Concomitant zearalenone ingestion and porcine circovirus-2 infection

Background: Researches have suggested that mycotoxins could corroborate the pathogenesis of porcine viral diseases. Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the most import mycotoxicosis in pigs result significant reproductive disorders. The circovirosis syndromes in pigs have been associated with multifactorial or predisposing conditions. No previous data have correlated ZEA with viral syndromes in Sus scrofa. In this report are described anamnesis, clinical and histological findings with zearalenone ingestion and PCV-2 infection in a Brazilian livestock. Case: Feeding ration was mixed and produced at the farm with low quality corn that was stored in barn with cement floor. During ten months, 28 farrowing occurred. Fifteen of them were normal and produced 145 animals, mean of 9.66 piglets per litter. Thirteen sows presented reproductive disorders, and one died. Eight of them had the delayed farrowing and three aborted. These animals produced 57 mummified fetuses (10-16cm crown-rump length), 23 aborted fetuses (60-72 days of gestation), four stillborn, two teratogenic fetuses and only 16 normal piglets. Skin pustules, hemorrhagic spots and petechiae, as well as coughing were observed in 88% of the animals and four piglets died. Diarrhea outbreaks frequently occurred in this period. Twenty five of 34 gilts (75%) showed longer estrous cycle, estrus returning, vulvae volume and mammary glands enlargement. Necropsies showed enlarged lymphatic nodes and kidneys. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis indicated the presence of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) in analyzed tissues. Toxicological tests demonstrated the presence of zearalenone (ZEA) in stomach contents with average of 8.75 µg/g and pesticides and aflatoxins were not detected. Discussion: The history, the clinical signs, the necropsy and histological findings suggested a mix of zearalenone mycotoxicosis and PVC-2 syndrome that was confirmed by PVC-2 tissue detection in immunohistochemical assay, and by food toxicological analysis. The ZEA average founded in stomach contents (8.75 µg/g could produce the reproductive disorders and could has exacerbated the circovirosis. The most frequent reproductive alteration observed in the farrowing was mummified fetuses that corresponded 66.7% of its products. The several reproductive disorders as abortion, stillborn, mummified fetuses, estrus returning, vulvae volume and mammary glands enlargement in gilts are frequently related to zearalenone mycotoxicosis. Appetite loss, apathy, wasting, cough and diarrhea and increased mortality and withdrawal rate in growth and post-weaning phases observed in this study are liked as the several descriptions in the Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome. The hemorrhagic skin spots and increased kidneys, with multifocal glomerulonephritis, lymphohistiocytic interstitial nephritis to remember the several alterations in Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome. Both syndromes by PCV-2 could be simultaneity occurring in this herd and could have a co-participation of the ZEA ingestion as aggravated factor. After contaminated corn to sorghum free of ZEA exchange at ration, the reproduction returned to normal level and no PCV-2 lesions were observed, suggesting the ZEA ingestion as one initial or aggravating factor for the PCV-2 syndromes. For the first time, this report describes historical, anamnesis, clinical and histological findings possibly associated with zearalenone contamination and PCV-2 infection in pigs.

Síndrome da dilatação intestinal suína

The porcine intestinal distension syndrome (PIDS) is a major cause of sudden death in growing and finishing pigs. It affects apparently healthy animals in good body conformation and without prior evidence of gastrointestinal disease. PIDS presents as an acute intense abdominal distension with rapid evolution, leading to respiratory distress and death by asphyxiation within two hours. The pathogenesis is not fully understood, but there are a few hypotheses about risk factors associated with management, feed intake and type of feed offered to the pigs. In this review, the main predisposing factors for the occurrence of PIDS, its physiopathology and the proper diagnosis of this condition are discussed. Causes of sudden death must be properly assessed and risk factors must be determined for better effectiveness of diagnosis and mortality control.

A síndrome da dilatação intestinal suína (PIDS) é causa importante de morte súbita em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. Acomete animais aparentemente saudáveis, em boa conformação corporal e sem histórico prévio de doença gastrointestinal, cursa com intensa dilatação abdominal aguda, de evolução rápida, levando à dispnéia e morte por asfixia em até duas horas. A patogênese não está plenamente esclarecida, porém há hipóteses sobre fatores de risco associados ao manejo, aos hábitos alimentares e tipo de alimentação fornecida aos suínos. São discutidos nesta revisão os principais fatores predisponentes para a ocorrência de PIDS, sua fisiopatologia e o diagnóstico adequado dessa afecção. As causas de morte súbita devem ser devidamente avaliadas e os fatores predisponentes à PIDS devem ser determinados para melhor efetividade de diagnóstico e controle de mortalidade.

Síndrome da dilatação intestinal suína

The porcine intestinal distension syndrome (PIDS) is a major cause of sudden death in growing and finishing pigs. It affects apparently healthy animals in good body conformation and without prior evidence of gastrointestinal disease. PIDS presents as an acute intense abdominal distension with rapid evolution, leading to respiratory distress and death by asphyxiation within two hours. The pathogenesis is not fully understood, but there are a few hypotheses about risk factors associated with management, feed intake and type of feed offered to the pigs. In this review, the main predisposing factors for the occurrence of PIDS, its physiopathology and the proper diagnosis of this condition are discussed. Causes of sudden death must be properly assessed and risk factors must be determined for better effectiveness of diagnosis and mortality control.

A síndrome da dilatação intestinal suína (PIDS) é causa importante de morte súbita em suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação. Acomete animais aparentemente saudáveis, em boa conformação corporal e sem histórico prévio de doença gastrointestinal, cursa com intensa dilatação abdominal aguda, de evolução rápida, levando à dispnéia e morte por asfixia em até duas horas. A patogênese não está plenamente esclarecida, porém há hipóteses sobre fatores de risco associados ao manejo, aos hábitos alimentares e tipo de alimentação fornecida aos suínos. São discutidos nesta revisão os principais fatores predisponentes para a ocorrência de PIDS, sua fisiopatologia e o diagnóstico adequado dessa afecção. As causas de morte súbita devem ser devidamente avaliadas e os fatores predisponentes à PIDS devem ser determinados para melhor efetividade de diagnóstico e controle de mortalidade.

Porcine hemorrhagic syndrome associated with vitamin K deficiency / Síndrome hemorrágica suína associada à deficiência de vitamina K

We describe the first occurrence of Swine Hemorrhagic Syndrome (SHS) in Paraná State, Brazil. Forty seven pigs, raised in an intensive production system farm were affected by SHS dying within 24 to 72 hours of starting the clinical signs. All animals presented progressive joint swollen with hemorrhagic skin and oro-nasal bleeding. Hemorrhagic lesions, located on subcutaneous and muscular tissues, were observed at post morten examination. The capillary tube test demonstrated coagulation abnormalities with absence of clotting formation. Clinical signs, anatomophatological lesions as well as epidemiological informations, and laboratory findings suggested the diagnose of SHS. The diagnostic was confirmed by response to terapy and absence of new cases after Vitamin K supplementation.

Esta comunicação descreve, pela primeira vez no Estado do Paraná, a ocorrência da Síndrome Hemorrágica Suína (SHS). Foram comprometidos 47 leitões, criados em uma granja de ciclo completo e manejo intensivo, que foram a óbito em 24 a 72 horas após o início dos sinais clínicos. Como característica geral, todos os animais apresentaram aumentos progressivos de volume, constituídos por acúmulos de líquido sanguinolento, em regiões articulares. Alguns animais apresentaram ainda hemorragias em pele e sangramento pela cavidade oro-nasal. À necrópsia foram observadas lesões hemorrágicas, localizadas em tecido subcutâneo e muscular das regiões comprometidas. Distúrbios de coagulação sanguínea foram evidenciadas pelo teste em tubo capilar onde constatou-se a total incapacidade de formação de coágulo. Os sintomas clínicos, lesões anatomopatológicas, bem como, as informações epidemiológicas e exames laboratoriais complementares, realizados nos animais comprometidos, sugeriram tratar-se de um caso de SHS. O diagnóstico foi ratificado pela rápida resposta, com recuperação e não aparecimento de novos casos, obtida através do tratamento parenteral dos animais, bem como suplementação da ração, com Vitamina K.

Porcine hemorrhagic syndrome associated with vitamin K deficiency. / Síndrome hemorrágica suína associada à deficiência de vitamina K

We describe the first occurrence of Swine Hemorrhagic Syndrome (SHS) in Paraná State, Brazil. Forty seven pigs, raised in an intensive production system farm were affected by SHS dying within 24 to 72 hours of starting the clinical signs. All animals presented progressive joint swollen with hemorrhagic skin and oro-nasal bleeding. Hemorrhagic lesions, located on subcutaneous and muscular tissues, were observed at post morten examination. The capillary tube test demonstrated coagulation abnormalities with absence of clotting formation. Clinical signs, anatomophatological lesions as well as epidemiological informations, and laboratory findings suggested the diagnose of SHS. The diagnostic was confirmed by response to terapy and absence of new cases after Vitamin K supplementation.  

Esta comunicação descreve, pela primeira vez no Estado do Paraná, a ocorrência da Síndrome Hemorrágica Suína (SHS). Foram comprometidos 47 leitões, criados em uma granja de ciclo completo e manejo intensivo, que foram a óbito em 24 a 72 horas após o início dos sinais clínicos. Como característica geral, todos os animais apresentaram aumentos progressivos de volume, constituídos por acúmulos de líquido sanguinolento, em regiões articulares. Alguns animais apresentaram ainda hemorragias em pele e sangramento pela cavidade oro-nasal. À necrópsia foram observadas lesões hemorrágicas, localizadas em tecido subcutâneo e muscular das regiões comprometidas. Distúrbios de coagulação sanguínea foram evidenciadas pelo teste em tubo capilar onde constatou-se a total incapacidade de formação de coágulo. Os sintomas clínicos, lesões anatomopatológicas, bem como, as informações epidemiológicas e exames laboratoriais complementares, realizados nos animais comprometidos, sugeriram tratar-se de um caso de SHS. O diagnóstico foi ratificado pela rápida resposta, com recuperação e não aparecimento de novos casos, obtida através do tratamento parenteral dos animais, bem como suplementação da ração, com Vitamina K.