Remote ischemic preconditioning-induced late cardioprotection: possible role of melatonin-mitoKATP-H2S signaling pathway

Purpose: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) confers cardioprotection against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the precise mechanisms involved in RIPC-induced cardioprotection are not fully explored. The present study was aimed to identify the role of melatonin in RIPC-induced late cardioprotective effects in rats and to explore the role of H2 S, TNF-α and mitoKATP in melatoninmediated effects in RIPC. Methods: Wistar rats were subjected to RIPC in which hind limb was subjected to four alternate cycles of ischemia and reperfusion of 5 min duration by using a neonatal blood pressure cuff. After 24 h of RIPC or ramelteon-induced pharmacological preconditioning, hearts were isolated and subjected to IR injury on the Langendorff apparatus. Results: RIPC and ramelteon preconditioning protected the hearts from IR injury and it was assessed by a decrease in LDH-1, cTnT and increase in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP). RIPC increased the melatonin levels (in plasma), H2 S (in heart) and decreased TNF-α levels. The effects of RIPC were abolished in the presence of melatonin receptor blocker (luzindole), ganglionic blocker (hexamethonium) and mitochondrial KATP blocker (5-hydroxydecanoic acid). Conclusion: RIPC produce delayed cardioprotection against IR injury through the activation of neuronal pathway, which may increase the plasma melatonin levels to activate the cardioprotective signaling pathway involving the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels, decrease in TNF-α production and increase in H2 S levels. Ramelteon-induced pharmacological preconditioning may also activate the cardioprotective signaling pathway involving the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels, decrease in TNF-α production and increase in H2 S levels.

Ética e condicionamento de animais selvagens para a aplicação de técnicas de reprodução assistida / Ethics and conditioning of wild animals for the application of assisted reproduction techniques

A relação humano-animal é conhecida desde o período Mesolítico e vem evoluindo ao longo dos anos pela busca de interações cada vez mais positivas. A forma como os animais e os ambientes são tratados abre muitas discussões éticas e morais em várias correntes filosóficas. O fato é que a biodiversidade vem apresentando uma redução expressiva dentro de um contexto de sexta extinção em massa do planeta e, para muitas espécies, trabalhar manejo populacional envolvendo coleções ex situ, seria a única alternativa de sobrevivência. As informações sobre a biologia das espécies selvagens ainda são muito insipientes e, portanto, faz-se necessário desenvolver pesquisas básicas que colaborem com as Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida (ARTs). A possibilidade de se trabalhar dentro do conceito de Conservação Única possibilita uma interconexão entre os planos de ação in situ e ex situ, as ações antrópicas no meio ambiente (sustentabilidade) e as pesquisas que englobam a conservação. Para tanto, utilizar as técnicas de condicionamento, que são prática voltada ao manejo de bem-estar, associadas às biotecnologias reprodutivas tem sido um manejo cada vez mais utilizado, com sucesso para muitas espécies ameaçadas. Animais manejados dentro dos protocolos de boas práticas são grandes candidatos a fazer parte dos programas de conservação integrada.(AU)

The human-animal relationship has been known since the Mesolithic period and has evolved over the years in search of increasingly positive interactions. How animals and environments are treated opens up many ethical and moral discussions in various philosophical currents. The fact is that biodiversity has been showing a significant reduction within the context of the sixth mass extinction on the planet, and, for many species, working on population management involving ex situ collections would be the only alternative for survival. Information on the biology of wild species is still very incipient; therefore, it is necessary to develop basic research that collaborates with Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ARTs). Working within the One Conservation concept enables an interconnection between in situ and ex situ action plans, anthropic environmental actions (sustainability), and research that encompasses conservation. Therefore, using conditioning techniques­a practice aimed at welfare management­associated with reproductive biotechnologies has been increasingly used, with success for many endangered species. Animals handled within suitable practice protocols are great candidates to be part of integrated conservation programs.(AU)

Pre-cooling water applied to porous plates of evaporative cooling systems / Efeito do pré-resfriamento da água aplicada em placas porosas de sistemas de resfriamento evaporativo

This study assessed the ways the thermal environment is influenced by pre-cooling the water employed in wetting the porous plates present in the evaporative cooling systems (ECS). The experiment was performed using two physical models constructed on a distorted and reduced scale, which simulated closed agricultural facilities equipped with ECS made up of porous cellulose panels. In one physical model, the plates were made wet using chilled water (ECScw), while in the other they were moistened using natural water, at environment temperature (ECSnw). Both inside the physical models and outside, in the external environment, the air dry-bulb temperature (tdb), black globe temperature (tbg) and air relative humidity (RH) were measured, at 10 sec intervals. Later, the environmental indices, ECSnw cooling effectiveness and ECScw performance factor were assessed. When the porous ECS plates were thoroughly wet using pre-cooled water, lowering of the thermal variables and comfort indices was seen to be greater than when wetting the plates was done using water at room temperature. An empirical equation was proposed to determine the cooling performance factor applied to the ECScw related to water temperature, tdb and air wet-bulb temperature.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito do pré-resfriamento da água usada no molhamento de placas porosas de sistemas de resfriamento evaporativo (SRE) sobre o ambiente térmico. O experimento foi realizado em dois modelos físicos construídos em escala reduzida e distorcida que simularam instalações agrícolas fechadas, equipadas com SRE composto por painéis porosos de celulose. Em um modelo físico, o molhamento das placas foi realizado por meio de água resfriada (SRAR) e o outro por meio de água natural à temperatura ambiente (SRAN). Mensurou-se a temperatura de bulbo seco do ar (tbs), temperatura de globo negro (tgn) e umidade relativa do ar (UR) no interior dos modelos físicos e no ambiente externo em intervalos de 10s. Posteriormente, foram calculados índices ambientais, a efetividade de resfriamento do SRAN e fator de desempenho do SRAR. O pré-resfriamento da água usada no molhamento de placas porosas de SRE propiciou maior redução nas variáveis térmicas e índices de conforto em relação ao molhamento com água à temperatura ambiente, sendo proposta uma equação empírica para a estimativa do fator de desempenho de resfriamento aplicada ao SRAR em função da temperatura da água, da tbs e da temperatura de bulbo úmido do ar.

