Resumo
Abstract Cities in northeastern Brazil experience extreme rates of unsolved homicides, a situation that stimulates innovative procedures in the police work, such as forensic entomology. We surveyed necrophagous insects associated with carrion in a city exposed to high rates of homicides in Northeastern Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a rainforest fragment located in Recife, State of Pernambuco. Two pig carcasses were used as models, one in the dry and the other in the rainy season. The collection of adults was performed daily until the complete skeletonization of the carcasses. At least 32 Diptera species from the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Fanniidae, Phoridae, Anthomyiidae, Piophilidae, and Stratiomyidae were registered, some of which have been previously documented on cadavers. A high richness of Diptera species was registered in all stages of decomposition. A strong overlap in the occurrence of most species was observed, which invalidates a defined entomological succession on the carcasses. Two species stood out in terms of abundance: Ophyra chalcogaster (Muscidae) and Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae). The ubiquity of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Calliphoridae) seems to confirm its preference for forest fragments exposed to low anthropogenic action. Our data contribute to expand the knowledge on the geographical distribution of forensically relevant species in the region and confirm the rapid dissemination of invasive Chrysomya species in forested areas.
Resumo
Leaf-cutting ants of the genus Acromyrmex cause serious damage to cultivated forest areas. Some flies of the family Phoridae are known to parasitize them, and the result of this interaction can provide a promising basis for the management of these ants. This study was developed to record the parasitism and behavioral responses of Acromyrmex spp. leaf-cutting ants to parasitoid phorids in the municipality of Londrina-PR, Brazil. Visual examinations and collections of leaf-cutting ants and associated phorids were carried out between October/2019 and April/2020 in selected anthills and their trails, located on the campus of the State University of Londrina (UEL) and at the Botanical Garden of Londrina. The collected insects were preserved in 70% alcohol, for later identification of the species. The behavioral response of the ants to the parasitoids was recorded individually and collectively, following protocols cited in the literature. The frequencies of the different response behaviors exhibited by the attacked ants were compared using analysis of variance. The leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex coronatus and Acromyrmex crassispinus were found at the two evaluated sites. Myrmosicarius catharinensis was the only species of parasitoid phorid found, which attacked both ant species. Although the occurrence of M. catharinensis has been reported in other Brazilian states and its association with A. crassispinus recorded in Buenos Aires, Argentina, this is the first report of the occurrence of the phorid in the state of Paraná with a new association for the species A. coronatus. Under foraging action by the parasitoid, 63.5% of the ants exhibited only one behavioral response, while 36.5% showed two. Accelerated walking, attempting to "bite" the parasitoid, and adopting a 'C' posture were the most frequent behavioral responses to avoid parasitism [...].
Formigas-cortadeiras do gênero Acromyrmex causam sérios prejuízos em áreas florestais cultivadas. Algumas moscas pertencentes à família Phoridae são conhecidas por parasitá-las e o resultado dessa interação pode fornecer bases promissoras para o manejo destas formigas. Este estudo objetivou registrar o parasitismo e as respostas comportamentais de formigas-cortadeiras Acromyrmex spp. aos forídeos parasitoides no município de Londrina, PR. Entre outubro/2019 e abril/2020 foram realizadas inspeções visuais e coletas de formigas-cortadeiras e forídeos associados em formigueiros selecionados e suas trilhas, situados no Campus da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) e no Jardim Botânico de Londrina. Os insetos coletados foram preservados em álcool 70%, para posterior identificação das espécies. O registro comportamental das formigas aos parasitoides foi realizado a nível individual e coletivo, seguindo protocolos citados em literatura. As frequências entre os diferentes comportamentos de resposta exibidos pelas formigas atacadas foram comparadas por meio de análise de variância. As espécies de formigas cortadeiras Acromyrmex coronatus e Acromyrmex crassispinus foram encontradas nos dois locais avaliados. Myrmosicarius catharinensis foi a única espécie de forídeo parasitoide encontrada e atacou as duas espécies de formigas. Embora a ocorrência de M. catharinensis seja relatada para outros estados brasileiros e sua associação com A. crassispinus registrada em Buenos Aires - Argentina, este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do forídeo no Paraná com nova associação para a espécie A. coronatus. Sob a ação de forrageamento do parasitoide, 63,5% das formigas apresentaram apenas uma resposta comportamental, enquanto 36,5% apresentaram duas respostas comportamentais [...].
