Effect of assisted calving on uterine puerperal disorders occurrence, and on reproductive efficiency in crossbred dairy cows / Efeito do parto assistido na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras mestiças

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of calving (normal or assisted) on the occurrence of puerperal uterine disorders and on the number of artificial inseminations (AI) per conception and pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum (PPD). Cows were observed during parturition and the type of calving was classified as normal or assisted. Normal calving required no human interference, while assisted calving required a calf removal aid via vaginal access. There were 825 births, 7 stillbirths (0.85%) and 17 twins (2.06%). We analyzed 801 single births, from which 766 (95.63%) were normal and 35 (4.36%) assisted. Were evaluated the uterine disorders occurrence such as retained placenta combined with metritis (PR/ME) and clinical endometritis (CE). The overall occurrences were 10.24% (82/801) of RP/ME, 12.86% for CE and 5.12% for RP/ME and CE. Most of normal calving cows had healthy puerperium (73.89%), whereas a majority of assisted calving cows had uterine disorders (74.29%). The number of AI per conception was similar for cows that had either normal or assisted calving (2.39±0.08 and 3.00±0.43, P = 0.16). There was no evidence of negative influence of calving type on the 150 PPD pregnancy rate of lactating crossbreed dairy cows (P = 0.44). Healthy cows had higher 150 PPD pregnancy rate than cows affected by puerperium uterine disorders (51.65 vs. 42.92%). Normal calving crossbred dairy cows had a healthier puerperium, compared to cows with assisted calving which were more susceptible to puerperium uterine disorders. And cows with a health puerperium have a higher pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum.

Objetivou-se avaliar em vacas leiteiras mestiças que pariram um bezerro vivo, o efeito do tipo de parto (normal ou assistido) na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e no número de inseminações artificiais (IA) por concepção e taxa de prenhez 150 dias pós-parto (DPP). As vacas foram monitoradas durante o parto e o tipo de parto foi classificado como normal ou assistido. O parto normal não precisou de interferência humana, enquanto o parto assistido precisou de auxílio para retirada do bezerro por via vaginal. Foram registrados 825 partos, sendo 7 natimortos (0,85%) e 17 gemelares (2,06%). Foram analisados 801 partos simples, dos quais 766 (95,63%) foram normais e 35 (4,36%) foram assistidos. Foram avaliadas a ocorrência de desordens uterinas como a retenção de placenta associada com metrite (RP/ME) e endometrite clínica (EC). A ocorrência das doenças foi de 10,24% (82/801) para RP/ME, 12,86% para EC e 5.12% para RP/ME com CE. A maioria das vacas com parto normal tiveram puerpério saudável (73,89%), enquanto a maioria das vacas com parto assistido apresentaram desordens uterinas (74,29%). O número de IA por concepção foi semelhante nas vacas que tiveram parto normal ou assistido (2,39±0,08 e 3,00±0,43, P = 0,16). Não houve evidência de influência negativa do tipo de parto na taxa de prenhez 150 DPP de vacas leiteiras mestiças em lactação (P = 0,44). Vacas saudáveis apresentaram maior taxa de prenhez 150 DPP do que vacas afetadas por desordens uterinas no puerpério (51,65 vs. 42,92%). Vacas leiteiras mestiças com parto normal tiveram um puerpério saudável, comparadas às que tiveram parto assistido, por sua vez foram mais susceptíveis as desordens uterinas no puerpério. E vacas com puerpério saudável resultaram em maiores taxas de prenhez aos 150 dias pós parto.

Addition of calcitic seaweed in the diet of sows positively affects the number of live-born piglets and milk parameters

This study was conducted to assess the effects of maternal dietary calcitic seaweed (CSW) on performance and blood metabolites of sows, and on performance, blood metabolites, intestinal microbiota, and parameters of gastrointestinal tract and bone of litters. On d 21 (post-insemination), non-pregnant sows were removed from the trial, remaining 19 sows in control group (without CSW) and 16 sows receiving CSW. Then, a total of 35 sows were allocated in a randomized block design with two treatments: control diet with calcitic limestone plus dicalcium phosphate (CTL) or CTL plus 0.4% CSW. In gestation, sows were fed twice a day (07:00 and 15:00 h) to reach an intake of 2.5 kg animal−1 day−1 divided into two equal meals. On parturition day, sows were offered only 0.5 kg feed animal−1. Throughout lactation, sows were fed three times a day (≅7 kg animal−1 day−1). All diets were provided as mash. Results suggested that sows fed CTL had litters with lower body weight at birth compared with those fed CSW. Sows fed CSW had 14.28% more live-born piglets and lower stillborns. Piglets from sows fed CSW showed greater calcium concentration on d 14 after birth than those from sows fed CTL. Sows fed CSW showed better milk chemical composition and an increase of 27.16% in milk production compared with those fed CTL. Piglets from sows fed CSW had an increase in cecum content in the Enterobacteriaceae count. This study showed that adding 0.4% CSW in the diet of pregnant and lactating sows as an organic calcium source positively influences the number of live-born piglets and the percentage of stillborns. In addition, milk composition and production are also improved without affecting piglets' biological response.(AU)

Amputation of the front medial digit of a Holstein cow - successful parturition and milk production