Methodology of the tetrazolium test for identifying viable seeds of orchids of the genus Cattleya native to the Brazilian Cerrado / Metodologia do teste de tetrazólio para identificação de sementes viáveis de orquídeas do gênero Cattleya nativas do Cerrado brasileiro

Orchids need measures for conservation of their species, among them the creation of seed banks. This study analyzes suitable methodologies to identify the viability of Cattleya seeds through the tetrazolium test. Seeds of Cattleya nobilior Rchb. and Cattleya walkeriana Gardn. were submitted to three preconditioning: no soaking (control); sucrose (10%); or distilled water. After 24 hours, they were submitted to tetrazolium solution with three types of conditioning: oven (40 °C); water bath (40 °C); or room temperature. Subsequently, the percentage of viable seeds (VS) was calculated and in vitro sowing was carried out. Germination percentage (G) was determined after 45 days. A completely randomized design was used for each species studied, with treatments arranged in a 3x3 factorial scheme (three preconditioning and three conditioning), with eight replicates of one tube each. The experiment was performed in duplicate. The highest viability values found in the tetrazolium test were close to those of germination (C. nobilior: VS = 88% e G = 97%; C. walkeriana: VS = 88% e G = 95%) for Cattleya species native to the Cerrado. The conditioning at ambient temperature had a greater effect on seed visualization for both species studied, suggesting that the tetrazolium test should be performed at this conditioning temperature.(AU)

As orquídeas necessitam de medidas para a conservação de suas espécies, entre essas a criação de bancos de sementes. Objetivou-se identificar metodologia adequada para a identificação da viabilidade de sementes de Cattleya por meio do teste de tetrazólio. Sementes de Cattleya nobilior Rchb. e Cattleya walkeriana Gardn. foram submetidas a três pré-condicionamentos: sem embebição (controle); sacarose (10%) ou água destilada. Decorridas 24 horas, foram submetidas à solução de tetrazólio, com três tipos de condicionamento: estufa (40 °C), banho maria (40 °C) ou temperatura ambiente. Após esse período foi calculada a porcentagem de sementes viáveis (SV). Foi realizada a semeadura in vitro e, após 45 dias, determinada a porcentagem de germinação (G). Para cada espécie estudada, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três précondicionamentos e três condicionamentos) com oito repetições de um tubo de ensaio cada, sendo o experimento realizado em duplicata. Os maiores valores de viabilidade encontrados no teste de tetrazólio foram próximos aos de germinação (C. nobilior: SV = 88% e G = 97%; C. walkeriana: SV = 88% e G = 95%) para essas espécies de Cattleya nativas do Cerrado. Para as duas espécies estudadas, o condicionamento em temperatura ambiente apresentou melhor visualização das sementes, sugerindo que o teste de tetrazólio deve ser realizado nesta temperatura de condicionamento.(AU)

Effect of intrabronchial platelet rich plasma on the exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage endoscopic score in thoroughbred racehorses using furosemide: a preliminary study / [Efeito da instilação intrabronquial de plasma rico em plaquetas no escore endoscópico da hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício em cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês de corrida e usuários de furosemida: um estudo preliminar]

The high prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in athletic horses constitutes to be a challenge to the racing industry and a source of major concern to animal welfare. Both experimental and clinical evidence indicate that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a promising effector of repair in a variety of pulmonary conditions. The present study evaluated the effect of intrabronchial instillation of PRP on EIPH endoscopic scores from 37 Thoroughbred racehorses. Inclusion criteria were for animals to be EIPH-positive in, at least, two consecutive post-exercise endoscopic exams and to receive 250mg of furosemide IV four hours before racing. Animals were randomly assigned into 3 groups: placebo, control, and PRP instillation. All 37 Thoroughbred racehorses included had EIPH endoscopic scores pre- and post- treatment compared by statistical analysis. The bleeding score from the group receiving PRP was significantly lower than in the control and placebo groups. No adverse effects were observed in any animal during or after the experiment. It was possible to conclude that the intrabronchial instillation of autologous PRP was effective in reducing EIPH scores in racehorses receiving furosemide and that this bioproduct can be considered as a promising coadjuvant in controlling EIPH in athletic horses.(AU)

