Did Azara discover Myotis simus or Myotis midastacus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) at least a century before their formal description?

The true identity of the "Chauve-Souris Onzieme ou Chauve-Souris Cannelle" of Azara (1801) and the "LXXXII Murcielago Acanelado" of Azara (1802) has never been clarified. Though it has historically been associated with the Red Myotis, Myotis ruber (É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806), there are clear inconsistencies with that species. Unusual features of the description such as the position of the attachment of the wing membrane to the limbs confirm that the species described by Azara belongs to the Myotis simus Thomas, 1901 group. Two members of that group occur in Paraguay, from where Azara described his specimen: Myotis cf. simus and the recently described Myotis midastacus Moratelli & Wilson, 2014. Measurements and collection locality slightly favour its identity as the former, but it is not possible to conclusively state which of these species Azara had in his possession.(AU)

Fibroblastic osteosarcoma in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

The article describes the case of a 3 year 6 months old Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) that was assisted at the Wildlife and Exotic Animal Practice of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Asunción. The patient presented a hard mass in the right hind limb extending from the proximal portion of the femur, projecting caudally to the proximal tuberosity of the calcaneus, with an increase in temperature, and a marked increase in sensitivity. Radiographic diagnosis refers to a mass with amorphous areas of mineral density. Fine needle aspiration puncture revealed an undifferentiated malignant proliferative process, requiring histopathological analysis to characterize the process. Disarticulation was performed and subsequent histopathologic diagnosis under hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain revealed fibroblastic osteosarcoma.(AU)

Thermal condition of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) processing / Análise das condições térmicas do processamento da erva-mate

The Ilex paraguariensis is a species native to Brazil, Paraguay and Argentine, valued by its positive effects on human health. Mate processing consists of the following stages: pre-drying (rapid drying at high temperature, known as sapeco operation), drying, and milling. In order to verify the current process and to propose future improvements to the mate processing, thermal and mass balance analysis were applied to industrial mate processing units. Results showed that the consumption of energy in sapeco and drying operations exceeds the calorific input necessary for these operations. These results verify the need for a change in the management of temperatures in the sapeco and drying stages of mate processing in order to optimize the consumption of energy, resulting in lower costs, with positive effects on the quality of the mate products.

A Ilex paraguariensis é uma espécie nativa do Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina, valorizada por seus efeitos positivos na saúde humana. O processamento do mate consiste nas seguintes etapas: pré-secagem (secagem rápida em alta temperatura, conhecida como operação de sapeco), secagem e moagem. A fim de verificar o atual processo e propor melhorias futuras no processamento de mate, foram aplicadas análises térmicas e de balanço de massa em unidades industriais de processamento de mate. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de energia nas operações de sapeco e secagem supera o aporte calorífico necessário para essas operações. Esses resultados comprovam a necessidade de uma mudança no gerenciamento das temperaturas nas etapas de sapeco e secagem do processamento da erva-mate, a fim de otimizar o consumo de energia, resultando em menores custos, com efeitos positivos na qualidade dos produtos da erva-mate.

Dynamics of fish larvae recruitment in the hydrographic basin of the Paraguay River in western Brazil

The conservation of fish assemblages depends on the longitudinal and lateral connectivity between riverine habitats, in particular during the breeding season and the initial development. This study investigated the composition and spatio-temporal structure in the ichthyoplankton of the hydrographic basin of the Paraguay River in western Brazil to identify the local spawning grounds and the importance of the longitudinal connectivity of economically valuable migratory species. Data were collected at 10 sites between two breeding seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). Were collected 8,635 larvae, representing 55 taxa in 25 families, including the migratory species Brycon hilarii, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus, Pseudoplatystoma spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Sorubim lima, and Zungaro jahu, which are important fishery resources, with the highest larval densities being recorded between November and January. The Sepotuba, Paraguay, Jauru, and Cabaçal rivers were the areas of greatest connectance, and should thus be considered critical for the conservation of the longitudinal connectivity of this fluvial system, indicating that the migratory species spawn upriver. More efficient fisheries management mechanisms are needed, respecting the spawning period of migratory species, maintaining quality and longitudinal connectivity between habitats, and characteristics necessary for successful larval recruitment.(AU)

