Complete avulsion of the hoof capsule and subsequent testicular degeneration in a criollo stallion

Background: Complete avulsion of the hoof in horses, also known as exungulation, is not a commonly reported injury and usually leads to euthanasia due to the great amount of tissue loss, intense pain, secondary complications, expensive and lengthy treatment. It can involve deep structures and cause different complications leading to chronic lameness. In stallions affected by such injury, the reproductive tract and performance may also be affected. The aim of this study was to report a case of complete avulsion of the right front hoof in a Criollo stallion and subsequent bilateral testicular degeneration. Case: A 10-year-old Criollo stallion was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV- UFPel) with a complete avulsion of the left front hoof. At admission, the stallion had clinical parameters compatible with intense pain and blood loss. Evaluation of the wound demonstrated that the distal end of the third phalanx (P3) was exposed but no fracture was detected on radiological evaluation. No other structure was apparently affected. Initially, anti-inflammatory (phenylbutazone) and opioid (morphine) was given for pain control and supportive fluid therapy was started to restore hydration. Antibiotic (Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim) was administered for 10 days. Continued therapy with phenylbutazone, pentoxifylline, omeprazole and supplementation with methionine, biotin and zinc was also given. Local treatment was carried out by cleaning the wound, applying an antimicrobial ointment and dressing it with a bandage. Wound management was adapted according to the evolution and healing process. The stallion was kept in stall rest during its hospitalization time. In the second month after the injury, accumulation of liquid in the scrotum was observed. Clinical and ultrasound evaluation lead to a presumptive diagnosis of testicular degeneration. The stallion was discharged after three months when the wound was almost healed and the hoof had started to grow. Six month later, a follow up by the referring vet showed that the hoof was almost completely grown and the x-ray assessment demonstrated a dorsal rotation and resorption of the distal end of the third phalanx. Discussion: The stallion of this report had a complete avulsion of the hoof capsule caused by trauma. Conservative treatment was established including wound cleaning and dressing to avoid contamination, control of pain and inflammation, antimicrobial care and supplementation to support hoof growth. Time period for wound healing and hoof growth was in agreement with other cases described previously. Bone sequestrum of the distal end of the third phalanx, and detachment of a fragment were observed in this case, followed by bone resorption. The stallion was closely monitored to prevent laminitis in the contralateral limb and no alterations were detected during the treatment period. Testicular degeneration was observed, probably caused as a consequence of hoof avulsion and due to a long period of stall rest. Degenerative alterations in testicles interfere with thermoregulation and spermatogenesis, affecting semen quality and reproductive performance. Rotation of the third phalanx was also observed six months later caused by the hoof loss. In conclusion, the patient of this report had a complete regrowth of the hoof capsule although a long intensive treatment was necessary to achieve this result. As a consequence, testicles degeneration may happen impairing its function as a stallion.(AU)

Benefits of pentoxifylline for skin flap tissue repair in rats

Purpose To assess the action of pentoxifylline, administered by subcutaneous route, on skin flap tissue repair in rats, and to verify the histological aspects and biomarkers. Methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (CT) and treated with pentoxifylline (P1, P3 and P5). Modified McFarlane technique flap was used. Ten days later, the animals were euthanized and the areas of viable and necrotic tissue were evaluated. Hematoxylin/eosin staining was used to assess the morphometric characteristics of the number of vessels and epithelial thickness. Picrosirius red was used to assess collagen density. VEGF and TGF-beta1 levels on the skin flap and serum of the animals were measured by the ELISA method. Results The macroscopic evaluation of the skin flap dimensions showed reduced necrotic tissue in the pentoxifylline (p < 0.05) treated groups. There was an increase in angiogenesis and reepithelization, demonstrated by analyses with an increased number of vessels (p 0.05), VEGF and epithelial thickness. Fibrogenic effect showed decreased collagen density and TGF-1 in the skin flap and serum. Conclusion The benefits of pentoxifylline administered by subcutaneous route, at dose 100 mg/kg, which was effective to improve the survival of skin flap by acting on tissue repair components, stimulating angiogenesis and reepithelization, in addition to reducing fibrogenesis.(AU)

Pentoxifylline may restore kanamycin-induced renal damage in rats

Background: Kidney damage can be caused by many factors, such as using certain drugs in high doses or over the long term. The use of one such group of drugs, aminoglycosides, which act as Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents, can lead to nephrotoxicity. It has been hypothesized that aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity might be prevented by using pentoxifylline, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and improves microcirculation. The objective of this present research was to determine the protective effects of pentoxifylline on kanamycin-induced kidney damage.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: control, pentoxifylline, kanamycin, and kanamycin + pentoxifylline. The control group received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 0.5 mL normal saline solution once a day (d) (SID) for 20 d; the pentoxifylline group received IP injections of 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline twice a day (BID) for 20 d, the kanamycin group received subcutaneous (SC) injections of 500 mg/kg kanamycin SID for 20 d, and the kanamycin + pentoxifylline group received both SC injections of 500 mg/kg kanamycin SID and IP injections of 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline BID for 20 d. At the end of 20 d, blood samples were taken from the heart by cardiac puncture under general anesthesia. After euthanizing the rats by cervical dislocation under anesthesia, the kidneys were immediately removed, relative kidney weights were calculated, and routine pathologic evaluations were conducted. Hemogram parameters were measured using a blood cell count apparatus and serum biochemical parameters were measured using an autoanalyzer. Kanamycin also caused (P < 0.05) tubular degeneration and tubular dilatation. Although pentoxifylline significantly reduced the level of kanamycin-induced tubular degeneration (P < 0.05), it did not significantly reduce tubular dilatation.[...]