A alta prevalência de hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício (HPIE) em cavalos atletas é um desafio de longa data para a indústria de corridas, além de figurar como grande preocupação sobre o bem-estar animal. As evidências experimentais e clínicas indicam que o uso do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) de fonte autógena é promissor na terapêutica de diversas lesões pulmonares. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as mudanças após corrida no escore endoscópico de HPIE de 37 cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês que receberam instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo. Os animais selecionados eram HPIE-positivos em, ao menos, dois exames endoscópicos consecutivos e recebiam 250mg de furosemida IV administrado quatro horas antes de cada corrida. Na comparação dos escores endoscópicos pré e pós-tratamento, verificou-se que o escore de HPIE do grupo tratado com PRP foi significantemente menor que o dos grupos controle e placebo. Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado nos animais durante ou após o experimento. Concluiu-se que a instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo foi efetiva na redução do escore de HPIE de cavalos de corrida usuários de furosemida e que este bioproduto pode ser considerado uma alternativa promissora no controle de HPIE em cavalos atletas.(AU)

Effects of breeder age and short-term temperature stimulation during incubation on performance, organ weight, and carcass yield in male and female broilers / Efeitos da idade da matriz e de alterações curtas de temperatura de incubação no desempenho, peso dos órgãos e rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte machos e fêmeas

Birds develop thermoregulatory control during the last days of incubation. Different temperature conditioning programs have been proposed to prepare broiler chicks for post-hatch life. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term temperature (STT) stimulation and breeder age on hatching performance, embryo development, yolk absorption, and post-hatch performance of male and female broilers. A 2 × 2 factorial completely randomized design was used, with two breeder ages (30 and 60 wk), two temperature incubation programs (control and STT), and 2,520 eggs per treatment. Eggs were distributed in two large-scale commercial incubators with a capacity of 120,960 eggs. The control group was subjected to a standard single-stage incubation program (37.2-37.4 °C), whereas the STT group was subjected to a temperature increment of 1 °C for 4 h on embryonic days 16, 17, 18, and 19. Embryos were analyzed at 16 and 19 days of incubation, and chicks at hatch. At 19 days of incubation, STT conditioning resulted in lower yolk sac weight in embryos from 60-wk-old breeders and higher relative weight of the gastrointestinal tract in embryos from 30-wk-old breeders. At hatch, males had lower residual yolk weight, females had greater length, and chicks from 60-wk-old breeders subjected to STT had higher body weight and relative weight of the gastrointestinal tract. Eggs from 30-wk-old breeders showed higher fertility and hatchability and lower infertility, mortality, and second-grade chick percentages. Regarding performance, it was found that males had higher body weight from 7 to 42 days of age and higher whole leg yields. Females, on the other hand, had higher fat yields. Breeder age and sex influenced gastrointestinal tract development, carcass yield, and performance. A 1 °C increase in incubation temperature for 4 h from days 16 to 19 of incubation affected yolk absorption and digestive tract development in chicks from 60-wk-old breeders without, however, influencing performance results.(AU)

As aves desenvolvem o controle do sistema termorregulatório durante os últimos dias de incubação, dessa forma, diferentes programas temperatura de incubação têm sido descritos para preparar os pintos de corte para a vida pós-eclosão. Objetivou-se nesse estudo, estabelecer os efeitos de alterações curtas na temperatura de incubação e da idade da matriz no desempenho de eclosão, desenvolvimento embrionário, absorção da gema e desempenho pós-eclosão de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 2 x 2 com 2 idades de matriz (30 e 60 semanas) e 2 programas de incubação de temperatura, controle (CT) e grupo de treinamento de temperatura de curto prazo (STT) e 2.520 ovos em cada tratamento. Os ovos foram distribuídos em 2 incubadoras comerciais de grande escala com capacidade para 120.960 ovos. O grupo CT seguiu um programa de incubação de estágio único padrão (37,2-37,4°C) e o STT teve um incremento em + 1 ° C por 4 hs nos dias 16, 17, 18 e 19 de incubação. Os embriões foram analisados aos 16 e 19 dias e pintinhos na eclosão. Aos 19 dias de incubação, embriões de matrizes com 60 semanas apresentaram menor peso do saco vitelino e embriões de matrizes com 30 semanas apresentaram maior porcentagem de trato gastrointestinal quando em STT. Na eclosão, os machos apresentaram menor vitelo residual, e as fêmeas apresentaram maior comprimento, pintinhos mais pesados e maior trato gastrointestinal quando originárias de matrizes de 60 semanas de idade e expostos ao STT. Na eclosão, os ovos com 30 semanas de idade apresentaram maior porcentagem de fertilidade e eclodibilidade e menor infertilidade, mortalidade e pintos de secunda categoria. No desempenho, os machos apresentaram maior peso corporal do 7° ao 42° dia e maiores valores de porcentagem de pernas e as fêmeas maiores valores de porcentagem de gordura. A idade das matrizes e o sexo influenciaram o desenvolvimento visceral, o rendimento de carcaça e o desempenho dos frangos de corte. O aumento de 1°C durante 4 horas entre os dias 16 e 19 de incubação afetou a absorção da gema e o trato digestivo em pintos de matrizes com 60 semanas de idade, sem refletir nos resultados de desempenho.(AU)

