioria dos pólipos que ocorrem em gatos é unilateral. A otoscopia ou vídeo-otoscopia é necessária para o seu diagnóstico, e o tratamento consiste na remoção mecânica do pólipo e posterior uso de anti-inflamatórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de pólipos aurais inflamatórios bilaterais em um felino filhote tratado com sucesso pela técnica minimamente invasiva de tração trans-timpânica perendos-cópica. Um felino fêmea de sete meses de idade, sem raça definida, apresentando secreção auricular bilateral, foi submetido a exame endoscópico de ambas as orelhas e massas polipóides foram observadas em cada canal horizontal. Ambos os pólipos foram apreendidos e puxados com uma alça de polipectomia através do otoendoscópio. O paciente recebeu dexametasona imediatamente após o procedimento e um protocolo de corticosteroide oral em longo prazo foi estabelecido após a avulsão. Concluiu-se que a otoendoscopia permitiu um diagnóstico preciso e rápido, que a retirada das massas por tração transtimpâ-nica perendoscópica foi um tratamento eficaz e sem complicações e que as ocorrências bilaterais podem indicar um diagnós-tico diferencial, principalmente em gatos jovens.(AU)

Colesteatoma em orelha média de cão / Middle ear cholesteatoma in dog

Colesteatoma aural é um cisto epidermoide preenchido por material escamoso, com conteúdo queratinótico e que se desenvolve no ouvido médio. A etiopatogenia não é totalmente esclarecida, mas infere-se que seja uma rara complicação da otite crônica média ou externa. Desta forma, trata-se de uma afecção incomum e, logo, pouco relatada em cães. Os exames de imagem, em especial a tomografia computadorizada, são ferramentas importantes para a abordagem diagnóstica. No entanto, a confirmação do colesteatoma aural é dada por meio da avaliação histopatológica. A principal modalidade terapêutica para tal afecção é a remoção cirúrgica da lesão. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi é descrever um caso de colesteatoma aural em uma cadela com histórico de otite recorrente. Os achados clínicos e da tomografia computadorizada permitiram o planejamento terapêutico e o diagnóstico. Sendo assim, foi realizada a ablação do conduto auditivo esquerdo e a osteotomia ventral da bula timpânica. A cirurgia permitiu a colheita de material para o exame histopatológico, o qual constatou colesteatoma aural. O tratamento possibilitou a remissão completa dos sinais clínicos e a resolução definitiva da otite recorrente.

Aural cholesteatoma is an epidermoid cyst filled with squamous material with keratinotic content that develops in the middle ear. The etiopathogenesis is not fully understood, but it is inferred that it is a rare complication of chronic otitis media or external. Thus, it is an uncommon condition and, therefore, little reported in dogs. Imaging tests, especially computed tomography, are important tools for the diagnostic approach. However, the confirmation of aural cholesteatoma is given through histopathological evaluation. The main therapeutic modality for this condition is the surgical removal of the lesion. Thus, this study aimed to describe a case of aural cholesteatoma in a bitch with a history of recurrent otitis. Clinical and computed tomography findings allowed for therapeutic and diagnostic planning. Therefore, the ablation of the left ear canal and the ventral osteotomy of the tympanic bulla were performed. The surgery allowed the collection of material for the histopathological examination, which determined cholesteatoma aural. The treatment allowed the complete remission of clinical signs and the definitive resolution of the recurrent otitis.

Otite média e interna com extensão para tronco encefálico em buldogue francês / Otitis media and internal with brainstem extension in a French bulldog

Background: Otitis is a frequent condition in dogs, with a multifactorial etiology covering primary causes, predisposing and perpetuating factors. It is characterized by an inflammatory process of structures that make up the auditory system, with prevalence data ranging from 15 to 20%, which can occur in any age group and without sex predisposition. According to the location, it can be classified as uni or bilateral, affecting the outer, middle and / or inner ear, the latter two being associated with neurological changes such as vestibulopathy, facial nerve paresis and Horner's syndrome. The morbidity and mortality of otitis media and internal may increase with delay in diagnosis, resulting in delay in the correct treatment, and the extension to brainstem is described in felines and considered rare in dogs. The present study aims to report an atypical case of otitis media and internal, with extension to the brain parenchyma in a brachycephalic dog. Case: A 3-year-old bitch French Bulldog was seen, weighing 12 kg, with a history of vomiting, apathy, nystagmus, ataxia and acute evolution hemiparesis. As a result of adoption, it was not known about the animal's morbid past. On special physical and clinical examination, depressed mental status, changes in postural reactions, nostril stenosis with unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal ulcer, palpebral and labial ptosis, absence of eyelid reflex and spontaneous strabismus were observed, all of these findings observed on the left side of the face. No signs of otitis external to otoscopy were found. The clinical signs found characterize left facial nerve paresis and peripheral and central vestibulopathy. Otitis media / internal and meningoencephalitis were suspected. Hemogram, serum biochemistry (glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, phosphorus, total bilirubin, cholesterol and total calcium), urinalysis, rapid tests for erlichiosis, anaplasms , borreliosis, heartworm, distemper and leishmaniasis, CSF analysis, neurological panel performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that tested the animal for Bartonellosis, Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus sp., Virus West Nile, Distemper, Toxoplasmosis, Neosporose and Coccidioides sp. using conjunctival swab, whole blood, urine and CSF samples. The samples were negative for all of these tests. As an image exam, brain magnetic resonance was performed. In the latter, otitis media and left internal was observed with extension of the lesion to the brain parenchyma. CSF analysis showed cytological changes compatible with a non-suppurative inflammatory process, mild pleocytosis with predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltrate. As a form of treatment, antibiotic therapy and total ablation of the auditory canal with lateral bulectomy were performed, showing good results with reduced clinical symptoms. Discussion: It is concluded that although the diagnosis of otitis media and internal with extension to brainstem is more common in cats, it should be included as a differential for central vestibular disorders in dogs, and that the diagnosis together with early and effective treatment are important, since that the evolution of the infection to the central nervous system represents a risk to the patient.