Pentoxifylline may restore kanamycin-induced renal damage in rats

Background: Kidney damage can be caused by many factors, such as using certain drugs in high doses or over the long term. The use of one such group of drugs, aminoglycosides, which act as Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents, can lead to nephrotoxicity. It has been hypothesized that aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity might be prevented by using pentoxifylline, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and improves microcirculation. The objective of this present research was to determine the protective effects of pentoxifylline on kanamycin-induced kidney damage.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: control, pentoxifylline, kanamycin, and kanamycin + pentoxifylline. The control group received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 0.5 mL normal saline solution once a day (d) (SID) for 20 d; the pentoxifylline group received IP injections of 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline twice a day (BID) for 20 d, the kanamycin group received subcutaneous (SC) injections of 500 mg/kg kanamycin SID for 20 d, and the kanamycin + pentoxifylline group received both SC injections of 500 mg/kg kanamycin SID and IP injections of 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline BID for 20 d. At the end of 20 d, blood samples were taken from the heart by cardiac puncture under general anesthesia. After euthanizing the rats by cervical dislocation under anesthesia, the kidneys were immediately removed, relative kidney weights were calculated, and routine pathologic evaluations were conducted. Hemogram parameters were measured using a blood cell count apparatus and serum biochemical parameters were measured using an autoanalyzer. Kanamycin also caused (P < 0.05) tubular degeneration and tubular dilatation. Although pentoxifylline significantly reduced the level of kanamycin-induced tubular degeneration (P < 0.05), it did not significantly reduce tubular dilatation.[...](AU)

Surgery-induced changes in erythrocyte and plasma lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of female rats: protective role of heparin and pentoxifylline

Background: Intra abdominal adhesions are a complication that occurs after many abdominal surgical procedures, especially gynecological operations. These complications occur by irritating the peritoneum due to such circumstances as infection or surgical trauma, and are considered a pathological part of the healing process of peritoneal injury. It manifests itself with symptoms such as pain, intestinal or urethral obstruction and abdominal abscesses. Oxidative stress due to adhesions plays an important role on adhesion formation. In addition to many researches done at the point of prevention of adhesion and decreasing stress parameters, in this study, it was planned to determine the effect of Heparin (H) and Pentoxifylline (PTX) on malondialdehyde (MDA) and some antioxidant values.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was performed on rats and thirty-seven female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups. The first group was sham (Sh) group (n = 7) and laparotomy was performed and 2 mL of 0.9 % NaCl was applied. For all other rats (n = 30) the small intestine was withdrawn and the uterus was uncovered and the anti mesenteric surfaces of the left uterine horn and left abdominal wall were superficially tilted until slight bleeding was seen. Lesion areas have been covered. Two mL 0.9 % NaCl to control (C) group (n = 10), 500 IU heparin to group H, and 25 mg / kg Pentoxifylline to group PTX (n = 10) have been given and then the abdominal incision was closed. The adhesion score of group Sh was found to be more important than C and PTX groups (P < 0.05). The adhesion score of group C was determined to be more significant than group H (P < 0.05). In group Sh, erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were found to be more significant (P < 0.01) than C, H and PTX groups whereas it was found that group C was more significant than group H (P < 0.01).[...]

Surgery-induced changes in erythrocyte and plasma lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of female rats: protective role of heparin and pentoxifylline

Background: Intra abdominal adhesions are a complication that occurs after many abdominal surgical procedures, especially gynecological operations. These complications occur by irritating the peritoneum due to such circumstances as infection or surgical trauma, and are considered a pathological part of the healing process of peritoneal injury. It manifests itself with symptoms such as pain, intestinal or urethral obstruction and abdominal abscesses. Oxidative stress due to adhesions plays an important role on adhesion formation. In addition to many researches done at the point of prevention of adhesion and decreasing stress parameters, in this study, it was planned to determine the effect of Heparin (H) and Pentoxifylline (PTX) on malondialdehyde (MDA) and some antioxidant values.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was performed on rats and thirty-seven female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups. The first group was sham (Sh) group (n = 7) and laparotomy was performed and 2 mL of 0.9 % NaCl was applied. For all other rats (n = 30) the small intestine was withdrawn and the uterus was uncovered and the anti mesenteric surfaces of the left uterine horn and left abdominal wall were superficially tilted until slight bleeding was seen. Lesion areas have been covered. Two mL 0.9 % NaCl to control (C) group (n = 10), 500 IU heparin to group H, and 25 mg / kg Pentoxifylline to group PTX (n = 10) have been given and then the abdominal incision was closed. The adhesion score of group Sh was found to be more important than C and PTX groups (P < 0.05). The adhesion score of group C was determined to be more significant than group H (P < 0.05). In group Sh, erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were found to be more significant (P < 0.01) than C, H and PTX groups whereas it was found that group C was more significant than group H (P < 0.01).[...](AU)

Three cases of canine dermatomyositis-like disease

Background: Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic, inflammatory/immunemediated disease of the skin, muscles and blood vessels of hereditary nature and unclear pathogenesis. This familial disease has been described in certain breeds, especially collies and Shetland sheep dogs and is of rare occurrence in mongrel dogs. To describe and discuss three clinical cases of dermatomyositis-like disease and provide a brief review of the literature.Cases: Three young mongrel dogs are included in this report. Case 1: Mandarino, a 4-year-old mongrel dog, having a history of skin lesions for at least a year. Showed an underweight patient, skin ulcers, crusts, alopecia, peri-ocular scarring causing severe lagophthalmia and a corneal ulcer. Muscle atrophy was most notable in the head and legs; the dog had difficulty and pain walking. Treatment was initialised with cephalexin 30 mg/kg BID, pentoxifylline 25 mg/kg BID, and prednisone 2.2 mg/kg SID. The patient was presented after two weeks for follow up; the anaemia and skin condition had improved, the weight had increased by 2 kg, dysphagia and locomotor abnormalities were not present. Case 2: Milagros, a mongrel female dog approximately two years of age, rescued from a shelter. Physical examination showed facial alopecia, erythema and scarring of the periocular skin, crusting and scaling in alopecic areas, pinnae tip necrosis and crusting, ear alopecia, tail tip necrosis and crusting. Also present were distal limb alopecia, crusting and ulcers in areas of trauma in the hock and carpal surfaces; some nails presented onychorhexis and onychoschizia. The patient has been treated for 12 months with a good clinical outcome, with pentoxifylline, azathioprine 2.2 mg/kg EOD alternating with prednisone 1 mg/kg EOD. Case 3: Chuchito, an 11-month-old male mongrel rescued dog had been previously hospitalised due to his skin condition.[...]

Three cases of canine dermatomyositis-like disease

Background: Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic, inflammatory/immunemediated disease of the skin, muscles and blood vessels of hereditary nature and unclear pathogenesis. This familial disease has been described in certain breeds, especially collies and Shetland sheep dogs and is of rare occurrence in mongrel dogs. To describe and discuss three clinical cases of dermatomyositis-like disease and provide a brief review of the literature.Cases: Three young mongrel dogs are included in this report. Case 1: Mandarino, a 4-year-old mongrel dog, having a history of skin lesions for at least a year. Showed an underweight patient, skin ulcers, crusts, alopecia, peri-ocular scarring causing severe lagophthalmia and a corneal ulcer. Muscle atrophy was most notable in the head and legs; the dog had difficulty and pain walking. Treatment was initialised with cephalexin 30 mg/kg BID, pentoxifylline 25 mg/kg BID, and prednisone 2.2 mg/kg SID. The patient was presented after two weeks for follow up; the anaemia and skin condition had improved, the weight had increased by 2 kg, dysphagia and locomotor abnormalities were not present. Case 2: Milagros, a mongrel female dog approximately two years of age, rescued from a shelter. Physical examination showed facial alopecia, erythema and scarring of the periocular skin, crusting and scaling in alopecic areas, pinnae tip necrosis and crusting, ear alopecia, tail tip necrosis and crusting. Also present were distal limb alopecia, crusting and ulcers in areas of trauma in the hock and carpal surfaces; some nails presented onychorhexis and onychoschizia. The patient has been treated for 12 months with a good clinical outcome, with pentoxifylline, azathioprine 2.2 mg/kg EOD alternating with prednisone 1 mg/kg EOD. Case 3: Chuchito, an 11-month-old male mongrel rescued dog had been previously hospitalised due to his skin condition.[...](AU)

The expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase and apoptosis in intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury under the action of ischemic preconditioning and pentoxifylline

Purpose:To investigate the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and apoptosis associated with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and pentoxifylline (PTX) in intestinal ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R) injury.Methods:Thirty male rats were assigned to 5 groups: (CG), no clamping of the superior mesenteric artery (90 minutes); (IR-SS) saline + ischemia (30 minutes) + reperfusion (60 minutes); (IR-PTX) PTX + ischemia (30 minutes) + reperfusion (60 minutes); (IPC-IR-SS) 5 minutes of ischemia + 5 minutes of reperfusion (IPC) + saline + I(30 minutes)+R(60 minutes); and (IPC-IR-PTX) IPC + PTX + I(30 minutes)+ R(60 minutes).Results:The application of IPC and PTX showed a significantly lower immunohistochemistry reaction for active caspase-3 (P<0.05) compared to IR+SS. The number of cells immunoreactive to BCL-2 was higher in the IR-PTX group (P>0.05). The NOS-2 expression (qRTPCR) in the IR-PTX group (P<0.05) was higher than the values for the IPC+IR-SS and IPC-IR-PTX groups. The NOS-3 expression was significantly upper in the IPC-IR-PTX group than in the CG (P<0.05), the IR-SS (P<0.05) and the IR-PTX (P<0.05) groups.Conclusions:The BCL-2 and active caspase-3 showed beneficial effects on PTX and IPC. The expression of NOS-2 and NOS-3 in the IPC and IPC-PTX groups showed no synergistic effect.(AU)

The role of ischemic preconditioning and pentoxifylline in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury of rats

Purpose: To investigate the role of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and pentoxifylline (PTX) in intestinal mucosa ischemia/reperfusion injury (IR). Methods: Thirty rats were assigned to 5 groups (N=6): (CG): no clamping of the superior mesenteric artery (90 min.); (IR-SS): saline + ischemia (30 min.) + reperfusion (60 min.); (IR-PTX): PTX + ischemia (30min.) + reperfusion (60 min.); (IPC-IR-SS): 5 min. of ischemia + 5 minutes of reperfusion (IPC) + saline + ischemia (30 min.) + reperfusion (60 min.); (IPC-IR-PTX ): 5 min. of ischemia + 5 min. of reperfusion (IPC) + PTX + 30 min. of I + 60 minutes of R. Results: The IR-PTX, IPC-IR-SS and IPC-IR-PTX groups had significantly lower scores of mucosa damage than the IR-SS group. IR-PTX group showed higher scores than the IPC-IR-PTX group, in accordance with the hypothesis of a favorable effect of IPC alone or in association with PTX. Additionally, IPC-IR-SS had a higher damage score than the IPC-IR-PTX. The villi height and crypt depth were similar in all groups. The villi height in the IR-SS was significantly lower. Conclusion: Ischemic preconditioning or pentoxifylline alone protect the intestinal mucosa from ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, they do not have a synergistic effect when applied together.(AU)

Proliferative arteriopathy of the nasal philtrum in two Brazilian Mastiff dogs

Proliferative arteritis of the canine nasal philtrum is an unusual disease with an unknown etiology and very few cases described in literature to date. Two patients with characteristic lesions underwent biopsy and confirmation by histopathological assessment. The first case was treated with oral prednisolone once daily and topical tacrolimus twice daily. The second case was treated twice daily with pentoxifylline and topical tacrolimus. Both treatments were successfully used by other authors previously. In result, clinical improvement varied among patients. The lesion of the first case showed no clinical improvement after 15 days of treatment. The second case showed a mild improvement of the initial lesion. In conclusion, treatment with tracolimus, pentoxifylline, and prednisonole appears to have a good effect in mild and early lesions. The objective of this paper was to describe the clinical findings, treatment options and histopathological aspects in two Brazilian Mastiff dogs, not previously reported.

Proliferative arteriopathy of the nasal philtrum in two Brazilian Mastiff dogs

Proliferative arteritis of the canine nasal philtrum is an unusual disease with an unknown etiology and very few cases described in literature to date. Two patients with characteristic lesions underwent biopsy and confirmation by histopathological assessment. The first case was treated with oral prednisolone once daily and topical tacrolimus twice daily. The second case was treated twice daily with pentoxifylline and topical tacrolimus. Both treatments were successfully used by other authors previously. In result, clinical improvement varied among patients. The lesion of the first case showed no clinical improvement after 15 days of treatment. The second case showed a mild improvement of the initial lesion. In conclusion, treatment with tracolimus, pentoxifylline, and prednisonole appears to have a good effect in mild and early lesions. The objective of this paper was to describe the clinical findings, treatment options and histopathological aspects in two Brazilian Mastiff dogs, not previously reported.(AU)

Histopathological assessment of the liver during experimental infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice / Avaliação histopatológica do fígado durante a infecção experimental por Leishmania chagasi (Leishmania) em camundongos BALB / c imunossuprimidos / Evaluación histopatológico del hígado durante la infección experimental por Leishmania chagasi (Leishmania) en ratones BALB / c con inmunosupresión

BALB/c mice were experimentally infected with L. (L.) chagasi and immunosuppressed for the study of the histopathological changes present in their liver. The 96 studied mice were subdivided into four groups: control (I) no treatment; immunosuppressed (II) treatment with dexamethasone (DXM) and pentoxifylline (PTX); infected (III) infection with L. (L.) chagasi; and infected and immunosuppressed (IV) - infection with L. (L.) chagasi and treatment with DXM and PTX. The day of infection was considered the day zero and immunosuppression occurred at 60 days P.I. Samples were obtained at distinct moments, 15, 30, 60, 75 and 90 days P.I., by collecting liver fragments for histopathological assessment. There was progressive and constant inflammatory reaction of inflammatory infiltrate and complete granulomas, which was renewed in all observation phases. For inoculated groups, the presence of amastigotes was confirmed by means of immunohistochemistry. The immunosuppressed group showed weak inflammatory reaction and rare incomplete granulomas. Immunosuppression influenced the immune response of the liver, which is capable of controlling murine visceral leishmaniasis.(AU)

Camundongos BALB / c foram infectados experimentalmente com L. (L.) chagasi e imunossuprimidos para estudar as alterações histopatológicas no fígado presente. Os 96 ratos estudados foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (I) - sem tratamento; imunossuprimidos (II) - O tratamento com dexametasona (DXM) e pentoxifilina (PTX); infectado (III) - infecção por L. chagasi (L.); e infectados e imunodeprimidos (IV) - infecção por L. chagasi (L.) e tratamento com DXM e PTX. O dia da infecção foi considerado o dia zero e imunossupressão ocorreu 60 dias P.I. As amostras foram obtidas em vários momentos, 15, 30, 60, 75 e 90 dias P.I., por coleta de fragmentos de fígado para avaliação histopatológica. Houve constante reação inflamatória e infiltrado inflamatório progressivo e granulomas completos, que foi renovado em todas as fases de observação. Para os grupos inoculados, a presença de amastigotas foi confirmada por imuno-histoquímica. O grupo de imunodeprimidos apresentou uma resposta inflamatória fraca e granulomas raros e incompletos. Imunossupressão influenciou a resposta imune do fígado, que é capaz de controlar a leishmaniose visceral murina.(AU)

Ratones BALB / c se infectaron experimentalmente con L. chagasi (L.) y inmunosuprimidos para el estudio de los cambios histopatológicos presentes en su hígado. Los 96 ratones estudiados se dividieron en cuatro grupos: control (I) - sin tratamiento; inmunosuprimidos (II) - El tratamiento con dexametasona (DXM) y pentoxifilina (PTX); infectada (III) - la infección con L. chagasi (L.); y infectada y inmunosuprimidos (IV) - infección con L. chagasi (L.) y el tratamiento con DXM y PTX. El día de la infección fue considerado como el día cero y la inmunosupresión se produjo a 60 días P.I. Las muestras se obtuvieron en momentos distintos, 15, 30, 60, 75 y 90 días P.I., mediante la recopilación de fragmentos de hígado para la evaluación histopatológica. Hubo reacción inflamatoria progresiva y constante de infiltrado inflamatorio y granulomas completos, que fue renovado en todas las fases de observación. Para los grupos inoculados, la presencia de amastigotes se confirmó por medio de inmunohistoquímica. El grupo inmunosuprimidos mostró una reacción inflamatoria débil y granulomas incompletas raras. Inmunosupresión influyó en la respuesta inmune del hígado, que es capaz de controlar la leishmaniosis visceral murino.(AU)

Histopathological assessment of the liver during experimental infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice / Avaliação histopatológica do fígado durante a infecção experimental por Leishmania chagasi (Leishmania) em camundongos BALB / c imunossuprimidos / Evaluación histopatológico del hígado durante la infección experimental por Leishmania chagasi (Leishmania) en ratones BALB / c con inmunosupresión

BALB/c mice were experimentally infected with L. (L.) chagasi and immunosuppressed for the study of the histopathological changes present in their liver. The 96 studied mice were subdivided into four groups: control (I) – no treatment; immunosuppressed (II) – treatment with dexamethasone (DXM) and pentoxifylline (PTX); infected (III) – infection with L. (L.) chagasi; and infected and immunosuppressed (IV) - infection with L. (L.) chagasi and treatment with DXM and PTX. The day of infection was considered the day zero and immunosuppression occurred at 60 days P.I. Samples were obtained at distinct moments, 15, 30, 60, 75 and 90 days P.I., by collecting liver fragments for histopathological assessment. There was progressive and constant inflammatory reaction of inflammatory infiltrate and complete granulomas, which was renewed in all observation phases. For inoculated groups, the presence of amastigotes was confirmed by means of immunohistochemistry. The immunosuppressed group showed weak inflammatory reaction and rare incomplete granulomas. Immunosuppression influenced the immune response of the liver, which is capable of controlling murine visceral leishmaniasis.

Camundongos BALB / c foram infectados experimentalmente com L. (L.) chagasi e imunossuprimidos para estudar as alterações histopatológicas no fígado presente. Os 96 ratos estudados foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (I) - sem tratamento; imunossuprimidos (II) - O tratamento com dexametasona (DXM) e pentoxifilina (PTX); infectado (III) - infecção por L. chagasi (L.); e infectados e imunodeprimidos (IV) - infecção por L. chagasi (L.) e tratamento com DXM e PTX. O dia da infecção foi considerado o dia zero e imunossupressão ocorreu 60 dias P.I. As amostras foram obtidas em vários momentos, 15, 30, 60, 75 e 90 dias P.I., por coleta de fragmentos de fígado para avaliação histopatológica. Houve constante reação inflamatória e infiltrado inflamatório progressivo e granulomas completos, que foi renovado em todas as fases de observação. Para os grupos inoculados, a presença de amastigotas foi confirmada por imuno-histoquímica. O grupo de imunodeprimidos apresentou uma resposta inflamatória fraca e granulomas raros e incompletos. Imunossupressão influenciou a resposta imune do fígado, que é capaz de controlar a leishmaniose visceral murina.

Ratones BALB / c se infectaron experimentalmente con L. chagasi (L.) y inmunosuprimidos para el estudio de los cambios histopatológicos presentes en su hígado. Los 96 ratones estudiados se dividieron en cuatro grupos: control (I) - sin tratamiento; inmunosuprimidos (II) - El tratamiento con dexametasona (DXM) y pentoxifilina (PTX); infectada (III) - la infección con L. chagasi (L.); y infectada y inmunosuprimidos (IV) - infección con L. chagasi (L.) y el tratamiento con DXM y PTX. El día de la infección fue considerado como el día cero y la inmunosupresión se produjo a 60 días P.I. Las muestras se obtuvieron en momentos distintos, 15, 30, 60, 75 y 90 días P.I., mediante la recopilación de fragmentos de hígado para la evaluación histopatológica. Hubo reacción inflamatoria progresiva y constante de infiltrado inflamatorio y granulomas completos, que fue renovado en todas las fases de observación. Para los grupos inoculados, la presencia de amastigotes se confirmó por medio de inmunohistoquímica. El grupo inmunosuprimidos mostró una reacción inflamatoria débil y granulomas incompletas raras. Inmunosupresión influyó en la respuesta inmune del hígado, que es capaz de controlar la leishmaniosis visceral murino.

Utilização de pentoxifilina e antioxidantes na criopreservação do sêmen bovino: qualidade seminal e estresse oxidativo / Utilization of pentoxifylline and antioxidants in cryopreservation of bovine semen: semen quality and oxidative stress

O presente estudo avaliou a adição da pentoxifilina, tocoferol, ascorbato e suas combinações sobre a proteção da célula espermática bovina contra os efeitos deletérios da criopreservação. Foram utilizados 24 touros Nelores (Bos taurus indicus), criados em sistema semi-intensivo. Foi coletado um ejaculado de cada reprodutor, diluídos em TRIS-citratogema-glicerol e divididos em seis partes. Cada parte foi suplementada da seguinte maneira: sem aditivos (controle), tocoferol (10 mmol/mL), tocoferol (10 mmol/mL) + pentoxifilina (1mg/mL), ascorbato (0,45mg/mL), ascorbato (0,45mg/mL) + pentoxifilina (1mg/mL) ou pentoxifilina (1mg/mL). Após o descongelamento, as amostras foram avaliadas quanto à motilidade e características do movimento, integridade da membrana plasmática e de acrossomo e atividade mitocondrial. Os níveis de peroxidação lipídica espontânea e induzida foram avaliados pela produção de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). A suplementação com pentoxifilina, tocoferol, ascorbato e suas combinações, não alterou (P>0,05) a atividade mitocondrial, integridade acrossomal, e a concentração de TBARS espontâneo e induzido. A adição de tocoferol + pentoxifilina reduziu a motilidade progressiva quando comparado ao ascorbato e também a integridade da membrana espermática quando comparado ao controle e ao ascorbato (P˂0,05). Já a adição de ascorbato + pentoxifilina foi deletéria sobre linearidade em comparação ao tratamento ascorbato (P˂0,05). A adição de ascorbato, tocoferol e pentoxifilina individualmente ou em combinação, não foi eficiente em diminuir os danos causados pela criopreservação e estresse oxidativo em amostras pós descongelamento de sêmen bovino.

The present study evaluated the addition of pentoxifylline, tocopherol and ascorbate and their combinations on the protection of bovine spermatic cells against the deleterious effects of cryopreservation. A total of 24 Nelore bulls (Bos Taurus indicus) were included in this study, raised in a semi-intensive system. One ejaculation was collected from each bull and diluted in tris-citrate-yolk-glycerol, divided into six portions, and then supplemented with: no additives (control); tocopherol (10 mmol/ml), tocopherol (10 mmol/ml) + pentxoifylline (1 mg/ml), ascorbate (0.45 mg/ml), ascorbate (0.45 mg/ml) + pentoxifylline (1 mg/ml) and pentxoifylline (1 mg/ml). After thawing, the samples were evaluated for motility and characteristics of movement, acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial activity. Spontaneous and induced lipid peroxidation levels were evaluated by the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Supplementation with pentoxifylline, tocopherol and ascorbate and their combinations, did not alter mitochondrial activity, acrosomal integrity, or the spontaneous and induced TBARS concentration (P>0.05). The ascorbate, tocopherol and pentoxifylline additions, both individually and in combinations, were inefficient in decreasing the damage caused by cryopreservation and oxidative stress in post-thawed bovine semen samples.

Utilização de pentoxifilina e antioxidantes na criopreservação do sêmen bovino: qualidade seminal e estresse oxidativo / Utilization of pentoxifylline and antioxidants in cryopreservation of bovine semen: semen quality and oxidative stress

O presente estudo avaliou a adição da pentoxifilina, tocoferol, ascorbato e suas combinações sobre a proteção da célula espermática bovina contra os efeitos deletérios da criopreservação. Foram utilizados 24 touros Nelores (Bos taurus indicus), criados em sistema semi-intensivo. Foi coletado um ejaculado de cada reprodutor, diluídos em TRIS-citratogema-glicerol e divididos em seis partes. Cada parte foi suplementada da seguinte maneira: sem aditivos (controle), tocoferol (10 mmol/mL), tocoferol (10 mmol/mL) + pentoxifilina (1mg/mL), ascorbato (0,45mg/mL), ascorbato (0,45mg/mL) + pentoxifilina (1mg/mL) ou pentoxifilina (1mg/mL). Após o descongelamento, as amostras foram avaliadas quanto à motilidade e características do movimento, integridade da membrana plasmática e de acrossomo e atividade mitocondrial. Os níveis de peroxidação lipídica espontânea e induzida foram avaliados pela produção de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). A suplementação com pentoxifilina, tocoferol, ascorbato e suas combinações, não alterou (P>0,05) a atividade mitocondrial, integridade acrossomal, e a concentração de TBARS espontâneo e induzido. A adição de tocoferol + pentoxifilina reduziu a motilidade progressiva quando comparado ao ascorbato e também a integridade da membrana espermática quando comparado ao controle e ao ascorbato (P˂0,05). Já a adição de ascorbato + pentoxifilina foi deletéria sobre linearidade em comparação ao tratamento ascorbato (P˂0,05). A adição de ascorbato, tocoferol e pentoxifilina individualmente ou em combinação, não foi eficiente em diminuir os danos causados pela criopreservação e estresse oxidativo em amostras pós descongelamento de sêmen bovino.(AU)

The present study evaluated the addition of pentoxifylline, tocopherol and ascorbate and their combinations on the protection of bovine spermatic cells against the deleterious effects of cryopreservation. A total of 24 Nelore bulls (Bos Taurus indicus) were included in this study, raised in a semi-intensive system. One ejaculation was collected from each bull and diluted in tris-citrate-yolk-glycerol, divided into six portions, and then supplemented with: no additives (control); tocopherol (10 mmol/ml), tocopherol (10 mmol/ml) + pentxoifylline (1 mg/ml), ascorbate (0.45 mg/ml), ascorbate (0.45 mg/ml) + pentoxifylline (1 mg/ml) and pentxoifylline (1 mg/ml). After thawing, the samples were evaluated for motility and characteristics of movement, acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial activity. Spontaneous and induced lipid peroxidation levels were evaluated by the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Supplementation with pentoxifylline, tocopherol and ascorbate and their combinations, did not alter mitochondrial activity, acrosomal integrity, or the spontaneous and induced TBARS concentration (P>0.05). The ascorbate, tocopherol and pentoxifylline additions, both individually and in combinations, were inefficient in decreasing the damage caused by cryopreservation and oxidative stress in post-thawed bovine semen samples.(AU)

Direct intraperitoneal resuscitation with lidocaine, methylene blue and pentoxiphylline combination does not decreases inflammation after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

PURPOSE:To evaluate the effects of an intraperitoneal solution of methylene blue (MB), lidocaine and pentoxyphylline (PTX) on intestinal ischemic and reperfusion injuryMETHODS:Superior mesenteric artery was isolated and clamped in 36 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. After 60 minutes, clamp was removed and a group received intraperitoneally UNITO solution (PTX 25mg/kg + lidocaine 5mg/kg + MB 2mg/kg), while the other group was treated with warm 0.9% NaCl solution. Rats were euthanized 45 min after drug administration. Lung and bowel were collected for histological evaluation (using Park's score) and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.RESULTS:Control samples showed lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate and crypt necrosis of villi. MPO and MDA measurements shown no differences between treated and control groups.CONCLUSION:The combination of lidocaine, methylene blue and pentoxyphylline administered intraperitoneally at the studied dose, did not decreased histological lesion scores and biochemical markers levels in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.(AU)

Estudo do efeito isolado ou combinado da melatonina e pentoxifilina na neutralização da ação da afaltoxina B1 sobre o parênquima hepático de ratos Wistar

Este estudo, teve como objetivo, avaliar a ação da pentoxifilina e melatonina sobre o estresse oxidativo em lesões hepáticas ocasionado por Aflatoxina B1 em Ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar machos com 70 dias de idade. Os animais receberam DMSO 3%, 1 mg/ kg AFB1, 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 5 mg / kg de MEL, 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 100 mg /kg de PTX + 5 mg / kg e 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 100 mg/kg de PTX. Nos níveis de enzimas oxidantes e antioxidantes, a mensuração em nível sérico, o NO reduziu em todos grupos, o MDA tecidual elevou nos grupos PTX e MEL+PTX. A GST tecidual reduziu 0,47% para AFB1 e a CAT elevou no grupo AFB1; MEL e PTX. A nível sérico SOD reduziu em todos grupos e a PTN reduziu em PTX e PTX+MEL. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre AST, ALT, FA e GGT, bem como, em área de glicogênio hepático. Microscopicamente os animais que receberam AFB1 observamos proliferação e ativação de células de Kupffer, necrose de hepatócitos periportais e binucleação dos hepatócitos. No grupo MEL foi observado, proliferação de ductos biliares, hepatócitos binucleares e discreta necrose hepática. Os animais tratados com PTX tiveram congestão moderada, necrose discreta, proliferação de células de Kupffer, hiperplasia de ductos com pleomorfismo celular, binucleação. Os animais que recebram MEL+PTX proliferação e ativação de ductos biliares, necrose de hepatócitos periportais A histomorfométria hepática, revelou que os animais que receberam AFB1, PTX e MEL+PTX tiveram redução de núcleo; o grupo AFB1 e PTX tiveram aumento de citoplasma de hepatócitos. As células de Kupffer reduziram nos grupos AFB1, PTX e MEL+PTX; o espaço porta reduziu em MEL e MEL+PTX . O capilar sinusóide reduziu em todos grupos. Adicionalmente a ánalise imunohistoquímica evidenciou marcação de arginase-1 em todos grupos experimentais, não havendo diferenças estatísticas na quantificação em pixel desta imunomarcação. Observou-se com os resultados expostos que a aflatoxina induziu a lesões hepatobiliares na dose e períodos de exposição, entretanto, a utilização de melatonina e pentoxifilina e sua associação, demonstrou que a melatonina minimizou lesões no parênquima hepático e o fígado mesmo após intoxicação a micotoxina expressou a arginase-1.

This study aimed to evaluate the action of pentoxifylline and melatonin on oxidative stress in liver systems by Aflatoxin B1 in Wistar Rats. Forty male Wistar rats with 70 days of age were used. Animals received DMSO 3%, 1 mg/kg AFB1, 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 5 mg/kg MEL, 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 100 mg/kg PTX + 5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 100 mg/kg PTX. In the levels of oxidants and antioxidants, measured at serum level, NO enzyme levels in all groups, cidual MDA increased in PTX and M+PTX groups. GST Tissue Corrector 0.47% for AFB1 and CAT increased in the AFB1 group; MEL and PTX. Serum SOD in all groups and PTN+ in PTX and PTXMEL. No significant differences were observed between AST, ALT FA and GGT, as well as in the liver area. Microscopically, the animals that received AFB1 observed and offered Kup necrosis cells, periportal cells and hepatocytes binucleation. In the MEL group, binuclear hepatocytes and mild hepatic necrosis were observed. Animals treated with PTX had moderate management, mild necrosis, Kup cell hyperplasia, ducts with pleomorphism, binucleation and cell hyperplasia. Animals that received reduced hepatocytes were bred for animals that received reduced AFB1, PTX and MEL+PTX from animals that received AFB1, PTX and animals that received reduced AFB1, PTX and MEL+PTX from animals that received AFB1, PTX and reduced MEL+PTX of animals that received the animals that received AFB1, PTX and MEL+PTX. the AFB1 and PTX group had increased hepatocyte cytoplasm. Kupffer cells will reduce in AFB1, PTX and MEL+PTX groups; the transport space in MEL and MEL+PTX . The sinusoid capillary in all groups. Additionally, an immunohistochemical analysis showed arginase-1 labeling in all experimental groups, with no statistical differences in pixel quantification of unlabeling. Observe with the results that exposure to flatoxin induced hepatobiliary treatments at the dose and exposure periods, however, the use of melatonin and pentoxifylline and their association, that melatonin aflatoxin minimized treatments in the liver parenchyma and even after intoxication the toxin expressed an arginase -1.

Key Points for Curbing Cardiopulmonary Bypass Inflammation

PURPOSE: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures are thought to activate systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome (SIRS). Strategies to curb systemic inflammation have been previously described. However, none of them is adequate, since "curbing" the extent of the inflammatory response requires a multimodal approach. The aim of the present mini-review is to discuss the main key points about the main principles in cardiopulmonary bypass curbing inflammation. METHODS: No systematic literature search (MEDLINE) and extracted data from the accumulated experience of the authors. The preconceived idea of an association between severe inflammation and coagulation disorders is reviewed. Also, some fundamental concepts, CPB inflammatory biomarkers, the vasoplegic syndrome and the need forindividual CPB protocols for children, diabetes and old patients, are discussed. CONCLUSION: The ways in which surgical technique (atraumatic vein harvest, biocompatibility and shear resistance of the circuit, monitoring, minimizing organ ischemia, minimal cross-clamping trauma, and blood management) are thought to curb SIRS induced by CPB and affect positively the patient outcome.Improved patient outcomes are strongly associated with these modalities of care, more than single or combinatorial drug strategies (aprotinin, tranexamic acid, pentoxifylline) or CPB modalities (minicircuits, heparin-coated circuits, retrograde autologous prime).(AU)

Pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1 action on ischemia and reperfusion of small intestine tissue in rats. An immunohistochemical study1

PURPOSE: To investigate the action of pentoxifylline (PTX) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on ischemia and reperfusion of small intestine tissue in rats, using immunohistochemical analysis. METHODS: Thirty-five Wistar rats were distributed as follows: group A (n=10): subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion for 60 min, with no drugs; group B (n=10): PTX given during tissue ischemia and reperfusion; group C (n=10): PGE1 given during tissue ischemia and reperfusion; group D (n=5): sham. A segment of the small intestine was excised from each euthanized animal and subjected to immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS: Mean number of cells expressing anti-FAS ligand in the crypts was highest in Group A (78.9 ± 17.3), followed by groups B (16.7 ± 2.8), C (11.3 ± 1.8), and D (2.5 ± 0.9), with very significant differences between groups (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of pentoxifylline or prostaglandin E1 proved beneficial during tissue reperfusion. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated a decrease in apoptotic cells, while protecting other intestinal epithelium cells against death after reperfusion, allowing these cells to renew the epithelial tissue.(AU)