Retorno de cavalos da raça Puro-Sangue Inglês às corridas após tratamento de fraturas slab do osso terceiro carpiano com PRP e células-tronco / Return of Thoroughbred racing horses to the races after treating slab fractures of the third carpal bone with PRP and stem cells

Background: Despite the fact that slab fracture of the third carpal bone is an event of great worldwide relevance in racehorses, the third carpal fracture doesn’t have data on treatments and return to racing in Brazil. The search for efficient treatments and which provide recovery providing horses return to racing is an objective of sports equine medicine. Regenerative therapies like Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and Stem Cells (MSc) have demonstrated a great potential in the treatment of several injuries. For the treatment of three Thoroughbred racing horses at Brazilian Jockey Club, with sagittal plane slab fractures of the third carpal bone, we used the association of PRP and Stem Cells for reduction of the rest and good return to conditions athletics of these horses. Cases: Three Thoroughbred racing horses, males, 4 and 5 years old, showed slab fracture third carpal bone in different moments of their activity at Brazilian Jockey Club. Usually, the treatment for this type of fracture is the arthroscopic repair and the conservative management. We performed after initial radiographic evaluation dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (DPr-DDiO) “skyline”, intra-articular applications of PRP and MSCs. The treatments were performed according to the radiographic follow-up of the lesion evolution. No other treatment was performed concomitantly with cell therapy in the 3 treated patients. Three treatments were performed in the first patient and 2 in the second and third patients. Before each treatment for all patients, we performed radiography dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (DPr-DDiO) ‘skyline’ of the carpus. After this step, the animal was sedated with 10% xylazine hydrochloride at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg intravenously. Antisepsis of the carpus was performed and applied with radiographic monitoring of the needle positioning, first the PRP in the volume of 2 mL and in sequence, 20 million cells MSCs suspended in autologous...

Effects of supplementation with combination of polyunsaturated oils in diet of horses in maintenance and during marcha training / Efeito da suplementação com combinação de óleos poliinsaturados na dieta de cavalos em manutenção e durante treino de marcha

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated oil on lipid and mineral blood biomarkers in two different groups of horses. Was used 6 healthy horses in maintenance (MT-g) and 10 healthy horses in marcha gait training (GT-g). The MT-g and the GT-g received 100mL and 300mL/day/animal of combination of polyunsaturated oils, respectively, during 8 weeks. Blood was collected in pre-test and after 4 and 8 weeks, after overnight fasting and it was measured: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA, LPS, glycerol, Ca, P, Mg, and Cl. The supplementation produced significant increase in NEFA and reduction in lipase in both groups. In addition, the LPS content in both groups had a large decrease (~35%) from the pre-test to the 8th week of supplementation. In the MT-g, the LDL cholesterol and glycerol increased significantly after 4 weeks but returned to the pre-test levels after 8 weeks, and the triglyceride content decreased (~62%) after 4 weeks. The total cholesterol concentration in the GT-g increased after 4 weeks (~70%), but after 8 weeks it decreased to levels similar to those observed in the pre-test. The mineral biomarkers increased in the MT-g and GT-g, after 8 weeks. In the MT-g and in the GT-g, Ca decreased. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of polyunsaturated oils increased NEFA concentration and reduced LPS activity in both groups, unlike the concentrations of the other biomarkers that showed different variations between groups, indicating that both NEFA and LPS the changes in their concentrations during supplementation may be more sensitive and more indicated for these types of evaluation. In addition, some blood mineral concentrations reduced significantly in both groups of horses, and thus, they need to be evaluated in horses under chronic oil supplementation.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado nos biomarcadores lipídicos e minerais sanguíneos em dois diferentes grupos de equinos. Foram utilizados 6 equinos saudáveis em manutenção (MT-g) e 10 equinos saudáveis em treinamento de marcha (GT-g). O MT-g e o GT-g receberam 100,0mL e 300mL/dia/animal de uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado, respectivamente, durante 8 semanas. O sangue foi coletado no pré-teste e após 4 e 8 semanas, após a noite, medidas: colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicérides, NEFA, LPS, glicerol, Ca, P, Mg e Cl. A suplementação produziu aumento significativo de NEFA e redução da lipase nos dois grupos. Além disso, o conteúdo de LPS em ambos os grupos ocorreu um decréscimo (~ 35%) desde o pré-teste até a 8ª semana de suplementação. Na MT-g, o colesterol LDL e o glicerol aumentaram significativamente após 4 semanas, mas retornaram aos níveis pré-teste após 8 semanas, e o conteúdo de triglicérides diminuiu (~ 62%) após 4 semanas. A concentração total de colesterol no GT-g aumentou após 4 semanas (~ 70%), mas após 8 semanas diminuiu para valores semelhantes aos observados no pré-teste. Os biomarcadores minerais aumentaram no MT-g e GT-g, após 8 semanas. No MT-g e no GT-g, o Ca diminuiu. Em conclusão, a suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado elevou a concentração do NEFA e reduziu a atividade de LPS em ambos os grupos estudados, diferentemente das concentrações das demais biomarcadores que apresentaram variações diferentes entre os grupos, indicando que tanto o NEFA como a LPS podem ser mais sensíveis as modificações em suas concentrações durante a suplementação e mais indicados para esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, a concentração sanguínea de alguns minerais reduziu significativamente em ambos os grupos de equinos e, portanto, precisam ser avaliados em cavalos sob suplementação crônica de óleos.