Background: Diseases of the bovine digit and hoof remain major problems in dairy farming and the beef cow industry. Severe claudication accompanying swelling and pain at the lesion is often observed in deep digital sepsis, septic arthritis, severe sole ulcers, and chronic interdigital phlegmon. In addition, digital amputation is often performed in cases of white line disease or severe trauma, such as bone fractures. There are few reports of amputation of the medial digit of the bovine front hoof. In this case, amputation of the medial digit of the front leg of a pregnant cow was performed; its hospitalization and return to productivity is reported. Case: The bovine was a 9-year-old Holstein cow in the 6th month of pregnancy, weighing 671 kg. Upon admission, the cow could not bear weight on its right front leg, and swelling and a purulent discharge were observed in the coronary area of the medial digit. X-ray examination results indicated a periosteal reaction centered on the 3rd phalanx of the medial digit of its right front leg hoof and slight periosteal reactions at the adaxial sides of the middle and proximal phalanges, strongly suggestive of septic arthritis caused by infection. According to the X-ray examination results, no abnormalities of the lateral digit of the front right hoof were observed; thus, it was estimated that the post-amputation hoof would be able to bear weight. Therefore, a decision was made to perform immediate amputation of the medial digit of the right front leg hoof to reduce pain for improved delivery of the offspring and improved milk production during the lactation period, rather than allowing the lesion progress until the dry period or the expected date of delivery. According to the X-ray examination results, amputation of the 1st phalanx alone was expected to suffice for removal of the cause of the pain; thus, a decision was made to perform amputation at the edge adjacent to the 2nd phalanx. The right front medial digit was prepared for aseptic surgery, and infiltration anesthesia was performed. An incision was made with a surgical knife at the interdigit of the right front limb. A wire saw was inserted into the site to cut the 2nd phalanx in the anti-axial direction down to the skin to resect the lesion. White viscous pus was discharged at the resection site; therefore, the wound was lavaged with tap water and packed with povidone iodine-impregnated gauze. The wound was also covered with a diaper and dressed with non-elastic and elastic bandages. The dressing was changed daily to aid wound healing. No problems were observed in the standing-up motion or other relevant movements immediately after the surgery. Granulation tissue formed rapidly, approximately 2 weeks after the surgery, and the lesion dried gradually. Approximately one month after the surgery, the subject exhibited little difficulty in both standing up and walking. The subject successfully delivered its 7th offspring at the farm on postoperative day 93. Discussion: The animal of this study was a 9-year-old, pregnant cow, and although amputation of the front medial digit is a relatively rare procedure, the cow was able to deliver and return to production, owing to sufficient postoperative treatment and care. The case also demonstrated the advantage of X-ray examination in bovine hoof diseases for accurate diagnosis, precise operation, and prognostic assessment.

Avaliação da atividade funcional dos neutrófilos sanguíneos em ovelhas primíparas e pluríparas da raça Lacaune / [Functional evaluation of blood neutrophils in primiparous and pluriparous Lacaune ewes]

This study aimed to evaluate the neutrophil oxidative metabolism and phagocytosis of Zymonsan particles of primiparous and pluriparous Lacaune ewes during the first 30 days after lambing. A total of 20 ewes were evaluated, 10 primiparous (GPR) and 10 pluriparous (GPL). Evaluation of basal oxidative metabolism was performed using the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) technique, stimulating neutrophil phagocytosis with Zymosan particles. Blood samples were collected at parturition day (M1) and 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after parturition, corresponding to M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6, respectively. In relation to the groups, GPR presented lower oxidative basal metabolism neutrophils in M1 compared to M4, in M3 with M1, M2, M4 and M5. In M4 and M5 differences were found at all times and in M6 with M4 and M5. Higher percentage of neutrophils than phagocytes were found in M4, M5 and M6 than in M1 and M2 in GPL animals. At all times GPR presented a lower percentage of phagocytosis than GPL. Thus it is concluded that the immune response in pluriparous sheep was more efficient than in primiparous sheep.(AU)

The geometry of the lactation curve based on Wood's equation: a two-step prediction

Lactation records from cows of the southwestern Paraná state, Brazil, form the dataset of this study. We applied the information-theoretic approach to evaluate the ability of the nonlinear Wood, Brody, Dijkstra, and Gamma functions to fit to these data by employing a two-step technique based on nonlinear mixed-effects models and generalized linear mixed-effects models. Wood's equation was fitted with the combination of a first-order autoregressive correlation structure and a variance function to account for heteroscedasticity. This version was the best choice to mimic lactation records. Some geometric attributes of Wood's model were deduced, mainly the ascending specific rate from parturition to peak milk yield and the descending specific rate as a measure of the lactation persistence of the milk yield at peak production. Breed and parity order of the cows were assumed as fixed effects to obtain a reliable model fitting process. Regardless of breed, first-order parity cows had greater persistency than their older counterparts, and the greater the ascending rate of milk yield from the parturition to the peak, the sharper the decrease in milk yield post-peak; therefore, the rates (absolute values) of ascending and descending phases correlated positively. Nonetheless, the actual estimated values of the descending phase rates are negative. Wood's equation was flexible enough to mimic either concave- and convex-shaped lactation profiles. The correlations between both peak milk yield and random estimates for ß with total milk yield per lactation were positive. However, peak milk yield might not be the only variable used for ranking cows; the total milk yield integrates all information of the lactation profile through the estimated parameters of Wood's equation.(AU)

Biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lameness during postpartum period

Background: Lameness in dairy cows is classified as a gait change caused by multifactorial process. The phase of theperipartum causes intense physiological changes for the adaptation of late gestation and onset of lactation. The aim of thisstudy was to characterize the changes in the biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lamenessduring postpartum period.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted at the University of São Paulo farm, in Pirassununga, São PauloState, Brazil, from January to March 2017. A total, of 48 multiparous (2 to 3 lactations and 3-4 years old) dairy cows,that had the milk production of 9,200 kg/ dairy cow in a period of 305 days in the previous lactation, were included in thestudy. All cows were managed under the same conditions and nutritional regimen. Evaluation of body condition score wasperformed by a single person on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition, and on days 1, 7, 14, 21,30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Milk production was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition and savedin the software program. Blood samples were performed on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition,and on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Blood samples were assayed for albumin, calcium, cholesterol,triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamil-transferase and total proteinconcentrations. Dairy cows were divided into a lame group (11) and normal group (37) based on locomotion score fromparturition to seven days postpartum. Lame cows was classified if their score was > 2, and normal cows was classified iftheir score was ≤ 2 and free of any disease. Dairy cows that suffer by any health disorder other than lameness were excludedfrom this study. Cow diagnosed with lameness outside the diagnostic period were excluded from this study...

Biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lameness during postpartum period

Background: Lameness in dairy cows is classified as a gait change caused by multifactorial process. The phase of theperipartum causes intense physiological changes for the adaptation of late gestation and onset of lactation. The aim of thisstudy was to characterize the changes in the biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lamenessduring postpartum period.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted at the University of São Paulo farm, in Pirassununga, São PauloState, Brazil, from January to March 2017. A total, of 48 multiparous (2 to 3 lactations and 3-4 years old) dairy cows,that had the milk production of 9,200 kg/ dairy cow in a period of 305 days in the previous lactation, were included in thestudy. All cows were managed under the same conditions and nutritional regimen. Evaluation of body condition score wasperformed by a single person on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition, and on days 1, 7, 14, 21,30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Milk production was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition and savedin the software program. Blood samples were performed on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition,and on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Blood samples were assayed for albumin, calcium, cholesterol,triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamil-transferase and total proteinconcentrations. Dairy cows were divided into a lame group (11) and normal group (37) based on locomotion score fromparturition to seven days postpartum. Lame cows was classified if their score was > 2, and normal cows was classified iftheir score was ≤ 2 and free of any disease. Dairy cows that suffer by any health disorder other than lameness were excludedfrom this study. Cow diagnosed with lameness outside the diagnostic period were excluded from this study...(AU)

Glucose and insulin curve in pregnant mares and its relationship with clinical and biometric features of newborn foals

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to describe the dynamics of glucose and insulin curves in pregnant mares, and to evaluate the curves according to body condition score, identifying the presence of insulin resistance and correlating these values with the weight, height and clinical changes of the neonates. For this, pregnant mares were evaluated and then grouped according to body condition score during the gestation length until lactation. GrM corresponds to mares with moderate body score (BCS 5-6); GrOv were mares with overweight body score (BCS 7) and GrOb were obese mares (BCS 8-9). A two-step oral sugar test (OST) was used to determine the data. Cortisol analysis was performed with 300-320 days of gestation, at foaling and after parturition. For evaluation of the neonate, a general clinical examination and, weight and height measurements were performed. The results showed hyperglycemia in response to OST with normal insulin values at foaling with a subsequent fall in both values at lactation disregarding group division. Baseline glucose was decreased in GrM compared to GrOv and GrOb with 70-100 days of gestation and with 130-160 days of gestation. With 270-300 days of gestation and post-partum GrOb had increased baseline glucose than GrM. After OST, glucose at foaling day in GrOb presented increased values than GrM. Baseline insulin values did not differ between groups. Post OST insulin levels were higher in GrOb than GrM and GrOv at parturition. No difference in cortisol between moments was identified. GrOb and GrOv maintained increased concentrations after foaling while GrM had a decrease. No correlation was found between maternal glucose and insulin values with foal weight and height, however, a lower ratio between neonatal weight and mares weight in GrOb and GrOv was identified in relation to the GrM. At foaling, mares presented glucose dysregulation, with obese and overweight mares presenting a greater response to OST.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a dinâmica das curvas de glicose e insulina em éguas gestantes e avaliar as curvas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal, identificando a presença de resistência insulínica e correlacionando esses valores com o peso, altura e alterações clínicas dos neonatos. Para isso, as éguas prenhes foram avaliadas em conjunto e agrupadas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal durante a gestação até o pós-parto. GrM pertenciam éguas com escore corporal moderado (EC 5-6); GrOv, grupo de éguas com escore corporal acima do peso (EC 7) e GrOb, grupo de éguas obesas (EC 8-9). O teste de glicose oral em duas etapas (OST) foi usado para determinar os dados. A análise do cortisol também foi realizada nos 300-320 dias de gestação, no dia do parto e após o parto. Para avaliação do neonato, foram realizados exame clínico geral e medidas de peso e altura. Os resultados mostraram hiperglicemia em resposta ao OST com valores normais de insulina no momento parto, com uma queda subsequente em ambas as variáveis na lactação, desconsiderando a divisão do grupo. A glicemia basal diminuiu no GrM em comparação com GrOv e GrOb com 70-100 dias de gestação e com 130-160 dias de gestação. Com 270-300 dias de gestação e no pós-parto, o GrOb apresentou aumento na glicemia basal em relação ao GrM. Após OST, a glicose no dia do parto no GrOb apresentou valores aumentados em relação ao GrM. Os valores basais de insulina não diferiram entre os grupos. Após OST níveis de insulina foram maiores no GrOb do que GrM e GrOv no momento do parto. Não houve diferença nos valores de cortisol entre os momentos. O GrOb e GrOv mantiveram cortisol aumentado após o parto enquanto o GrM diminuiu. Não foi encontrada correlação entre os valores de glicemia e insulina materna com o peso e a altura do potro, entretanto, foi identificada uma relação menor entre o peso neonatal e o peso da égua no GrOb e GrOv em relação ao GrM. No parto, as éguas apresentaram desregulação da glicose, sendo que as éguas obesas e com sobrepeso apresentaram uma resposta maior ao OST.

Glucose and insulin curve in pregnant mares and its relationship with clinical and biometric features of newborn foals / Curvas de glicose e insulina em éguas gestantes e sua relação com as características clínicas e biométricas dos neonatos

