Vitamin A deficiency in peafowl with secondary visceral urate deposition

Clinical History: In a flock of approximately 180 peafowl, several were showing signs of a possible upper respiratory infection and had mouth gaping per the owner. They were also reported to be lethargic, to have excessive phlegm or mucus in the mouths, had trouble swallowing, and were losing weight. They were being treated with Baytril and Metronidazole with no improvement. Approximately eight had died. Five peafowl were submitted for necropsy and diagnostic work-up, including three peahens and two peacocks. Gross Findings: In all five peafowl, the oral cavity contained excess mucus. The oral, crop, and esophageal mucosa had disseminated, smooth, raised, round nodules with a central pore. The proximal esophagus was the most severely affected site. The nodules measured on average ~2 mm in diameter. Upon squeezing some of these nodules, pale tan, caseous material could be expressed. In all five peafowl, the heart was diffusely coated by abundant white, chalky, urate material. Similar though lesser amounts of urates partially coated the surface of the liver and other coelomic membranes. In one peahen, the ureters were multifocally distended and contained consolidated accumulations of tan to pale yellow, caseous material. The kidneys in this bird were pale. Follow-up questions: Morphologic diagnoses Cause Pathogenesis

Antibacterials and behaviors adopted by milk producers in Goiás, Brazil / Antibacterianos e condutas adotadas por produtores de leite em Goiás, Brasil

Milk and its derivatives are rich in nutrients and widely consumed by the population. However, the presence of chemical residues is frequent in these products. This study aimed to carry out a diagnosis of the use of antibacterials and evaluate the knowledge about these drugs and behaviors adopted by dairy producers in Goiás, Brazil. A total of 286 dairy farms in 36 municipalities in the State were visited and interviews were conducted with the owner or auxiliary workforce. The questions addressed the production parameters of the property and the use of antibacterials. The answers were presented in percentages and graphs. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Only 26.2% of the producers used antibacterials indicated by veterinarians and all producers (100%) disposed of milk with residues inappropriately. Tetracycline and penicillin were the most used among the 21 cited active principles. Enteritis (22.1%), cattle tick fever (21.1%), and mastitis (19.4%) were the main diseases treated with antibacterials. A total of 37.4% of respondents were unable to distinguish antibacterials from other drugs. Moreover, the more specialized the farm, the greater the veterinary assistance and the greater the care for antibacterial treatments. Most respondents (51.7%) had incomplete elementary education. These results provide important information about how rural producers in the State of Goiás use antibacterials and serve as a basis for future interventions. The need for greater access by producers to veterinary services in Goiás is evident to reduce the unnecessary and inappropriate use of antibacterials.(AU)

O leite e seus derivados são ricos em nutrientes e largamente consumidos pela população. Contudo, a presença de resíduos de substâncias químicas é frequente nesses produtos. Esse estudo objetivou realizar um diagnóstico sobre o uso de antibacterianos, avaliar o conhecimento sobre esses fármacos e condutas adotadas por produtores de leite em Goiás, Brasil. Foram visitadas 286 propriedades leiteiras em 36 municípios do estado, onde foram realizadas entrevistas com o proprietário ou mão de obra auxiliar. As perguntas abordavam parâmetros produtivos da propriedade e uso de antibacterianos. As respostas foram apresentadas em porcentagem e gráficos. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ao nível de significância de 5%. Apenas 26,2% dos produtores utilizavam antibacterianos indicados por veterinários e todos (100%) descartavam o leite com resíduos de forma inadequada. Dentre os 21 princípios ativos citados, os mais utilizados foram as tetraciclinas e penicilinas. As principais doenças tratadas com antibacterianos foram enterite (22,1%), tristeza parasitária bovina (21,1%) e mastite (19,4%). Observou-se que 37,4% dos entrevistados não souberam distinguir antibacterianos de outros medicamentos. Verificou-se que quanto mais especializada é a fazenda, maior é a assistência veterinária e maiores os cuidados para tratamentos com antibacterianos. A maioria dos entrevistados (51,7%) apresentava ensino fundamental incompleto. Esses resultados fornecem informações importantes sobre como os produtores rurais do estado de Goiás utilizam antibacterianos e servem como base para intervenções futuras. É evidente a necessidade de maior acesso dos produtores a serviços veterinários em Goiás, a fim de reduzir o uso desnecessário e inadequado de antibacterianos.(AU)

Milk allergy in jersey cows: first report in Brazil / Auto alergia ao leite em vaca jersey: primeiro relato no Brasil / Alergia a la leche de auto en vaca jersey: primer reporte en Brasil

Allergy to milk is the only auto-allergic disease in cattle. It is characterized by the retention and absorption of milk itself, making milk proteins, especially alpha casein, have access to the bloodstream, resulting in a type I hypersensitivity. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of auto-allergic disease in cattle. Here we report the case of a four-year-old Jersey female bovine, which was pregnant and weighing 400Kg. The animal was being treated at (hidden for revision)and had a history of an acute allergic reaction. Its owner reported sudden onset of skin lesions, salivation, and difficulty breathing. As the animal was participating in an agricultural exhibition, it was not being milked to generate mammary gland engorgement (milk retention). Inphysical examination findings wherein there is presence of multifocal urticarial papules and plaques, mainly on the sides and right and left flanks, besides the absence of pruritus, edema in mucocutaneous regions of the upper and lower eyelids of the right and left eyes, submandibular edema, excessive salivation, inspiratory dyspnea with half-open mouth breathing, respiratory distress, apathy, cough, tachycardia tachypnea, ruminal hypomotility and increased volume of the mammary gland, characterizing milk retention. Clinical suspicion was milk allergy with anaphylactic reaction (type I hypersensitivity). Treatment was based on promethazine administration (1mg/kg; IV) and immediate full milking of the mammary gland. After 12 h of treatment, clinical respiratory signs resolved, and after 24 h, skin changes resolved completely. Based on clinical signs and treatment success, the clinical suspicion of milk allergy causing anaphylactic reaction (type I hypersensitivity) was confirmed.(AU)