Effects of supplementation with combination of polyunsaturated oils in diet of horses in maintenance and during marcha training / Efeito da suplementação com combinação de óleos poliinsaturados na dieta de cavalos em manutenção e durante treino de marcha

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated oil on lipid and mineral blood biomarkers in two different groups of horses. Was used 6 healthy horses in maintenance (MT-g) and 10 healthy horses in marcha gait training (GT-g). The MT-g and the GT-g received 100mL and 300mL/day/animal of combination of polyunsaturated oils, respectively, during 8 weeks. Blood was collected in pre-test and after 4 and 8 weeks, after overnight fasting and it was measured: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA, LPS, glycerol, Ca, P, Mg, and Cl. The supplementation produced significant increase in NEFA and reduction in lipase in both groups. In addition, the LPS content in both groups had a large decrease (~35%) from the pre-test to the 8th week of supplementation. In the MT-g, the LDL cholesterol and glycerol increased significantly after 4 weeks but returned to the pre-test levels after 8 weeks, and the triglyceride content decreased (~62%) after 4 weeks. The total cholesterol concentration in the GT-g increased after 4 weeks (~70%), but after 8 weeks it decreased to levels similar to those observed in the pre-test. The mineral biomarkers increased in the MT-g and GT-g, after 8 weeks. In the MT-g and in the GT-g, Ca decreased. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of polyunsaturated oils increased NEFA concentration and reduced LPS activity in both groups, unlike the concentrations of the other biomarkers that showed different variations between groups, indicating that both NEFA and LPS the changes in their concentrations during supplementation may be more sensitive and more indicated for these types of evaluation. In addition, some blood mineral concentrations reduced significantly in both groups of horses, and thus, they need to be evaluated in horses under chronic oil supplementation.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado nos biomarcadores lipídicos e minerais sanguíneos em dois diferentes grupos de equinos. Foram utilizados 6 equinos saudáveis em manutenção (MT-g) e 10 equinos saudáveis em treinamento de marcha (GT-g). O MT-g e o GT-g receberam 100,0mL e 300mL/dia/animal de uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado, respectivamente, durante 8 semanas. O sangue foi coletado no pré-teste e após 4 e 8 semanas, após a noite, medidas: colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicérides, NEFA, LPS, glicerol, Ca, P, Mg e Cl. A suplementação produziu aumento significativo de NEFA e redução da lipase nos dois grupos. Além disso, o conteúdo de LPS em ambos os grupos ocorreu um decréscimo (~ 35%) desde o pré-teste até a 8ª semana de suplementação. Na MT-g, o colesterol LDL e o glicerol aumentaram significativamente após 4 semanas, mas retornaram aos níveis pré-teste após 8 semanas, e o conteúdo de triglicérides diminuiu (~ 62%) após 4 semanas. A concentração total de colesterol no GT-g aumentou após 4 semanas (~ 70%), mas após 8 semanas diminuiu para valores semelhantes aos observados no pré-teste. Os biomarcadores minerais aumentaram no MT-g e GT-g, após 8 semanas. No MT-g e no GT-g, o Ca diminuiu. Em conclusão, a suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado elevou a concentração do NEFA e reduziu a atividade de LPS em ambos os grupos estudados, diferentemente das concentrações das demais biomarcadores que apresentaram variações diferentes entre os grupos, indicando que tanto o NEFA como a LPS podem ser mais sensíveis as modificações em suas concentrações durante a suplementação e mais indicados para esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, a concentração sanguínea de alguns minerais reduziu significativamente em ambos os grupos de equinos e, portanto, precisam ser avaliados em cavalos sob suplementação crônica de óleos.(AU)

Condicionamento fisiológico de sementes de beterraba para produção de baby leaf’s / Physiological conditioning of beet seeds for production of baby leaf’s

O condicionamento é uma técnica de pré-embebição de sementes em água ou em solução, por determinado tempo e temperatura, com o objetivo de ativar os processos metabólicos iniciais das sementes. Trabalho conduzido com objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes períodos de condicionamento fisiológico em solução de nitrato de potássio (KNO3) sobre a germinação de sementes de beterraba, cultivar Early Wonder Tall Top, para a produção de baby leaf’s. Experimento realizado no laboratório de sementes do Centro Universitário Integrado, Campo Mourão – PR. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por diferentes períodos de condicionamento em solução KNO3 (0, 8, 16, 24 e 32 h) e um material híbrido cv. Cabernet para título de comparação, totalizando assim, seis tratamentos (5+1), com oito repetições de 50 sementes. As sementes foram condicionadas em folhas de papel germitest preparadas em recipientes gerbox com a solução de condicionamento em câmara germinadora e temperatura de 25 °C. As variáveis analisadas foram a Porcentagem de Germinação; Índice de Velocidade de Germinação e Velocidade de Germinação. A técnica apresentou resultados favoráveis na germinação, na velocidade de germinação e na padronização da germinação do lote. A máxima porcentagem de germinação foi observada após 16 h de condicionamento. Todos os períodos de condicionamento foram superiores em relação à testemunha híbrida, confirmando a eficácia da técnica.