A conservação das assembleias de peixes depende da conectividade longitudinal e lateral entre habitats ribeirinhos, em especial durante o período reprodutivo e de desenvolvimento inicial. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição e a estrutura espaço-temporal do ictioplâncton da bacia hidrografia do rio Paraguai no oeste do Brasil para identificar as áreas de desova e a importância da conectividade longitudinal para a reprodução das espécies migradoras de interesse comercial. Os dados foram coletados em 10 pontos entre dois períodos reprodutivos (2017/2018 e 2018/2019). Capturaram-se 8635 larvas, pertencentes a 25 famílias e 55 táxons, incluindo espécies migradoras de interesse comercial, Brycon hilarii, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus, Pseudoplatystoma spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Sorubim lima e Zungaro jahu, que são importantes recursos pesqueiros,com maiores densidades larvais entre novembro e janeiro. Os locais com maiores interações e conectância foram os rios Sepotuba, Paraguai, Jauru e Cabaçal e, portanto, devem ser considerados áreas críticas para a conservação da conectividade longitudinal no sistema fluvial, indicando que as espécies migradoras têm desovado a montante dos locais amostrados. São necessários mecanismos de gestão pesqueira mais eficientes, respeitando o período de desova das espécies migradoras, mantendo a qualidade e conectividade longitudinal entre habitats, características necessárias ao sucesso do recrutamento larval.(AU)

Thermal condition of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) processing / Análise das condições térmicas do processamento da erva-mate

ABSTRACT: The Ilex paraguariensis is a species native to Brazil, Paraguay and Argentine, valued by its positive effects on human health. Mate processing consists of the following stages: pre-drying (rapid drying at high temperature, known as sapeco operation), drying, and milling. In order to verify the current process and to propose future improvements to the mate processing, thermal and mass balance analysis were applied to industrial mate processing units. Results showed that the consumption of energy in sapeco and drying operations exceeds the calorific input necessary for these operations. These results verify the need for a change in the management of temperatures in the sapeco and drying stages of mate processing in order to optimize the consumption of energy, resulting in lower costs, with positive effects on the quality of the mate products.

RESUMO: A Ilex paraguariensis é uma espécie nativa do Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina, valorizada por seus efeitos positivos na saúde humana. O processamento do mate consiste nas seguintes etapas: pré-secagem (secagem rápida em alta temperatura, conhecida como operação de sapeco), secagem e moagem. A fim de verificar o atual processo e propor melhorias futuras no processamento de mate, foram aplicadas análises térmicas e de balanço de massa em unidades industriais de processamento de mate. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de energia nas operações de sapeco e secagem supera o aporte calorífico necessário para essas operações. Esses resultados comprovam a necessidade de uma mudança no gerenciamento das temperaturas nas etapas de sapeco e secagem do processamento da erva-mate, a fim de otimizar o consumo de energia, resultando em menores custos, com efeitos positivos na qualidade dos produtos da erva-mate.

Fish functional trophic groups in headwater karst streams from the Upper Paraguay River basin

Data obtained by direct observation of organisms in their natural habitats can provide valuable contributions regarding intra- and inter-specific interactions, as well as spatial distribution and trophic relationships. However, relatively few such data are available for the Neotropical ichthyofauna relative to the great species diversity of this region. We present data on the ichthyofauna in karst environments of the Serra da Bodoquena, Upper Paraguay River basin regarding their categorization into functional trophic groups. We used direct observations that focused on the most frequent feeding tactics and their spatial (vertical and horizontal) distribution in the channel. We observed 83 fish species in 17 functional trophic groups. The greatest species richness was concentrated in the Characidae and Loricariidae in the categories Diurnal Backwater Drift Feeders and Grazers, respectively. Regarding horizontal depth stratification, we found a positive relationship between the association of small fish with the shallow marginal habitats. This work represents a contribution to a region known for its high tourist potential and to the important diversity of the entire ichthyofauna of the Upper Paraguay basin region that requires proper conservation strategies for sustaining these species.(AU)

Dados obtidos pela observação direta dos organismos em seus hábitats naturais podem fornecer valiosas contribuições com relação a interações intra e inter-específicas, além de distribuição espacial e relações tróficas. Entretanto, relativamente poucos dados estão disponíveis no que diz respeito à ictiofauna neotropical dada à grande diversidade dessa região. Apresentamos dados sobre a ictiofauna em ambientes cársticos da Serra da Bodoquena, bacia do alto rio Paraguai e a categorização das mesmas em grupos tróficos funcionais baseada em observações diretas relacionadas às táticas alimentares mais frequentes e à sua distribuição espacial (vertical e horizontal) no canal. Assim sendo, observamos 83 espécies de peixes alocadas em 17 grupos tróficos funcionais. A maior riqueza de espécies concentrou-se nas famílias Characidae e Loricariidae, abrangendo as categorias Catadores Diurnos de Itens Arrastados pela Corrente e Pastadores, respectivamente. Com relação à estratificação horizontal, encontramos a relação positiva entre a associação de peixes de pequeno porte com relação aos hábitats marginais. Esse trabalho representa uma contribuição a uma região conhecida pelo seu alto potencial turístico e à importante diversidade da ictiofauna da região da bacia do alto Paraguai que requer estratégias de conservação adequadas para sustentar essas espécies.(AU)