A alergia ao leite é a única doença auto-alérgica em bovinos. Caracteriza-se pela retenção e absorção do próprio leite, fazendo com que as proteínas do leite, principalmente a alfa caseína, tenham acesso à corrente sanguínea, resultando em uma hipersensibilidade do tipo I. O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de doença autoalérgica em bovinos. Relatamos o caso de uma fêmea bovina da raça Jersey, com quatro anos de idade, prenhe e pesando 400Kg. O animal estava em tratamento (oculto para revisão)e tinha histórico de reação alérgica aguda. Proprietário relatou aparecimento súbito de lesões na pele, salivação e dificuldade respiratória. Oanimal estava participando de uma exposição agrícola, e não estava sendo ordenhado para gerar ingurgitamento da glândula mamária (retenção de leite). No exame físico identificou-sepápulas e placas urticariformes multifocais, principalmente nas laterais e flancos direito e esquerdo, ausência de prurido, edema em regiões mucocutâneas das pálpebras superior e inferior dos olhos direito e esquerdo, edema submandibular, salivação excessiva, dispneia inspiratória com respiração de boca entreaberta, desconforto respiratório, apatia, tosse, taquicardia, taquipneia, hipomotilidade ruminal e aumento do volume da glândula mamária, caracterizando retenção de leite. A suspeita clínica foi alergia ao leite com reação anafilática (hipersensibilidade tipo I). O tratamento baseou-se na administração de prometazina (1mg/kg; IV) e ordenha completa imediata da glândula mamária. Após 12 h de tratamento, os sinais clínicos respiratórios foram resolvidos e, após 24 h, as alterações cutâneas desapareceram completamente. Com base nos sinais clínicos e no sucesso do tratamento, confirmou-sea suspeita de alergia ao leite causando reação anafilática (hipersensibilidade tipo I).(AU)

La alergia a la leche es la única enfermedad autoalérgica en el ganado bovino. Se caracteriza por la retención y absorción de la propia leche, provocando que las proteínas de la leche, especialmente la alfa caseína, tengan acceso al torrente sanguíneo, dando lugar a una hipersensibilidad tipo I. El objetivo de este reporte es describir un caso de enfermedad autoalérgica en bovinos. Presentamos el caso de una vaca Jersey hembra de cuatro años, gestante y de 400 kg de peso. El animal estaba siendo atendido en el (oculto para revision)y tenía antecedentes de reacción alérgica aguda. Propietario refirió aparición repentina de lesiones en la piel, salivación y dificultad respiratoria. Como el animal participaba en una exhibición agrícola, no estaba siendo ordeñado para generar congestión de la glándula mamaria (retención de leche). En examen físico en los que se observan pápulas y placas urticariales multifocales, principalmente en costados y flancos derecho e izquierdo, además de ausencia de prurito, edema en las regiones mucocutáneas de los párpados superior e inferior del lado derecho e ojos izquierdos, edema submandibular, salivación excesiva, disnea inspiratoria con respiración con la boca abierta, dificultad respiratoria, apatía, tos, taquicardia (frecuencia cardíaca 88 latidos/minuto), taquipnea (100 movimientos/minuto), normotermia (39,0°C), hipomotilidad ruminal (2 movimientos ruminales/5 minutos) y aumento de volumen de la glándula mamaria, caracterizando la retención de leche. La sospecha clínica fue alergia a la leche con reacción anafiláctica (hipersensibilidad tipo I). El tratamiento se basó en la administración de prometazina (1 mg/kg; IV) y ordeño completo inmediato de la glándula mamaria. Después de 12 h de tratamiento, los signos clínicos respiratorios se resolvieron y, después de 24 h, los cambios en la piel desaparecieron por completo. Sobre la base de los signos clínicos y el éxito del tratamiento, se confirmó la sospecha clínica de alergia a la leche que causaba una reacción anafiláctica (hipersensibilidad tipo I).(AU)

Adenocarcinoma pancreático em um gato / Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a cat

Background: Despite being rare in domestic animals, pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the feline pancreas. Due non-specificity of clinical signs in cats and the late diagnosis of the neoplasm, it is necessary to understand this disease better, to contribute for the knowledge of its early recognition and treatment. Thus, this study aims to report a case of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a cat, focusing on the main clinical aspects, diagnosis, and prognosis of this disease, in addition to the description of the presentation of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Case: A 14-year-old male neutered mixed breed cat, was referred to the Feline Medicine Service (MedFel) of the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, with a history of hyporexia, constipation and increased abdominal volume for 3 days, besides mild difficulty in locomotion and progressive weight loss in the last 6 months. On the physical examination, the patient was alert, with a body condition score of 6/9; muscle condition score 1/4 and moderate dehydration of 7%. Popliteal lymph nodes were enlarged, and abdominal distension was evident. Around 200 mL of a slightly cloudy, straw-yellow liquid were drained from the abdominal cavity. After draining the fluid, a new abdominal palpation was performed, and there were fecal retention and a palpable mass in the right hypogastric region. The result of the cytological analysis of the fluid was consistent with a protein-rich transudate, suggesting neoplastic effusion of epithelial origin. Hematological and biochemical changes included leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytosis and azotemia. On abdominal ultrasound, the patient had free fluid in the abdominal cavity, and the gallbladder had discreet of biliary sludge. The intestines showed some corrugated segments with other segments lacking definition of its layers, and without peristaltic movements, suggesting intestinal neoplasia. Pancreas and adrenals were not visualized. On the chest X-ray, moderate opacification of lung fields with a diffuse interstitial pattern was observed, suggesting lung metastasis. The patient presented an acute worsening of the clinical condition and the owner requested euthanasia. The patient was referred for necropsy and based on the macroscopic and microscopic changes, the post-mortem diagnosis was metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Discussion: The clinical presentation of cats with exocrine pancreatic neoplasia is nonspecific, as clinical signs are common to several diseases, such as anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss with normal appetite, jaundice, depression, and lethargy. Complementary blood tests also do not provide data that could lead to the suspicion of pancreatic neoplastic disease. In the present case, the diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis was only possible post mortem. The pancreas is a difficult organ to assess adequately using most diagnostic imaging methods, so histopathology is still the method of choice for differentiating pancreatic tissue comorbidities. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy should be instituted to provide tissue samples from the pancreas and its metastases for histopathological diagnosis, whenever ultrasound or other imaging methods indicate suspicious abdominal changes. The literature reports that less than 10% of affected cats treated with complete surgical removal of the mass and chemotherapy alone will survive more than a year, and the average time for untreated cats is only 6 days. The prognosis of this disease is bad and most cats are euthanized, due to rapid clinical worsening. Therefore, diagnosis is essential to determine an adequate prognosis in advanced cases and to support therapeutic decisions or euthanasia.