Priming is a technique of pre-soaking seeds into water or solution for a certain time and temperature in order to activate the initial seeds’ metabolic processes. This paper was conducted with the objective of evaluating the influence of different physiological conditioning periods in potassium nitrate solution (KNO3) on the germination of beet seeds cultivar Early Wonder Tall Top for the production of baby leaf’s. Experiment performed in the seed laboratory of the Centro Universitário Integrado, at Campo Mourão - PR. The design was completely randomized, where the treatments were constituted by different conditioning periods in KNO3 solution (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h) and a hybrid material cv. Cabernet for comparison, totaling six treatments (5 + 1), with eight replicates of 50 seeds each treatment. The seeds were conditioned on two sheets of germitest paper prepared in gerbox containers with the conditioning solution in a germination chamber at 25 °C. The analyzed variables were germination percentage, index of germination speed and germination speed. The maximum germination percentage was observed after 16 h of conditioning. All the conditioning periods were superior in relation to the hybrid witness, confirming the effectiveness of the technique.

Condicionamento fisiológico de sementes de beterraba para produção de baby leafs / Physiological conditioning of beet seeds for production of baby leafs

O condicionamento é uma técnica de pré-embebição de sementes em água ou em solução, por determinado tempo e temperatura, com o objetivo de ativar os processos metabólicos iniciais das sementes. Trabalho conduzido com objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes períodos de condicionamento fisiológico em solução de nitrato de potássio (KNO3) sobre a germinação de sementes de beterraba, cultivar Early Wonder Tall Top, para a produção de baby leafs. Experimento realizado no laboratório de sementes do Centro Universitário Integrado, Campo Mourão PR. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por diferentes períodos de condicionamento em solução KNO3 (0, 8, 16, 24 e 32 h) e um material híbrido cv. Cabernet para título de comparação, totalizando assim, seis tratamentos (5+1), com oito repetições de 50 sementes. As sementes foram condicionadas em folhas de papel germitest preparadas em recipientes gerbox com a solução de condicionamento em câmara germinadora e temperatura de 25 °C. As variáveis analisadas foram a Porcentagem de Germinação; Índice de Velocidade de Germinação e Velocidade de Germinação. A técnica apresentou resultados favoráveis na germinação, na velocidade de germinação e na padronização da germinação do lote. A máxima porcentagem de germinação foi observada após 16 h de condicionamento. Todos os períodos de condicionamento foram superiores em relação à testemunha híbrida, confirmando a eficácia da técnica.(AU)

Priming is a technique of pre-soaking seeds into water or solution for a certain time and temperature in order to activate the initial seeds metabolic processes. This paper was conducted with the objective of evaluating the influence of different physiological conditioning periods in potassium nitrate solution (KNO3) on the germination of beet seeds cultivar Early Wonder Tall Top for the production of baby leafs. Experiment performed in the seed laboratory of the Centro Universitário Integrado, at Campo Mourão - PR. The design was completely randomized, where the treatments were constituted by different conditioning periods in KNO3 solution (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h) and a hybrid material cv. Cabernet for comparison, totaling six treatments (5 + 1), with eight replicates of 50 seeds each treatment. The seeds were conditioned on two sheets of germitest paper prepared in gerbox containers with the conditioning solution in a germination chamber at 25 °C. The analyzed variables were germination percentage, index of germination speed and germination speed. The maximum germination percentage was observed after 16 h of conditioning. All the conditioning periods were superior in relation to the hybrid witness, confirming the effectiveness of the technique.(AU)

Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de Zea mays matricondicionadas em diferentes temperaturas / Physiological performance of Zea mays seeds matriconditioned at different temperatures

O uso de sementes de alta qualidade reflete diretamente sobre o resultado final do plantio, estabelecimento da cultura e produtividade. A velocidade de entrada de água nas sementes e a temperatura são fatores cruciais no processo germinativo. Por isso, objetivou-se quantificar o ganho de água de sementes de milho submetidas a matricondicionamento sob quatro temperaturas (10; 15; 20 e 25 °C), bem como, avaliar a qualidade fisiológica destas sementes em função da pré-hidratação controlada. Foram usadas sementes C1, sem tratamento químico, de dois lotes do híbrido de milho 30F53YH. A curva do teor de água foi determinada a partir de oito repetições de duzentas sementes via análise de regressão da porcentagem de teor de água em função dos intervalos de tempo de, 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18 e; 24 horas de embebição. Em sequência, vários testes foram realizados para identificar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Ao final das 24 horas de avaliação, ambos os lotes apresentaram maior porcentagem de umidade quando matricondicionadas à temperatura de 25°C. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho foi afetada pela hidratação controlada e que as maiores temperaturas de embebição proporcionam a expressão de maior vigor nas plântulas e inferindo que a técnica de matricondicionamento se mostrou eficaz para realizar o condicionamento osmótico de sementes...