Soybean adaptability and stability analyzes to the organic system through AMMI, GGE Biplot and mixed models methodologies / Análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade da soja ao sistema orgânico por meio de metodologias AMMI, GGE Biplot e modelos mistos

This research determined the adaptability and stability of soybean yield for organic systems in different environments. Grain yield data (GY, kg ha-1) from experiments with six soybean genotypes evaluated in six environments in Brazil and one environment in Paraguay were used. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, organized in an incomplete factorial scheme, with six environments in Brazil (Toledo- PR, Palotina- PR, Mangueirinha- PR, Três Passos- RS, Passo Fundo- RS, Major Vieira- SC) and one in Paraguay (Bela Vista do Norte- PY) with six soybean genotypes (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) arranged in four replications per environment. BRS 511 genotype was characterized by high average grain yield and stability by the AMMI method. BRS 284 genotype was identified as the ideal genotype in the GGE biplot method. WAASBY and BLUP index selected BRS511 and BRS284 genotypes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade da soja para sistemas orgânicos em diferentes ambientes. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos (GY, kg ha-1) de experimentos com seis genótipos de soja avaliados em seis ambientes no Brasil e um ambiente no Paraguai. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, organizados em esquema fatorial incompleto, com seis ambientes no Brasil (Toledo - PR, Palotina - PR, Mangueirinha - ​​PR, Três Passos - RS, Passo Fundo - RS, Major Vieira - SC) e um no Paraguai (Bela Vista do Norte - PY) com seis genótipos de soja (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) dispostos em quatro repetições por ambiente. O genótipo BRS 511 foi caracterizado por alta produtividade média de grãos e estabilidade pelo método AMMI. O genótipo BRS 284 foi identificado como o genótipo ideal pelo método GGE biplot. Os índices WAASBY e BLUP selecionaram os genótipos BRS511 e BRS284.

Expanding knowledge of American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera): new species, new records, and morphological variations

Four new species are described: Xystochroma luteotarsis sp. nov. (Cerambycinae, Callichromatini), from Ecuador; Psyrassa tysoni sp. nov. (Cerambycinae, Elaphidiini), from Guatemala; Bisaltes (Bisaltes) lateralis sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), from Ecuador; and Nagma hovorei sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Calliini), from Ecuador. A key to species of Xystochroma Schmidt, 1924 is provided and Psyrassa tysoni sp. nov. is included in a previous key. Variation in the pubescent pattern of Rosalba strandi (Breuning, 1943) is reported and the species is newly recorded for Paraguay. Chromatic variation in Cyrtinus umbus Martins & Galileo, 2009 (Lamiinae, Cyrtinini) is provided and the species is redescribed based on a dark specimen; a new province record (Puntarenas, Costa Rica) and a new country record (Panama) are included. Chromatic variation and sexual dimorphism in Phaea quadrimaculata Wappes & Santos-Silva, 2021 (Lamiinae, Tetraopini) is reported, and a new Mexican state record (Oaxaca) is provided.

Ultra-refined yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) as a potential naturally colored food ingredient

Ultra-refined yerba mate (URYM), with a final particle size of 5 to 12 microns, is an innovation in the market that aims to diversify and increase the consumption of yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) through its practicality and versatility of preparation. The present work seeks to evaluate the potential for applying naturally colored URYM in food products. The nature of this study was exploratory, adopting a chemical approach (analysis of the antioxidant potential); physical approach (color stability) and sensory perception. URYM is a suitable naturally colored food ingredient with natural antioxidant appeal. Methanolic extraction of URYM (MEUR) was more efficient in scavenging DPPH radicals compared with aqueous extract of URYM (AEUR) (959.5 vs . 638.1 µmol Trolox g-1). No differences were found between AEUR and MEUR for total phenolic content in mg GAE g-1 (266.4 and 339.0, respectively) and scavenging of ABTS radicals in µmol Trolox g-1 (1008.9 and 1053.8, respectively). Water was able to extract phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Ice cream, juice, cake, and cookies emerged as the food products in which consumers used URYM in their homemade foods. With good color stability (no difference between L*, a* and b* parameters during the six-day) and good acceptance, cake with URYM added has a profile described as tasty, sweet, soft, and mate flavor. The results also demonstrated consumer interest in food products and ingredients with a healthy appeal.(AU)