Outbreaks of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala) infection in raised semi-intensively Colossoma macropomumin Theobroma, Rondônia state, Western Amazon / Surtos de infecção por Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala) em Colossoma macropomum cultivado semi-intensivamente em Theobroma, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental

The aim of this study was to describe two outbreaks of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae parasitizing Colossoma macropomum raised semi-intensively in the Theobroma municipality, Rondônia state, Brazil. It was reported by owner that the animals had a history of poor weight gain and decreased food intake. C. macropomum that weighed around 1.5 kg were clinically evaluated where the body surface, fins, buccal and brachial cavity were carefully analyzed and no changes were found. N. buttnerae was the only intestinal parasite found in the specimens studied, and its distribution pattern showes a preference for the posterior portion of the intestine of C. macropomum. All 50 fish examined were parasitized by at least one N. buttnerae. This parasite was found in the digestive system of the examined fish. 100% of prevalence, 430 of intensity, 8.6 of average intensity and average abundance were found. Although there was no record of mortalities due to acanthocephalosis, damage that compromised the feed conversion of the fish was recorded. C. macropomum were infected by ingesting a crustacean containing cystacanth, the infective larval form of the parasite. Damage, such as presence of nodules, hypertrophy of goblet cells, thickening of the muscle layer, metaplasia in muscle tissue, severe edema from leukocyte infiltration in blood vessels and necrotic foci, were found in the intestine due to high infection rates of N. buttnerae. That said, inspection activities are essential for the preservation of consumer and animal health.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever dois surtos de Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae parasitando Colossoma macropo-mum em cultivo semi-intensivo no município de Theobroma, estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Foi relatado pelo proprietário que os animais apresentavam histórico de baixo ganho de peso e diminuição da ingestão alimentar. C. macropomum que pesavam em torno de 1,5 kg foram avaliados clinicamente onde a superfície corporal, nadadeiras, cavidade bucal e braquial foram cui-dadosamente analisadas e não foram encontradas alterações. N. buttnerae foi o único parasita intestinal encontrado nos espé-cimes estudados, e seu padrão de distribuição mostra uma preferência pela porção posterior do intestino do C. macropomum. Todos os 50 peixes examinados estavam parasitados por pelo menos um N. buttnerae. Este parasita foi encontrado no sistema digestivo dos peixes examinados. Foram encontrados 100% de prevalência, 430 de intensidade, 8,6 de intensidade média e de abundância média. Apesar de não haver registro de mortalidade por acantocefalose, foram registrados danos que comprome-teram a conversão alimentar dos peixes. C. macropomum foram infectados pela ingestão de um crustáceo contendo cistacanto, a forma larval infectante do parasita. No intestino foram encontrados danos como presença de nódulos, hipertrofia de células caliciformes, espessamento da camada muscular, metaplasia no tecido muscular, edema grave por infiltração leucocitária nos vasos sanguíneos e focos necróticos devido às altas taxas de infecção de N. buttnerae. Dito isso, as atividades de fiscalização são essenciais para a preservação da saúde do consumidor e do animal.(AU)

Persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico e catarata em cão / Persistence of hyperplastic primary vitreous and cataract in a dog

Background: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is a rare ocular condition that is usually unilateral, formed when normal regression of the hyaloid vascular system does not occur. Diagnosis is possible through ultrasonography, by obtaining images that provide information and also serve as a differential diagnosis. Clinically the condition presents with signs of leukocoria, microphthalmia, and cataracts, and it can be further classified into 6 degrees according to the evolution. The objective of this work is to describe the case and treatment of a canine of the Pointer breed that presented opacity in both eyes, with diagnosis confirmed through ocular ultrasonography. Case: A 6-year-old male pointer dog, weighing 27 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFRGS), Santa Maria, RS - Brazil with a history of blindness. According to the owner, the animal's right eye has always been "white", since it was a puppy and the left eye began to present the same characteristic a short time ago. On ophthalmological examination, neither eye showed signs of ocular discomfort, the Schirmer's tear test was within the range expected for the species, fluorescein and threat tests were negative, and a positive pupillary reflex was observed in the left eye. The right eye had total corneal opacity associated with a chronic lesion and the presence of pigment cells in the medial portion of the eyeball, the opacity making it impossible to visualize the other internal structures of the eyeball. The left eye presented lens opacity. In the ultrasound of the right eye, there were several alterations, the presence of a triangular-shaped hyperechogenic structure in the vitreous chamber, a decrease in the depth of the anterior chamber, and the presence of abnormality in the development of the lens. The findings are compatible with and confirmed the diagnosis of PHPV. In the left eye, the ultrasound images indicated hyperechogenicity of the posterior and anterior poles of the lens, findings compatible with cataracts. Through the animal's history, complete ophthalmic examination, and use of ocular ultrasonography, it was possible to diagnose and differentiate the causes of the white eye in the patient. The preoperative screening was continued with an electroretinography examination, which showed a satisfactory electrical response for the retina of the left eye and an unsatisfactory electrical response for the retina of the right eye. Phacoemulsification surgery was performed to remove the cataract in the left eye with intraocular lens implantation. The positive threat reflex returned in this eye, with a return of visual acuity. Discussion: Persistent hyperplastic tunica lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) are congenital anomalies caused by a failure to regress the fetal hyaloid vasculature. These conditions are not common, but occur sporadically in dogs. The PHPV classification can be classified into degrees, based on the morphological aspect of the lesion. Following this classification scheme, the PHPV of the animal in question refers to the 6th degree of evolution. The total opacity of the cornea in the right eye was associated with the presence of a hyperplastic primary vitreous and the leukocoria in the left eye was due to the presence of a mature cataract. The conclusion of the diagnosis was only possible through ocular ultrasonography, which is very useful to differentiate the causes of ocular opacity and leukocoria, in addition to allowing complete evaluation of the intraocular structures and being considered an essential exam to confirm the diagnosis of PHPV.

Estimate of the canine and feline population in a municipality of thenortheastsemi-arid: a view on responsible owner ship / Estimativa da População Canina e Felina em um município do Semiárido nordestino: uma visão sobre a guarda responsável

The quality of life of animals can have a direct impact on the health of the community where they live, therefore, knowledge of the number of animals and the conditions in which they are found is fundamental to the development of actions focused on Unique Health. Aiming to carry out a population estimate of dogs and cats, domiciled and semi-domiciled, in the urban area of Barra-BA and to analyze the population's knowledge about the themes "responsible guarding" and "animal welfare", it was carried out, in the period of August to November 2019, the application of a questionnaire in 365 residences. The results showed that for each inhabitant there were about 0.152 dogs and 0.108 cats, thus, it is estimated about 6,341 domesticated and semi-domesticated animals, being 3,707 dogs and 2,634 cats. The analysis of notions of animal welfare and responsible guarding showed that most tutors do not satisfactorily practice responsible guarding, especially for cats that, when compared to dogs, had lower rates of deworming and vaccination, as well as average age below that of the canine population. The number of animals with free access to the street was higher for felines. In terms of reproductive control, between the two species, only 3.6% were spayed. At the end of the work, it can be concluded that the cat: inhabitant proportion in the studied region is consistent with the national proportion. In contrast, the dog: inhabitant relationship was shown to be inferior when compared to national values. Furthermore, there was a need for educational actions within the scope of responsible custody.(AU)