The aim of the present study was to describe the dynamics of glucose and insulin curves in pregnant mares, and to evaluate the curves according to body condition score, identifying the presence of insulin resistance and correlating these values ​​with the weight, height and clinical changes of the neonates. For this, pregnant mares were evaluated and then grouped according to body condition score during the gestation length until lactation. GrM corresponds to mares with moderate body score (BCS 5-6); GrOv were mares with overweight body score (BCS 7) and GrOb were obese mares (BCS 8-9). A two-step oral sugar test (OST) was used to determine the data. Cortisol analysis was performed with 300-320 days of gestation, at foaling and after parturition. For evaluation of the neonate, a general clinical examination and, weight and height measurements were performed. The results showed hyperglycemia in response to OST with normal insulin values at foaling with a subsequent fall in both values at lactation disregarding group division. Baseline glucose was decreased in GrM compared to GrOv and GrOb with 70-100 days of gestation and with 130-160 days of gestation. With 270-300 days of gestation and post-partum GrOb had increased baseline glucose than GrM. After OST, glucose at foaling day in GrOb presented increased values than GrM. Baseline insulin values did not differ between groups. Post OST insulin levels were higher in GrOb than GrM and GrOv at parturition. No difference in cortisol between moments was identified. GrOb and GrOv maintained increased concentrations after foaling while GrM had a decrease. No correlation was found between maternal glucose and insulin values with foal weight and height, however, a lower ratio between neonatal weight and mare's weight in GrOb and GrOv was identified in relation to the GrM. At foaling, mares presented glucose dysregulation, with obese and overweight mares presenting a greater response to OST.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a dinâmica das curvas de glicose e insulina em éguas gestantes e avaliar as curvas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal, identificando a presença de resistência insulínica e correlacionando esses valores com o peso, altura e alterações clínicas dos neonatos. Para isso, as éguas prenhes foram avaliadas em conjunto e agrupadas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal durante a gestação até o pós-parto. GrM pertenciam éguas com escore corporal moderado (EC 5-6); GrOv, grupo de éguas com escore corporal acima do peso (EC 7) e GrOb, grupo de éguas obesas (EC 8-9). O teste de glicose oral em duas etapas (OST) foi usado para determinar os dados. A análise do cortisol também foi realizada nos 300-320 dias de gestação, no dia do parto e após o parto. Para avaliação do neonato, foram realizados exame clínico geral e medidas de peso e altura. Os resultados mostraram hiperglicemia em resposta ao OST com valores normais de insulina no momento parto, com uma queda subsequente em ambas as variáveis na lactação, desconsiderando a divisão do grupo. A glicemia basal diminuiu no GrM em comparação com GrOv e GrOb com 70-100 dias de gestação e com 130-160 dias de gestação. Com 270-300 dias de gestação e no pós-parto, o GrOb apresentou aumento na glicemia basal em relação ao GrM. Após OST, a glicose no dia do parto no GrOb apresentou valores aumentados em relação ao GrM. Os valores basais de insulina não diferiram entre os grupos. Após OST níveis de insulina foram maiores no GrOb do que GrM e GrOv no momento do parto. Não houve diferença nos valores de cortisol entre os momentos. O GrOb e GrOv mantiveram cortisol aumentado após o parto enquanto o GrM diminuiu. Não foi encontrada correlação entre os valores de glicemia e insulina materna com o peso e a altura do potro, entretanto, foi identificada uma relação menor entre o peso neonatal e o peso da égua no GrOb e GrOv em relação ao GrM. No parto, as éguas apresentaram desregulação da glicose, sendo que as éguas obesas e com sobrepeso apresentaram uma resposta maior ao OST.(AU)

Glucose and insulin curve in pregnant mares and its relationship with clinical and biometric features of newborn foals / Curvas de glicose e insulina em éguas gestantes e sua relação com as características clínicas e biométricas dos neonatos

The aim of the present study was to describe the dynamics of glucose and insulin curves in pregnant mares, and to evaluate the curves according to body condition score, identifying the presence of insulin resistance and correlating these values ​​with the weight, height and clinical changes of the neonates. For this, pregnant mares were evaluated and then grouped according to body condition score during the gestation length until lactation. GrM corresponds to mares with moderate body score (BCS 5-6); GrOv were mares with overweight body score (BCS 7) and GrOb were obese mares (BCS 8-9). A two-step oral sugar test (OST) was used to determine the data. Cortisol analysis was performed with 300-320 days of gestation, at foaling and after parturition. For evaluation of the neonate, a general clinical examination and, weight and height measurements were performed. The results showed hyperglycemia in response to OST with normal insulin values at foaling with a subsequent fall in both values at lactation disregarding group division. Baseline glucose was decreased in GrM compared to GrOv and GrOb with 70-100 days of gestation and with 130-160 days of gestation. With 270-300 days of gestation and post-partum GrOb had increased baseline glucose than GrM. After OST, glucose at foaling day in GrOb presented increased values than GrM. Baseline insulin values did not differ between groups. Post OST insulin levels were higher in GrOb than GrM and GrOv at parturition. No difference in cortisol between moments was identified. GrOb and GrOv maintained increased concentrations after foaling while GrM had a decrease. No correlation was found between maternal glucose and insulin values with foal weight and height, however, a lower ratio between neonatal weight and mare's weight in GrOb and GrOv was identified in relation to the GrM. At foaling, mares presented glucose dysregulation, with obese and overweight mares presenting a greater response to OST.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a dinâmica das curvas de glicose e insulina em éguas gestantes e avaliar as curvas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal, identificando a presença de resistência insulínica e correlacionando esses valores com o peso, altura e alterações clínicas dos neonatos. Para isso, as éguas prenhes foram avaliadas em conjunto e agrupadas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal durante a gestação até o pós-parto. GrM pertenciam éguas com escore corporal moderado (EC 5-6); GrOv, grupo de éguas com escore corporal acima do peso (EC 7) e GrOb, grupo de éguas obesas (EC 8-9). O teste de glicose oral em duas etapas (OST) foi usado para determinar os dados. A análise do cortisol também foi realizada nos 300-320 dias de gestação, no dia do parto e após o parto. Para avaliação do neonato, foram realizados exame clínico geral e medidas de peso e altura. Os resultados mostraram hiperglicemia em resposta ao OST com valores normais de insulina no momento parto, com uma queda subsequente em ambas as variáveis na lactação, desconsiderando a divisão do grupo. A glicemia basal diminuiu no GrM em comparação com GrOv e GrOb com 70-100 dias de gestação e com 130-160 dias de gestação. Com 270-300 dias de gestação e no pós-parto, o GrOb apresentou aumento na glicemia basal em relação ao GrM. Após OST, a glicose no dia do parto no GrOb apresentou valores aumentados em relação ao GrM. Os valores basais de insulina não diferiram entre os grupos. Após OST níveis de insulina foram maiores no GrOb do que GrM e GrOv no momento do parto. Não houve diferença nos valores de cortisol entre os momentos. O GrOb e GrOv mantiveram cortisol aumentado após o parto enquanto o GrM diminuiu. Não foi encontrada correlação entre os valores de glicemia e insulina materna com o peso e a altura do potro, entretanto, foi identificada uma relação menor entre o peso neonatal e o peso da égua no GrOb e GrOv em relação ao GrM. No parto, as éguas apresentaram desregulação da glicose, sendo que as éguas obesas e com sobrepeso apresentaram uma resposta maior ao OST.(AU)

