Salinomycin intoxication in pigs associated with the use of tiamulin in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Intoxicação por salinomicina em suínos associado ao uso de tiamulina no Estado de Santa Catarina

This paper describes a spontaneous outbreak of toxic myopathy in finishing pigs due to the ingestion of feed with salinomycin associated with tiamulin and addresses the control methods performed during the outbreak to minimize economic losses resulting from the intoxication. A lot of 940 pigs fed feed containing 30 ppm salinomycin received 100 ppm tiamulin (via water) to control recurrent respiratory diseases on the farm. After ingesting tiamulin, some animals manifested clinical signs of motor incoordination, stiff gait, reluctance to move, muscle weakness and tremors, dyspnea, depression, and decubitus, remaining in "sitting-dog position" or with the abduction of the pelvic limbs, and rested on tip-toes when in a standing position. Two animals were euthanized for macro-and microscopic evaluation. The other sick animals received supportive anti-inflammatory treatment. The most relevant macroscopic finding observed during necropsy was the slight pallor of the pelvic limb muscles. The main histopathological findings consisted of multifocal areas of hyaline degeneration and marked necrosis of skeletal myofibers, with macrophage infiltrate associated with cell regeneration and skeletal fiber phagocytosis. These lesions were more intense in the longissimus dorsi, diaphragm, and masseter muscles. The definitive diagnosis was based on epidemiological aspects and clinical lesional conditions compatible with toxic myopathy secondary to ionophore intoxication.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve um surto espontâneo de miopatia tóxica em suínos na fase de terminação, decorrente da ingestão de ração contendo salinomicina associada a tiamulina e aborda os métodos de controle realizados durante o surto, para minimizar os prejuízos econômicos decorrentes da intoxicação. Um lote de 940 suínos alimentados com ração contendo 30 ppm de salinomicina recebeu tiamulina na dose de 100 ppm (via água) para controle de doenças respiratórias recorrentes na granja. Após a ingestão da tiamulina, alguns animais manifestaram sinais clínicos de incoordenação motora, andar rígido, relutância ao movimento, fraqueza e tremores musculares, dispneia, depressão e decúbito, permanecendo em "posição de cão sentado" ou com abdução dos membros pélvicos, e quando em estação, apoiavam-se nas pinças dos cascos. Dois animais foram eutanasiados para avaliação macro e microscópica. Os demais animais doentes receberam tratamento suporte com anti-inflamatório. O achado macroscópico mais relevante observado durante a necropsia foi palidez leve dos músculos dos membros pélvicos. Os principais achados histopatológicos foram áreas multifocais de degeneração hialina e necrose acentuada de miofibras esqueléticas, com infiltrado de macrófagos associado às figuras de regeneração celular e à fagocitose de fibras esqueléticas. Essas lesões foram mais intensas nos músculos longissimus dorsi, diafragma e masseter. O diagnóstico definitivo baseou-se nos aspectos epidemiológicos e no quadro clínico-lesional compatíveis com miopatia tóxica secundária a intoxicação por ionóforo.(AU)

Túnica vaginal autógena para herniorrafia perineal em cães / Autogenous tunica vaginalis for perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs

A túnica vaginal possui características ideais para enxertia e já foi empregada na reparação de diversos tecidos, inclusive do diafragma pélvico. Objetivou-se avaliar a aplicabilidade da túnica vaginal como enxerto autógeno livre, em dupla camada, para a reparação do diafragma pélvico em 14 cães portadores de hérnia perineal, das quais, nove eram unilaterais e cinco, bilaterais. Após a orquiectomia, as túnicas de ambos os testículos foram coletadas, sobrepostas e fixadas entre si por meio de quatro pontos de reparo. Foi realizada abordagem ao saco herniário, inspeção, redução do conteúdo herniário, desbridamento muscular e síntese primária mediante sutura. O enxerto foi fixado à musculatura remanescente por meio de pontos simples separados e, posteriormente, encoberto pela sutura intradérmica e por síntese cutânea. Observações transoperatórias e, posteriormente, avaliações clínicas e ultrassonográficas, por período de um ano, permitiram sugerir que a túnica vaginal possui atributos ideais para a reparação do diafragma pélvico. Conclui-se que o enxerto autógeno livre de túnica vaginal, em dupla camada, é exequível e aplicável para o reparo do diafragma pélvico no tratamento da hérnia perineal em cães.(AU)

The tunica vaginalis has ideal characteristics for grafting and has already been used to repair several tissues, including the pelvic diaphragm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the tunica vaginalis as a free double-layer autogenous graft to repair the pelvic diaphragm in 14 dogs with perineal hernia, of which, nine were unilateral and five, bilateral. After orchiectomy, the tunics of both testicles were collected, overlapped and fixed to each other by four repair points. The hernial sac was approached, followed by inspection, reduction of the hernia content, muscle debridement and primary synthesis through suture. The graft was attached to the remaining musculature by simple interrupted stitches and later hidden by intradermal suture and cutaneous synthesis. Intraoperative observations and, later, clinical and sonographic evaluations over a one-year period, allow to suggest that the tunica vaginalis has ideal attributes for the pelvic diaphragm repair. It is concluded that the autogenous graft-free of tunica vaginalis in double layer is feasible and applicable in order to repair the pelvic diaphragm in the perineal hernia treatment in dogs.(AU)

Túnica vaginal autógena para herniorrafia perineal em cães / Autogenous tunica vaginalis for perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs

A túnica vaginal possui características ideais para enxertia e já foi empregada na reparação de diversos tecidos, inclusive do diafragma pélvico. Objetivou-se avaliar a aplicabilidade da túnica vaginal como enxerto autógeno livre, em dupla camada, para a reparação do diafragma pélvico em 14 cães portadores de hérnia perineal, das quais, nove eram unilaterais e cinco, bilaterais. Após a orquiectomia, as túnicas de ambos os testículos foram coletadas, sobrepostas e fixadas entre si por meio de quatro pontos de reparo. Foi realizada abordagem ao saco herniário, inspeção, redução do conteúdo herniário, desbridamento muscular e síntese primária mediante sutura. O enxerto foi fixado à musculatura remanescente por meio de pontos simples separados e, posteriormente, encoberto pela sutura intradérmica e por síntese cutânea. Observações transoperatórias e, posteriormente, avaliações clínicas e ultrassonográficas, por período de um ano, permitiram sugerir que a túnica vaginal possui atributos ideais para a reparação do diafragma pélvico. Conclui-se que o enxerto autógeno livre de túnica vaginal, em dupla camada, é exequível e aplicável para o reparo do diafragma pélvico no tratamento da hérnia perineal em cães.(AU)

The tunica vaginalis has ideal characteristics for grafting and has already been used to repair several tissues, including the pelvic diaphragm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the tunica vaginalis as a free double-layer autogenous graft to repair the pelvic diaphragm in 14 dogs with perineal hernia, of which, nine were unilateral and five, bilateral. After orchiectomy, the tunics of both testicles were collected, overlapped and fixed to each other by four repair points. The hernial sac was approached, followed by inspection, reduction of the hernia content, muscle debridement and primary synthesis through suture. The graft was attached to the remaining musculature by simple interrupted stitches and later hidden by intradermal suture and cutaneous synthesis. Intraoperative observations and, later, clinical and sonographic evaluations over a one-year period, allow to suggest that the tunica vaginalis has ideal attributes for the pelvic diaphragm repair. It is concluded that the autogenous graft-free of tunica vaginalis in double layer is feasible and applicable in order to repair the pelvic diaphragm in the perineal hernia treatment in dogs.(AU)

Hérnia perineal em canina fêmea / Perineal hernia in a bitch

Background: Perineal hernia is characterized by the displacement of abdominal organs to the perineal region after ruptureor weakening of the pelvic diaphragm muscles. This condition is common among middle-aged and elderly unneuteredmale dogs. Considering the severity of the condition and its rarity among bitches, this paper reports on a case of perinealhernia caused by hydrometra in a 12-year-old pinscher bitch.Case: The patient was a 12-year-old Pinscher bitch, weighing 3 kg, suffering from anuria and constipation in the 36 hprior to treatment, without reported trauma. She was unspayed, and her last estrus had occurred approximately thirty dayspreviously. The physical examination revealed an increase in volume in the right perineal region, increased volume in theleft inguinal region, increased body temperature (39.8ºC), pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominalpain and increased popliteal lymph nodes. The diagnosis was determined based on her medical history, clinical signs andan ultrasound scan, which revealed dilated uterine horns displaced unilaterally in the left inguinal region, with evidence ofhydrometra, full urinary bladder inside the hernia sac in the right dorsolateral perineal region and right kidney pyelectasis.After evaluating the animal’s physical condition, surgery was recommended, involving ovariohysterectomy associatedwith inguinal and perineal herniorrhaphy.Discussion: Perineal hernia, a common condition in male dogs, is characterized by the displacement of organs towardsthe perineal region. However, in this case, this condition occurred in female dog. Unlike males, the main causes of perineal hernia in females are trauma, chronic coughing related to heart disease, bronchitis, and tracheal collapse. Increasedintra-abdominal pressure associated with a weak pelvic diaphragm predisposes for herniation of abdominal contents,such as occurred through hydrometra. In this case...

Hérnia perineal em canina fêmea / Perineal hernia in a bitch

Background: Perineal hernia is characterized by the displacement of abdominal organs to the perineal region after ruptureor weakening of the pelvic diaphragm muscles. This condition is common among middle-aged and elderly unneuteredmale dogs. Considering the severity of the condition and its rarity among bitches, this paper reports on a case of perinealhernia caused by hydrometra in a 12-year-old pinscher bitch.Case: The patient was a 12-year-old Pinscher bitch, weighing 3 kg, suffering from anuria and constipation in the 36 hprior to treatment, without reported trauma. She was unspayed, and her last estrus had occurred approximately thirty dayspreviously. The physical examination revealed an increase in volume in the right perineal region, increased volume in theleft inguinal region, increased body temperature (39.8ºC), pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominalpain and increased popliteal lymph nodes. The diagnosis was determined based on her medical history, clinical signs andan ultrasound scan, which revealed dilated uterine horns displaced unilaterally in the left inguinal region, with evidence ofhydrometra, full urinary bladder inside the hernia sac in the right dorsolateral perineal region and right kidney pyelectasis.After evaluating the animals physical condition, surgery was recommended, involving ovariohysterectomy associatedwith inguinal and perineal herniorrhaphy.Discussion: Perineal hernia, a common condition in male dogs, is characterized by the displacement of organs towardsthe perineal region. However, in this case, this condition occurred in female dog. Unlike males, the main causes of perineal hernia in females are trauma, chronic coughing related to heart disease, bronchitis, and tracheal collapse. Increasedintra-abdominal pressure associated with a weak pelvic diaphragm predisposes for herniation of abdominal contents,such as occurred through hydrometra. In this case...(AU)

Metastatic peripheral neuroblastoma in a dog

Background: Peripheral neuroblast neoplasms are considered as a group of tumors derived from primitive cells of the neuralcrest that are progenitors of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. Reports of neuroblastoma in dogs are scarcein English literature, and there are no reports from Brazil due to its rare occurrence or missed diagnosis, because moderntechniques are often not accessible in Brazil. The aim of the present study was reported a case of metastatic peripheralneuroblastoma in a 10-month-old bitch of Canadian Shepherd breed.Case: A 10-month-old female dog, Canadian Shepherd breed, presenting prostration, inappetence, emesis, progressiveweight loss, and difficulties in the locomotion of the pelvic limbs was brought to the Small Animal Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (HVPA / UFRRJ) for treatment. Palpation of the abdominal cavity revealeda mass of approximately 14.0-cm diameter in the thoracolumbar region. After the second visit to HVPA/ UFRRJ, therewas worsening of the clinical condition and onset of pain and dyspnea; hence, euthanasia was performed. The dog wasreferred for necropsy; the examination revealed a mass measuring 40.0 × 35.0 cm in the abdominal cavity that causeddisplacement of the intestines and compressed the liver against the diaphragm, as well as another mass that traversed thediaphragm through the esophageal hiatus and surrounded the esophagus, aorta, and caudal vena cava. The right adrenalgland was compressed and adhered to the mass, and the left adrenal gland was not visualized. Specimens of variousorgans were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and processed according to routine histological technique. Immunohistochemical examination performed on mass specimens revealed positivity for the...

Metastatic peripheral neuroblastoma in a dog

Background: Peripheral neuroblast neoplasms are considered as a group of tumors derived from primitive cells of the neuralcrest that are progenitors of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. Reports of neuroblastoma in dogs are scarcein English literature, and there are no reports from Brazil due to its rare occurrence or missed diagnosis, because moderntechniques are often not accessible in Brazil. The aim of the present study was reported a case of metastatic peripheralneuroblastoma in a 10-month-old bitch of Canadian Shepherd breed.Case: A 10-month-old female dog, Canadian Shepherd breed, presenting prostration, inappetence, emesis, progressiveweight loss, and difficulties in the locomotion of the pelvic limbs was brought to the Small Animal Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (HVPA / UFRRJ) for treatment. Palpation of the abdominal cavity revealeda mass of approximately 14.0-cm diameter in the thoracolumbar region. After the second visit to HVPA/ UFRRJ, therewas worsening of the clinical condition and onset of pain and dyspnea; hence, euthanasia was performed. The dog wasreferred for necropsy; the examination revealed a mass measuring 40.0 × 35.0 cm in the abdominal cavity that causeddisplacement of the intestines and compressed the liver against the diaphragm, as well as another mass that traversed thediaphragm through the esophageal hiatus and surrounded the esophagus, aorta, and caudal vena cava. The right adrenalgland was compressed and adhered to the mass, and the left adrenal gland was not visualized. Specimens of variousorgans were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and processed according to routine histological technique. Immunohistochemical examination performed on mass specimens revealed positivity for the...(AU)

Correção de hérnia perianal em cão utilizando tela de polipropileno / Correction of perianal hernia using polypropylene screen in dog

A hérnia perineal resulta do enfraquecimento e separação dos músculos que formam o diafragma pélvico, promovendo deslocamento caudal de órgãos abdominais ou pélvicos no períneo. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns incluem tumefação da região perineal, tenesmo, disquesia, incontinência urinaria e/ou fecal, anúria e êmese devido a envolvimento urinário e/ou intestinal. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico clínico, anamnese, exame físico e exames complementares como radiografia simples ou contrastada e ultrassonografia. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar a eficácia do uso da tela de polipropileno na correção de hérnia perineal em paciente da espécie canina. Foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário Metropolitano (HVM) de Caucaia, um canino, da raça Pastor Alemão, macho, 36 kg e 7 anos de idade, apresentando sintomas como apatia, anorexia, tenesmo e aumento da região perianal. A suspeita clínica de hérnia perianal foi confirmada pelo exame ultrassonográfico. O tratamento cirúrgico foi indicado pela técnica de herniorrafia com fixação de tela de polipropileno. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi observado um nódulo em meio as estruturas, o qual foi retirado e enviado ao estudo histopatológico. O resultado indicou um quadro de necrose de tecido adiposo (adiponecrose). Para o fechamento do orifício da hérnia, utilizou-se tela de polipropileno fixada com nylon 2.0 em padrão simples interrompido e, posteriormente, foi realizada a orquiectomia. No pósoperatório, fez-se uso de amoxicicilina, cetoprofeno e tramadol. O paciente recebeu alta após 48 horas seguidas do ato cirúrgico, e corridos 12 dias, o animal não apresentou recidiva. Diante do caso relatado, pode-se concluir que a técnica de herniorrafia perineal com tela de polipropileno, associada à orquiectomia, constitui-se em procedimento eficaz sem apresentação de recidivas.

Perineal hernia results from the weakening and separation of the muscles that form thepelvic diaphragm, promoting caudal displacement of abdominal or pelvic organs in the perineum. The most common clinical signs include perineal region swelling, tenesmus, dyskinesia, urinary and / or fecal incontinence, anuria and emesis due to urinary and / or intestinal involvement. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, anamnesis, physical examination and complementary exams such as simple or contrast radiography and ultrasonography. The objective of this study was to report the surgical treatment for the correction of perineal hernia in a dog through the use of synthetic polypropylene mesh. A canine, German Shepherd dog, male, 36 kg and 7 years old, was submitted to the Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital (HVM), presenting symptoms of apathy, anorexia, tenesmus and an increase in the perianal region. Clinical suspicion of perianal hernia was confirmed by ultrasonographic examination. The surgical treatment was indicated by the herniorrhaphy technique with polypropylene mesh fixation. During the surgical procedure, a nodule was observed between the structures, which was removed and sent to the histopathological study. The result indicated an adipose tissue necrosis (adiponecrosis). In order to close the hernia hole, a polypropylene mesh was fixed with nylon 2.0 in a simple interrupted pattern and then the orchiectomy was performed. Postoperatively, amoxicillin, ketoprofen and tramadol were used. The patient was discharged 48 hours after the surgical procedure, and after 12 days, the animal did not present a recurrence. In view of thereported case, it can be concluded that the technique of perineal herniorrhaphy with polypropylene mesh, associated with orchiectomy, constitutes an effective procedure without relapses.

Correção de hérnia perianal em cão utilizando tela de polipropileno / Correction of perianal hernia using polypropylene screen in dog

A hérnia perineal resulta do enfraquecimento e separação dos músculos que formam o diafragma pélvico, promovendo deslocamento caudal de órgãos abdominais ou pélvicos no períneo. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns incluem tumefação da região perineal, tenesmo, disquesia, incontinência urinaria e/ou fecal, anúria e êmese devido a envolvimento urinário e/ou intestinal. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico clínico, anamnese, exame físico e exames complementares como radiografia simples ou contrastada e ultrassonografia. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar a eficácia do uso da tela de polipropileno na correção de hérnia perineal em paciente da espécie canina. Foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário Metropolitano (HVM) de Caucaia, um canino, da raça Pastor Alemão, macho, 36 kg e 7 anos de idade, apresentando sintomas como apatia, anorexia, tenesmo e aumento da região perianal. A suspeita clínica de hérnia perianal foi confirmada pelo exame ultrassonográfico. O tratamento cirúrgico foi indicado pela técnica de herniorrafia com fixação de tela de polipropileno. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi observado um nódulo em meio as estruturas, o qual foi retirado e enviado ao estudo histopatológico. O resultado indicou um quadro de necrose de tecido adiposo (adiponecrose). Para o fechamento do orifício da hérnia, utilizou-se tela de polipropileno fixada com nylon 2.0 em padrão simples interrompido e, posteriormente, foi realizada a orquiectomia. No pósoperatório, fez-se uso de amoxicicilina, cetoprofeno e tramadol. O paciente recebeu alta após 48 horas seguidas do ato cirúrgico, e corridos 12 dias, o animal não apresentou recidiva. Diante do caso relatado, pode-se concluir que a técnica de herniorrafia perineal com tela de polipropileno, associada à orquiectomia, constitui-se em procedimento eficaz sem apresentação de recidivas.(AU)

Perineal hernia results from the weakening and separation of the muscles that form thepelvic diaphragm, promoting caudal displacement of abdominal or pelvic organs in the perineum. The most common clinical signs include perineal region swelling, tenesmus, dyskinesia, urinary and / or fecal incontinence, anuria and emesis due to urinary and / or intestinal involvement. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, anamnesis, physical examination and complementary exams such as simple or contrast radiography and ultrasonography. The objective of this study was to report the surgical treatment for the correction of perineal hernia in a dog through the use of synthetic polypropylene mesh. A canine, German Shepherd dog, male, 36 kg and 7 years old, was submitted to the Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital (HVM), presenting symptoms of apathy, anorexia, tenesmus and an increase in the perianal region. Clinical suspicion of perianal hernia was confirmed by ultrasonographic examination. The surgical treatment was indicated by the herniorrhaphy technique with polypropylene mesh fixation. During the surgical procedure, a nodule was observed between the structures, which was removed and sent to the histopathological study. The result indicated an adipose tissue necrosis (adiponecrosis). In order to close the hernia hole, a polypropylene mesh was fixed with nylon 2.0 in a simple interrupted pattern and then the orchiectomy was performed. Postoperatively, amoxicillin, ketoprofen and tramadol were used. The patient was discharged 48 hours after the surgical procedure, and after 12 days, the animal did not present a recurrence. In view of thereported case, it can be concluded that the technique of perineal herniorrhaphy with polypropylene mesh, associated with orchiectomy, constitutes an effective procedure without relapses.(AU)

Reinforcement of the pelvic diaphragm using a purse-string suture in dogs: description of technique / Reforço do diafragma pélvico por meio de sutura em bolsa de fumo: descrição de técnica

Recurrence of perineal hernias is frequent, and is associated to poor identification of anatomical structures during surgery, inadequate suture placement, and failure of physical support of the pelvic diaphragm after surgical reconstruction. The objective of this work is to describe a novel surgical technique for reinforcement of the pelvic diaphragm after performing the internal obturator transposition technique in dogs with perineal hernia.(AU)

As recidivas das hérnias perineais são frequentes e associadas à falha no isolamento das estruturas anatômicas, inadequada colocação de suturas e falência na sustentação do diafragma pélvico reconstruído cirurgicamente. Objetiva-se descrever uma nova técnica cirúrgica para reforço do diafragma pélvico após a realização da técnica de elevação do músculo obturador interno em cães com hérnia perineal.(AU)

Reinforcement of the pelvic diaphragm using a purse-string suture in dogs: description of technique / Reforço do diafragma pélvico por meio de sutura em bolsa de fumo: descrição de técnica

Recurrence of perineal hernias is frequent, and is associated to poor identification of anatomical structures during surgery, inadequate suture placement, and failure of physical support of the pelvic diaphragm after surgical reconstruction. The objective of this work is to describe a novel surgical technique for reinforcement of the pelvic diaphragm after performing the internal obturator transposition technique in dogs with perineal hernia.(AU)

As recidivas das hérnias perineais são frequentes e associadas à falha no isolamento das estruturas anatômicas, inadequada colocação de suturas e falência na sustentação do diafragma pélvico reconstruído cirurgicamente. Objetiva-se descrever uma nova técnica cirúrgica para reforço do diafragma pélvico após a realização da técnica de elevação do músculo obturador interno em cães com hérnia perineal.(AU)

Perineal hernia in dogs: which technique should we use?

Background: Perineal hernia may be unilateral or bilateral and results from weakening and separation of the pelvic diaphragm muscles, favoring the abdominal viscera herniation into the perineal subcutaneous. The factors described as possible etiology of this affection are prostate hyperplasia, senile muscular atrophy, myopathy and hormonal imbalances. Several herniorrhaphy techniques are available in literature presenting different rates of success leaving the question whether there is any technique that is predominantly better than others are. This case report aims to describe five cases of perineal hernia treated with four different techniques performed by four experienced surgeons.Cases: Case 1. Semitendinous muscle transposition: A 8-year-old intact male Shitzu (6 kg) was referred for the evaluation of a swelling in the right perineal region. The mass was soft and regressed into de pelvic cavity during palpation. Abdominal ultrasound and radiography were taken, which reveled perineal hernia and a mild prostate enlargement. The patient was prepared for hernia repair with semitendinous muscle transposition and orchiectomy. Case 2. Internal obturator muscle transposition: A 9-year-old intact male mixed breed dog (18kg) presenting a two-week long unilateral (right-side) perineral hernia. Ultrasound exam revealed a cystic prostate and adipose tissue as the hernia content. After clinical and image examination the patient was submitted to surgical repair using the internal obturator muscle transposition technique and orchiectomy. Case 3. Internal obturator muscle transposition associated to correction of rectal sacculation: A 12-year-old intact male mixed breed presenting swelling on the right side of the perianal region. The owner reported a 4-day long aquesia, emesis and increased volume in perineum for 6 months. During the rectal palpation, resected fecal content was present and rectal sacculation was suspected...

Perineal hernia in dogs: which technique should we use?

Background: Perineal hernia may be unilateral or bilateral and results from weakening and separation of the pelvic diaphragm muscles, favoring the abdominal viscera herniation into the perineal subcutaneous. The factors described as possible etiology of this affection are prostate hyperplasia, senile muscular atrophy, myopathy and hormonal imbalances. Several herniorrhaphy techniques are available in literature presenting different rates of success leaving the question whether there is any technique that is predominantly better than others are. This case report aims to describe five cases of perineal hernia treated with four different techniques performed by four experienced surgeons.Cases: Case 1. Semitendinous muscle transposition: A 8-year-old intact male Shitzu (6 kg) was referred for the evaluation of a swelling in the right perineal region. The mass was soft and regressed into de pelvic cavity during palpation. Abdominal ultrasound and radiography were taken, which reveled perineal hernia and a mild prostate enlargement. The patient was prepared for hernia repair with semitendinous muscle transposition and orchiectomy. Case 2. Internal obturator muscle transposition: A 9-year-old intact male mixed breed dog (18kg) presenting a two-week long unilateral (right-side) perineral hernia. Ultrasound exam revealed a cystic prostate and adipose tissue as the hernia content. After clinical and image examination the patient was submitted to surgical repair using the internal obturator muscle transposition technique and orchiectomy. Case 3. Internal obturator muscle transposition associated to correction of rectal sacculation: A 12-year-old intact male mixed breed presenting swelling on the right side of the perianal region. The owner reported a 4-day long aquesia, emesis and increased volume in perineum for 6 months. During the rectal palpation, resected fecal content was present and rectal sacculation was suspected...(AU)

Schistosomus reflexus in a dog and a cat

Background: Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a congenital anomaly, that the animal presents exposed abdominal and thoracic organs. The alterations includes limbs malformation, abnormal spinal column, liver and diaphragm hypoplasia, genitourinary and gastrointestinal changes, on this way, the fetus can not survive. The aim of this study was to report the first SR case in dog and cat in Brazil, and describe anatomical, pathological and radiographic changes. Case: The puppy had ventral midline defect in the abdominal and thoracic wall extending from the sternum to the pubis with viscera exposition, including the heart, lung, liver, stomach, intestine, spleen, kidneys, moreover right army was abnormal, however no spinal column was present. It was performed radiography to evaluate bone abnormalities, and was diagnosed agenesis of carpal, metacarpal and phalange bones. The kitten had ventral midline defect measuring 4 x 2 cm, in the abdominal wall and exposition of liver, stomach, intestine and spleen, as well as tibiotarsal joint arthrogryposis on both lags. It was performed fetus radiography and no spinal column change was diagnosed. Discussion: Schistosomus reflexus is a congenital abnormality common in ruminants. Although it was few reported in dogs and cats. The two cases in this study are the firsts reposts in Brazil in these especies. In our case, the dog had exposition of abdominal and thoracic organs and died one hour after born, similar to this, another author reported a case where the thoracic and abdominal evisceration and the puppy died ten minutes after born. However, in another case with abdominal evisceration only, the puppy survived for eight days. Probably it happened because respiratore function was not compromised. The kitten had abdominal opening only, in turn, other authors reported a case whose abdominal viscera exposition was by pelvic fissure, and another case, what presented thoracic and abdominal evisceration, like our dog case...

Schistosomus reflexus in a dog and a cat

Background: Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a congenital anomaly, that the animal presents exposed abdominal and thoracic organs. The alterations includes limbs malformation, abnormal spinal column, liver and diaphragm hypoplasia, genitourinary and gastrointestinal changes, on this way, the fetus can not survive. The aim of this study was to report the first SR case in dog and cat in Brazil, and describe anatomical, pathological and radiographic changes. Case: The puppy had ventral midline defect in the abdominal and thoracic wall extending from the sternum to the pubis with viscera exposition, including the heart, lung, liver, stomach, intestine, spleen, kidneys, moreover right army was abnormal, however no spinal column was present. It was performed radiography to evaluate bone abnormalities, and was diagnosed agenesis of carpal, metacarpal and phalange bones. The kitten had ventral midline defect measuring 4 x 2 cm, in the abdominal wall and exposition of liver, stomach, intestine and spleen, as well as tibiotarsal joint arthrogryposis on both lags. It was performed fetus radiography and no spinal column change was diagnosed. Discussion: Schistosomus reflexus is a congenital abnormality common in ruminants. Although it was few reported in dogs and cats. The two cases in this study are the firsts reposts in Brazil in these especies. In our case, the dog had exposition of abdominal and thoracic organs and died one hour after born, similar to this, another author reported a case where the thoracic and abdominal evisceration and the puppy died ten minutes after born. However, in another case with abdominal evisceration only, the puppy survived for eight days. Probably it happened because respiratore function was not compromised. The kitten had abdominal opening only, in turn, other authors reported a case whose abdominal viscera exposition was by pelvic fissure, and another case, what presented thoracic and abdominal evisceration, like our dog case...(AU)

NOVA TÉCNICA DE DEFERENTOPEXIA PRÉ ESCROTAL ASSOCIADO A HERNIORRAFIA PERINEAL NO CÃO EM DECÚBITO DORSAL

Hérnia perineal é descrita como o enfraquecimento muscular da região do períneo, podendo assim ocorrer a migração de vísceras para a região. Ocorre principalmente em cães, machos, não castrados e idosos. Neste estudo objetivou-se descrever uma nova técnica de deferentopexia como método auxiliar na herniorrafia perineal realizada em decúbito dorsal com tração cranial dos membros pélvicos em cães. Foram utilizados 15 cães, machos, inteiros, pesando 17,67 ± 10,28 kg, de diferentes idades e raças, portadores de hérnia perineal. O procedimento cirúrgico consistiu na realização da herniorrafia pelo método tradicional, seguido da realização da orquiectomia pré-escrotal associado a deferentopexia pela confecção de uma amarração entre os dois ductos deferentes de cada testículo através de um nó de cirurgião. Avaliações clínicas foram realizadas no 3º, 15º, 30º e 60º dia pós-cirúrgico. Foram avaliados o comportamento do animal, reações dolorosas a palpação dos pontos de pele, postura ao defecar e urinar e quaisquer complicações relacionadas ao procedimento cirúrgico. Diante dos resultados obtidos, a nova técnica de deferentopexia associado a herniorrafia perineal proporcionou um tempo cirúrgico menor, este realizados em um mesmo decúbito, não apresentando taxa de recidivas nos cães avaliados até o 60º dia pós-operatório, por promover uma menor pressão principalmente da vesícula urinária, próstata e colón sobre o diafragma pélvico, tendo assim menores complicações comparado a técnica padrão.

Perineal hernia is described as the weakening of the muscle in the perineum region, which may result in the migration of viscera to the region. It occurs mainly in dogs, males, nonneutered and elderly. This study aimed to describe a new technique of deferentopexy as an auxiliary method in perineal herniorrhaphy performed in the supine position with cranial traction of the pelvic limbs in dogs. Fifteen dogs, male, whole, weighing 17.67 ± 10.28 kg of different ages and races, with perineal hernia were used. The surgical procedure consisted of performing herniorrhaphy using the traditional method, followed by performing a pre-scrotal orchiectomy associated with deferentopexy by making a tie between the two different ducts of each testis through a surgeon's knot. Clinical evaluations were performed on the 3rd, 15th, 30th and 60th postoperative days. The animal's behavior, painful reactions to palpation of the skin points, posture when defecating and urinating and any complications related to the surgical procedure were evaluated. In view of the results obtained, the new technique of deferentopexy associated with perineal herniorrhaphy provided a shorter surgical time, performed in the same decubitus position, with no recurrence rate in the dogs evaluated until the 60th postoperative day, as it promotes less pressure mainly on the gallbladder urinary, prostate and colon on the pelvic diaphragm, thus having less complications compared to the standard technique.

Dimorfismo sexual e estrutura perineal em Coendou prehensilis (Ouriço-cacheiro) / Sexual dimorphism and perineal structure in Coendou prehensilis (Prehensile-tailed porcupine)

Coendou prehensilis é um mamífero da ordem Rodentia, que é composta por cinco subordens: Sciuromorfos, a qual pertencem os esquilos; Castorimorfos, onde encontramos os castores; Myomorfos, a qual encontramos os ratos; Anomaluromorfos, Lebre-saltadora, e os Histricomorfos, onde observamos a capivara. Utilizamos nesta pesquisa o ouriço-cacheiro (Coendou prehensilis) sendo um macho e uma fêmea, ambos adultos. Estes animais foram encontrados em óbito por atropelamento nas rodovias da região de Pirassununga-SP e cedidos para o Laboratório de Anatomia do Departamento de Medicina Veterinária da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo FZEA/USP devido a permissão do Ibama para estudar os animais (Registro SISBIO no. 43274-1), os quais foram fixados com formaldeído a 10% e dissecados na região do períneo. Os resultados mostraram que a única característica que nos permite diferenciar machos de fêmeas, é o espaço entre o ânus e as genitais dos animais, sendo que o macho apresenta essa distância maior que a fêmea. O períneo é uma região extra cavitária de delimitação losangular, sendo essa delimitação feita pelos ossos interpubiano, púbico e pelos processos do púbis e ísquio. O períneo do Coendou prehensílis macho é composto por cinco principais músculos, sendo três encontrados dispostos no diafragma urogenital superficial, (Músculos isquiocavernosos, M. bulbocavernoso e Mm. Bulboesponjosos) e dois no diafragma pélvico (M. levantador do ânus e M. retrator do pênis). O períneo da fêmea é composto pelos músculos (isquiocavernoso, o bulboesponjoso, levantador do ânus e esfíncter anal externo). Conclui-se que ambos os sexos possuem os músculos isquiocavernosos, Mm. Bulboesponjosos, M. levantador do ânus e esfíncter anal externo, além de que o estudo da região perineal dos animais é de grande importância, pois através do entendimento da função e localização de cada músculo, podemos contribuir para futuras pesquisas sobre reprodução e comportamento animal durante a cópula auxiliando para um melhor entendimento do potencial reprodutivo de roedores da família Erethizontidae, além de contribuir na base do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia aplicada à reprodução visando até mesmo à reprodução desses animais em cativeiro além do meio ambiente livre.(AU)

Coendou prehensilis is a mammal that belongs to the Rodentia order, which consists of five suborders: Sciuromorfos, to which the squirrels belongs; Castorimorfos where we have the beavers; Myomorfos, which include the mice; Anomaluromorfos, Hare jumper, and Hystricomorfos, where we have the capybara. We used the porcupine clerk in the research (Coendou prehensilis), one male and one female, both adults. These animals were transferred to the Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (FZEA/USP), originating from roadaccidents in Pirassununga, SP (Registration n. 43274-1 SISBIO). The animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and dissected in the perineum region. The results showed that the only feature which allows us to differentiate males from females is the space between anus and the genitals of the animals; the male has a larger space than the female. The perineum is an extra cavity region with lozenge definition, and this definition is formed by interpubic bones, the pubic and processes of the pubic and ischium. The male Coendou prehensilis perineum consists of five major muscles, three arranged on the urogenital diaphragm surface (ischiocavernosus muscles, M. bulbocavernosus and Mm. bulboesponjosos) and two in the pelvic diaphragm (M. levator ani and M. penis retractor). The female's perineum is composed by ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, levator ani and external anal sphincter muscles. We conclude that both sexes have the ischiocavernosus muscles, Mm. bulboesponjosos, M. levator ani and external anal sphincter, and it is very important to study the perineal region of the animals, because understanding the function and location of each muscle we can contribute to future research on reproduction and animal behavior during copulation, helping to a better knowledge about reproductive potential of Erethizontidae rodents, and to contribute in the applied biotechnology development of reproduction, what can be helpful even in captivity reproduction of these animals besides the ones in free environment.(AU)

Dimorfismo sexual e estrutura perineal em Coendou prehensilis (Ouriço-cacheiro)

Coendou prehensilis is a mammal that belongs to the Rodentia order, which consists of five suborders: Sciuromorfos, to which the squirrels belongs; Castorimorfos where we have the beavers; Myomorfos, which include the mice; Anomaluromorfos, Hare jumper, and Hystricomorfos, where we have the capybara. We used the porcupine clerk in the research (Coendou prehensilis), one male and one female, both adults. These animals were transferred to the Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (FZEA/USP), originating from roadaccidents in Pirassununga, SP (Registration n. 43274-1 SISBIO). The animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and dissected in the perineum region. The results showed that the only feature which allows us to differentiate males from females is the space between anus and the genitals of the animals; the male has a larger space than the female. The perineum is an extra cavity region with lozenge definition, and this definition is formed by interpubic bones, the pubic and processes of the pubic and ischium. The male Coendou prehensilis perineum consists of five major muscles, three arranged on the urogenital diaphragm surface (ischiocavernosus muscles, M. bulbocavernosus and Mm. bulboesponjosos) and two in the pelvic diaphragm (M. levator ani and M. penis retractor). The females perineum is composed by ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, levator ani and external anal sphincter muscles. We conclude that both sexes have the ischiocavernosus muscles, Mm. bulboesponjosos, M. levator ani and external anal sphincter, and it is very important to study the perineal region of the animals, because understanding the function and location of each muscle we can contribute to future research on reproduction and animal behavior during copulation...[...](AU)

Coendou prehensilis é um mamífero da ordem Rodentia, que é composta por cinco subordens: Sciuromorfos, a qual pertencem os esquilos; Castorimorfos, onde encontramos os castores; Myomorfos, a qual encontramos os ratos; Anomaluromorfos, Lebre-saltadora, e os Histricomorfos, onde observamos a capivara. Utilizamos nesta pesquisa o ouriço-cacheiro (Coendou prehensilis) sendo um macho e uma fêmea, ambos adultos. Estes animais foram encontrados em óbito por atropelamento nas rodovias da região de Pirassununga-SP e cedidos para o Laboratório de Anatomia do Departamento de Medicina Veterinária da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo FZEA/USP devido a permissão do Ibama para estudar os animais (Registro SISBIO no. 43274-1), os quais foram fixados com formaldeído a 10% e dissecados na região do períneo. Os resultados mostraram que a única característica que nos permite diferenciar machos de fêmeas, é o espaço entre o ânus e as genitais dos animais, sendo que o macho apresenta essa distância maior que a fêmea. O períneo é uma região extra cavitária de delimitação losangular, sendo essa delimitação feita pelos ossos interpubiano, púbico e pelos processos do púbis e ísquio. O períneo do Coendou prehensílis macho é composto por cinco principais músculos, sendo três encontrados dispostos no diafragma urogenital superficial, (Músculos isquiocavernosos, M. bulbocavernoso e Mm. Bulboesponjosos) e dois no diafragma pélvico (M. levantador do ânus e M. retrator do pênis). O períneo da fêmea é composto pelos músculos (isquiocavernoso, o bulboesponjoso, levantador do ânus e esfíncter anal externo). Conclui-se que ambos os sexos possuem os músculos isquiocavernosos, Mm. Bulboesponjosos, M. levantador do ânus e esfíncter anal externo, além de que o estudo da região perineal dos animais é de grande importância...[...](AU)

Perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs - literature review / Herniorrafia perineal em cães revisão de literatura

Perineal hernia occurs more frequently in non-castrated maledogs aged over five years. Surgical techniques for pelvicdiaphragm repair are varied, and can be employed aloneor associated with others and include the standard suturetechnique, transposition of the internal obturator muscle,transposition of the superficial gluteal muscle, transposition ofthe semitendinosus muscle, repair with synthetic or biologicalimplants, colopexy, and cistopexia. Associated postoperativecomplications are injury of the sciatic or pudendal nerve, fecalor urinary incontinence, rectal prolapse, infection, wounddehiscence, and hernia recurrence. Since it is a disease with highrates of complications and recurrences, we decided to conductthis review covering general aspects and the main treatmenttechniques of the disorder.

A hérnia perineal ocorre com maior frequência em cães machosnão castrados com idade superior a cinco anos. As técnicas cirúrgicasde reparação do diafragma pélvico são diversas, sendoempregadas de forma isolada ou associadas e incluem técnica desutura padrão, transposição do músculo obturador interno, transposiçãodo músculo glúteo superficial, transposição do músculosemitendinoso, reparação com uso de implantes sintéticos ou biológicos,colopexia e cistopexia. As complicações pós-operatóriasassociadas são: lesão do nervo isquiático ou pudendo, incontinênciafecal ou urinária, prolapso retal, infecção, deiscência de suturae recidiva da hérnia. Por ser uma enfermidade que apresentaelevados índices de complicações e recidivas, decidiu-se realizara presente revisão abordando os aspectos gerais e as principaistécnicas de tratamento da referida afecção.

Perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs - literature review / Herniorrafia perineal em cães revisão de literatura

Perineal hernia occurs more frequently in non-castrated maledogs aged over five years. Surgical techniques for pelvicdiaphragm repair are varied, and can be employed aloneor associated with others and include the standard suturetechnique, transposition of the internal obturator muscle,transposition of the superficial gluteal muscle, transposition ofthe semitendinosus muscle, repair with synthetic or biologicalimplants, colopexy, and cistopexia. Associated postoperativecomplications are injury of the sciatic or pudendal nerve, fecalor urinary incontinence, rectal prolapse, infection, wounddehiscence, and hernia recurrence. Since it is a disease with highrates of complications and recurrences, we decided to conductthis review covering general aspects and the main treatmenttechniques of the disorder.(AU)

A hérnia perineal ocorre com maior frequência em cães machosnão castrados com idade superior a cinco anos. As técnicas cirúrgicasde reparação do diafragma pélvico são diversas, sendoempregadas de forma isolada ou associadas e incluem técnica desutura padrão, transposição do músculo obturador interno, transposiçãodo músculo glúteo superficial, transposição do músculosemitendinoso, reparação com uso de implantes sintéticos ou biológicos,colopexia e cistopexia. As complicações pós-operatóriasassociadas são: lesão do nervo isquiático ou pudendo, incontinênciafecal ou urinária, prolapso retal, infecção, deiscência de suturae recidiva da hérnia. Por ser uma enfermidade que apresentaelevados índices de complicações e recidivas, decidiu-se realizara presente revisão abordando os aspectos gerais e as principaistécnicas de tratamento da referida afecção.(AU)