Assuntos
Animais , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , ComportamentoResumo
Leaf-cutting ants of the genus Acromyrmex cause serious damage to cultivated forest areas. Some flies of the family Phoridae are known to parasitize them, and the result of this interaction can provide a promising basis for the management of these ants. This study was developed to record the parasitism and behavioral responses of Acromyrmex spp. leaf-cutting ants to parasitoid phorids in the municipality of Londrina-PR, Brazil. Visual examinations and collections of leaf-cutting ants and associated phorids were carried out between October/2019 and April/2020 in selected anthills and their trails, located on the campus of the State University of Londrina (UEL) and at the Botanical Garden of Londrina. The collected insects were preserved in 70% alcohol, for later identification of the species. The behavioral response of the ants to the parasitoids was recorded individually and collectively, following protocols cited in the literature. The frequencies of the different response behaviors exhibited by the attacked ants were compared using analysis of variance. The leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex coronatus and Acromyrmex crassispinus were found at the two evaluated sites. Myrmosicarius catharinensis was the only species of parasitoid phorid found, which attacked both ant species. Although the occurrence of M. catharinensis has been reported in other Brazilian states and its association with A. crassispinus recorded in Buenos Aires, Argentina, this is the first report of the occurrence of the phorid in the state of Paraná with a new association for the species A. coronatus. Under foraging action by the parasitoid, 63.5% of the ants exhibited only one behavioral response, while 36.5% showed two. Accelerated walking, attempting to "bite" the parasitoid, and adopting a 'C' posture were the most frequent behavioral responses to avoid parasitism [...].(AU)
Formigas-cortadeiras do gênero Acromyrmex causam sérios prejuízos em áreas florestais cultivadas. Algumas moscas pertencentes à família Phoridae são conhecidas por parasitá-las e o resultado dessa interação pode fornecer bases promissoras para o manejo destas formigas. Este estudo objetivou registrar o parasitismo e as respostas comportamentais de formigas-cortadeiras Acromyrmex spp. aos forídeos parasitoides no município de Londrina, PR. Entre outubro/2019 e abril/2020 foram realizadas inspeções visuais e coletas de formigas-cortadeiras e forídeos associados em formigueiros selecionados e suas trilhas, situados no Campus da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) e no Jardim Botânico de Londrina. Os insetos coletados foram preservados em álcool 70%, para posterior identificação das espécies. O registro comportamental das formigas aos parasitoides foi realizado a nível individual e coletivo, seguindo protocolos citados em literatura. As frequências entre os diferentes comportamentos de resposta exibidos pelas formigas atacadas foram comparadas por meio de análise de variância. As espécies de formigas cortadeiras Acromyrmex coronatus e Acromyrmex crassispinus foram encontradas nos dois locais avaliados. Myrmosicarius catharinensis foi a única espécie de forídeo parasitoide encontrada e atacou as duas espécies de formigas. Embora a ocorrência de M. catharinensis seja relatada para outros estados brasileiros e sua associação com A. crassispinus registrada em Buenos Aires - Argentina, este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do forídeo no Paraná com nova associação para a espécie A. coronatus. Sob a ação de forrageamento do parasitoide, 63,5% das formigas apresentaram apenas uma resposta comportamental, enquanto 36,5% apresentaram duas respostas comportamentais [...].(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , ComportamentoResumo
Cities in northeastern Brazil experience extreme rates of unsolved homicides, a situation that stimulates innovative procedures in the police work, such as forensic entomology. We surveyed necrophagous insects associated with carrion in a city exposed to high rates of homicides in Northeastern Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a rainforest fragment located in Recife, State of Pernambuco. Two pig carcasses were used as models, one in the dry and the other in the rainy season. The collection of adults was performed daily until the complete skeletonization of the carcasses. At least 32 Diptera species from the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Fanniidae, Phoridae, Anthomyiidae, Piophilidae, and Stratiomyidae were registered, some of which have been previously documented on cadavers. A high richness of Diptera species was registered in all stages of decomposition. A strong overlap in the occurrence of most species was observed, which invalidates a defined entomological succession on the carcasses. Two species stood out in terms of abundance: Ophyra chalcogaster (Muscidae) and Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae). The ubiquity of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Calliphoridae) seems to confirm its preference for forest fragments exposed to low anthropogenic action. Our data contribute to expand the knowledge on the geographical distribution of forensically relevant species in the region and confirm the rapid dissemination of invasive Chrysomya species in forested areas.
Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Carne , Dípteros/classificação , SuínosResumo
Cities in northeastern Brazil experience extreme rates of unsolved homicides, a situation that stimulates innovative procedures in the police work, such as forensic entomology. We surveyed necrophagous insects associated with carrion in a city exposed to high rates of homicides in Northeastern Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a rainforest fragment located in Recife, State of Pernambuco. Two pig carcasses were used as models, one in the dry and the other in the rainy season. The collection of adults was performed daily until the complete skeletonization of the carcasses. At least 32 Diptera species from the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Fanniidae, Phoridae, Anthomyiidae, Piophilidae, and Stratiomyidae were registered, some of which have been previously documented on cadavers. A high richness of Diptera species was registered in all stages of decomposition. A strong overlap in the occurrence of most species was observed, which invalidates a defined entomological succession on the carcasses. Two species stood out in terms of abundance: Ophyra chalcogaster (Muscidae) and Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae). The ubiquity of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Calliphoridae) seems to confirm its preference for forest fragments exposed to low anthropogenic action. Our data contribute to expand the knowledge on the geographical distribution of forensically relevant species in the region and confirm the rapid dissemination of invasive Chrysomya species in forested areas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Dípteros/classificação , Biodiversidade , Carne , SuínosResumo
In the Eastern Amazon is the largest continuous coconut crop area in the world. This region is known for its high precipitation levels and an ecosystem of extensive insect biodiversity. It is important to know the local entomofauna and to know whether there is a balance between the different insect groups. This study aimed to understand the influence of seasonality on the dynamics of edaphic insect families, comparing the environment as a whole and in different commercial coconut crop areas and riparian forests in the Eastern Amazon. Forty pitfall traps were installed in the ground at an average distance of 1 m from the coconut stipe. They were filled with 200 ml of an aqueous solution of liquid neutral soap and 70% alcohol. Traps were installed in eight areas: an area of riparian forest (A1) and seven in commercial coconut cropareas (A2 to A8), in the Amazon dry and rainy season. The similarity between the insects was measured using Euclidean distance. The abundance of families in each collection area used qualitative similarity. For family dominance, quantitative similarity was used. Diversity analyses were performed to justify the similarities of the clusters through the Shannon and Simpson Indices. In total, 252,313 individuals, 118 families, and 9 orders were collected. There were many Formicidae in both climatic periods because itis a social insect and has edaphic habits. The families with the most individuals in the collections were Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae, and Platyogastridae. The riparian forest area (A1) showed the greatest diversity and least dominance. The oldest cultivated areas A2 and A3 (7 years) showed the greatest diversity in the dry season. In the rainy season, the most diversified areas were those with the highest land slope (A6 and A7).The most dominant [...].
Na Amazônia Oriental, está localizado a maior área contínua de plantio de coqueiro do mundo. Essa região é conhecida por ter elevados índices de precipitação e um ecossistema de extensa biodiversidade de insetos. É importante conhecer a entomofauna do local, para saber se há equilíbrio entre os diferentes grupos de insetos. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a influência da sazonalidade na dinâmica das famílias de insetos edáficos, comparando o ambiente como um todo e diferentes áreas de plantios comerciais de coqueiro e mata ciliar na Amazônia Oriental. Foram instaladas no solo 40 armadilhas do tipo pitfall a uma distância média de 1 m do estipe, preenchidas com 200 ml com solução aquosa de sabão líquido neutro e álcool 70%, em oito áreas: uma área de mata ciliar (A1) e sete em áreas de lavoura comercial de coqueiro (A2 a A8) nos períodos seco e chuvoso amazônico. A similaridade entre os insetos foi medida através da distância Euclidiana. A abundância de famílias em cada área de coleta, utilizou a similaridade qualitativa. Para dominância de famílias utilizou similaridade quantitativa. Foram realizadas análises de diversidade para justificar as similaridades dos agrupamentos, através do Índice de Shannon e Índice de Simpson. Foram coletados 252.313 indivíduos, 118 famílias e 9 ordens. Houve um grande número de Formicidae em ambos os períodos climáticos, por se tratar de um inseto social e que tem hábitos edáfico. As famílias com maior número nas coletas foram: Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae e Platyogastridae. A área de mata ciliar (A1) apresentou maior diversidade e menor dominância. As áreas cultivadas mais antigas A2 e A3 (7 anos) apresentaram a maior diversidade na estação seca. No período chuvoso, as mais diversificadas foram áreas que apresentaram maior declividade do terreno - A6 e A7. As áreas com maior dominância foram A5 e A8, onde o maior [...].