Histeropexia no tratamento do prolapso uterino total em cadela Fila Brasileiro / Hysteropexy in the treatment of total uterine prolapse in a Brazilian Molosser bitch

Background: Uterine prolapse is an obstetric emergency because the exposed tissue can present edema, devitalization oreven gangrene, depending on the evolution time and on the severity of circulatory changes. Haemorrhage due to the ruptureof ovarian or uterine vessels can evolve rapidly to hypovolemic shock. More rarely, secondary thromboembolism to theuterine strangulation can be developed, complication that can also lead to death. This study reports the case of a BrazilianMolosser bitch treated by reducing total uterine prolapse, complemented with hysteropexy, in order to prevent recurrenceand maintain its reproductive ability.Case: A 5-year-old Brazilian Molosser bitch was attended presenting double firm and tubular mass protruding through thevulva. The patient gave birth to five live pups, the last two of which needed to be pulled. Two days after parturition, she hadabdominal contraction when a mass protruded from the vagina. A total uterine prolapse was diagnosed, since both uterinehorns were found exposed and inverted, with exposition of the endometrium and the areas of placental implantation, togetherwith the body of the uterus. The tissue was apparently edematous and lightly parched, with the presence of strange bodies,but without signals of circulatory complications or lacerations. Due to interest of the guardian in preserving the reproductive ability, an internal reduction via ventral medial celiotomy and the fixation of the uterus in the lateral abdominal wall(hysteropexy) was chosen in order to diminish the possibility of relapse in future parturition.Discussion: The definitive treatment of the uterine prolapse can be realized through ovariohysterectomy when the exposeduterine tissue is highly compromised or there is vessel rupture or no reproductive purpose for the female. The amputation of everted tissue through the vulva is also an option, but the risk of intracavitary bleeding during tissue resectionmust be considered...

Histeropexia no tratamento do prolapso uterino total em cadela Fila Brasileiro / Hysteropexy in the treatment of total uterine prolapse in a Brazilian Molosser bitch

Background: Uterine prolapse is an obstetric emergency because the exposed tissue can present edema, devitalization oreven gangrene, depending on the evolution time and on the severity of circulatory changes. Haemorrhage due to the ruptureof ovarian or uterine vessels can evolve rapidly to hypovolemic shock. More rarely, secondary thromboembolism to theuterine strangulation can be developed, complication that can also lead to death. This study reports the case of a BrazilianMolosser bitch treated by reducing total uterine prolapse, complemented with hysteropexy, in order to prevent recurrenceand maintain its reproductive ability.Case: A 5-year-old Brazilian Molosser bitch was attended presenting double firm and tubular mass protruding through thevulva. The patient gave birth to five live pups, the last two of which needed to be pulled. Two days after parturition, she hadabdominal contraction when a mass protruded from the vagina. A total uterine prolapse was diagnosed, since both uterinehorns were found exposed and inverted, with exposition of the endometrium and the areas of placental implantation, togetherwith the body of the uterus. The tissue was apparently edematous and lightly parched, with the presence of strange bodies,but without signals of circulatory complications or lacerations. Due to interest of the guardian in preserving the reproductive ability, an internal reduction via ventral medial celiotomy and the fixation of the uterus in the lateral abdominal wall(hysteropexy) was chosen in order to diminish the possibility of relapse in future parturition.Discussion: The definitive treatment of the uterine prolapse can be realized through ovariohysterectomy when the exposeduterine tissue is highly compromised or there is vessel rupture or no reproductive purpose for the female. The amputation of everted tissue through the vulva is also an option, but the risk of intracavitary bleeding during tissue resectionmust be considered...(AU)

Calcium propionate increased milk parameters in Holstein cows

Background: In the early lactation, dairy cows go through a period of negative energy balance because they do not intakeenough food to supply the energetic demand of milk production. In this period, dairy cows are susceptible to metabolicdisorders, although has little evidence that milk production contribute to increase diseases occurrence. Some alternativesto minimize metabolic disorders, that reduce milk yield, has been suggested, as increase energy density in the diet of drycows 21 days before the parturition and include additives in the diet pre and post-partum. The aim of this study was tomeasure the productive parameters in dairy cows fed calcium salts as energetic source.Materials, Methods & Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows andthe other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups.The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate,T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. The animals were milked twice aday, the first milking at 07:00 am and the second milking at 05:00 pm. Milk samples were collected in plastic containerswith potassium dichromate. These samples were sent to the Laboratory of Milk Analysis of the Paranaense Association ofBreeders of the Holstein Breed for analysis of fat, protein, lactose and total solids through the infrared method. Throughoutthe experimental period, the daily production of the animals under study was recorded. The production of milk (kg) wascorrected to 3.5% fat using the formula PLA 3.5% = (0.432 + kg milk) + (0.1623 x kg milk x fat content).Discussion: Greater supply of glucose or propionate stimulate milk protein production, but the mechanism of this stimulation is unclear...