The use of high quality seeds reflects directly on crop establishment and productivity. The speed of seed water intake, as well as, temperature during this process is the main factor to have success during germination. The objective of this study was quantifying water uptake from corn seeds during matriconditioning under four temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and seeds without treatment (control) also evaluate physiological quality of those. C1 seed, without chemical treatment, from two different lots of 30F53YH hybrid corn was used. The water content curve was determined from eight replication, of two hundred seeds each, by weighing in intervals of 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18; and 24 hours of soaking. In sequence various tests aiming identify physiological seeds quality was developed. With 24-hour evaluation, both group of seeds had higher moisture content when matriconditioned at 25°C. The results allowed concluding that the physiological quality of corn seeds was affected by matriconditioning and the higher imbibition temperatures provided the expression of greater vigor in corn seedlings, being useful for this specie.

Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de Zea mays matricondicionadas em diferentes temperaturas / Physiological performance of Zea mays seeds matriconditioned at different temperatures

O uso de sementes de alta qualidade reflete diretamente sobre o resultado final do plantio, estabelecimento da cultura e produtividade. A velocidade de entrada de água nas sementes e a temperatura são fatores cruciais no processo germinativo. Por isso, objetivou-se quantificar o ganho de água de sementes de milho submetidas a matricondicionamento sob quatro temperaturas (10; 15; 20 e 25 °C), bem como, avaliar a qualidade fisiológica destas sementes em função da pré-hidratação controlada. Foram usadas sementes C1, sem tratamento químico, de dois lotes do híbrido de milho 30F53YH. A curva do teor de água foi determinada a partir de oito repetições de duzentas sementes via análise de regressão da porcentagem de teor de água em função dos intervalos de tempo de, 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18 e; 24 horas de embebição. Em sequência, vários testes foram realizados para identificar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Ao final das 24 horas de avaliação, ambos os lotes apresentaram maior porcentagem de umidade quando matricondicionadas à temperatura de 25°C. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho foi afetada pela hidratação controlada e que as maiores temperaturas de embebição proporcionam a expressão de maior vigor nas plântulas e inferindo que a técnica de matricondicionamento se mostrou eficaz para realizar o condicionamento osmótico de sementes...(AU)

The use of high quality seeds reflects directly on crop establishment and productivity. The speed of seed water intake, as well as, temperature during this process is the main factor to have success during germination. The objective of this study was quantifying water uptake from corn seeds during matriconditioning under four temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and seeds without treatment (control) also evaluate physiological quality of those. C1 seed, without chemical treatment, from two different lots of 30F53YH hybrid corn was used. The water content curve was determined from eight replication, of two hundred seeds each, by weighing in intervals of 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18; and 24 hours of soaking. In sequence various tests aiming identify physiological seeds quality was developed. With 24-hour evaluation, both group of seeds had higher moisture content when matriconditioned at 25°C. The results allowed concluding that the physiological quality of corn seeds was affected by matriconditioning and the higher imbibition temperatures provided the expression of greater vigor in corn seedlings, being useful for this specie.(AU)

The role of ischemic preconditioning in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose: To analyze the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in rat small intestine subjected to ischemia and reperfusion.Methods: Thirty anesthetized rats underwent laparotomy and were drive into five groups: control (CG); ischemia (IG); ischemia and reperfusion (IRG); IPC and ischemia (IG+IPC); IPC and ischemia and reperfusion (I/RG+IPC). Intestinal ischemia was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, whereas reperfusion lasted for 120 minutes. IPC was carried out by one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion prior to the prolonged 60-minutes-ischemia and 120-minutes-reperfusion. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and samples of small intestine were processed for histology and gene expression. Results: Histology of myenteric plexus showed a higher presence of neurons presenting pyknotic nuclei and condensed chromatin in the IG and IRG. IG+IPC and I/RG+IPC groups exhibited neurons with preserved volume and nuclei, along with significant up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l1 and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, Bax/Bcl2 ratio was lower in the groups subjected to IPC, indicating a protective effect of IPC against apoptosis. Conclusion: Ischemic preconditioning protect rat small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing morphologic lesions and apoptosis.(AU)

Splenic ischemic preconditioning attenuates oxidative stress induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of splenic ischemic preconditioning (sIPC) on oxidative stress induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were equally divided into 3 groups: SHAM, IRI and sIPC. Animals from IRI group were subjected to 45 minutes of partial liver ischemia (70%). In the sIPC group, splenic artery was clamped in 2 cycles of 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion (20 min total) prior to hepatic ischemia. SHAM group underwent the same surgical procedures as in the remaining groups, but no liver ischemia or sIPC were induced. After 1h, hepatic and splenic tissue samples were harvested for TBARS, CAT, GPx and GSH-Rd measurement. Results: sIPC treatment significantly decreased both hepatic and splenic levels of TBARS when compared to IRI group (p<0.01). Furthermore, the hepatic and splenic activities of CAT, GPx and GSH-Rd were significantly higher in sIPC group than in IRI group. Conclusion: sIPC was able to attenuate hepatic and splenic IRI-induced oxidative stress.(AU)

Liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Pathophysiology and new horizons in preconditioning and therapy