Assuntos
Animais , Estações do Ano , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
In the Eastern Amazon is the largest continuous coconut crop area in the world. This region is known for its high precipitation levels and an ecosystem of extensive insect biodiversity. It is important to know the local entomofauna and to know whether there is a balance between the different insect groups. This study aimed to understand the influence of seasonality on the dynamics of edaphic insect families, comparing the environment as a whole and in different commercial coconut crop areas and riparian forests in the Eastern Amazon. Forty pitfall traps were installed in the ground at an average distance of 1 m from the coconut stipe. They were filled with 200 ml of an aqueous solution of liquid neutral soap and 70% alcohol. Traps were installed in eight areas: an area of riparian forest (A1) and seven in commercial coconut cropareas (A2 to A8), in the Amazon dry and rainy season. The similarity between the insects was measured using Euclidean distance. The abundance of families in each collection area used qualitative similarity. For family dominance, quantitative similarity was used. Diversity analyses were performed to justify the similarities of the clusters through the Shannon and Simpson Indices. In total, 252,313 individuals, 118 families, and 9 orders were collected. There were many Formicidae in both climatic periods because itis a social insect and has edaphic habits. The families with the most individuals in the collections were Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae, and Platyogastridae. The riparian forest area (A1) showed the greatest diversity and least dominance. The oldest cultivated areas A2 and A3 (7 years) showed the greatest diversity in the dry season. In the rainy season, the most diversified areas were those with the highest land slope (A6 and A7).The most dominant [...].(AU)
Na Amazônia Oriental, está localizado a maior área contínua de plantio de coqueiro do mundo. Essa região é conhecida por ter elevados índices de precipitação e um ecossistema de extensa biodiversidade de insetos. É importante conhecer a entomofauna do local, para saber se há equilíbrio entre os diferentes grupos de insetos. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a influência da sazonalidade na dinâmica das famílias de insetos edáficos, comparando o ambiente como um todo e diferentes áreas de plantios comerciais de coqueiro e mata ciliar na Amazônia Oriental. Foram instaladas no solo 40 armadilhas do tipo pitfall a uma distância média de 1 m do estipe, preenchidas com 200 ml com solução aquosa de sabão líquido neutro e álcool 70%, em oito áreas: uma área de mata ciliar (A1) e sete em áreas de lavoura comercial de coqueiro (A2 a A8) nos períodos seco e chuvoso amazônico. A similaridade entre os insetos foi medida através da distância Euclidiana. A abundância de famílias em cada área de coleta, utilizou a similaridade qualitativa. Para dominância de famílias utilizou similaridade quantitativa. Foram realizadas análises de diversidade para justificar as similaridades dos agrupamentos, através do Índice de Shannon e Índice de Simpson. Foram coletados 252.313 indivíduos, 118 famílias e 9 ordens. Houve um grande número de Formicidae em ambos os períodos climáticos, por se tratar de um inseto social e que tem hábitos edáfico. As famílias com maior número nas coletas foram: Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae e Platyogastridae. A área de mata ciliar (A1) apresentou maior diversidade e menor dominância. As áreas cultivadas mais antigas A2 e A3 (7 anos) apresentaram a maior diversidade na estação seca. No período chuvoso, as mais diversificadas foram áreas que apresentaram maior declividade do terreno - A6 e A7. As áreas com maior dominância foram A5 e A8, onde o maior [...].(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Estações do Ano , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
Detritivoria and parasitism are dietary habits already registered for the phorids of the genus Megaselia Rondani. The results of this study confirm the parasitic habit of Megaselia larvae. This is the first Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) adult record as a host of Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) and Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae).(AU)
Detritivoria e parasitismo são hábitos alimentares já registrados para os forídeos do gênero Megaselia Rondani. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam o hábito parasitário das larvas de Megaselia. Este é o primeiro registro de adulto de Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) como hospedeiro de Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) e Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae).(AU)
Assuntos
Doenças Parasitárias , Dípteros , Larva , MariposasResumo
Detritivoria and parasitism are dietary habits already registered for the phorids of the genus Megaselia Rondani. The results of this study confirm the parasitic habit of Megaselia larvae. This is the first Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) adult record as a host of Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) and Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae).(AU)
Detritivoria e parasitismo são hábitos alimentares já registrados para os forídeos do gênero Megaselia Rondani. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam o hábito parasitário das larvas de Megaselia. Este é o primeiro registro de adulto de Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) como hospedeiro de Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) e Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae).(AU)
Assuntos
Doenças Parasitárias , Dípteros , Larva , MariposasResumo
ABSTRACT Records of seven species belonging to six genera and two subfamilies were found for the Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. This number of species is far from being representative of the real fauna of the state and is much smaller than the number of known species of other better studied states.