Calcium propionate increased milk parameters in Holstein cows

Background: In the early lactation, dairy cows go through a period of negative energy balance because they do not intakeenough food to supply the energetic demand of milk production. In this period, dairy cows are susceptible to metabolicdisorders, although has little evidence that milk production contribute to increase diseases occurrence. Some alternativesto minimize metabolic disorders, that reduce milk yield, has been suggested, as increase energy density in the diet of drycows 21 days before the parturition and include additives in the diet pre and post-partum. The aim of this study was tomeasure the productive parameters in dairy cows fed calcium salts as energetic source.Materials, Methods & Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows andthe other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups.The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate,T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. The animals were milked twice aday, the first milking at 07:00 am and the second milking at 05:00 pm. Milk samples were collected in plastic containerswith potassium dichromate. These samples were sent to the Laboratory of Milk Analysis of the Paranaense Association ofBreeders of the Holstein Breed for analysis of fat, protein, lactose and total solids through the infrared method. Throughoutthe experimental period, the daily production of the animals under study was recorded. The production of milk (kg) wascorrected to 3.5% fat using the formula PLA 3.5% = (0.432 + kg milk) + (0.1623 x kg milk x fat content).Discussion: Greater supply of glucose or propionate stimulate milk protein production, but the mechanism of this stimulation is unclear...(AU)

Esteroides e análogos da prostaglandina F2α na prevenção de endometrites pós-parto em vacas girolandas / Steroids and prostaglandin F2α analogs in the prevention of endometritis postpartum in giroland cows

Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de endometrites, a taxa de prenhez (TP) e o intervalo parto concepção (IPC) de vacas leiteiras tratadas 10 dias pós-parto com esteroides ou análogo da prostaglandina F2α. Dividiu-se 207 animais clinicamente sãos em 4 tratamentos: T1 (0,5 mg de Cipionato de Estradiol; T2 (70 mg de progesterona); T3 (0,5 mg de cloprostenol) e T4 2 mL de solução salina. 30 a 45 dias pós-parto realizou-se o exame ginecológico e nos animais saudáveis realizou-se a citologia endometrial. Por fim, estes animais foram submetidos a um protocolo de IATF. Analisou-se o IPC por ANOVA e as variáveis qualitativas pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado. O IPC não diferiu (P < 0,05) entre os tratamentos (104,7 ± 72,6; 93,5 ± 63,0; 98,2 ± 77,8; 112,8 ± 67,8, respectivamente). O Cloprostenol reduziu (P < 0,01) o número de animais não gestantes (10%, 5/50) em relação ao controle (26%, 13/50). Não houve diferença (P < 0,09) entre os tratamentos na incidência de endometrites. A TP não diferiu entre os animais diagnosticados com endometrite subclínica. Conclui-se que a utilização de esteroides ou análogos da prostaglandina F2α neste período não é eficiente na prevenção de endometrites e na melhoria da TP e IPC. O Cloprostenol foi o único a reduzir o número de animais não gestantes em comparação ao controle.(AU)

This study was designed to evaluate steroids or prostaglandin F2α analogue treatment performed 10 days after parturition postpartum over the following reproductive indexes: occurrence of endometritis, the pregnancy rate (PR) and parturition conception interval (PCI). Two-hundred seven (n = 207) cows without reproductive abnormalities were assigned in four treatments performed 10 days after parturition: T1 (0.5 mg estradiol cypionate, T2 (progesterone 70 mg), T3 (0.5 mg cloprostenol, prostaglandin F2α analogue) and T4 (2 ml saline). Thirty to fourty-five days after parturition all animals were gynecologically examined, and the endometrial cytology was performed only in cow without clinical endometritis. Finally, these animals were submitted to an IATF protocol. The PCI was analyzed by ANOVA and the qualitative variables were analyzed by the Chi-Square. The PCI did not differ (P < 0.2) between treatments (104.7 ± 72.6, 93.5 ± 63.0, 98.2 ± 77.8, 112.8 ± 67.8, respectively). Cloprostenol treatment reduced (P < 0.01) the number of non-pregnant animals (10%, 5/50) compared to the control (26%, 13/50). The steroids or Cloprostenol treatment is not effective to prevent endometritis or improve PR and PCI indexes, when injected at this period. Cloprostenol was the only one to reduce the number of non-pregnant animals in comparison to the control.(AU)

Esteroides e análogos da prostaglandina F2α na prevenção de endometrites pós-parto em vacas girolandas / Steroids and prostaglandin F2α analogs in the prevention of endometritis postpartum in giroland cows

Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de endometrites, a taxa de prenhez (TP) e o intervalo parto concepção (IPC) de vacas leiteiras tratadas 10 dias pós-parto com esteroides ou análogo da prostaglandina F2α. Dividiu-se 207 animais clinicamente sãos em 4 tratamentos: T1 (0,5 mg de Cipionato de Estradiol; T2 (70 mg de progesterona); T3 (0,5 mg de cloprostenol) e T4 2 mL de solução salina. 30 a 45 dias pós-parto realizou-se o exame ginecológico e nos animais saudáveis realizou-se a citologia endometrial. Por fim, estes animais foram submetidos a um protocolo de IATF. Analisou-se o IPC por ANOVA e as variáveis qualitativas pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado. O IPC não diferiu (P < 0,05) entre os tratamentos (104,7 ± 72,6; 93,5 ± 63,0; 98,2 ± 77,8; 112,8 ± 67,8, respectivamente). O Cloprostenol reduziu (P < 0,01) o número de animais não gestantes (10%, 5/50) em relação ao controle (26%, 13/50). Não houve diferença (P < 0,09) entre os tratamentos na incidência de endometrites. A TP não diferiu entre os animais diagnosticados com endometrite subclínica. Conclui-se que a utilização de esteroides ou análogos da prostaglandina F2α neste período não é eficiente na prevenção de endometrites e na melhoria da TP e IPC. O Cloprostenol foi o único a reduzir o número de animais não gestantes em comparação ao controle.

This study was designed to evaluate steroids or prostaglandin F2α analogue treatment performed 10 days after parturition postpartum over the following reproductive indexes: occurrence of endometritis, the pregnancy rate (PR) and parturition conception interval (PCI). Two-hundred seven (n = 207) cows without reproductive abnormalities were assigned in four treatments performed 10 days after parturition: T1 (0.5 mg estradiol cypionate, T2 (progesterone 70 mg), T3 (0.5 mg cloprostenol, prostaglandin F2α analogue) and T4 (2 ml saline). Thirty to fourty-five days after parturition all animals were gynecologically examined, and the endometrial cytology was performed only in cow without clinical endometritis. Finally, these animals were submitted to an IATF protocol. The PCI was analyzed by ANOVA and the qualitative variables were analyzed by the Chi-Square. The PCI did not differ (P < 0.2) between treatments (104.7 ± 72.6, 93.5 ± 63.0, 98.2 ± 77.8, 112.8 ± 67.8, respectively). Cloprostenol treatment reduced (P < 0.01) the number of non-pregnant animals (10%, 5/50) compared to the control (26%, 13/50). The steroids or Cloprostenol treatment is not effective to prevent endometritis or improve PR and PCI indexes, when injected at this period. Cloprostenol was the only one to reduce the number of non-pregnant animals in comparison to the control.