Effects of low-intensity cattle ranching on amphibians in the Ñeembucú Wetland Complex, Paraguay / Efectos de la ganadería de baja intensidad sobre los anfibios en el Complejo de Humedales Ñeembucú, Paraguay

Cattle in wetlands impact water quality through waste excretion, which deposits excess nutrients, as well as decreasing the biomass and height of vegetation through trampling and herbivory. Amphibians are sensitive to these changes due to their porous skin and reliance on vegetated microhabitats. Previous studies examining the effect of cattle on amphibians in wetlands report conflicting results, exemplifying the need to avoid overgeneralizations and instead examine specific environments. In the Ñeembucú Wetland Complex in Paraguay, low-intensity cattle ranching is a common practice. This study seeks to understand how the presence of cattle in these operations impacts water chemistry and amphibian species richness, as well as determining which cattle effects (eutrophication, nutrient loading, and decreased vegetation height diversity) have the greatest impact on amphibian communities. We anticipated that increased cattle presence would negatively impact wetland condition, and consequentially lower amphibian species richness. Data was collected over seven weeks at Estancia Santa Ana, a low-intensity cattle ranch in Pilar, Paraguay. Cattle presence was measured through cow footprints and feces densities, while a vegetation survey and water quality testing (nitrate, phosphate, and dissolved oxygen) served as environmental metrics. Pitfall trapping was used to gather information on amphibian species richness and community composition. A Pearson parametric correlation test and Factor Analysis of Mixed Data in R were then used to understand the relationship between variables. Very few statistically relationships were found between variables, and those that existed showed a very weak correlation. This suggests that cow presence does not have as strong of an impact on water quality or amphibian species richness as expected. Terrestrial and aquatic vegetation were found to explain much of the variation among the data, which verifies the importance of amphibians' microhabitats. While future research comparing generalist and specialist species in the area is necessary, these initial results suggest a hopeful future for collaboration on environmental efforts with low-intensity cattle ranchers.(AU)

Efectos de la ganadería de baja intensidad sobre los anfibios en el Complejo de Humedales Ñeembucú, Paraguay. La ganadería en los humedales afecta a la calidad del agua por excreción que añade nutrientes excesivos, además de reducir la altura y biomasa de vegetación a causa de pisar y comerla. Los anfibios son sensibles a estos cambios a causa de su piel porosa y su dependencia de la vegetación como hábitat. Estudios anteriores que investigaban los efectos del ganado en anfibios descubrieron resultados en conflicto, y así es importante evitar generalizar sobre todas las especies y ambientes. En los humedales de Ñeembucú en Paraguay, los ranchos con una densidad baja de vaca y un cambio mínimo al ambiente son muy comunes. Esta investigación trata de entender como la presencia del ganado en los ranchos afecta la calidad del agua y la riqueza de especies de anfibios, además de cuales factores (eutrofización, nutrientes excesivos o menos diversidad de vegetación) tienen el impacto más grande en los anfibios. Esperábamos que una presencia más alta de ganado causaría daño a la calidad del agua, y por eso, habría menos especies de anfibios presentes. Los datos se recogieron por siete semanas en Estancia Santa Ana, una estancia cerca a Pilar, Paraguay. La presencia de la ganadería se midió por la densidad de heces y huellas, y el medioambiente se analizó por un estudio de la vegetación y pruebas del agua (nitrato, fosfato y oxígeno). Se usan trampas pozos para capturar las ranas y coleccionar información sobre la riqueza de especies y la composición de la comunidad. Se usa la prueba de correlación paramétrica de Pearson y un Factor Analysis of Mixed Data en R para entender las relaciones entre las variables. Pocas relaciones de significado estadístico existen, y las que existen muestran una correlación muy débil. Eso sugiere que la ganadería no tenga un impacto muy grande en la calidad del agua o la riqueza de las especies como esperábamos. Vegetación terrestre y acuática explica la mayoría de la variación en los datos, y eso confirma la importancia de los hábitats de los anfibios. Los resultados sugieren un futuro optimista en cuanto a la colaboración entre los esfuerzos de conservación y los rancheros.(AU)

New records of the occurrence of Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello & Britski, 1988) (Characiformes, Anostomidae) from the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil / Novos registros da ocorrência de Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello & Britski, 1988) (Characiformes, Anostomidae) nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim no Maranhão, Nordeste, Brasil

The "piaussu", Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.