RESUMO Registros de sete espécies de forídeos pertencentes a seis gêneros e duas subfamílias foram encontrados para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Esse número de espécies está longe de ser representativo da fauna real do estado, sendo muito aquém do número de espécies conhecidas de Phoridae para outros estados mais bem estudados.
Resumo
Records of seven species belonging to six genera and two subfamilies were found for the Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. This number of species is far from being representative of the real fauna of the state and is much smaller than the number of known species of other better studied states.(AU)
Registros de sete espécies de forídeos pertencentes a seis gêneros e duas subfamílias foram encontrados para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Esse número de espécies está longe de ser representativo da fauna real do estado, sendo muito aquém do número de espécies conhecidas de Phoridae para outros estados mais bem estudados.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Dípteros , Grupos de População Animal , BrasilResumo
Records of seven species belonging to six genera and two subfamilies were found for the Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. This number of species is far from being representative of the real fauna of the state and is much smaller than the number of known species of other better studied states.
Registros de sete espécies de forídeos pertencentes a seis gêneros e duas subfamílias foram encontrados para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Esse número de espécies está longe de ser representativo da fauna real do estado, sendo muito aquém do número de espécies conhecidas de Phoridae para outros estados mais bem estudados.
Assuntos
Animais , Brasil , Dípteros , Grupos de População AnimalResumo
Urticating setae are exclusive to New World tarantulas and are found in approximately 90% of the New World species. Six morphological types have been proposed and, in several species, two morphological types can be found in the same individual. In the past few years, there has been growing concern to learn more about urticating setae, but many questions still remain unanswered. After studying individuals from several theraphosid species, we endeavored to find more about the segregation of the different types of setae into different abdominal regions, and the possible existence of patterns; the morphological variability of urticating setae types and their limits; whether there is variability in the length of urticating setae across the abdominal area; and whether spiders use different types of urticating setae differently. We found that the two types of urticating setae, which can be found together in most theraphosine species, are segregated into distinct areas on the spider's abdomen: type III occurs on the median and posterior areas with either type I or IV surrounding the patch of type III setae. Morphological intermediates between types I and III, as well as between III and IV, were found. We propose that type III urticating setae have evolved through modifications of body setae on specific areas of abdomen dorsum and subsequently gave independent origin to areas having either type I or IV. A parallel evolution seems to have occurred in some aviculariine genera in which type II setae evolved also from body setae from specific areas of abdomen dorsum. Concerning the length of the setae, we observed that towards the median and posterior areas of the abdomen the length of the urticating setae increases. These long setae are cast by the spider as part of an active defensive behavior against vertebrate predators. We propose that spiders use the various types of urticating setae differently and according to their different targets: type I setae, when incorporated either into the molting web or eggsac, is more effective against invertebrates (ants or phorid fly larvae) than type III. The latter seems to be used mainly against vertebrate predators.
Resumo
Urticating setae are exclusive to New World tarantulas and are found in approximately 90% of the New World species. Six morphological types have been proposed and, in several species, two morphological types can be found in the same individual. In the past few years, there has been growing concern to learn more about urticating setae, but many questions still remain unanswered. After studying individuals from several theraphosid species, we endeavored to find more about the segregation of the different types of setae into different abdominal regions, and the possible existence of patterns; the morphological variability of urticating setae types and their limits; whether there is variability in the length of urticating setae across the abdominal area; and whether spiders use different types of urticating setae differently. We found that the two types of urticating setae, which can be found together in most theraphosine species, are segregated into distinct areas on the spider's abdomen: type III occurs on the median and posterior areas with either type I or IV surrounding the patch of type III setae. Morphological intermediates between types I and III, as well as between III and IV, were found. We propose that type III urticating setae have evolved through modifications of body setae on specific areas of abdomen dorsum and subsequently gave independent origin to areas having either type I or IV. A parallel evolution seems to have occurred in some aviculariine genera in which type II setae evolved also from body setae from specific areas of abdomen dorsum. Concerning the length of the setae, we observed that towards the median and posterior areas of the abdomen the length of the urticating setae increases. These long setae are cast by the spider as part of an active defensive behavior against vertebrate predators. We propose that spiders use the various types of urticating setae differently and according to their different targets: type I setae, when incorporated either into the molting web or eggsac, is more effective against invertebrates (ants or phorid fly larvae) than type III. The latter seems to be used mainly against vertebrate predators.