Distocia em cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana / Dystocia in goat mestiça Anglo-Nubiana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o procedimento de cesariana em um caso de parto distócico em caprino. Uma cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana de quatro anos de idade, pesando 40kg foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário Antônio Francisco Fonzar da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias de Andradina, apresentando dificuldade ao parto. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se ofegante, inquieto, com apetite presente e bom estado corporal. Foi realizado exame vaginal constatando prolapso vaginal, retal, dilatação cervical insuficiente, porém, sem observação de feto e membranas fetais. No exame clínico constatou-se que a temperatura retal e frequência cardíaca e respiratória estavam dentro dos limites considerados como normais para a espécie. Realizou-se uma ultrassonografia uterina observando gestação gemelar, viabilidade fetal e apresentação fetal anormal devido a posição transversal de um dos fetos. O plano terapêutico escolhido foi a realização de cesariana, o tratamento pós-operatório consistiu na administração de Flunixin meglumina (2mg/kg de peso corporal, durante 3 dias), Oxitetraciclina(1mL/10kg de peso vivo,em uma única aplicação) e Penicilina Benzatina (20.000 UI/kg a cada 48 horas, totalizando 5 aplicações). Para o curativo local utilizou-se pomada a base de gentamicina, sulfadiazina de prata, vitamina A e unguento. Após duas semanas o animal já apresentava plena recuperação, conclui-se que a conduta e os procedimentos cirúrgico foram bem-sucedidos.

The objective of this study was to report the cesarean section procedure in a case of dystocic delivery in goats. A four-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 40kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Antônio Francisco Fonzar of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Andradina, presenting difficulty in parturition. On physical examination, the animal was restless, with a present appetite and good body condition. The vaginal examination revealed vaginal prolapse, rectal, insufficient cervical dilatation, but without fetal observation and fetal membranes. In the clinical examination it was verified that the rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rate were within the limits considered normal for the species. A uterine ultrasound was performed observing twin pregnancy, fetal viability and abnormal fetal presentation due to the transverse position of one fetus. The therapeutic plan chosen for cesarean section, the postoperative treatment consisted of administration of Flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg body weight for 3 days), Oxytetracycline 20% (20 mg/kg body weight in a single application) and Benzathine Penicillin (20,000 IU/kg every 48 hours, totaling 5 applications). For the local dressing was used ointment based on gentamicin, silver sulfadiazine, vitamin A and ointment. After two weeks the animal already had full recovery, it is concluded that the surgical procedures and conduct were successful.

Distocia em cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana / Dystocia in goat mestiça Anglo-Nubiana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o procedimento de cesariana em um caso de parto distócico em caprino. Uma cabra mestiça Anglo-Nubiana de quatro anos de idade, pesando 40kg foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário Antônio Francisco Fonzar da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias de Andradina, apresentando dificuldade ao parto. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se ofegante, inquieto, com apetite presente e bom estado corporal. Foi realizado exame vaginal constatando prolapso vaginal, retal, dilatação cervical insuficiente, porém, sem observação de feto e membranas fetais. No exame clínico constatou-se que a temperatura retal e frequência cardíaca e respiratória estavam dentro dos limites considerados como normais para a espécie. Realizou-se uma ultrassonografia uterina observando gestação gemelar, viabilidade fetal e apresentação fetal anormal devido a posição transversal de um dos fetos. O plano terapêutico escolhido foi a realização de cesariana, o tratamento pós-operatório consistiu na administração de Flunixin meglumina (2mg/kg de peso corporal, durante 3 dias), Oxitetraciclina(1mL/10kg de peso vivo,em uma única aplicação) e Penicilina Benzatina (20.000 UI/kg a cada 48 horas, totalizando 5 aplicações). Para o curativo local utilizou-se pomada a base de gentamicina, sulfadiazina de prata, vitamina A e unguento. Após duas semanas o animal já apresentava plena recuperação, conclui-se que a conduta e os procedimentos cirúrgico foram bem-sucedidos.(AU)

The objective of this study was to report the cesarean section procedure in a case of dystocic delivery in goats. A four-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 40kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Antônio Francisco Fonzar of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Andradina, presenting difficulty in parturition. On physical examination, the animal was restless, with a present appetite and good body condition. The vaginal examination revealed vaginal prolapse, rectal, insufficient cervical dilatation, but without fetal observation and fetal membranes. In the clinical examination it was verified that the rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rate were within the limits considered normal for the species. A uterine ultrasound was performed observing twin pregnancy, fetal viability and abnormal fetal presentation due to the transverse position of one fetus. The therapeutic plan chosen for cesarean section, the postoperative treatment consisted of administration of Flunixin meglumine (2 mg/kg body weight for 3 days), Oxytetracycline 20% (20 mg/kg body weight in a single application) and Benzathine Penicillin (20,000 IU/kg every 48 hours, totaling 5 applications). For the local dressing was used ointment based on gentamicin, silver sulfadiazine, vitamin A and ointment. After two weeks the animal already had full recovery, it is concluded that the surgical procedures and conduct were successful.(AU)

Relationship between virulence factor genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and failure of antimicrobial treatment of subclinical mastitis in sheep

ABSTRACT: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) are the main microorganisms involved in ovine mastitis. Treatment at the end of lactation can contribute towards cure and prevention of subclinical cases during the subsequent lactation. However, virulence factors and resistance mechanisms presented by CNS can decrease cure rates. The aims of the study were to identify the species of CNS in milk of mastitic ewes with and without antimicrobial treatment, and to investigate the presence of genes relating to resistance of -lactam antimicrobials, formation of biofilms, production of enterotoxins and production of the toxic shock syndrome toxin. Cases of failure in the treatment were related with the presence/absence of the respective genes. Sixty sheep were divided into three groups: G1, without treatment; G2, animals treated via the intramammary route with 100mg of cloxacillin during drying off; and G3, sheep treated via the intramammary route with 50 mg of nanoparticulate cloxacillin. Milk samples were gathered during drying off and 15 and 30 days after the parturition of the subsequent lactation. The analyses to identify the species of CNS were carried out by means of the internal transcribe spacer technique and the investigation of the genes responsible for the virulence factors and resistance to oxacillin was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. No sample was positive for the mecA gene. The only gene relating to production of enterotoxins was sec. Among the genes relating to production of biofilm, icaD was the only one identified in the three experimental groups. Staphylococcus warneri was the main species of CNS isolated during the pre and post-partum periods of the sheep. The species carrying genes relating to production of enterotoxins and biofilms were present in uncured sheep.