A qualidade de vida dos animais pode ter impacto direto na saúde da comunidade onde vivem. Portanto, o conhecimento do número de animais e das condições em que se encontram é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de ações voltadas para a abordagem Saúde Única. Com o objetivo de realizar uma estimativa populacional de cães e gatos domiciliados e semidomiciliados na área urbana de Barra-BA, e analisar o conhecimento da população local sobre os temas "guarda responsável" e "bem-estar animal" foi realizado um questionário em 365 residências no período de agosto a novembro de 2019. Os resultados mostraram que para cada habitante havia cerca de 0,152 cães e 0,108 gatos. Assim, estima-se que existam cerca de 6.341 animais domesticados e semi-domesticados, sendo 3.707 cães e 2.634 gatos. A análise do conhecimento sobre bem-estar animal e guarda responsável mostrou que a maioria dos tutores não pratica a guarda responsável de forma satisfatória, principalmente para gatos. Quando comparados aos cães, os gatos apresentaram menores índices de vermifugação e vacinação e apresentaram idade média abaixo da população canina. O número de animais com livre acesso à rua foi maior para os felinos. Em termos de controle reprodutivo, entre as duas espécies, apenas 3,6% foram esterilizadas. Ao final do trabalho, pode-se concluir que a proporção gato por habitante na região estudada é condizente com a proporção nacional. Em contrapartida, a relação cão por habitante mostrou-se inferior aos valores nacionais.(AU)

Lesão traumática facial em cão - reconstrução cirúrgica com retalho de transposição rotacional / Facial traumatic injury in a dog - surgical reconstruction with rotational transposition flap

Background: Bite injuries are commonly found in small animal clinics, especially in male dogs, due to their habits of fighting and territorial disputes. In general, the lesions are treated with the use of compresses and bandages, however, it is extremely important to carefully evaluate the site, in order to carry out the appropriate treatment. In cases of tissue loss, an increasingly used practice is reconstructive surgery, which launches alternatives for treatment through flaps and skin grafts, promoting healing and satisfactory aesthetic repair. This report describes the case of a dog with a facial bite, treated with reconstructive surgery. Case: A 5-year-old male mixed-breed dog, with a body mass of 5 kg, was treated and submitted to a physical examination, due to the owner's complaint that he had been attacked by another dog, causing a bite on the face. On physical examination, the animal showed normal vital parameters, except for mild hyperthermia due to rectal temperature (39.5°C). On the face, it was possible to observe a lacerative lesion in the temporomandibular and masseteric regions, with loss of skin and muscle, in addition to having an aspect of infection and necrosis. To describe the hematological profile, a blood count was performed, showing no changes. In the biochemical tests, the present alteration was a slight increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (393.8 IU/L). Surgical treatment was indicated through facial reconstruction with a skin graft. After performing the antisepsis, the lesion was debrided, the edges were regularized and the injured tissue was curetted. For reconstruction of the defect, we used a flap obtained through a perpendicular incision at the base of the ear, in a caudal direction, and this flap was pulled and transposed over the wound. Flap synthesis was performed with 3-0 nylon thread. After surgery, a compressive bandage was performed, which was removed after 24 h. It was indicated to avoid exertion in the area and to return in 10 days for the evaluation of the surgery and removal of the stitches. Discussion: Traumatic injuries in animals are being increasingly reported, with male and non-neutered dogs being the most prevalent patients. This report is in line with other studies, with the patient's profile being a male dog, with an average age, in line with the literature. In general, in certain types of wounds, the affected animals can develop sepsis and even progress to death, however, in this case the patient did not show changes in vital parameters and in hematological tests. Reconstructive surgeries are performed with the aim of correcting skin defects and knowledge of the available techniques is important. It is also necessary to carry out a good planning, in order to avoid complications in the trans and postoperative period. In the present case, we chose to use a flap obtained through an incision perpendicular to the base of the ear, transposing it over the wound, in addition to relieving tissue tension through skin divulsion, increasing its elastic potential. The use of bandages is considered extremely important for the success of the surgical procedure, as it provides an efficient barrier against infections, trauma and adhesions. However, we emphasize the need to use ointments, gauzes and bandages concomitantly, in order to have the desired success in the postoperative period. In addition to proper surgical techniques, pain management and infection control are important for patient recovery. It is important to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids to obtain analgesia, in addition to antibiotic therapy before and after surgery. The reported case demonstrated that lesions in dogs with skin loss can be reconstructed using skin flaps, with an excellent recovery and good prognosis, as was the case with the patient in this report.

Malignant tumor of peripheral nerve sheath in the thoracolumbar region in a cat

Background: In veterinary medicine, peripheral nerve tumors (PNST) are classified from the cellular pattern and as benign and malignant (MPNST). The majorities of cases are benign and usually involve the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the head, neck, and limbs. Animals with MPTNS usually have spinal cord and spinal canal involvement and are also described in the small and large intestine, oral cavity, perirenal region, and urinary bladder. Treatment is performed according to the location of the neoplasm and metastasis is rarely described. The present article aims to report a case of a malignant tumor in the peripheral nerve sheath of a cat. Case: A 8-year-old domestic cat was presented with a history of progressive paresis in the pelvic limbs. On neurological evaluation, proprioceptive ataxia and proprioception deficit in the pelvic limbs were observed, suggestive of thoracolumbar injury. Blood work and serum biochemistry showed results within the reference for the species and the bi-directional immunochromatography test for FIV and FeLV were negative. The radiographs of the thoracolumbar segment did not show significant changes. Myelography with iodinated contrast and collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were performed. On myelography examination, iodinated contrast loss was found between the 6th and 7th thoracic vertebrae, while the CSF analysis was normal. The patient underwent laminectomy and durotomy for excision of a mass found dorsally to the spinal cord, with intradural location. The tumor was sent for histopathological examination. Microscopic analysis showed neoplastic proliferation of spindle-shaped cells with predominance of the Antoni A pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated intense cytoplasmic staining of the neoplastic cells for vimentin and S100 protein. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor was made. Radiotherapy was suggested as adjuvant treatment after surgical procedure. However, the owner refuse to follow this recommendation due to cost restriction. The patient had a satisfactory clinical recovery, he has no longer presented proprioceptive ataxia or proprioception deficits in three months after the surgical procedure. Discussion: In the case described, the feline patient presented a history, clinical signs, and findings in the myelography exam related to MPNST in the region of the vertebral canal. This neoplasm usually involves the spinal canal or spinal cord, but has been described in other locations, such in the small and large intestine, oral cavity, perirenal region, and urinary bladder. Based on the findings of the physical examination and complementary exams, a surgical procedure was recommended. Then, laminectomy and dutoromy were performed to remove the mass. The treatment described in the literature in cases of MPTNS is surgery, which can be curative, but in some cases, the use of radiotherapy may be necessary. The histological patterns observed in this neoplasm are the Antoni A and B, in the case described the Antoni A pattern was observed. The definitive diagnosis was made by immunohistochemistry with vimentin and S100 protein. MPNST are few described in the thoracolumbar region in cats. The surgical treatment was curative, where improvement of the clinical signs could be observed three months after surgery. In addition, monitoring of patients is recommended to ascertain relapses and metastases.