Resumo
Urticating setae are exclusive to New World tarantulas and are found in approximately 90% of the New World species. Six morphological types have been proposed and, in several species, two morphological types can be found in the same individual. In the past few years, there has been growing concern to learn more about urticating setae, but many questions still remain unanswered. After studying individuals from several theraphosid species, we endeavored to find more about the segregation of the different types of setae into different abdominal regions, and the possible existence of patterns; the morphological variability of urticating setae types and their limits; whether there is variability in the length of urticating setae across the abdominal area; and whether spiders use different types of urticating setae differently. We found that the two types of urticating setae, which can be found together in most theraphosine species, are segregated into distinct areas on the spider's abdomen: type III occurs on the median and posterior areas with either type I or IV surrounding the patch of type III setae. Morphological intermediates between types I and III, as well as between III and IV, were found. We propose that type III urticating setae have evolved through modifications of body setae on specific areas of abdomen dorsum and subsequently gave independent origin to areas having either type I or IV. A parallel evolution seems to have occurred in some aviculariine genera in which type II setae evolved also from body setae from specific areas of abdomen dorsum. Concerning the length of the setae, we observed that towards the median and posterior areas of the abdomen the length of the urticating setae increases. These long setae are cast by the spider as part of an active defensive behavior against vertebrate predators. We propose that spiders use the various types of urticating setae differently and according to their different targets: type I setae, when incorporated either into the molting web or eggsac, is more effective against invertebrates (ants or phorid fly larvae) than type III. The latter seems to be used mainly against vertebrate predators.
Resumo
Phoridae é uma família relativamente pouco conhecida de pequenos dípteros com aproximadamente 4000 espécies descritas e uma estimativa de diversidade total que varia de 25 a 50 mil espécies. Grande parte dessa diversidade desconhecida encontra-se principalmente na região Neotropical. Atualmente, existem cerca de 700 espécies de forídeos registrados para o país, embora estimativas sugiram uma diversidade de até 5.000 espécies. Levantamentos taxonômicos de Diptera são escassos no Rio Grande do Sul e a família nunca foi amostrada. Este trabalho, registra 41 novas espécies de Phoridae para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, quintuplicando a fauna conhecida da família, que agora soma 51 espécies. Além disso, cinco espécies são registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil. Uma nova espécie do gênero Megaselia Rondani é descrita para a região de Pelotas. Por fim, os padrões de diversidade e abundância de forídeos são descritos. Um total de 7.901 indivíduos foram coletados, destes, 5.885 indivíduos do sexo masculino distribuídos em 27 gêneros e 118 unidades taxonômicas foram registrados para as regiões coletadas. Este é o primeiro trabalho sobre diversidade de Phoridae realizado no Rio Grande do Sul.
Phoridae is a relatively little known small Diptera family with approximately 4,000 described species and an estimated total diversity of the range 25 to 50 thousand species. Much of this unknown diversity is found mainly in the Neotropics. Currently, there are about 700 species of phorid registered for the country, although estimates suggest a range of up to 5,000 species. Taxonomic surveys of Diptera are scarce in Rio Grande do Sul and the family was never properly sampled. This work presents 41 new species records of Phoridae for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, fivefold the previously known fauna of the family, which now has 51 species registered. In addition, five species are recorded for the first time in Brazil. A new species of the genus Megaselia Rondani is described for the Pelotas region. Finally, diversity and abundance patterns of phorid are described. A total of 7,901 individuals were collected, of these, 5,885 males distributed in 27 genera and 118 taxonomic units were recorded for the collected regions. This is the first work on the diversity of Phoridae held in Rio Grande do Sul.