It is well known that during hepatic operative procedures, it is often critical that the irrigation is interrupted to avoid possible bleeding, blood transfusions, variable intensities, and their short and long-term consequences. It was believed in the past that the flow interruption should not exceed 20 minutes, which limited the use of this maneuver. However, it has been postulated that ischemia could be maintained for more than 60 minutes in healthy livers. The present paper review includes: 1) A brief introduction to justify the rationale of the review design; 2) Aspects of the pathophysiology of the three stages of the liver ischemia-reperfusion injury; 3) The innate and acquired immunity; 4) Oxidative stress; 5) Apoptosis and autophagy, Some essential biomarkers (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, nitric oxide, metalloproteinases); and, finally; 6) Preventive ("cheating") strategies, non-pharmacological and pharmacological options to treat the liver IR injury.(AU)

Cardioprotective effect of preconditioning is more efficient than postconditioning in rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion

Purpose: To investigate the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (preIC) and postconditioning (postIC) in animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Methods: Adult rats were submitted to protocol of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and randomized into three experimental groups: cardiac I/R (n=33), preCI + cardiac I/R (n=7) and postCI + cardiac I/R (n=8). After this I/R protocol, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) was evaluated using the electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. Results: After reestablishment of coronary blood flow, we observed variations of the ECG trace with increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) (85%), atrioventricular block (AVB) (79%), and increase of lethality (70%) in cardiac I/R group. The comparison between I/R + preIC group with I/R group demonstrated significant reduction in VA incidence to 28%, AVB to 0% and lethality to 14%. The comparison of I/R + postIC group with I/R group was observed significance reduction in AVB incidence to 25% and lethality to 25%. Conclusion: The preconditioning strategies produce cardioprotection more efficient that postconditioning against myocardial dysfunctions and lethality by cardiac ischemia and reperfusion.(AU)

The role of ischemic preconditioning in gene expression related to inflammation in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose:To investigate the gene expression related to inflammation on mice subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and treated with ischemic preconditioning (IPC).Methods:Thirty rats (EPM-Wistar), distributed in five groups of six animals each, were underwent anesthesia and laparotomy. The ischemia time was standardized in 60 minutes and the reperfusion time 120 minutes. IPC was standardized in 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion accomplished before I/R. The control group was submitted only to anesthesia and laparotomy. The other groups were submitted to ischemia, I/R, ischemia + IPC and I/R + IPC. It was collected a small intestine sample to analyses by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction in real Time (RT-qPCR) and histological analyses. It was studied 27 genes.Results:The groups that received IPC presented downregulation of genes, observed in of genes in IPC+ischemia group and IPC+I/R group. Data analysis by clusters showed upregulation in I/R group, however in IPC groups occurred downregulation of genes related to inflammation.Conclusion:The ischemia/reperfusion promoted upregulation of genes related to inflammation, while ischemic preconditioning promoted downregulation of these genes.(AU)

Is the early or delayed remote ischemic preconditioning the more effective from a microcirculatory and histological point of view in a rat model of partial liver ischemia-reperfusion?

Purpose: To compare early- and late-effect remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) by analysing the microcirculatory, hemodynamic and histological changes in partial liver ischemia-reperfusion of rats. Methods: 60-minute partial liver ischemia followed by 120-minute reperfusion was performed without (Control group, n=7) or with preconditioning. In RIPC groups a tourniquet was applied around the left thigh using 3 cycles of 10-minute ischemia/10-minute reperfusion, one (RIPC-1, n=7) or twenty-four hours (RIPC-24, n=7) before I/R. Hemodynamic and microcirculatory measurements were performed before and after ischemia and in 30th, 60th and 120th minute of reperfusion and histological examination at the end of reperfusion. Results: Blood pressure decreased in all groups followed by biphasic changes in Control group. In RIPC groups R120 values returned almost to normal. Heart rate increased in Control and RIPC-1 groups at R120, while RIPC-24 did not show significant changes. Microcirculation of non-ischemic liver stayed constant in Control and showed significant changes in RIPC-24 group, while in ischemic liver elevated by R120 in all groups. RIPC didnt reduce histological alterations. Conclusion: Considering the survival and the results, both remote ischemic preconditioning protocols had beneficial effect in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, however the histopathological findings were controversial.(AU)

Effects of remote ischemic preconditioning and topical hypothermia in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

Purpose:To evaluate whether combining hypothermia and remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) results in protection from ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats underwent right nephrectomy and were randomly assigned to four experimental protocols on the left kidney: warm ischemia (group 1), cold ischemia (group 2), RIPC followed by warm ischemia (group 3), and RIPC followed by cold ischemia (group 4). After 240 minutes of reperfusion, histological changes in the left kidney, as well as lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity, were analyzed. The right kidney was used as the control. Serum creatinine was collected before and after the procedures. Results: RIPC combined with hypothermia during IR experiments revealed no differences on interventional groups regarding histological changes (p=0.722). Oxidative stress showed no significant variations among the groups. Lower serum creatinine at the end of the procedure was seen in animals exposed to hypothermia (p 0.001). Conclusions: Combination of RIPC and local hypothermia provides no renal protection in IR injury. Hypothermia preserves renal function during ischemic events. Furthermore, RIPC followed by warm IR did not show benefits compared to warm IR alone or controls in our experimental protocol.(AU)