Color dilution alopecia in a Yorkshire

Clinical History: A 1-year-old female Yorkshire terrier was presented to the clinic for a second opinion regarding its poor hair coat condition. According to the owner, the dog has been showing that appearance since the moment it was adopted, at 8 months of age. The owner also mentioned that the dog's father had a similar fur appearance. External deworming was regularly administered to this dog, and oral fluralaner (Bravecto™) was given at the time of its presentation. No other clinical signs were reported. A complete physical examination was performed, with emphasis on skin and fur assessment. The main findings were the presence of extensive areas of hypotrichosis and alopecia, affecting only dark-haired regions, mainly in the dorsal region, neck and on the outer surface of both pinnae. The presence of seborrhea and small papules compatible with superficial folliculitis were also identified. No other abnormalities were detected during the remaining examination. The complete blood count and serum biochemistry, including total circulating thyroxine (tT4) were unremarkable. Deep skin scraping and dermatophyte culture were also performed, but both tests were negative for the presence of ectoparasites and fungi, respectively. Finally, the hair follicles from the lesion areas were pulled out and evaluated under a microscope using the trichogram technique. Baths with an anti-seborrheic and anti-microbial shampoo were prescribed, but although seborrhea and folliculitis were quickly controlled with this topical treatment, the alopecic areas remained and no signs of hair regrowth was observed in the following dermatological reassessments. Follow-up questions: According only to the macroscopic images, without knowledge of the results of the complementary exams, what would be the main differential diagnoses for these extensive lesions of hypotrichosis and alopecia? What changes do you observe in the microscopic images captured in the trichogram of this animal? Based on the anamnesis, the clinical presentation and the complementary exams (particularly the trichogram), what is your clinical diagnosis? What clinical evolution do you expect for this animal concerning these hair coat abnormalities and what more diagnostic tests could be performed?(AU)

The environmental licensing of hydroelectrics and the interface with migratory fish and aquaculture in Brazil / O licenciamento ambiental de hidrelétricas e a interface com os peixes migratórios e a aquicultura no Brasil

In this review, we present a background on the Brazilian Federal Legislation on the environmental licen-sing of hydroelectric plants focusing on the procedure of the repair of environmental damage caused by dams to migratory fish. To that end, the Brazilian electrical matrix was first addressed, thus highlighting the significant contribution of the energy produced by hydroelectric projects. To better contextualize the characteristics of the legislation, separate sections concerning illustrative reports of the effects of dams on migratory fish and the current panorama of aquaculture in Brazil and in the world were included. In this review, we also present a discussion on the specific legislation concerning a mitigation measure, the "fish restocking programs," which have the potential to promote fishing and aquaculture, but still lack a scien-tific basis on their effectiveness and correct application. An assessment of this historical process in Brazil indicates that different mitigation measures imposed to obtain operating licenses by hydroelectric plants vary among different hydroelectric projects and that this heterogeneity in the conditions imposed may have effects (of unknown proportions) on local fish communities. Considering the absence of a specific device foreseen in the law that requires the owner or concessionaire of dams in watercourses to provide for fish restocking programs or specific ichthyofauna conservation programs, the issue seems to depend on the discretion of the licensing agency to demand that the hydroelectric plant operators carry out the rein-troduction of fish in their reservoirs. This review concludes that there are political and scientific issues to be debated and explored in order to improve public policies on this topic of extreme relevance for society.(AU)

Nesta revisão, apresentamos um histórico da legislação brasileira sobre licenciamento ambiental de usi-nas hidrelétricas com foco no procedimento de reparação de danos ambientais aos peixes migratórios causados por barramentos. Para tanto, a matriz elétrica brasileira foi inicialmente abordada, destacando a significativa contribuição da energia produzida por projetos hidrelétricos. A fim de melhor contextua-lizar as características da legislação sobre o tema, foram incluídas seções referentes a relatos ilustrativos acerca dos efeitos das barragens para os peixes migratórios no Brasil e o panorama atual da aquicultura desenvolvida no país e no mundo. Apresentamos também uma discussão sobre a legislação específica relativa a uma medida de mitigação, os "programas de repovoamento de peixes", que têm potencial para promover a pesca e a aquicultura, mas parecem carecer de base científica sobre sua eficácia e correta aplicação. Uma avaliação desse processo histórico no Brasil indicou que as diversas medidas de mitigação impostas a usinas hidrelétricas, para obterem licenças de operação, variam entre os projetos hidrelétricos e que essa heterogeneidade nas condições impostas pode ter efeitos (de proporções desconhecidas) nas comunidades piscícolas locais. Considerando, então, a inexistência de dispositivo específico previsto em lei, que obrigue o proprietário ou a concessionária de barragens em cursos d'água a prever programas de repovoamento de peixes ou de conservação da ictiofauna, a questão parece depender da discricio-nariedade do órgão licenciador de exigir que os operadores das usinas reintroduzam os peixes em seus reservatórios. Esta revisão mostra que há questões políticas e científicas a serem debatidas e exploradas, visando ao aprimoramento de políticas públicas sobre esse tema de extrema relevância para a sociedade.(AU)

Perception of veterinarians on monitoring diabetic cats with emphasis on the flash glucose monitoring system / Percepção dos veterinários sobre o monitoramento de gatos diabéticos com ênfase no sistema flash de monitoramento de glicose

This study aimed to understand the perception of veterinarians regarding monitoring blood and interstitial glucose levels in cats with diabetes mellitus and/or diabetic ketoacidosis, with emphasis on the flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) (FreeStyle Libre, Abbott, Brazil). This research consisted of two stages. In all, 516 response forms were obtained, and of these, 480 (93%) were considered valid. In total, 333 (69.4%) veterinarians did not use the FGMS, while 147 (30.6%) did. The cost of the FGMS (116, 78%) was the greatest deterrent to acceptability. Veterinarians who use the device consider it indispensable in the hospital monitoring of diabetic ketoacidosis and a facilitator in the accurate monitoring of measurements. In addition, the preferred location for application of the sensor is the cranial lateral wall of the chest and it is quite tolerable. Monitoring a diabetic cat requires commitment from the owner and the veterinary team to ensure feline-friendly management.