Concurrent hiatal hernia and megaesophagus secondary to a nasopharyngeal polyp in a 6-month-old cat

Background: Nasopharyngeal polyps are benign and inflammatory masses assumed to arise from the middle ear or the eustachian tube with extension into the pharynx. The most common clinical signs associated with nasopharyngeal polyps include respiratory stertor, dyspnea, and otic discharge. Neurological signs, including head tilt, facial nerve paralysis, and ataxia, might indicate concurrent involvement of the middle or inner ear. The objective of the current report is to describe a case of a feline nasopharyngeal polyp with a concurrent hiatal hernia and megaesophagus, both spontaneously resolved after removal of the polyp. Case: A 6-month-old female intact domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of lethargy, anorexia, and upper respiratory signs, such as stridor, stertor, and dyspnea. A thoracic radiography revealed esophageal dilation caudal to the cardiac silhouette, suggestive of megaesophagus with gaseous filtration. An esophagram confirmed a hiatal hernia and megaesophagus. Computed tomography revealed a nasopharyngeal mass adjacent to the soft palate and a soft-tissue density in the right tympanic bulla. A tentative diagnosis of a nasopharyngeal polyp was made. After the ventral bulla osteotomy, the nasopharyngeal mass was removed by a gentle traction avulsion technique. Six days after the surgery, hiatal hernia and megaesophagus were spontaneously resolved. Based on histopathologic exam, the mass was found to be an inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyp. Two months after surgery, the owner reported that the patient's condition had returned to baseline with a good appetite, and the thoracic radiography was within normal limit. Discussion: For successful treatment of a nasopharyngeal polyp, traction avulsion of the polyp with or without a ventral bulla osteotomy is recommended. However, in patients with otitis media, a ventral bulla osteotomy followed by traction avulsion of the polyp is recommended in order to reduce the rate of polyp recurrence. Common clinical signs of a nasopharyngeal polyp are stertor, stridor, dyspnea, dysphagia, and open-mouth breathing, which are identified in a chronic upper airway obstruction. A hiatal hernia secondary to a nasopharyngeal polyp has not been reported so far. However, a relationship between chronic upper airway obstruction and hiatal hernias has been proposed previously. Moreover, hiatal hernia resolved spontaneously after removal of the nasopharyngeal polyp suggests that the occurrence of the hiatal hernia was secondary to the nasopharyngeal polyp. In addition to the hiatal hernia, megaesophagus was also identified in the present case. Megaesophagus secondary to a chronic upper airway obstruction from a nasopharyngeal obstruction has been reported. However, megaesophagus is also thought to occur secondary to hiatal hernias. Therefore, in the current study, it is unclear whether the megaesophagus was solely a result of the obstructive nature of the nasopharyngeal polyp or a combination of the hiatal hernia and the nasopharyngeal polyp. In conclusion, any cat with clinical signs of an upper airway obstruction and a concurrent hiatal hernia and megaesophagus should be thoroughly investigated for a nasopharyngeal polyp, as well as other gastrointestinal and systemic causes. Furthermore, this case suggests that the prognosis for a concurrent hiatal hernia and megaesophagus is good in cats if the nasopharyngeal polyp is properly removed.

Ablação total do conduto auditivo em cão com otite crônica / Total ablation of hearing conduct in dog with chronic otite

A otite é uma inflamação do canal auditivo que pode acometer o ouvido externo e médio, sendo sua patogenia dividida em fatores perpetuadores, predisponentes e primários. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns são eritema, dor a palpação, prurido e exsudação. Além do hitórico e anamnese, radiografia, otoscopia e biopsia podem auxiliar no diagnóstico. O tratamento inicial tem o objetivo de controlar os fatores perpetuadores, eliminar os fatores predisponentes e fazer o controle da causa base. Nos casos de otite externa crônica recidivante, estenose do canal auditivo, deformidades auriculares, pólipos e neoplasias, indica-se fazer o tratamento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um canino sem raça definida, com treze anos de idade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido (UFERSA), apresentando odor fétido no pavilhão auricular, excesso de cerúmen de coloração escura, eritema, prurido e dor aguda a palpar-se a base do pavilhão auricular esquerdo. Através da anamnese, exame físico e dos exames complementares como a radiografia, o animal foi diagnosticado com otite crônica. Optouse, então, pelo tratamento cirúrgico de ablação total do conduto auditivo (TECA), que consiste na retirada do canal vertical e horizontal do ouvido, associado à osteotomia lateral da bula timpânica. O procedimento cirúrgico foi eficaz no tratamento da otite crônica não responsiva ao tratamento medicamentoso realizado previamente nos últimos cinco anos feito de forma intermitente pelo tutor.