Megaleporinus macrocephalus é uma espécie de peixe anostomatídeo nativa da bacia do rio Paraguai, no bioma Pantanal do oeste do Brasil. No entanto, essa espécie já foi registrada em várias outras drenagens, incluindo as dos rios Alto Paraná, Uruguai, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo apresenta dois novos registros da ocorrência de M. macrocephalus, nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no estado do Maranhão, no nordeste brasileiro. O piaussu é um peixe de grande porte, de interesse comercial, amplamente criado em pisciculturas, e sua ocorrência nos rios Itapecuru e Mearim é provavelmente o resultado de indivíduos que escapam dos tanques quando transbordam durante a estação chuvosa. Análises morfológicas e sequências do gene da subunidade I do citocromo oxidase (COI) confirmaram a identificação taxonômica dos espécimes como M. macrocephalus. As sequências de COI foram 99,66% semelhantes às de M. macrocephalus depositadas no banco de dados BOLDSystems. Esses registros estendem a conhecida distribuição de M. macrocephalus às bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no nordeste brasileiro, destacando um novo caso de introdução de espécies exóticas de peixes nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras.

Dynamic of fish trophic guilds in the plateau-plain gradient in the Paraguay River, Northern Pantanal

This study aims to evaluate the dynamics of fish trophic guilds according to the longitudinal gradient of the Paraguay River, northern Pantanal, Brazil. Three river segments were sampled: plateau, confluence and plain. These segments have different physical and biological characteristics, with high water flow in forest areas in plateau and slow flow in meanders, with Pantanal typical vegetation. In total, 26,542 individuals distributed in 130 fish species were collected. The sampled species were characterized in seven trophic guilds. From the seven trophic guilds identified, only three were statistically related to the type of the environment; herbivores were more abundant in the plateau, piscivores in the confluence, and invertivores in the plain. According to values of corrected Akaike Information Criteria, the environmental variable that best explains the abundance of piscivorous fishes in the segments sampled in the Paraguay River was water transparency. For herbivores, the model that explained the variation in abundance was composed by temperature, altitude and dense forest proportion. The variable altitude best represented the abundance of invertivores. Water transparency, temperature, altitude, river width and dense forest proportion were determining factors for the distribution of piscivorous, herbivorous and invertivorous fishes as a response to an environmental gradient that meets its ecological requirements. Understanding the trophic relationships is fundamental for management actions, contributing to the maintenance of ecosystem services of different species. Therefore, future research must be taken into account regarding management and ecological relationships.(AU)

A new species of the seasonal killifish genus Moema (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the Piraí watershed in the Southwest Amazon basin

Moema, a genus of the Rivulidae family, currently comprises 20 valid species. Most of these species inhabit temporary pools in the Amazon basin and only one species is found in the upper Paraguay basin. A new member of this genus from the upper Río Madeira drainage is here described. Males of the new species differ from all congeners by the combination of a color pattern consisting of oblique, sometimes chevron-like, irregular rows of red and light blue double-dots on body; dark yellowish to golden pectoral fins with no visible markings; and a stripe pattern on the ventral section of caudal fin with a very narrow black marginal line, intermittent or even absent. The existence of infrageneric species groups within Moema, the geographic distribution and taxonomic aspects of the species present in the Ríos Mamoré and Iténez/Guaporé rivers drainages, and the observation of intraspecific aggression between males and amphibious lifestyle in the new species are discussed.

Moema, un género de la familia Rivulidae, actualmente comprende 20 especies válidas. La mayoría de estas especies habitan en charcos temporales de la cuenca amazónica y solo una especie se encuentra en la cuenca alta del Río Paraguay. Un nuevo miembro de este género de la cuenca alta del Río Madeira es descrito aquí. Los machos de la especie nueva se diferencian de todos los congéneres por la combinación de un patrón de color de filas irregulares oblicuas, a veces en forma de chevrón, de puntos dobles rojos y azul claro en el cuerpo; aletas pectorales de color amarillento oscuro a dorado sin marcas visibles; y un patrón de rayas en la sección ventral de la aleta caudal con una línea marginal negra muy estrecha, intermitente o incluso ausente. Se discute la existencia de grupos infragenéricos de especies dentro de Moema, la distribución geográfica y aspectos taxonómicos de las especies presentes en el drenaje de los Ríos Mamoré e Iténez/Guaporé, y la observación de agresión intraespecífica entre machos y estilo de vida anfibio en la nueva especie.

New records of the occurrence of Megaleporinus macrocephalus () (Characiformes, Anostomidae) from the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil

Abstract The piaussu, Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.

Resumo Megaleporinus macrocephalus é uma espécie de peixe anostomatídeo nativa da bacia do rio Paraguai, no bioma Pantanal do oeste do Brasil. No entanto, essa espécie já foi registrada em várias outras drenagens, incluindo as dos rios Alto Paraná, Uruguai, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo apresenta dois novos registros da ocorrência de M. macrocephalus, nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no estado do Maranhão, no nordeste brasileiro. O piaussu é um peixe de grande porte, de interesse comercial, amplamente criado em pisciculturas, e sua ocorrência nos rios Itapecuru e Mearim é provavelmente o resultado de indivíduos que escapam dos tanques quando transbordam durante a estação chuvosa. Análises morfológicas e sequências do gene da subunidade I do citocromo oxidase (COI) confirmaram a identificação taxonômica dos espécimes como M. macrocephalus. As sequências de COI foram 99,66% semelhantes às de M. macrocephalus depositadas no banco de dados BOLDSystems. Esses registros estendem a conhecida distribuição de M. macrocephalus às bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no nordeste brasileiro, destacando um novo caso de introdução de espécies exóticas de peixes nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras.

Association of adjuvants and Beauveria bassiana fungus to control of Paraguay tea ampul / Associação de adjuvantes e fungo Beauveria bassiana visando ao controle da ampola da erva-mate

Aiming to increase the activity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 44) against adults of Gyropsylla spegazziniana, the combination of the fungus with adjuvants Aureo® and Assist® was evaluated for application. The bioassays were carried out in direct and residual contact with insects on yerba mate seedlings. The effects on some biological parameters of the fungus were also evaluated in vitro. The combination of the fungus and the adjuvants in direct contact resulted in mortality rates of 65 and 75% (Aureo® and Assist®, respectively), with no difference between them; however, the mortality rate was greater than that obtained with the fungus alone (47 %) (P < 0.05). Mortality from residual contact was lower, but the association with adjuvant Assist® (48%) compared to Aureo® (16%) was still advantageous. Conidiogenesis in cadavers was not affected by adjuvants in the treatment by direct contact. However, in residual contact, conidiogenesis increased with the Assist® addition. Despite affecting the germination and growth of the fungus, the adjuvants were considered compatible. In addition to the efficiency of their combination, neither adjuvant caused phytotoxicity to yerba mate seedlings, representing advantages of its use in G. spegazziniana population management.

Visando incrementar a atividade do fungo Beauveria bassiana Unioeste 44 contra adultos da ampola-da-erva-mate (Gyropsylla spegazziniana), avaliou-se a associação do fungo com adjuvantes Aureo® e Assist®, para calda de aplicação. Os bioensaios foram relizados em contato direto e residual sobre insetos. Foram também avaliados in vitro os efeitos sobre alguns parâmetros biológicos do fungo. A associação fungo + adjuvantes resultou em mortalidade de 65 e 75%, sem diferença entre eles, porém, significativamente maior que a obtida com o fungo isoladamente. A mortalidade no contato residual foi menor, mas também houve vantagem na associação com adjuvantes, principalmente Assist® (48%), em relação ao Áureo® (16%). A conidiogênese nos cadáveres não foi afetada pelos adjuvantes no tratamento de contato direto. Contudo, houve incremento na conidiogênese no tratamento de associação com Assist® no contato residual. Apesar de afetarem a germinação e o crescimento do fungo, os adjuvantes foram considerados compatíveis com o fungo. Além da eficiência da associação, ambos adjuvantes não causaram fitotoxidade para a erva-mate, representando vantagens do seu uso no manejo da ampola.

New records of the occurrence of Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Characiformes, Anostomidae) from the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil / Novos registros da ocorrência de Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello & Britski, 1988) (Characiformes, Anostomidae) nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim no Maranhão, Nordeste, Brasil

The "piaussu", Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.

Megaleporinus macrocephalus é uma espécie de peixe anostomatídeo nativa da bacia do rio Paraguai, no bioma Pantanal do oeste do Brasil. No entanto, essa espécie já foi registrada em várias outras drenagens, incluindo as dos rios Alto Paraná, Uruguai, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo apresenta dois novos registros da ocorrência de M. macrocephalus, nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no estado do Maranhão, no nordeste brasileiro. O piaussu é um peixe de grande porte, de interesse comercial, amplamente criado em pisciculturas, e sua ocorrência nos rios Itapecuru e Mearim é provavelmente o resultado de indivíduos que escapam dos tanques quando transbordam durante a estação chuvosa. Análises morfológicas e sequências do gene da subunidade I do citocromo oxidase (COI) confirmaram a identificação taxonômica dos espécimes como M. macrocephalus. As sequências de COI foram 99,66% semelhantes às de M. macrocephalus depositadas no banco de dados BOLDSystems. Esses registros estendem a conhecida distribuição de M. macrocephalus às bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no nordeste brasileiro, destacando um novo caso de introdução de espécies exóticas de peixes nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras.