Resumo
ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to know the diversity of arthropods associated to the Pleurotus sajor-caju crop in rice straw pasteurized in a semicontrolled environment, located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The capture of specimens was carried out in the period of April through May 2007, during the phase of fruit bodies of the crop, lasting 45 days. Nine collections with intervals of 5 days were carried out, using INTRAL AL 012 (12 volt) traps. A total of 3129 individuals divided into five orders with predominance of Diptera (2874), Hymenoptera (152), Ortoptera (69), Colembola (59) and Coleoptera (38) was captured. The Diptera order was the one that presented the biggest number of families, being Mycetophilidae (2530), Sciaridae (264), Cecidomyiidae (10), Phoridae (46), Muscidae (4), Calliphoridae (1) and Culicidae (19).
RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a diversidade de artrópodes associada ao cultivo de Pleurotus sajor-caju em palha de arroz pasteurizada em ambiente semicontrolado, localizado no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A captura dos espécimes foi realizada no período de abril a maio de 2007, durante a fase de frutificação da cultura, compreendendo 45 dias. Foram realizadas nove coletas com intervalos de 5 dias, utilizando armadilhas INTRAL AL 012 (12 volts). Capturou-se um total de 3.129 indivíduos divididos em cinco ordens com predominância de Diptera (2.874), Hymenoptera (152), Ortoptera (69), Colembola (59) e Coleoptera (38). A ordem Diptera foi a que apresentou o maior número de famílias, sendo Mycetophilidae (2.530), Sciaridae (264), Cecidomyiidae (10), Phoridae (46), Muscidae (4), Calliphoridae (1) e Culicidae (19).
Resumo
O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a diversidade de artrópodes associada ao cultivo de Pleurotus sajor-caju em palha de arroz pasteurizada em ambiente semicontrolado, localizado no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A captura dos espécimes foi realizada no período de abril a maio de 2007, durante a fase de frutificação da cultura, compreendendo 45 dias. Foram realizadas nove coletas com intervalos de 5 dias, utilizando armadilhas INTRAL AL 012 (12 volts). Capturou-se um total de 3.129 indivíduos divididos em cinco ordens com predominância de Diptera (2.874), Hymenoptera (152), Ortoptera (69), Colembola (59) e Coleoptera (38). A ordem Diptera foi a que apresentou o maior número de famílias, sendo Mycetophilidae (2.530), Sciaridae (264), Cecidomyiidae (10), Phoridae (46), Muscidae (4), Calliphoridae (1) e Culicidae (19).
The objective of this research was to know the diversity of arthropods associated to the Pleurotus sajor-caju crop in rice straw pasteurized in a semicontrolled environment, located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The capture of specimens was carried out in the period of April through May 2007, during the phase of fruit bodies of the crop, lasting 45 days. Nine collections with intervals of 5 days were carried out, using INTRAL AL 012 (12 volt) traps. A total of 3129 individuals divided into five orders with predominance of Diptera (2874), Hymenoptera (152), Ortoptera (69), Colembola (59) and Coleoptera (38) was captured. The Diptera order was the one that presented the biggest number of families, being Mycetophilidae (2530), Sciaridae (264), Cecidomyiidae (10), Phoridae (46), Muscidae (4), Calliphoridae (1) and Culicidae (19).
Assuntos
Pleurotus/classificação , Agaricales , Insetos/classificaçãoResumo
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) was used as a model to study arthropod succession on carcasses under tree shade and out of shade in southern Nigeria. Carcass decomposition took longer periods under tree shade than in exposed sites, at 24.5 and 16.5 days, respectively. Four decomposition stages - fresh, bloated, decay, and dry - were observed. No significant variabilities were recorded in the types and patterns of infestation of the carcasses by arthropods in both locations. Four classes of arthropods - Insecta, Arachnida, Diplopoda and Crustacea - were recorded. The class Insecta dominated the total arthropods collected with 24 families, and formed 94% of the catches. The other three classes each had one family represented, and contributed only 2% of the total catches. The calliphorids, a phorid, and sarcophagids arrived and bred on the carcasses only a few hours after death of the pigs. Families of coleopterans came during the bloated stage, and fed on the immature dipterous maggots and carrion materials. The ants (Hymenoptera) came in large numbers to eat the carcasses, and also preyed on all other fauna of the food resource. A muscid and a stratiomyiid, bred on the carcass as to the decay stage. Other insects and arthropods arrived mostly during the decay stage to feed on the carcasses. Species richness on the carcasses peaked during the decay stage.