Otitis is an inflammation of the ear canal that can affect the outer and middle ear, and its pathogenesis is divided into perpetuating, predisposing and primary factors. The most common clinical signs are erythema, pain on palpation, itching and oozing. In addition to the history and anamnesis, radiography, otoscopy and biopsy can assist in the diagnosis. The initial treatment aims to control the perpetuating factors, eliminate predisposing factors and control the underlying cause. In cases of recurrent chronic external otitis, stenosis of the ear canal, ear deformities, polyps and neoplasms, surgical treatment is indicated. The present work reports the case of a 13-year-old mixed breed canine, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid (UFERSA), with a foul odor in the ear, excess of dark colored cerumen, erythema, itching and acute pain palpating the base of the left ear. Through anamnesis, physical examination and complementary tests such as radiography, the animal was diagnosed with chronic otitis. Then, we opted for the surgical treatment of total ablation of the auditory canal (TECA), which consists of the removal of the vertical and horizontal ear canal, associated with lateral osteotomy of the tympanic bulla. The surgical procedure was effective in the treatment of chronic otitis unresponsive to drug treatment previously performed in the last five years, done intermittently by the tutor.

Ablação total do conduto auditivo em cão com otite crônica / Total ablation of hearing conduct in dog with chronic otite

A otite é uma inflamação do canal auditivo que pode acometer o ouvido externo e médio, sendo sua patogenia dividida em fatores perpetuadores, predisponentes e primários. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns são eritema, dor a palpação, prurido e exsudação. Além do hitórico e anamnese, radiografia, otoscopia e biopsia podem auxiliar no diagnóstico. O tratamento inicial tem o objetivo de controlar os fatores perpetuadores, eliminar os fatores predisponentes e fazer o controle da causa base. Nos casos de otite externa crônica recidivante, estenose do canal auditivo, deformidades auriculares, pólipos e neoplasias, indica-se fazer o tratamento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um canino sem raça definida, com treze anos de idade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido (UFERSA), apresentando odor fétido no pavilhão auricular, excesso de cerúmen de coloração escura, eritema, prurido e dor aguda a palpar-se a base do pavilhão auricular esquerdo. Através da anamnese, exame físico e dos exames complementares como a radiografia, o animal foi diagnosticado com otite crônica. Optouse, então, pelo tratamento cirúrgico de ablação total do conduto auditivo (TECA), que consiste na retirada do canal vertical e horizontal do ouvido, associado à osteotomia lateral da bula timpânica. O procedimento cirúrgico foi eficaz no tratamento da otite crônica não responsiva ao tratamento medicamentoso realizado previamente nos últimos cinco anos feito de forma intermitente pelo tutor.(AU)

Otitis is an inflammation of the ear canal that can affect the outer and middle ear, and its pathogenesis is divided into perpetuating, predisposing and primary factors. The most common clinical signs are erythema, pain on palpation, itching and oozing. In addition to the history and anamnesis, radiography, otoscopy and biopsy can assist in the diagnosis. The initial treatment aims to control the perpetuating factors, eliminate predisposing factors and control the underlying cause. In cases of recurrent chronic external otitis, stenosis of the ear canal, ear deformities, polyps and neoplasms, surgical treatment is indicated. The present work reports the case of a 13-year-old mixed breed canine, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid (UFERSA), with a foul odor in the ear, excess of dark colored cerumen, erythema, itching and acute pain palpating the base of the left ear. Through anamnesis, physical examination and complementary tests such as radiography, the animal was diagnosed with chronic otitis. Then, we opted for the surgical treatment of total ablation of the auditory canal (TECA), which consists of the removal of the vertical and horizontal ear canal, associated with lateral osteotomy of the tympanic bulla. The surgical procedure was effective in the treatment of chronic otitis unresponsive to drug treatment previously performed in the last five years, done intermittently by the tutor.(AU)

Otite média por infecção por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em equino / Otitis media due to infection with Staphylococcus coagulase positive in equinus

The objective of this report is to describe a case of Otitis media caused by infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus equine, male, of the Brazilian breed of equestrian. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary examinations, there were changes in the reference values and the presence of Staphylococcus coagulase positive, suggesting Otitis media. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.