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, conhecer a percepção dos médicos veterinários quanto à monitorização da glicose sanguínea e intersticial em gatos com diabetes mellitus (DM) e/ou cetoacidose diabética, com ênfase no sistema flash de monitoramento da glicose (SFMG) (FreeStyle Libre, Abbott, Brasil). Esta pesquisa foi composta por duas etapas. Ao todo, foram obtidos 516 formulários de resposta. Desses, 480 (93%) foram considerados válidos. No total, 333 (69,4%) veterinários não utilizavam o SFMG, enquanto 147 (30,6%) o utilizavam. O custo do SFMG (116, 78%) foi a maior barreira para a aceitabilidade. Os médicos veterinários que utilizam o dispositivo consideram-no indispensável no monitoramento hospitalar da cetoacidose diabética por ser um facilitador no acompanhamento preciso das aferições. Além disso, o local de preferência para aplicação do sensor é na parede lateral cranial do tórax e é bem tolerável. Monitorar um felino diabético requer comprometimento do tutor e da equipe veterinária e que assegure um manejo amigo do gato.

Malformações congênitas em ovinos - surto causado por Mimosa tenuiflora / Congenital malformationsin sheep - outbreak caused by Mimosa tenuiflora

Background: Congenital malformations are anomalies, structural or functional, that occur during the embryonic or fetal phase. There are several causes, one of which is the ingestion of toxic plants. Considering the importance of native toxic plants in the Central Backlands of Ceará state - Brazil, this paper reports cases of congenital malformations in sheep due to ingestion of Mimosa tenuiflora. Cases: Cases of abortion and malformations in sheep, were monitored in a rural property in the municipality of Piquet Carneiro with 20 ruminants (15 sheep and 5 cows) raised on a semi-intensive regime. The animals grazed during the day and were supplemented with corn, having unrestricted access to dam water. On its margins, there was a large amount of jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), which the owner reported that the sheep consumed daily. The owner was unaware of the toxicity of M. tenuiflora but reported that cases of malformations had already occurred on his property some time ago. In an interval of approximately 12 days, 3 sheep miscarriage fetuses with multiple malformations. Malformed fetuses were referred for anatomopathological examination at the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus Patos, Paraíba, Brazil. The fetuses were necropsied and tissue samples of the nervous system and organs from the thoracic and abdominal cavities were collected, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, routinely processed for histopathology, included in paraffin, cut into 3 µm sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). At necropsies were observed permanent contracture of the thoracic limb joints (arthrogryposis), particularly at the radio-carpal joints; incomplete medial fusion of the palatal bone, with communication between the oral and nasal cavities (palatoschisis); hypoplasia of the mandibular bone (micrognathia); unilateral hypoplasia of the incisive bone with discontinuity of the upper lip (cheiloschisis); unilateral hypoplasia of the eyeball (microphthalmia); lateral curvature of the cervical spine (scoliosis); and chest deformity characterized by ventral protrusion of the sternum and ribs (Pectus carinatum). At the histopathological evaluation of the tissues, no alterations were observed. Discussion: The diagnosis was based on the epidemiological, clinical, and anatomopathological findings. The semi-intensive management system applied on the property predisposed the sheep to ingestion of M. tenuiflora, which grows abundantly on the property and throughout the Central Backlands of Ceará, Brazil, with a high rate of geographical coverage. Despite that, most rural producers, especially subsistence farmers, are unaware of the toxic and teratogenic properties of the plant. In the northeastern, where there are long periods of drought coupled with forage shortages, poisoning by M. tenuiflora is a common cause of malformation and mortality in lambs. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt preventive measures in herds, such as raising awareness among producers about the toxic potential of some native plants and the practice of producing and supplying silage to animals, so that native toxic plants are not the only food source during the scarcity period.

Fibroma cutâneo atípico em uma vaca / Atypical cutaneous fibroma in a cow

Background: Cutaneous fibroma is a benign neoplasm affecting the fibroblasts and collagen matrix that develops in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. This neoplasm is uncommon in cattle, and few reports have described the treatment and resolution of this neoplasm. Despite its benign character, a veterinarian should consider cutaneous fibroma in the differential diagnosis of skin tumors. This report aims to describe a rare case of large fibroma in the scapular region in a cow, with emphasis on the clinical-surgical and anatomopathological aspects of the condition. Case: A 3-year-old Girolando 3/4 cow was attended to at a rural property in Lagamar-MG, Brazil. According to the owner, the animal presented with a small mass in the right scapular region that grew progressively over 1 year and 6 months. Clinical examination revealed an exuberant and painless increase in volume on palpation in the proximal region of the right thoracic limb, which, in its vertical axis, extended from the proximal end of the scapula to near the olecranon tuberosity, and, in its horizontal axis, extended from the 6th intercostal space to the scapulohumeral joint, reaching the dimensions 66 cm and 62 cm, respectively. It presented with multiple nodules that were firm in consistency with extensive areas of ulceration. Neoplasia was suspected, and surgical excision was decided upon. The cow was sedated and restrained in the left lateral decubitus position. Trichotomy and antisepsis of the operative field were performed followed by an infiltrative anesthetic block around the tumor. The tumor was excised maintaining a safety margin of 1 cm. Dermorrhaphy was not possible, and healing by secondary intention was awaited. In the postoperative period, antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, analgesia with meloxicamand dipyrone and daily dressing of the wound were performed. There were no postoperative complications and complete healing occurred approximately 100 days after surgery. One year after the surgical procedure, the owner reported that the cow did not present with recurrence of the neoplasm. The resected tumor weighed 11.2 kg, and, when cut, presented with solid conformation and whitish coloration. Tumor fragments were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin, and sent for histopathological examination, which revealed neoproliferation of remarkable cellular density composed of dense, well vascularized fibrocollagenous connective tissue arranged in multidirectional bundles and undulating pattern. Mild cellular pleomorphism was identified, and no mitosis figures were observed. Alcian blue staining was negative for mucopolysaccharides, differing from Masson's trichrome staining, which widely stained the fibrocollagenous tissue blue. In view of these findings, the diagnosis of cutaneous fibroma was confirmed. Discussion: Cutaneous fibromas are benign neoplasms of fibrous tissue, and they are uncommon in cattle and may be associated with bovine papillomavirus and/or trauma. Although the origin of cutaneous fibroma is not clear, the present report stands out due to the large size of the tumor mass. The complete healing of the surgical wound, the absence of recurrence one year after surgery and the return of the animal to dairy production demonstrate that the surgical treatment was adequate. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of the cutaneous fibroma in this case corroborate with other cases reported in the literature. Large cutaneous fibroma is uncommon in bovines, and may hinder surgical excision and prolong healing time, as well as the complete recovery of the animal. Moreover, the differential diagnosis with other neoplasms of fibroblastic origin is relevant, especially for those with malignant biological behavior, such as fibrosarcoma and myxosarcoma.