O porco branco (Sus scrofa) foi usado como modelo para o estudo da sucessão de Artrópodes em cadáveres em zonas sombreadas e não sombreadas por árvores no sul da Nigéria. Nos cadáveres em decomposição em zonas sombreadas observou-se um processo de decomposição mais lento que nos expostos ao sol; 24,5 e 16,5 dias, respectivamente. Foram observadas quatro etapas de decomposição; fresco (autólise), intumescido (putrefação), deteriorado e seco (diagênese). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas de tipo e padrão nas infestações dos cadáveres por Artrópodes em ambas as condições. Foram registradas quatro classes de Artrópodes: insetos, aranhas (Arachnida), Diplópodes e Crustáceos. Os insetos foram a classe predominante representada por 24 famílias no total de 94% das coletas. Para cada uma das três classes restantes registrou-se apenas uma família no total de 2% das coletas. As moscas das famílias Calliphoridae, Phoridae e Sarcophagidae tomaram lugar e desenvolveram-se nos cadáveres apenas algumas horas após a morte dos animais. As famílias de coleópteros surgiram na fase de putrefação e alimentaram-se de insetos dípteros jovens e dos próprios cadáveres. As formigas (Hymenoptera) ocorreram em grande número para se alimentar dos cadáveres e usurpar, à restante fauna presente, a fonte de alimento. Na fase de deterioração desenvolveram-se nos cadáveres uma espécie de Diptera da família Muscidae e uma de Stratiomydae. Outros insetos dípteros e artrópodes surgiram para se alimentar dos cadáveres sobretudo na fase de deterioração. O ponto de maior riqueza de espécies (S) foi registrado na fase de deterioração dos cadáveres.
Resumo
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) was used as a model to study arthropod succession on carcasses under tree shade and out of shade in southern Nigeria. Carcass decomposition took longer periods under tree shade than in exposed sites, at 24.5 and 16.5 days, respectively. Four decomposition stages - fresh, bloated, decay, and dry - were observed. No significant variabilities were recorded in the types and patterns of infestation of the carcasses by arthropods in both locations. Four classes of arthropods - Insecta, Arachnida, Diplopoda and Crustacea - were recorded. The class Insecta dominated the total arthropods collected with 24 families, and formed 94% of the catches. The other three classes each had one family represented, and contributed only 2% of the total catches. The calliphorids, a phorid, and sarcophagids arrived and bred on the carcasses only a few hours after death of the pigs. Families of coleopterans came during the bloated stage, and fed on the immature dipterous maggots and carrion materials. The ants (Hymenoptera) came in large numbers to eat the carcasses, and also preyed on all other fauna of the food resource. A muscid and a stratiomyiid, bred on the carcass as to the decay stage. Other insects and arthropods arrived mostly during the decay stage to feed on the carcasses. Species richness on the carcasses peaked during the decay stage.
O porco branco (Sus scrofa) foi usado como modelo para o estudo da sucessão de Artrópodes em cadáveres em zonas sombreadas e não sombreadas por árvores no sul da Nigéria. Nos cadáveres em decomposição em zonas sombreadas observou-se um processo de decomposição mais lento que nos expostos ao sol; 24,5 e 16,5 dias, respectivamente. Foram observadas quatro etapas de decomposição; fresco (autólise), intumescido (putrefação), deteriorado e seco (diagênese). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas de tipo e padrão nas infestações dos cadáveres por Artrópodes em ambas as condições. Foram registradas quatro classes de Artrópodes: insetos, aranhas (Arachnida), Diplópodes e Crustáceos. Os insetos foram a classe predominante representada por 24 famílias no total de 94% das coletas. Para cada uma das três classes restantes registrou-se apenas uma família no total de 2% das coletas. As moscas das famílias Calliphoridae, Phoridae e Sarcophagidae tomaram lugar e desenvolveram-se nos cadáveres apenas algumas horas após a morte dos animais. As famílias de coleópteros surgiram na fase de putrefação e alimentaram-se de insetos dípteros jovens e dos próprios cadáveres. As formigas (Hymenoptera) ocorreram em grande número para se alimentar dos cadáveres e usurpar, à restante fauna presente, a fonte de alimento. Na fase de deterioração desenvolveram-se nos cadáveres uma espécie de Diptera da família Muscidae e uma de Stratiomydae. Outros insetos dípteros e artrópodes surgiram para se alimentar dos cadáveres sobretudo na fase de deterioração. O ponto de maior riqueza de espécies (S) foi registrado na fase de deterioração dos cadáveres.