New records of the occurrence of Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Characiformes, Anostomidae) from the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil / Novos registros da ocorrência de Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello & Britski, 1988) (Characiformes, Anostomidae) nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim no Maranhão, Nordeste, Brasil

The "piaussu", Megaleporinus macrocephalus is an anostomatid fish species native to the basin of the Paraguay River, in the Pantanal biome of western Brazil. However, this species has now been recorded in a number of other drainages, including those of the upper Paraná, Uruguay, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri, and Paraíba do Sulrivers. This study presents two new records of the occurrence of M. macrocephalus, in the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the state of Maranhão, in the Brazilian Northeast. The piaussu is a large-bodied fish of commercial interest that is widely raised on fish farms, and its occurrence in the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers is likely the result of individuals escaping from fish tanks when they overflow during the rainy season. Morphological analyses and sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed the taxonomic identification of the specimens as M. macrocephalus. The COI sequences were 99.66% similar to those of M. macrocephalus deposited in the BOLDSystems database. These records extend the known distribution of M. macrocephalus to the basins of the Itapecuru and Mearim rivers in the Brazilian Northeast, highlighting a new case of introduction of exotic fish species into Brazilian river basins.(AU)

Megaleporinus macrocephalus é uma espécie de peixe anostomatídeo nativa da bacia do rio Paraguai, no bioma Pantanal do oeste do Brasil. No entanto, essa espécie já foi registrada em várias outras drenagens, incluindo as dos rios Alto Paraná, Uruguai, Jacuí, Doce, Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo apresenta dois novos registros da ocorrência de M. macrocephalus, nas bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no estado do Maranhão, no nordeste brasileiro. O piaussu é um peixe de grande porte, de interesse comercial, amplamente criado em pisciculturas, e sua ocorrência nos rios Itapecuru e Mearim é provavelmente o resultado de indivíduos que escapam dos tanques quando transbordam durante a estação chuvosa. Análises morfológicas e sequências do gene da subunidade I do citocromo oxidase (COI) confirmaram a identificação taxonômica dos espécimes como M. macrocephalus. As sequências de COI foram 99,66% semelhantes às de M. macrocephalus depositadas no banco de dados BOLDSystems. Esses registros estendem a conhecida distribuição de M. macrocephalus às bacias dos rios Itapecuru e Mearim, no nordeste brasileiro, destacando um novo caso de introdução de espécies exóticas de peixes nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras.(AU)

Taxonomy of the armored catfish genus Aspidoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) revisited, with the description of a new species

Aspidoras comprises 25 species currently considered as valid, being widely distributed in Brazil, occurring from the upper rio Paraná basin in São Paulo to coastal basins of Ceará. After Nijssen, Isbrücker's review more than 40 years ago, no extensive work regarding the taxonomy of Aspidoras was conducted. Our paper presents a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus, based primarily on the extensive material that has been collected since then. Considering the new diagnosis plus the available phylogenetic data, A. pauciradiatus and A. virgulatus are transferred to Corydoras and Scleromystax, respectively. New synonymies are proposed: A. eurycephalus and A. taurus with A. albater; A. menezesi and A. spilotus with A. raimundi; and A. microgalaeus and A. marianae with A. poecilus. Additionally, a new species from the Araguaia and Paraguay river basins is described, which can be distinguished from its congeners by the morphology of its complex vertebra and infraorbital 1. Thereby, the number of valid species within Aspidoras was reduced from 25 to 18. Redescriptions for A. albater, A. belenos, A. depinnai, A. fuscoguttatus, A. lakoi, A. maculosus, A. poecilus, A. psammatides, A. raimundi, and A. velites are provided. An identification key to the species of Aspidoras is also provided.

Aspidoras compreende 25 espécies atualmente consideradas como válidas, sendo amplamente distribuído no Brasil, ocorrendo desde a bacia do alto rio Paraná em São Paulo até as bacias costeiras do Ceará. Após a revisão de Nijssen, Isbrücker há mais de 40 anos, nenhum trabalho extensivo sobre a taxonomia de Aspidoras foi conduzido. Nosso trabalho apresenta uma revisão taxonômica abrangente do gênero, baseada principalmente no extenso material que foi coletado desde então. Considerando a nova diagnose mais os dados filogenéticos disponíveis, A. pauciradiatus e A. virgulatus são transferidas para Corydoras e Scleromystax, respectivamente. Novas sinonímias são propostas: A. eurycephalus e A. taurus com A. albater; A. menezesi e A. spilotus com A. raimundi; e A. microgalaeus e A. marianae com A. poecilus. Adicionalmente, uma espécie nova é descrita das bacias dos rios Araguaia e Paraguai, podendo ser distinguida de suas congêneres pela morfologia da vértebra complexa e infraorbital 1. Assim, o número de espécies válidas em Aspidoras foi reduzido de 25 para 18. Redescrições para A. albater, A. belenos, A. depinnai, A. fuscoguttatus, A. lakoi, A. maculosus, A. poecilus, A. psammatides, A. raimundi e A. velites são fornecidas. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Aspidoras também é fornecida.

Two new catfish species of typically Amazonian lineages in the Upper Rio Paraguay (Aspredinidae: Hoplomyzontinae and Trichomycteridae: Vandelliinae), with a biogeographic discussion

Abstract Two new species of particular biogeographic significance are described from the upper rio Paraguay basin, one of the genus Paracanthopoma (Trichomycteridae, Vandelliinae) and the other of the genus Ernstichthys (Aspredinidae, Hoplomyzontinae). The two species occur sympatrically in the Rio Taquarizinho, tributary of the Rio Taquari, in the upper Paraguay system. Paracanthopoma saci is distinguished from its only congener, P. parva, by a spatulate caudal peduncle; a minuscule premaxillary dentition (reduced to three delicate teeth); the supraorbital latero-sensory canals opening as two separate s6 pores; the caudal fin slightly convex or truncate with round edges; the skull roof entirely open, unossified; the origins of dorsal and anal fins approximately at same vertical; and the pelvic fin with three rays. Ernstichthys taquari is diagnosed among congeners by the narrow bony shields on dorsal and ventral series, not overlapping or contacting each other; by the presence of seven or eight serrations on the posterior margin of the pectoral spine; and by the pectoral-fin spine only slightly larger than subsequent soft rays. Both Paracanthopoma and Ernstichthys were previously unknown outside of the Greater Amazonian river systems (Amazon, Orinoco, Essequibo and smaller surrounding drainages). Their presence restricted to the Rio Taquari is unexpected and suggests a peculiar biogeographical history. Ancestral geographic distributions were reconstructed using S-DIVA and BBM methods in RASP. A majority of resulting hypotheses support that the two species reached the Paraguay from the Amazon. The alternative explanation accounts for their presence in the Paraguay by vicariant events. In no case, their presence in the Paraguay is an ancestral distribution with subsequent Amazonian dispersal. Though unusual, this pattern is also seen in a few other fish taxa, showing that the Rio Taquari is biogeographically hybrid, combining elements from both the Paraguay and Amazon drainages.

Two new catfish species of typically Amazonian lineages in the Upper Rio Paraguay (Aspredinidae: Hoplomyzontinae and Trichomycteridae: Vandelliinae), with a biogeographic discussion

Abstract Two new species of particular biogeographic significance are described from the upper rio Paraguay basin, one of the genus Paracanthopoma (Trichomycteridae, Vandelliinae) and the other of the genus Ernstichthys (Aspredinidae, Hoplomyzontinae). The two species occur sympatrically in the Rio Taquarizinho, tributary of the Rio Taquari, in the upper Paraguay system. Paracanthopoma saci is distinguished from its only congener, P. parva, by a spatulate caudal peduncle; a minuscule premaxillary dentition (reduced to three delicate teeth); the supraorbital latero-sensory canals opening as two separate s6 pores; the caudal fin slightly convex or truncate with round edges; the skull roof entirely open, unossified; the origins of dorsal and anal fins approximately at same vertical; and the pelvic fin with three rays. Ernstichthys taquari is diagnosed among congeners by the narrow bony shields on dorsal and ventral series, not overlapping or contacting each other; by the presence of seven or eight serrations on the posterior margin of the pectoral spine; and by the pectoral-fin spine only slightly larger than subsequent soft rays. Both Paracanthopoma and Ernstichthys were previously unknown outside of the Greater Amazonian river systems (Amazon, Orinoco, Essequibo and smaller surrounding drainages). Their presence restricted to the Rio Taquari is unexpected and suggests a peculiar biogeographical history. Ancestral geographic distributions were reconstructed using S-DIVA and BBM methods in RASP. A majority of resulting hypotheses support that the two species reached the Paraguay from the Amazon. The alternative explanation accounts for their presence in the Paraguay by vicariant events. In no case, their presence in the Paraguay is an ancestral distribution with subsequent Amazonian dispersal. Though unusual, this pattern is also seen in a few other fish taxa, showing that the Rio Taquari is biogeographically hybrid, combining elements from both the Paraguay and Amazon drainages.