Monocephalus dipygus dibrachius em cadela Shih Tzu / Monocephalus dipygus dibrachius in a Shih Tzu bitch

Background: Congenital anomalies are structural, functional, or metabolic defects caused by a combination of environmental, genetic, or even iatrogenic factors. Genetic defects, which can be inherited, are more common in purebred dogs. Teratogenic factors such as radiation, toxins, chemical agents, infectious diseases, mechanical influences, drugs given to the mother, and nutrition can affect the litter during gestational development. The incomplete division of a fertilized egg results in monozygotic, conjoined or Siamese twins, which are animals with complete or incomplete duplications. This paper reports on an adult bitch with monocephalus dipygus dibrachius and the surgical procedures. Case: A 2-year-old female Shih Tzu weighing 5 kg was admitted to a veterinary clinic, presenting with swelling and myiasis near the anus and several development disorders, characterized by 2 pelvises, 2 anuses, 2 vulvas, 2 forelimbs and 6 hindlimbs. Her physiological parameters were otherwise normal. Only the dog's myiasis was treated at this time due to the owner's financial straits. After 5 months, the owner brought the bitch back to the veterinary clinic because the animal presented with fecaloma in 1 of the anuses. Radiography revealed numerous alterations: seven lumbar vertebrae with marked vertebral axis deviation, reduced disc space, as well as ankylosis and fused ventral spondylosis at L6 and L7. Two pelvises fused medially by the wings of the ileum, with slight deviation and thinning of pelvic bones. Four hip joints and medial joints with pelvic avulsion and bone remnants of the pelvic limbs. Acetabular tearing slightly flattened femoral head and thickened femoral neck. Caudal vertebrae and vertebral axis located in left pelvis. Left lateral patella inserted in the trochlear groove and lateral dislocation of right patella. Right patellofemoral joint with smooth surface, preserved intra-articular density and cranial displacement of the tibia relative to the femoral condyles (cranial cruciate ligament rupture). An ultrasound analysis revealed 2 bladders. Two months later surgery was performed due to recurrent complications. During laparotomy 2 uteruses, 2 bladders and bifurcation of the intestine were observed. Ovariosalpingohysterectomy was performed in both uterus and enterectomy of the problematic intestinal portion. After 2 days of the surgery, blood transfusion was performed. After 2 days of the transfusion, there was extravasation of yellow fluid from the surgical cut and abdominal palpation was indicative of bladder rupture, so the patient was sent to emergency surgery. Unilateral nephrectomy and ureterectomy, and ruptured bladder cystectomy were performed. The dog remained hospitalized for 24 days after surgery, before it was released. Discussion: The classification of conjoined twins is based on the location of the junction and the number of limbs. Monocephalus dipygus dibrachius was diagnosed based on the fact that the dog had 1 skull, 2 thoracic limbs and 4 pelvic limbs, as well as the corresponding genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract alterations. Imaging scans are extremely important for a proper diagnosis to ensure appropriate surgery planning. The bitch was the result of inbreeding between a male dog and its offspring, which probably contributed to this malformation. There are very few reports of surviving adult conjoined animals, and even fewer descriptions of successful surgical treatments. To the best of knowledge of the authors, there are no previous reports of a surviving adult dog suffering from this malformation.

Teste de Letramento Funcional em Saúde Animal - LFSA / Functional Literacy in Animal Health test - FLAH

O Letramento Funcional em Saúde (LFS) é um dos determinantes sociais estabelecidos que indica a capacidade de se obter, analisar e aplicar as informações médicas, no entanto, ainda não existe um formulário aplicado à Medicina Veterinária. No presente trabalho, foi criado um teste de Letramento Funcional em Saúde Animal (LFSA) para ser avaliada a compreensão de tutores de cães e gatos a respeito de informações comumente utilizadas nas prescrições veterinárias. Apesar de entenderem as orientações verbais, 62% têm dificuldade para compreender os horários das medicações e termos técnicos (74%). Foi constatada a existência de associação entre o grau de LFSA e o nível de escolaridade e renda. Tutores com ensino fundamental e renda de até três salários-mínimos (58%) exibiram letramento de crítico (42%) a básico (61%), que foi associado à dificuldade de letramento (p<0,001 e p = 0,04). O teste apresenta questões rápidas e práticas e pode ser aplicado pelo médico-veterinário antes da prescrição e melhorar a comunicação com o tutor.(AU)

The Functional Health Literacy (FLH) is one of the social determinants that indicates the ability to obtain, analyze and apply medical information, however until now it was not applied in Veterinary Medicine. In the present paper it was created a Functional Literacy in Animal Health (FLAH) test to assess if dog and cat owner's can understand information commonly used in veterinary prescriptions. In spite of understanding the verbal guidelines, 62% have difficulty in understanding medication schedules and technical terms (74%). There was an association between the FLAH degree and the education level and income. The owners with complete primary education show critical (42%) and basic (61%) literacy along with an income of up to three minimum wages (58%), which are associated with literacy difficulties (p <0,001 and p = 0,04). The test presents quick and practical questions and can be applied by the veterinarian before the prescription, improving the communication with pet owners.(AU)