RESUMO: Staphylococus spp. coagulase-negativos (SCN) estão entre os principais micro-organismos envolvidos na mastite ovina. O tratamento ao final da lactação pode contribuir com a cura e a prevenção de casos subclínicos durante a lactação seguinte. Todavia, fatores de virulência e mecanismos de resistência apresentados por SCN podem reduzir as taxas de cura. Os objetivos desse estudo foram identificar as espécies de SCN no leite de ovelhas com mastite com e sem tratamento antimicrobiano e investigar a presença de genes relacionados com resistência a antibióticos beta lactâmicos, formação de biofilmes, produção de enterotoxinas e produção da toxina da síndrome do choque tóxico. Casos de falhas no tratamento foram relacionados com a presença/ausência dos respectivos genes. Sessenta ovelhas foram divididas em três grupos: G1, sem tratamento; G2, animais tratados via intramamária com 100mg de cloxacilina antes da secagem; e G3, ovelhas tratadas via intramamária com 50 mg de cloxacilina nanoparticulada. Amostras de leite foram obtidas durante a secagem e 15 e 30 dias depois do parto na lactação seguinte. As análises para identificar as espécies de SCN foram conduzidas por meio da técnica de Internal transcribe spacer e a investigação dos genes responsáveis pelos fatores de virulência e resistência à oxacilina foi realizada usando a técnica reação em cadeia da polimerase. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para o gene mecA. O único gene relacionado com a produção de enterotoxinas foi o sec. Dentre os genes relacionados com a produção de biofilme, icaD foi o único identificado nos três grupos experimentais. Staphylococcus warneri foi a principal espécie de SCN isolada durante o pré e pós-parto. As espécies que apresentaram genes relacionados com a produção de enterotoxinas e biofilmes estavam presentes nas ovelhas não curadas.

Relationship between virulence factor genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and failure of antimicrobial treatment of subclinical mastitis in sheep / Relação entre genes de fatores de virulência em Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-negativos e a falha do tratamento antimicrobiano da mastite subclínica ovina

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) are the main microorganisms involved in ovine mastitis. Treatment at the end of lactation can contribute towards cure and prevention of subclinical cases during the subsequent lactation. However, virulence factors and resistance mechanisms presented by CNS can decrease cure rates. The aims of the study were to identify the species of CNS in milk of mastitic ewes with and without antimicrobial treatment, and to investigate the presence of genes relating to resistance of β-lactam antimicrobials, formation of biofilms, production of enterotoxins and production of the toxic shock syndrome toxin. Cases of failure in the treatment were related with the presence/absence of the respective genes. Sixty sheep were divided into three groups: G1, without treatment; G2, animals treated via the intramammary route with 100mg of cloxacillin during drying off; and G3, sheep treated via the intramammary route with 50 mg of nanoparticulate cloxacillin. Milk samples were gathered during drying off and 15 and 30 days after the parturition of the subsequent lactation. The analyses to identify the species of CNS were carried out by means of the internal transcribe spacer technique and the investigation of the genes responsible for the virulence factors and resistance to oxacillin was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. No sample was positive for the mecA gene. The only gene relating to production of enterotoxins was sec. Among the genes relating to production of biofilm, icaD was the only one identified in the three experimental groups. Staphylococcus warneri was the main species of CNS isolated during the pre and post-partum periods of the sheep. The species carrying genes relating to production of enterotoxins and biofilms were present in uncured sheep.(AU)

Staphylococus spp. coagulase-negativos (SCN) estão entre os principais micro-organismos envolvidos na mastite ovina. O tratamento ao final da lactação pode contribuir com a cura e a prevenção de casos subclínicos durante a lactação seguinte. Todavia, fatores de virulência e mecanismos de resistência apresentados por SCN podem reduzir as taxas de cura. Os objetivos desse estudo foram identificar as espécies de SCN no leite de ovelhas com mastite com e sem tratamento antimicrobiano e investigar a presença de genes relacionados com resistência a antibióticos beta lactâmicos, formação de biofilmes, produção de enterotoxinas e produção da toxina da síndrome do choque tóxico. Casos de falhas no tratamento foram relacionados com a presença/ausência dos respectivos genes. Sessenta ovelhas foram divididas em três grupos: G1, sem tratamento; G2, animais tratados via intramamária com 100mg de cloxacilina antes da secagem; e G3, ovelhas tratadas via intramamária com 50 mg de cloxacilina nanoparticulada. Amostras de leite foram obtidas durante a secagem e 15 e 30 dias depois do parto na lactação seguinte. As análises para identificar as espécies de SCN foram conduzidas por meio da técnica de Internal transcribe spacer e a investigação dos genes responsáveis pelos fatores de virulência e resistência à oxacilina foi realizada usando a técnica reação em cadeia da polimerase. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para o gene mecA. O único gene relacionado com a produção de enterotoxinas foi o sec. Dentre os genes relacionados com a produção de biofilme, icaD foi o único identificado nos três grupos experimentais. Staphylococcus warneri foi a principal espécie de SCN isolada durante o pré e pós-parto. As espécies que apresentaram genes relacionados com a produção de enterotoxinas e biofilmes estavam presentes nas ovelhas não curadas.(AU)