Otite média por infecção por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em equino / Otitis media due to infection with Staphylococcus coagulase positive in equinus

The objective of this report is to describe a case of Otitis media caused by infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus equine, male, of the Brazilian breed of equestrian. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary examinations, there were changes in the reference values and the presence of Staphylococcus coagulase positive, suggesting Otitis media. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.(AU)

Otite bacteriana por Klebsiella sp. como causa de encefalite em um gato / Bacterial otitis by Klebsiella sp. as a cause of encephalitis in a cat

Background: Meningoencephalitis in cats is usually related to infectious diseases but may also be caused by the extension of bacterial infections originated in the middle or inner ear. This paper seeks to report on a case of encephalitis due to an infection in the middle/inner ear in a 15-year-old cat. The diagnosis was made through brain CT scan and culture and antibiogram of material collected during a ventral osteotomy of the tympanic bulla and reported grave intravascular haemolysis associated to the treatment with antimicrobial imipenem with cilastatin sodium that has already been described in humans but not in small animals in the researched literature.Case: A 15-year-old, male, castrated, Siamese cat was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the UFRGS. The animal presented pyrexia and hyporexia, tested negative in the immunoenzymatic test to detect antigens of the FeLV and antibodies of the FIV. The animal had a history of three episodes of tonic convulsion within two days and otitis that had gone untreated for 10 months prior to the consultation, with apparent spontaneous remission. After blood tests, serum biochemistry profile, abdominal ultrasound scan, chest x-rays and CT scan was requested. It revealed middle and inner otitis in the right ear. It was performed a ventral osteotomy of the right tympanic bulla. Material was collected for culture and antibiogram. It was confirmed that the animal had an inner otitis of bacterial origin by multi-resistant Klebsiella spp. that was sensitive only to antimicrobial imipenem with cilastatin sodium. Fifteen days into the treatment with this antibacterial combination, grave haemolysis was observed, probably associated to the use of the medicine. The patient died on the 17th day of the treatment which was not interrupted as per its owner’s decision. At necropsy, both in the tympanic bulla and liver were found mucous content and whitish lumps.[...]

Otite bacteriana por Klebsiella sp. como causa de encefalite em um gato / Bacterial otitis by Klebsiella sp. as a cause of encephalitis in a cat

Background: Meningoencephalitis in cats is usually related to infectious diseases but may also be caused by the extension of bacterial infections originated in the middle or inner ear. This paper seeks to report on a case of encephalitis due to an infection in the middle/inner ear in a 15-year-old cat. The diagnosis was made through brain CT scan and culture and antibiogram of material collected during a ventral osteotomy of the tympanic bulla and reported grave intravascular haemolysis associated to the treatment with antimicrobial imipenem with cilastatin sodium that has already been described in humans but not in small animals in the researched literature.Case: A 15-year-old, male, castrated, Siamese cat was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the UFRGS. The animal presented pyrexia and hyporexia, tested negative in the immunoenzymatic test to detect antigens of the FeLV and antibodies of the FIV. The animal had a history of three episodes of tonic convulsion within two days and otitis that had gone untreated for 10 months prior to the consultation, with apparent spontaneous remission. After blood tests, serum biochemistry profile, abdominal ultrasound scan, chest x-rays and CT scan was requested. It revealed middle and inner otitis in the right ear. It was performed a ventral osteotomy of the right tympanic bulla. Material was collected for culture and antibiogram. It was confirmed that the animal had an inner otitis of bacterial origin by multi-resistant Klebsiella spp. that was sensitive only to antimicrobial imipenem with cilastatin sodium. Fifteen days into the treatment with this antibacterial combination, grave haemolysis was observed, probably associated to the use of the medicine. The patient died on the 17th day of the treatment which was not interrupted as per its owners decision. At necropsy, both in the tympanic bulla and liver were found mucous content and whitish lumps.[...](AU)

Descemetocele no olho esquerdo de equino / Descemetocele in equine left eye

The objective of this report is to describe a case of descementocele resulting from facial paralysis in a male equine of the Brazilian equine breed. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary tests, it was reported that the animal had Otitis media due to infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus. As a consequence of this disease the animal in question presented a facial paralysis of the left side and with this a paralysis in its eyelids, damaging the lubrication of the left eye of the animal, thus causing ulceration of the penultimate layer of the cornea, evidencing a Descementocele. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.

Descemetocele no olho esquerdo de equino / Descemetocele in equine left eye

The objective of this report is to describe a case of descementocele resulting from facial paralysis in a male equine of the Brazilian equine breed. The patient was admitted to the Veterinary Center of the Harafah Horse Riding Center, presenting a head trauma and difficulty in locomotion and balance. Through anamnesis and complementary tests, it was reported that the animal had Otitis media due to infection with Coagulase positive Staphylococcus. As a consequence of this disease the animal in question presented a facial paralysis of the left side and with this a paralysis in its eyelids, damaging the lubrication of the left eye of the animal, thus causing ulceration of the penultimate layer of the cornea, evidencing a Descementocele. In view of this, the horse was referred to a treatment with antibiotics and medication support, as a form of treatment. This report emphasizes the importance of a rapid and correct diagnosis of this disease, which was determinant for the establishment of appropriate treatment and recovery of the animal in question.(AU)

Atualidades diagnósticas e terapêuticas na otite externa canina: revisão de literatura / Diagnostic and therapeutic updates on canine otitis externa: review / Actualidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas en la otitis externa canina: revisión de literatura

Objetivou-se revisar as principais atualidades diagnósticas e terapêuticas na otite externa canina. A otite externa é uma das principais doenças na rotina clínica de cães. Apresentando etiologia multifatorial e estando envolvidos agentes predisponentes, primários e perpetuantes. Os principais sinais clínicos incluem a otalgia, prurido e otorreia, à medida que se tornam crônicos podem ser encontrados estenose, hiperqueratose e hiperpigmentação, além disso casos graves podem evoluir para otite média e interna causando alterações sistêmicas como síndrome vestibular. O diagnóstico é baseado na apresentação clínica, citologia, cultura e antibiograma. Para o tratamento deve-se considerar a investigação das causas primárias de otite como endocrinopatias e doenças dermatológicas. O tratamento tópico é o mais indicado, sendo utilizados medicamentos compostos com antibiótico, antifúnqico e anti-inflamatório. Devido a alta casuística de casos de otites externas e ainda casos crônicos e de resistência ao tratamento é importante o estudo do manejo do paciente para a prevenção e o tratamento efetivo buscando alternativas que reduzam o uso de antibióticos.

The objective was to review the diagnostic and therapeutic trends in canine otitis externa. Otitis externa is one of the main causes of a new dog clinic. Presenting multifactorial and seasonal etiology predisposing agents, primary and perpetuating. The main clinical indications include the prevalence, hypertrophy and otorrhea, as they become chronic, can be exuded, hyperkeratosis and hyperpigmentation, the main processes can progress to the middle and the front as the systemic alterations such as the vestibular syndrome . The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, cytology, culture and antibiogram. For treatment should be an investigation of the primary causes of otitis such as endocrinopathies and dermatological diseases. The topical treatment is the most indicated, being made compound drugs with antibiotic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory. Due to the high casuistry of cases of external otitis and other chronic occurrences and resistance to treatment, it is important to study the patient manual for prevention and effective treatment in search of alternatives that reduce the use of antibiotics.

Se objetivó revisar las principales novedades diagnósticas y terapéuticas en la otitis externa canina. La otitis externa es una de las principales enfermedades en la rutina clínica de perros. Presentando etiología multifactorial y estando in volucrados agentes predisponentes, primarios y perpetuantes. Los principales signos clínicos incluyen la otalgia, prurito y otorrea, a medida que se vuelven crónicos se pueden encontrar estenosis, hiperqueratosis e hiperpigmentación, además de casos graves pueden evolucionar a otitis media e interna causando alteraciones sistémicas como síndrome vestibular. El diagnóstico se basa en la presentación clínica, la citología, la cultura y el antibiograma. Para el tratamiento se debe considerar la investigación de las causas primarias de otitis como endocrinopatías y enfermedades dermatológicas. El tratamiento tópico es el más indicado, utilizando medicamentos compuestos con antibiótico, antifúngico y anti-inflamatorio. Debido a la alta casuística de casos de otitis externa y aún casos crónicos y de resistencia al tratamiento es importante el estudio del manejo del paciente para la prevención y el tratamiento efectivo buscando alternativas que reduzcan el uso de antibióticos.

Atualidades diagnósticas e terapêuticas na otite externa canina: revisão de literatura / Diagnostic and therapeutic updates on canine otitis externa: review / Actualidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas en la otitis externa canina: revisión de literatura

Objetivou-se revisar as principais atualidades diagnósticas e terapêuticas na otite externa canina. A otite externa é uma das principais doenças na rotina clínica de cães. Apresentando etiologia multifatorial e estando envolvidos agentes predisponentes, primários e perpetuantes. Os principais sinais clínicos incluem a otalgia, prurido e otorreia, à medida que se tornam crônicos podem ser encontrados estenose, hiperqueratose e hiperpigmentação, além disso casos graves podem evoluir para otite média e interna causando alterações sistêmicas como síndrome vestibular. O diagnóstico é baseado na apresentação clínica, citologia, cultura e antibiograma. Para o tratamento deve-se considerar a investigação das causas primárias de otite como endocrinopatias e doenças dermatológicas. O tratamento tópico é o mais indicado, sendo utilizados medicamentos compostos com antibiótico, antifúnqico e anti-inflamatório. Devido a alta casuística de casos de otites externas e ainda casos crônicos e de resistência ao tratamento é importante o estudo do manejo do paciente para a prevenção e o tratamento efetivo buscando alternativas que reduzam o uso de antibióticos.(AU)

The objective was to review the diagnostic and therapeutic trends in canine otitis externa. Otitis externa is one of the main causes of a new dog clinic. Presenting multifactorial and seasonal etiology predisposing agents, primary and perpetuating. The main clinical indications include the prevalence, hypertrophy and otorrhea, as they become chronic, can be exuded, hyperkeratosis and hyperpigmentation, the main processes can progress to the middle and the front as the systemic alterations such as the vestibular syndrome . The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, cytology, culture and antibiogram. For treatment should be an investigation of the primary causes of otitis such as endocrinopathies and dermatological diseases. The topical treatment is the most indicated, being made compound drugs with antibiotic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory. Due to the high casuistry of cases of external otitis and other chronic occurrences and resistance to treatment, it is important to study the patient manual for prevention and effective treatment in search of alternatives that reduce the use of antibiotics.(AU)

Se objetivó revisar las principales novedades diagnósticas y terapéuticas en la otitis externa canina. La otitis externa es una de las principales enfermedades en la rutina clínica de perros. Presentando etiología multifactorial y estando in volucrados agentes predisponentes, primarios y perpetuantes. Los principales signos clínicos incluyen la otalgia, prurito y otorrea, a medida que se vuelven crónicos se pueden encontrar estenosis, hiperqueratosis e hiperpigmentación, además de casos graves pueden evolucionar a otitis media e interna causando alteraciones sistémicas como síndrome vestibular. El diagnóstico se basa en la presentación clínica, la citología, la cultura y el antibiograma. Para el tratamiento se debe considerar la investigación de las causas primarias de otitis como endocrinopatías y enfermedades dermatológicas. El tratamiento tópico es el más indicado, utilizando medicamentos compuestos con antibiótico, antifúngico y anti-inflamatorio. Debido a la alta casuística de casos de otitis externa y aún casos crónicos y de resistencia al tratamiento es importante el estudio del manejo del paciente para la prevención y el tratamiento efectivo buscando alternativas que reduzcan el uso de antibióticos.(AU)

Diagnóstico microbiológico e multirresistência bacteriana in vitro de otite externa de cães: comunicação curta / Microbiological diagnosis and bacterial multiresistance in vitro of external otitis of dogs: short communication / Diagnóstico microbiológico y resistencia multidroga bacteriana in vitro de la otitis externa en perros: comunicación corta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar os principais agentes bacterianos causadores de otite externa canina e verificar a sensibilidade in vitro dos agentes frente a 15 antimicrobianos. Foram coletadas 57 amostras de secreções otológicas provenientes de 39 cães com otite externa, posteriormente semeadas em meio de Ágar sangue de carneiro a 5%, ágar MacConkey, ágar Sabouraud, caldo cérebro-coração e incubados a 37°C para a identificação microbiana, que foi realizada pela morfologia de colônia, coloração pelo método de Gram, produção de pigmento e provas bioquímicas. Foram isolados: Staphylococcus spp. (37,8%), Streptococcus spp. (12,2%), Bacillus spp. (7,32%), Proteus spp. (10,98%), Escherichia coli (3,66%), Klebsiella spp. (1,22%), bacilos Gram negativos não fermentadores: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17,07%) e não identificados (9,76%); leveduras (13,68%): Candida albicans (15,38%) e Malassezia pachydermatis (84,62%). A susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos foi avaliada com o uso dos seguintes fármacos: gentamicina (68,6%), norfloxacina (61,11%), enrofloxacina (58,33%), amicacina (54,17%), estreptomicina (48,61%), tetraciclina (29,17%), ciprofloxacina (27,78%), cloranfenicol (25,00%), cefalexina (23,61%), florfenicol (18.06%), ceftriaxona (12,50%), cefalotina (11,11%), sulfonamidas (5,56%), penicilina G (2,78%) e ácido nalidíxico (1,39%). O agente microbiano prevalente foi Staphylococcus spp. e as espécies bacterianas causadoras de otite externa nos cães estudados foram multirresistentes.

The aim of this work has been researching the main microbiological agents causing canine otitis externa and evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of bacterial agents front 15 antimicrobials. Were investigated 57 samples of ear secretion from 39 dogs. The samples were cultured in 5% sheep blood agar, agar MacConkey, agar Sabouraud, Brain-heart infusion and incubated 37°C. Microbial identification was made through the morphology of the colony, Gram, production of pigment and biochemical evidence. Have been isolated: Staphylococcus spp. (37.8%), Streptococcus spp. (12.2%), Bacillus spp. (7.32%), Proteus spp. (10.98%), Escherichia coli (3.66%), Klebsiella spp. (1.22%), non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.7%), unidentified (9.76%) and yeasts (13.68%): Candida albicans (84 62%) and Malassezia pachydermatis (15.38%). Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the following drugs: gentamicin (68.6%), norfloxacin (61.8%), enrofloxacin (58.33%), amikacin (54.5%), streptomycin (48.61%), tetracycline (29.5%), ciprofloxacin (27.78%), chloramphenicol (25.00%), cefalexin (23.61%), florfenicol (6.6%), ceftriaxone (12,50%), cefalotin (11.9%), sulfonamides (5.56%), penicillin G (2.78%) and nalidixic acid (1.39%). The most prevalent microbial agent was Staphylococcus spp. and the bacterial species of external otitis in the studied dogs were multidrug resistant.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar los principales agentes microbianos causantes de otitis externa canina y verificar la sensibilidad in vitro de los agentes bacterianos a 15 antimicrobianos. Fueron colectados 57 muestras de secreciones otológicas provenientes de 39 perros con otitis externa, posteriormente sembradas en medio de Agar sangre de carnero a 5%, agar MacConkey, agar Sabouraud, caldo cerebro corazón e incubados a 37°C para identificación microbiana, que fue realizada a través de morfología de colonia, coloración por método de Gram, producción de pigmento y pruebas bioquímicas. Fueron aislados Staphylococcus spp. (37,8%), Streptococcus spp. (12,2%), Bacillus spp. (7,32%), Proteus spp. (10,98%), Escherichia coli (3,66%), Klebsiella spp. (1,22%), bacilos Gram negativos no fermentadores: Pseudomonas aeruginosas (17,07%) y no identificados (9,76%); levaduras (13,68%): Candida albicans (15,38%) e Malassezia pachydermatis (84,62%). La susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos fue evaluada con el uso de los siguientes fármacos: gentamicina (68,6%), norfloxacina (61,11%), enrofloxacina (58,33%), amicacina (54,17%), estreptomicina (48,61%), tetraciclina (29,17%), ciprofloxacina (27,78%), cloranfenicol (25,00%), cefalexina (23,61%), florfenicol (18,06%), ceftriaxona (12,50%), cefalotina (11,11%), sulfonamidas (5,56%), penicilina G (2,78%) y ácido nalidíxico (1,39%). El agente microbiano más prevalente fue Staphylococcus y las especies bacterianas causadoras de otitis externa en los perros estudiados son multirresistentes.

Atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial do cravo da índia (Syzygium aromaticum) frente a Staphylococcus pseudintermedius resistentes e sensíveis a meticilina isolados de cães com otite externa

Infecções causadas por Staphylococcus pseudintermedius resistentes à meticilina (methicillinresistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius - MRSP) têm sido cada vez mais frequentes na medicina veterinária e é reconhecido como uma ameaça crescente à saúde do homem. O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos por parte dos proprietários dos animais acaba agravando esta situação e resultando em um comprometimento na eficácia do tratamento, sendo necessária a busca de métodos alternativos de tratamento no mercado. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial efeito inibitório do óleo essencial de cravo da índia (Syzygium aromaticum) sobre o crescimento de S. pseudintermedius meticilina-resistentes e sensíveis. Foram avaliados neste estudo 43 isolados de S. pseudintermedius obtidos de cães com otite externa. As amostras foram identificadas por provas fenotípicas e moleculares. Os MRSP foram identificados pela resistência à oxacilina e cefoxitina pela técnica de disco difusão em gel de ágar e pela detecção do gene de resistência mecA através da técnica de PCR convencional. Foi realizado o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e a avaliação da multirresistência utilizando 22 antimicrobianos correspondentes a 13 classes antimicrobianas. Dos 43 isolados, 27,9% foram resistentes a oxacilina e 16,2% a cefoxitina e em 30,2% foram detectados a presença do gene mecA. A eficácia do óleo essencial foi avaliada através da técnica de microdiluição para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do S. aromaticum. Após a microdiluição, foi observado que o óleo essencial de cravo da índia apresentou uma CIM e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) média de 6,34mg/mL (± 4,51) entre o total de isolados MRSP e S. pseudintermedius sensíveis à meticilina (meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius - MSSP) testados. Concluiu-se que o óleo essencial de cravo da índia comprovou ter ação antimicrobiana e foi capaz de inibir tanto o crescimento dos isolados de S. pseudintermedius resistentes quanto os sensíveis à meticilina.

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have been increasingly common in veterinary medicine and are recognized as a growing threat to human health. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics by animal owners ends up aggravating this situation and resulting in a compromise in the effectiveness of treatment, requiring the search for alternative treatment methods in the market. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential inhibitory effect of clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) on the growth of methicillin-resistant and sensitive S. pseudintermedius. In this study, 43 isolates of S. pseudintermedius obtained from dogs with otitis externa were evaluated. The samples were identified by phenotypic and molecular tests. MRSPs were identified by oxacillin and cefoxitin resistance by the agar gel disk diffusion technique and by detection of the mecA resistance gene by conventional PCR technique. Antimicrobial sensitivity profile and multiresistance evaluation were performed using 22 antimicrobials corresponding to 13 antimicrobial classes. Of the 43 isolates, 27.9% were resistant to oxacillin and 16.2% to cefoxitin and in 30.2% the presence of mecA gene was detected. The effectiveness of the essential oil was evaluated by the microdilution technique to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of S. aromaticum. After microdilution, clove essential oil was observed to have a MIC and mean minimum bactericidal concentration (CBM) of 6.34mg/mL (± 4.51) between the total of MRSP and methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) isolates tested. It was concluded that the clove essential oil proved to have antimicrobial action and was able to inhibit the growth of both resistant and methicillin sensitive S. pseudintermedius isolates.

Clinical aspects and dynamics of auricular parasitosis in Gir cattle / Aspectos clínicos e dinâmica de parasitoses auriculares em bovinos da raça Gir

We evaluated the dynamics of ear infestations caused by Rhabditis spp. and Raillietia spp., which were correlated with animal age, intensity of clinical signs and climate factors. Sixty-four Gir cattle were distributed into three groups: GA - 23 calves with 4 to 6 months of age; GB - 18 calves with 7 to 12 months of age; and GC - 23 heifers with 13 to 33 months of age. Five samplings, defined as S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 were performed every three months from August 2008 to August 2009. The ear secretion was collected using the auricular washing method for the right ear and a swab for the left ear. A clinical assessment of the animals was performed, and they were classified according to the presence and severity of otitis. The highest relative frequency of rhabditosis was 52.2% in GC at the last sampling. In the first sampling, 42.2% of the animals were infested by Raillietia spp. The older cattle were more susceptible to infestations by both parasites. No correlation of Rhabditis spp. and Raillietia spp. parasitism with climate factors was found. The results showed that both parasites could infest Gir cattle, and in most cases, there was no co-infestation. Only older animals parasitized by the nematode showed clinical signs of the disease.(AU)

Avaliou-se a dinâmica da infestação auricular causada por Rhabditis spp. e por Raillietia spp., relacionando-a com a idade dos animais, com a intensidade dos sinais clínicos e com os fatores climáticos. Utilizaram-se 64 bovinos Gir, distribuídos em três grupos: GA - 23 bezerros de quatro a seis meses de idade, GB - 18 bezerros de sete a 12 meses e GC - 23 novilhas de 13 a 33 meses. Foram feitas cinco coletas a cada três meses. A secreção auricular foi coletada utilizando o método de lavagem auricular na orelha direita e um swab na orelha esquerda. Fez-se avaliação clínica dos animais classificando-os de acordo com a presença e gravidade da otite. A maior frequência relativa da rhabditiose encontrada foi de 52,2%, no GC na ultima coleta. Na primeira coleta, 42,2% dos animais estavam infestados pela Raillietia spp. Os bovinos mais velhos foram mais suscetíveis às infestações de ambos os parasitos. Não foi encontrada correlação entre o parasitismo por Rhabditis spp. e por Raillietia spp. e os fatores climáticos. Concluiu-se que ambos os parasitas podem infestar bovinos da raça Gir e na maioria dos casos, não ocorreram infestações simultâneas. Apenas os animais mais velhos, parasitados pelo nematóide, apresentaram sinais clínicos da doença.(AU)

Potencial evocado auditivo para diagnóstico de surdez em gato com síndrome vestibular periférica / Auditory evoked potential for deafness diagnosis in a cat with peripheral vestibular syndrome

Potencial evocado auditivo é um método eletrodiagnóstico que permite avaliação funcional das vias auditivas desde a orelha média até o tronco encefálico. O uso desse teste em medicina veterinária é pouco difundido no Brasil. O presente artigo relata o uso do potencial evocado auditivo para detecção de deficiência auditiva unilateral em um gato com síndrome vestibular periférica secundária a otite média.(AU)

The brainstem auditory evoked potential is an electrodiagnostic test that allows a functional assessment of the auditory pathways from the middle ear to the brainstem. This test, in veterinary medicine, is not commonly used in Brazil. This paper reports the use of auditory evoked potential for deafness detection in a cat with unilateral peripheral vestibular syndrome secondary to otitis media.(AU)

Ablação total do canal auditivo externo aliada a osteotomia lateral da bula timpânica em gatos – revisão / Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in cats – review / Ablación completa del conducto auditivo externo y osteotomía lateral de la bulla timpánica en gatos – revisión

A ablação total do canal auditivo externo aliada a osteotomia lateral da bula timpânica é um procedimento cirúrgico indicado no tratamento de otite externa crônica e otite média, pólipos auriculares e neoplasia do canal auditivo externo em gatos. Devido à complexidade da técnica operatória, há risco potencial de várias complicações cirúrgicas, como persistência ou recidiva da infecção, lesão do nervo facial, síndrome de Horner, lesão da orelha interna, comprometimento da função auditiva e alteração da posição do pavilhão auricular. Contudo, podem-se obter excelentes resultados com o emprego de técnica cirúrgica precisa e minuciosa. Deve-se dar também especial atenção ao controle da dor pós-operatória, porque a dissecção nessa cirurgia é muito profunda. O objetivo da presente revisão é relatar essas afecções da orelha em gatos e descrever a técnica cirúrgica de ablação total do canal auditivo externo aliada a osteotomia lateral da bula timpânica.

Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy is a surgical procedure indicated for the treatment of chronic otitis externa and otitis media, aural polyps and neoplasia of external auditory canal in cats. Because of its complexity, there is potential risk of various surgical complications such as persistence or recurrence of infection, facial nerve damage, Horner’s syndrome, inner ear damage, auditory function impairment and poor ear carriage. Nonetheless, excellent results can be obtained by means of precise and meticulous surgical skills. Special attention should also be given to postoperative pain management due to the deep dissection in this kind of surgery. The aim of this review is to describe these feline ear diseases and the surgical technique of total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy.

La ablación completa del conducto auditivo externo y osteotomía lateral de la bulla timpánica son procedimientos quirúrgicos que se indican en el tratamientode la otitis externa crónica y otitis media, presencia de pólipos y neoplasias del canal auditivo externo en gatos. Debido a la complejidad de la técnica operatoria, existen riesgos potenciales de que se presenten varios tipos de complicaciones quirúrgicas como la persistencia o recidiva de infección, lesiones en nervio facial, síndrome de Horner, lesión en oído interno, compromiso de la función auditiva y alteraciones en la posición de la oreja. No obstante, es posible tener excelentes resultados si se utiliza una técnica quirúrgica precisa y minuciosa. También debe prestarse una atención particular al control del dolor postoperatorio, debido a lo profundo de la disección durante la cirugía. El objetivo de la presente revisión es relatar las afecciones auriculares de los gatos, y describir la técnica quirúrgica de ablación total del canal auditivo externo asociada a osteotomía lateral de la bulla timpánica.