Stephanofilariasis in Holstein cows - Diagnostic approach

Background: Stephanofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Stephanofilaria spp., considered a zoonotic disease, that affects several species, mainly dairy cattle. The condition causes chronic ulcerative dermatitis, due to the mechanical action of the parasite on the hair follicles and dermal papillae. The recommended diagnostic method is histopathological examination, but alternative methods have been studied for the detection of the agent since it does not demonstrate good results. There is no specific treatment, however, the use of organophosphates is recommended. The objective of this work is to report an outbreak of stephanofilariasis with unusual lesions in cattle from a dairy cattle farm in the city of Boa Vista do Buricá, RS, Brazil, as well as to demonstrate an alternative method for the diagnosis of the disease. Cases: We prospectively evaluated 15 Holstein cows, aged between 1 and 10-year-old whose data and materials for diagnosis, were provided by the property owner. The outbreak occurred in the summer, in a period of greater rainfall, affecting cows of different ages and totaling 48% of the herd. These showed ulcerative lesions on the skin of the groin, limbs and interdigital regions, and less frequently in the udder. The samples were obtained through tissue biopsy and scraped from the lesions, being packed in 10% formaldehyde for fixation. Afterward, the formaldehyde was centrifuged at 800 g for 5 min, which consisted of analyzing the sediment through optical microscopy and without staining, aiming at the direct search of the agent. The tissues, on the other hand, underwent routine processing and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Histopathological analysis did not reveal Stephanofilaria sp. subjects in morphological analysis and revealed acanthosis, spongiosis, ulcers and fibrosis in the analyzed tissue. The examination of direct research with formaldehyde proved to be efficient, and fast. In the direct examination of the agent, structures similar to filarial and compatible with Stephanofilaria sp. in all samples. Thus, the present study demonstrated that filariasis can present in the form of outbreaks and with unusual injuries. The examination of direct research with formaldehyde, proved to be efficient and fast. Discussion: Semi-confined and confined animals may have a higher occurrence of strephanofilariasis, since the parasite needs humid and warm environments to proliferate and that, the proliferation of stephanophilariasis vectors is intensified in environments with low sunlight, high temperatures, high humidity, and low cleaning frequency. The city of Boa Vista do Buricá, where the outbreak occurred, reached a minimum average temperature of 18.5ºC and an average of 29ºC, with an average rainfall of 120.5 mm. Cutaneous lesions have been seen in animals from 1 to 10 years of age and no racial predisposition, age, or blackout stage is reported. The histological diagnosis, although mentioned as a form of diagnosis, has low efficacy in finding parasites in the tissue, is also used as a diagnosis, direct examination of the agent with saline solution, and impression of the lesion stained by the Romanoswsky method. However, in this report, formaldehyde proved to be a new option, as efficiently as saline.

Permanent tracheostomy in a horse: a case report / Traqueostomia permanente em equino: relato de caso

Problems related to the locomotor and gastrointestinal systems correspond to the highest percentage of clinical cases. However, diseases related to the respiratory system can result in low animal performance or even the animal's removal from athletic life. This paper aims to report a case of permanent tracheotomy in a horse. The animal was treated at the Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia Veterinary Hospital - HOVET, with respiratory noise and dyspnea claims. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the animal had been presenting respiratory difficulty for 20 days. On physical examination, respiratory noise and dyspnea were noted. Endoscopy was performed, from which a marked decrease in the arytenoid cartilage movement on the right and left sides was noted. It was possible to diagnose a stage IV case of bilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, combining clinical signs with endoscopy findings. Thus, the surgical treatment of permanent tracheostomy was chosen. After surgery, drug therapy using antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs was performed. In addition, a nº 6 metal tracheostomy cannula was inserted. After 36 days of hospitalization, the animal was discharged with regression of clinical signs.(AU)

Problemas relacionados aos sistemas locomotor e gastrointestinal correspondem ao maior percentual de casos clíni-cos. No entanto, doenças relacionadas ao sistema respiratório podem resultar em baixo desempenho do animal ou mesmo na retirada do animal da vida atlética. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de traqueotomia permanente em um cavalo. O animal foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET, com queixas de ruído respiratório e dispneia. Na anamnese, o proprietário relatou que o animal apresentava dificuldade respiratória há 20 dias. Ao exame físico, notou-se ruído respiratório e dispneia. Foi realizada endoscopia, a partir da qual foi notada diminuição acentuada do movimento da cartilagem aritenoide nos lados direito e esquerdo. Foi possível diagnosticar um caso em estágio IV de hemiplegia laríngea bila-teral, combinando os sinais clínicos com os achados endoscópicos. Assim, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico da traqueostomia definitiva. Após a cirurgia, foi realizada terapia medicamentosa com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios. Além disso, uma cânula de traqueostomia de metal nº 6 foi inserida. Após 36 dias de internação, o animal recebeu alta com regressão dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

Intoxicação em gatos atendidos em um hospital veterinário universitário da cidade de São Paulo: análise retrospectiva de 2010 a 2021 / Intoxication in cats attended in a veterinary teaching hospital of São Paulo city: a retrospective analysis from 2010 to 2021

O aumento da população pet no Brasil causou maior proximidade da convivência de gatos com o ser humano e a falta de conhecimento do proprietário quanto às particulares felinas pode favorecer a ocorrência de toxicoses. Assim, o presente estudo apresenta as principais causas de intoxicações em gatos registrados no Hospital Veterinário (Hovet) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), no período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2021. Os resultados mostraram que a frequência de ocorrência anual de casos de intoxicações em gatos variou de 0,71% (5/704) a 2,68% (9/336), e os principais agentes responsáveis por intoxicações foram os praguicidas anticolinesterásicos, como carbamatos e organofosforados (50% - 48/96), e os medicamentos, em particular, os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (31,25% - 30/96). Houve casos em que não foi identificada a substância envolvida (7,29% - 7/96), o que dificulta a abordagem terapêutica. Em casos de urgência, devem ser inicialmente instituídas as medidas destinadas à manutenção das funções vitais do animal, e, posteriormente, de suporte ao animal. Nestes casos, é importante a realização do diagnóstico diferencial das possíveis causas de intoxicação de acordo com os sinais e histórico clínico, bem como a colheita de amostras para análise toxicológica.(AU)

The increase in the pet population in Brazil with the greater proximity of the coexistence of cats with humans and the owner's lack of knowledge about feline particulars can favor the occurrence of toxicosis. Thus, the present study performs a retrospective survey of poisoning in cats registered by the Daily Care Records of cats received at the Veterinary Hospital (Hovet) of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), from January 2010 to December 2021. The results showed that the annual occurrence of cases of poisoning in cats ranged from 0.71% (5/704) to 2.68% (9/336), and the main agents responsible for poisoning were anticholinesterase pesticides, such as carbamates and organophosphates ( 50% - 48/96), and medications, in particular, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (31,25% - 30/96). There were also cases in which it was not possible to identify the substance involved (7.29% - 7/96), which makes the therapeutic approach difficult. In these cases, it is important to make a differential diagnosis to potential cases of intoxication according to clinic signs and clinic history, in addition to collecting samples for toxicologic analysis. In urgent cases, measures must be used to maintain the animal's vital functions and, later, supportive measures for the animal.(AU)

Unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm in a golden retriever

Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrialregion. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves andectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waveswithin the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis.The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removalin the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigueor cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, hedemonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normalrange, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpmheart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparotetest, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolicblood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified.After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed withdifferent frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic...