Using peritoneal and blood lactate as predictor of condition type, surgical referral and prognosis in equine colic cases / Uso do lactato peritoneal e sanguíneo como preditor do tipo de afecção, encaminhamento cirúrgico e prognóstico em casos de cólica equina

It is important to investigate fast and accurate equine colic syndrome diagnostic forms. Lactate results from anaerobic glycolysis; high levels of it may indicate intestinal disorders with tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia. The current study aims at investigating whether blood and peritoneal lactate values observed when horses with colic syndrome were hospitalized, were associated with condition type, therapeutic referral, and survival rates. Retrospective analysis was applied to 498 medical records of animals with colic syndrome, at EQUIVET Hospital -SP; 89 cases were herein selected. Based on logistic regression, peritoneal lactate played a more significant part than blood in variables like obstruction type and survival rates. Surgical cases comprised 52.8% of analyzed animals; strangulation changes, 26%; and overall survival, 62.9%. Mean blood and peritoneal lactate level in animals showing strangulation changes reached 5.11 and 7.33mmol/L, whereas non-strangulation cases recorded 3.54 and 3.06mmol/L, respectively. On the other hand, mean blood and peritoneal lactate level recorded for survivors reached 3.43 and 2.42mmol/L, whereas non-survivors recorded 4.84 and 7.13mmol/L, respectively. We concluded that peritoneal lactate measured when horses with colic syndrome were hospitalized was a predictor of condition type, and of animal survival and prognosis. However, blood and peritoneal lactate measurements did not contribute to therapeutic referral.

O estudo de formas diagnósticas rápidas e precisas é importante na síndrome cólica equina. O lactato, produto da glicólise anaeróbica, quando elevado, pode indicar afecções intestinais com hipoperfusão e hipóxia. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se os valores de lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal, na admissão de equinos com síndrome cólica, estão relacionados com o tipo de afecção, com o encaminhamento terapêutico e a sobrevida. Uma análise retrospectiva foi realizada em 498 atendimentos em síndrome cólica, no Hospital EQUIVET-SP, quando 89 casos foram selecionados. A regressão logística indicou que o lactato peritoneal obteve maior significância comparado ao sanguíneo, nas variáveis tipo de obstrução e sobrevida. Casos cirúrgicos foram 52,8%; alterações estrangulativas, 26%; e sobrevivência geral, 62,9%. Em alterações estrangulativas, a média do lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal foi de 5,11 e 7,33mmol/L; em não estrangulativos, 3,54 e 3,06mmol/L. Já os sobreviventes obtiveram 3,43 e 2,42mmol/L, e os não sobreviventes 4,84 e 7,13mmol/L, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a mensuração do lactato peritoneal na admissão de cavalos com cólica foi considerada um preditor do tipo de afecção, bem como da sobrevida e do prognóstico. Porém, as mensurações de lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal não auxiliaram no encaminhamento terapêutico.

Clinical presentation, histological findings, and prognosis in female dogs with mixed mammary neoplasms / Apresentação clínica, achados histológicos e prognóstico em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias mistas

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and morphological characteristics of mixed mammary neoplasms and verify what characteristics affect the prognosis of female dogs with carcinomas in mixed tumors and carcinosarcomas. This was a retrospective study of 67 female dogs that underwent mastectomies and were diagnosed with benign mixed tumors (n=13), carcinomas in mixed tumors (n=44) and carcinosarcomas (n=10). Data regarding the clinical and histological aspects of the neoplasms were collected and the relation with specific survival times, and hazard ratios (HR) in 24 months was calculated. In univariate analysis, the diagnosis of carcinosarcoma (HR 8.26, p=0.006), carcinomatous areas with micropapillary or solid patterns (HR 17.49; p=0. 001) and lymph node metastasis (HR 7.07;p=0.020) were associated with specific survival. In multivariable analysis, only micropapillary or solid pattern (HR=16.34; p=0.007) remained independent factor associated with lower specific survival. Micropapillary or solid carcinomatous patterns were associated with shorter specific survival time (p=0.002) among animals with carcinomas in mixed tumors. Among the carcinosarcomas, lymph node metastasis (p=0.010) was associated with a shorter specific survival time. In conclusion, carcinomas in mixed tumors and carcinosarcomas vary in prognosis depending on the carcinomatous proliferation patterns and spread of the disease.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características clínicas e morfológicas das neoplasias mamárias mistas e verificar quais características interferem no prognóstico de cadelas com carcinomas em tumores mistos e carcinossarcomas. Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de 67 cadelas, que foram submetidas a mastectomias e diagnosticadas com tumores mistos benignos (n = 13), carcinomas em tumores mistos (n = 44) e carcinossarcomas (n = 10). Foram coletados dados sobre os aspectos clínicos e histológicos das neoplasias e a relação com o tempo de sobrevida específica e a razão de risco (OR) em 24 meses foram calculadas. Na análise univariada, o diagnóstico de carcinossarcoma (HR 8,26; p=0,006), as áreas carcinomatosas com padrão micropapilar e sólido (HR 17,49; p= 0,001) e metástase linfonodal (HR 7,07; p=0,020) foram associadas à menor sobrevida específica. Na análise multivariável, apenas o padrão micropapilar ou sólido (HR=16,34; p=0,007) permaneceu como fator independente associado à sobrevida. Proliferações carcinomatosas micropapilares ou sólidas (p = 0,002) foram associadas a tempos de sobrevida específica mais curtos entre os animais com carcinomas em tumor misto. Entre os pacientes com carcinossarcoma, metástases em linfonodos (p = 0,010) foram associadas a um menor tempo de sobrevida específica. Em conclusão, os resultados mostraram que os carcinomas em tumores mistos e os carcinossarcomas podem ter prognóstico variável, dependendo do padrão de proliferação carcinomatosa e da disseminação linfática da doença.

CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH correlates with prognostic parameters in canine mammary neoplasms

The identification of putative prognostic factors in canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) has been focused on tissue-specific biomarkers, but the serum biomarkers, including cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), c-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been demonstrated to display clinical application in cases of CMNs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of these serum biomarkers and their association with well-established prognostic factors in CMNs. Samples from 15 female canines with CMNs and 15 clinically healthy ones were collected. The results were evaluated using the Tukey's, Pearson, or Spearman tests. The cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in a logistic regression model (P<0.05). The levels of CA 15-3, CRP and LDH were significantly higher in the serum of female dogs with CMNs compared to the healthy ones. Moreover, these factors were positively correlated with ulceration, tumor size, histopathological grade, metastatic lymph node, and clinical staging. Female dogs with CMNs were found to exhibit highest serum levels of CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH. Therefore, they can be applied to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in casas of CMNs.(AU)

Diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumors in bitches - platelet indices are a remarkable marker?

Background: Hematological analyses are seen as more preferred laboratory analyses in canine transmissible venereal tumor studies. There is no information about the availability of platelets and their indices in routine practice in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. Taking this as a starting point, this study analyzed the usefulness of platelet indices in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor in clinical laboratory diagnosis as well as examined the relationship between white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets (PLT), main platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and the ratio of main platelet volume to platelets (MPV/PLT). Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 42 bitches of various breeds were used. Nineteen healthy bitches were used as a control group, and the others 23 with cTVT as a study group. Metastasis was not observed in any of the bitches involved in the study. History, clinical findings, and cytological examinations were evaluated for the diagnosis of cTVT. In animals with hemorrhagic discharge and neoplastic lesions, a vaginal cytological examination was performed. Typical TVT cells with large nuclei and intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in the vaginal cytological examinations, and the diagnosis of TVT was made. Healthy bitches (19) and those with TVT (23) were 39.16 5.37 months and 47.61 5.14 months old, respectively. From all animals, 2 mL blood samples were collected from V. cephalica to evaluate PIs in the complete blood count (CBC). Collected blood samples were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. As a result of the analysis, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCHC, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, and MPV/PLT data were obtained. Mild leukocytosis, an increase in PLT, and a decrease in MCV and MPV/PLT were determined in the study group compared to the control group. Cut-off values in CBC of bitches with TVT were determined as WBC: 13.35 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 90%); MCV: 67 (sensitivity: 57%; specificity: 95%); PLT: 315.50 (sensitivity: 65%; specificity: 74%); and MPV/PLT: 0.028 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 58%). In CBC analyses, a strong negative correlation between PLT and MPV/PLT was detected in both groups. Discussion: Canine transmissible venereal tumors are common in both stray and pet dogs. It is naturally transferred from animal to animal during mating by live tumor cells. This tumor can commonly affect the external genitalia and internal organs in some cases. It generally has the look of cauliflower, and its surface is ulcerated, inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and infectious. More preferred laboratory analyses are complete blood count and blood chemistry analysis in cTVT for to evaluate the success of treatments. Platelet indices have been investigated in many diseases such as endotoxemia, chronic enteropathy, mammary tumor, parvoviral enteritis, septic peritonitis, lymphoma, pyometra, visceral leishmaniasis, and babesiosis in dogs. There is no information available for either diagnostic or prognostic use of the PIs in canine TVT cases. Ultimately, in light of the presented study's results, platelet indices, especially PLT and the MPV/PLT ratio, seem to be notable laboratory markers in terms of easy accessibility and low-cost assessment techniques in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. New data, however, should be established by a thorough follow-up study using a larger sample size and addressing its usefulness as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in canine transmissible venereal tumors.

Cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with hematological malignancies in Lahore city, Pakistan

Abstract Hematological and hematopoietic cells malignancies of the genes and hematopoietic cells are associated with the genetic mutation, often at the chromosomal level. The standard cytogenetic study is widely accepted as one of the main diagnostics and prognostic determinants in patients. Therefore, the current descriptive and cross-sectional study sought to determine the cytogenetic analysis of frequent hematological malignancies in Pakistan. A total of 202 peripheral bone marrow or blood samples from patients with benign and malignant hematological malignancy were taken using a conventional G-banding technique. Among enrolled patients, the mean age was 21.5 years ± 23.4, and gender-wise distribution showed a marked predominance of the male 147 (73%) population compared to the female 55 (27%). Patients in the age group (2-10 years) had the highest frequency, 48 (24%), of hematological neoplasms, followed by age (11-20 years) with 40 (20%). Normal karyotypes (46, XX/46, XY) was found in 51% (n=103) patients. Furthermore, the frequency of complex karyotype was 30 (15%), while normal was seen in 171 (85%) patients. Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Pre-B ALL) was the most prevalent malignancy of 66 (33%), followed by Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) of 41 (20%) and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia of 29 (14%). Translocation was the most prevalent 50 (25%), followed by hypotriploidy 14 (7%) and monosomy 8 (4%) on chromosome aberration analysis. In addition, t(9:22) translocation was found to be 20 (10%) in CML, with the majority in the age group (31-40 years). This study recommends that karyotyping should be tested frequently in hematological conditions because it may provide insight into the relative chromosomal changes associated with particular malignancies.

Resumo As neoplasias hematológicas e de células hematopoiéticas dos genes e as células hematopoiéticas estão associadas à mutação genética, geralmente em nível cromossômico. O estudo citogenético padrão é amplamente aceito como um dos principais determinantes diagnósticos e prognósticos em pacientes. Portanto, o presente estudo descritivo e transversal buscou determinar a análise citogenética de neoplasias hematológicas frequentes no Paquistão. Um total de 202 amostras de medula óssea periférica ou sangue de pacientes com malignidade hematológica benigna e maligna foi coletado usando uma técnica convencional de banda G. Entre os pacientes inscritos, a média de idade foi de 21,5 anos ± 23,4, e a distribuição por gênero mostrou uma marcada predominância da população masculina de 147 (73%) em comparação com a feminina de 55 (27%). Pacientes na faixa etária (2-10 anos) tiveram a maior frequência, 48 (24%), de neoplasias hematológicas, seguida da idade (11-20 anos) com 40 (20%). Cariótipos normais (46, XX / 46, XY) foram encontrados em 51% (n = 103) dos pacientes. Além disso, a frequência de cariótipo complexo foi de 30 (15%), enquanto normal foi observada em 171 (85%) pacientes. Leucemia linfoblástica aguda pré-B (LLA Pré-B) foi a doença maligna mais prevalente de 66 (33%), seguida por leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) de 41 (20%) e leucemia linfocítica aguda de 29 (14%). A translocação foi o 50 mais prevalente (25%), seguido por hipotriploidia 14 (7%) e monossomia 8 (4%) na análise de aberração cromossômica. Além disso, a translocação t (9:22) encontrada foi de 20 (10%) na LMC, com a maioria na faixa etária (31-40 anos). Este estudo recomenda que o cariótipo deve ser testado com frequência em condições hematológicas porque pode fornecer informações sobre as alterações cromossômicas relativas associadas a doenças malignas específicas.

Evaluation of cell proliferation and apoptosis markers as predictive factors for electrochemotherapy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of cats / Marcadores de proliferação celular e de apoptose como fatores preditivos à eletroquimioterapia em carcinoma de células escamosas cutâneo de gatos

ABSTRACT: Determining cell proliferation rates and tumor apoptosis through immunohistochemistry allows the evaluation of the biological behavior of the tumor, optimizing the patient's clinical course. This study aimed to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, COX-2 and caspase-3 and correlate them with the type of response to ECT in feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), thus determining the predictive potential of these variables. For this, 13 samples of feline cutaneous SCC were evaluated before ECT, and statistical analyses of the correlation intensity between the variables were performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, with a significance level of 95%. The results indicate a significant negative correlation between histopathological grade and response to ECT (ρ=-0.6; p=0.03); there was no significant correlation between Ki-67, COX-2 and caspase-3 immunoexpression with the response to ECT (ρ=-0.18; p=0.54/ρ=-0.23; p=0.44/ρ=-0.12; p=0.69, respectively). Therefore, the study shows that the histopathological grade, tumor size and staging, degree of cellular pleomorphism and degree of inflammatory infiltrate can be considered negative prognostic factors for cutaneous SCC and negative predictors for response to ECT. However, the markers Ki-67, COX-2 and caspase-3 are not considered predictive factors for the type of response to ECT. In addition, no relationship between these immunoexpressions and greater tumor aggressiveness was observed. The SCCs evaluated in this study showed significant COX-2 labeling, indicating a potential therapeutic target. ECT has been shown to be safe and effective for local control of feline cutaneous SCC but with reduced effectiveness in larger and invasive lesions.

RESUMO: A determinação das taxas de proliferação celular e apoptose tumoral por meio da imuno-histoquímica, permite avaliar o comportamento biológico tumoral, com otimização da evolução clínica do paciente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as expressões imuno-histoquímicas de Ki-67, COX-2 e caspase-3 e correlacioná-las com o tipo de resposta à EQT em carcinoma de células escamosas (CEC) cutâneo de felinos; assim, determinar o potencial preditivo destas variáveis. Para tanto, foram avaliadas 13 amostras de CEC cutâneo de felinos antes da EQT e as análises estatísticas quanto à intensidade de correlação entre as variáveis foram realizadas utilizando o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, com nível de significância de 95%. Os resultados indicam que houve correlação negativa significativa entre o grau histopatológico e a resposta à EQT (ρ=-0,6; p=0,03); não houve correlação significativa entre as imunoexpressões de Ki-67, COX-2 e caspase-3 com a resposta à EQT (ρ=-0,18; p=0,54/ρ=-0,23; p=0,44/ρ=-0,12; p=0,69, respectivamente). Portanto, este estudo evidenciou que as variáveis grau histopatológico, tamanho e estadiamento tumorais, grau de pleomorfismo celular e grau do infiltrado inflamatório foram consideradas fatores prognósticos negativos para o CEC cutâneo e preditivos negativos para a resposta à EQT. Entretanto, os marcadores Ki-67, COX-2 e caspase-3 não foram considerados fatores preditivos para o tipo de resposta à EQT, assim como não foi observada relação entre essas imunoexpressões com maior agressividade tumoral. Os CECs avaliados neste estudo apresentaram importante marcação para COX-2, indicando um potencial alvo terapêutico. A EQT mostrou-se segura e efetiva para o controle local dos CECs cutâneos dos felinos, porém com efetividade reduzida em lesões maiores e invasivas.

Cytological grading of canine mast cell tumors: correlation with histologic grading and survival time / Graduação citológica de mastocitomas caninos: correlação com graduação histológica e sobrevida

ABSTRACT: Mast cell tumors are one of the most common neoplasia in dogs and cytopathology and/or histopathology examinations are used for diagnosis. Histologic grading is considered the gold standard test to predict the prognosis of this neoplasia. However, studies have been conducted using the cytological grading system to provide similar information in a faster, less invasive, and more accessible way. This study aimed to investigate cytological graduation and correlate it with histological grading and the survival time of dogs diagnosed with cutaneous mast cell tumors at the Veterinary Hospital of "Universidade Federal de Uberlândia" over five years. For that, cytological and histological slides from 72 animals were reviewed. The statistical methods used were the kappa test for agreement between grading systems, the Kaplan-Meier for survival time, Cox regression for comparison of cytological and histological grades and survival time. The cytological grading when compared to the two-tier histologic grading, high and low grades, had a moderate agreement (kappa 0.566). When the correlation between survival time and the cytological grade was evaluated, there was a higher death rate in the group with high-grade mast cell tumors compared to low grade, pointing to a correlation between survival time and cytological grade (p=0.009). In conclusion, the cytological grade is useful to treatment planning and providing prognostic information that precedes tumor removal, showing a good correlation with the two-tier histologic grading and with the survival time of the animals.

RESUMO: O mastocitoma é uma das neoplasias cutâneas mais comum nos cães e os exames citopatológicos e/ou histopatológicos são utilizados para diagnóstico. A graduação histológica é considerada padrão ouro para prever o prognóstico dessa neoplasia. Contudo, estudos têm sido realizados visando utilizar graduação citológica para fornecer informações semelhantes de maneira rápida, menos invasiva e mais acessível. Esse trabalho objetivou realizar graduação citológica e correlacionar com as graduações histológicas e com a sobrevida de cães diagnosticados com mastocitoma cutâneo no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia durante 5 anos. Para isso, lâminas de citologia e histologia de mastocitomas de 72 animais foram revisadas. Os métodos estatísticos utilizados foram teste kappa para concordância entre os sistemas de graduação, método Kaplan-Meier para tempo de sobrevida dos animais, e análise pela regressão de Cox para comparação do grau citológico e grau histológico e o tempo de sobrevida global. A graduação citológica quando comparada com a histológica de dois níveis, alto grau e baixo grau, obteve uma concordância moderada (kappa 0,566). Na avaliação da correlação entre sobrevida e grau citológico, houve maior taxa de óbito no grupo de cães com mastocitoma de alto grau, comparado aos de baixo grau, sendo observada correlação entre a sobrevida e o grau citológico (p=0,009). Esse estudo concluiu que o grau citológico é útil para o planejamento do tratamento e para fornecer informações prognósticas que antecedem a exérese do tumor, tendo boa correlação com a graduação histológica de dois níveis e com a sobrevida dos animais.

Multilobular tumor of bone in bitches: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and overall survival aspects

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is an unusual neoplasm with variable biologic behavior which originates primarily in bone tissues. Radiographs computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in diagnoses and surgical planning. Tumor removal with wide surgical margins is the treatment of choice. Immunohistochemistry has been shown as an important tool in veterinary oncology to define therapeutic and prognostic decisions. The goal of this study was to report 2 distinct cases of multilobular tumor of bone, their Cox-2 and Mib-1 immunohistochemical profile and its impact on overall survival. Case: Two bitches were presented at the Oncology Department of the Veterinary Hospital in the Veterinary School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Both had a history of a progressive, painless, circumscribed, and firm facial mass. The 1st patient was a 8-year-old intact bitch mixed breed, weighing 50 kg, that presented a fast growing right infraorbital 3-cm mass, causing eye displacement. The 2nd patient was a 7-year-old spayed bitch Labrador retriever, weighing 28 kg, that presented a left temporal 8-cm mass. Neurologic examination of both bitches was normal. Skin over the nodules was strained, but with no ulceration. Radiographic exams of the head revealed lytic and proliferative bone reaction, with loss of cortical definition in both cases. These alterations were seen on the left zygomatic arch of the retrobulbar region, involving part of the mandible and of the nasal sinus lateral frontal bone in 1st patient, and on the right temporal process of the zygomatic bone in 2nd patient. The last one, also showed a granular solid mass with little contact with skull bones. Complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrocardiogram, and 3-view thoracic radiographs were performed. Results were within normal ranges for the species and no signs of metastasis was seen on the radiographs. Location, size, and density of the mass, adjacent tissue compression, absence of cranial invasion, and lymph node size were rigorously evaluated with CT, allowing an individualized surgical planning to achieve complete mass removal and maintenance of the function of adjacent structures. Both animals were submitted to surgery. Both tumors were fixed on 10% neutral buffered formalin and sent to the Animal Pathology Department of UFMG for histopathological examination and margin assessment. Both tumors were diagnosed as grade I MTB. Tumor immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prognostic factors that could be used to better define therapeutic treatments and to try to clarify the discrepancy in disease progression between both tumors. The 1st patient expressed 20% of Mib-1 and was considered score 2 of Cox-2. The 2nd one expressed 5% of Mib-1 and was considered score 1 of Cox-2. Considering the diagnoses and histological characteristics of the tumors, it was decided for clinical follow-up of patients without additional therapeutic complementation. Even considering incomplete surgical margins in 2nd patient, adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed, due to low mitotic index and low histological grade. The 1st patient had an overall survival of 240 days, and death was due to recurrence and disease progression; and the 2nd did not show recurrence nor metastasis after 1200 days. Discussion: Proper and individualized surgical planning and histopathological evaluation are extremely important to guide treatment decisions. However, immunohistochemistry can be important in MTB cases, to help define which patients should be submitted to surgery alone and which patients could be benefited from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with hematological malignancies in Lahore city, Pakistan / Anormalidades citogenéticas em pacientes com neoplasias hematológicas na cidade de Lahore, Paquistão

Hematological and hematopoietic cells malignancies of the genes and hematopoietic cells are associated with the genetic mutation, often at the chromosomal level. The standard cytogenetic study is widely accepted as one of the main diagnostics and prognostic determinants in patients. Therefore, the current descriptive and cross sectional study sought to determine the cytogenetic analysis of frequent hematological malignancies in Pakistan. A total of 202 peripheral bone marrow or blood samples from patients with benign and malignant hematological malignancy were taken using a conventional G-banding technique. Among enrolled patients, the mean age was 21.5 years ± 23.4, and gender-wise distribution showed a marked predominance of the male 147 (73%) population compared to the female 55 (27%). Patients in the age group (2-10 years) had the highest frequency, 48 (24%), of hematological neoplasms, followed by age (11-20 years) with 40 (20%). Normal karyotypes (46, XX/46, XY) was found in 51% (n=103) patients. Furthermore, the frequency of complex karyotype was 30 (15%), while normal was seen in 171 (85%) patients. Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Pre-B ALL) was the most prevalent malignancy of 66 (33%), followed by Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) of 41 (20%) and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia of 29 (14%). Translocation was the most prevalent 50 (25%), followed by hypotriploidy 14 (7%) and monosomy 8 (4%) on chromosome aberration analysis. In addition, t(9:22) translocation was found to be 20 (10%) in CML, with the majority in the age group (31-40 years). This study recommends that karyotyping should be tested frequently in hematological conditions because it may provide insight into the relative chromosomal changes associated with particular malignancies.

As neoplasias hematológicas e de células hematopoiéticas dos genes e as células hematopoiéticas estão associadas à mutação genética, geralmente em nível cromossômico. O estudo citogenético padrão é amplamente aceito como um dos principais determinantes diagnósticos e prognósticos em pacientes. Portanto, o presente estudo descritivo e transversal buscou determinar a análise citogenética de neoplasias hematológicas frequentes no Paquistão. Um total de 202 amostras de medula óssea periférica ou sangue de pacientes com malignidade hematológica benigna e maligna foi coletado usando uma técnica convencional de banda G. Entre os pacientes inscritos, a média de idade foi de 21,5 anos ± 23,4, e a distribuição por gênero mostrou uma marcada predominância da população masculina de 147 (73%) em comparação com a feminina de 55 (27%). Pacientes na faixa etária (2-10 anos) tiveram a maior frequência, 48 (24%), de neoplasias hematológicas, seguida da idade (11-20 anos) com 40 (20%). Cariótipos normais (46, XX / 46, XY) foram encontrados em 51% (n = 103) dos pacientes. Além disso, a frequência de cariótipo complexo foi de 30 (15%), enquanto normal foi observada em 171 (85%) pacientes. Leucemia linfoblástica aguda pré-B (LLA Pré-B) foi a doença maligna mais prevalente de 66 (33%), seguida por leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) de 41 (20%) e leucemia linfocítica aguda de 29 (14%). A translocação foi o 50 mais prevalente (25%), seguido por hipotriploidia 14 (7%) e monossomia 8 (4%) na análise de aberração cromossômica. Além disso, a translocação t (9:22) encontrada foi de 20 (10%) na LMC, com a maioria na faixa etária (31-40 anos). Este estudo recomenda que o cariótipo deve ser testado com frequência em condições hematológicas porque pode fornecer informações sobre as alterações cromossômicas relativas associadas a doenças malignas específicas.

Cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with hematological malignancies in Lahore city, Pakistan / Anormalidades citogenéticas em pacientes com neoplasias hematológicas na cidade de Lahore, Paquistão

Abstract Hematological and hematopoietic cells malignancies of the genes and hematopoietic cells are associated with the genetic mutation, often at the chromosomal level. The standard cytogenetic study is widely accepted as one of the main diagnostics and prognostic determinants in patients. Therefore, the current descriptive and cross-sectional study sought to determine the cytogenetic analysis of frequent hematological malignancies in Pakistan. A total of 202 peripheral bone marrow or blood samples from patients with benign and malignant hematological malignancy were taken using a conventional G-banding technique. Among enrolled patients, the mean age was 21.5 years ± 23.4, and gender-wise distribution showed a marked predominance of the male 147 (73%) population compared to the female 55 (27%). Patients in the age group (2-10 years) had the highest frequency, 48 (24%), of hematological neoplasms, followed by age (11-20 years) with 40 (20%). Normal karyotypes (46, XX/46, XY) was found in 51% (n=103) patients. Furthermore, the frequency of complex karyotype was 30 (15%), while normal was seen in 171 (85%) patients. Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Pre-B ALL) was the most prevalent malignancy of 66 (33%), followed by Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) of 41 (20%) and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia of 29 (14%). Translocation was the most prevalent 50 (25%), followed by hypotriploidy 14 (7%) and monosomy 8 (4%) on chromosome aberration analysis. In addition, t(9:22) translocation was found to be 20 (10%) in CML, with the majority in the age group (31-40 years). This study recommends that karyotyping should be tested frequently in hematological conditions because it may provide insight into the relative chromosomal changes associated with particular malignancies.

Resumo As neoplasias hematológicas e de células hematopoiéticas dos genes e as células hematopoiéticas estão associadas à mutação genética, geralmente em nível cromossômico. O estudo citogenético padrão é amplamente aceito como um dos principais determinantes diagnósticos e prognósticos em pacientes. Portanto, o presente estudo descritivo e transversal buscou determinar a análise citogenética de neoplasias hematológicas frequentes no Paquistão. Um total de 202 amostras de medula óssea periférica ou sangue de pacientes com malignidade hematológica benigna e maligna foi coletado usando uma técnica convencional de banda G. Entre os pacientes inscritos, a média de idade foi de 21,5 anos ± 23,4, e a distribuição por gênero mostrou uma marcada predominância da população masculina de 147 (73%) em comparação com a feminina de 55 (27%). Pacientes na faixa etária (2-10 anos) tiveram a maior frequência, 48 (24%), de neoplasias hematológicas, seguida da idade (11-20 anos) com 40 (20%). Cariótipos normais (46, XX / 46, XY) foram encontrados em 51% (n = 103) dos pacientes. Além disso, a frequência de cariótipo complexo foi de 30 (15%), enquanto normal foi observada em 171 (85%) pacientes. Leucemia linfoblástica aguda pré-B (LLA Pré-B) foi a doença maligna mais prevalente de 66 (33%), seguida por leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) de 41 (20%) e leucemia linfocítica aguda de 29 (14%). A translocação foi o 50 mais prevalente (25%), seguido por hipotriploidia 14 (7%) e monossomia 8 (4%) na análise de aberração cromossômica. Além disso, a translocação t (9:22) encontrada foi de 20 (10%) na LMC, com a maioria na faixa etária (31-40 anos). Este estudo recomenda que o cariótipo deve ser testado com frequência em condições hematológicas porque pode fornecer informações sobre as alterações cromossômicas relativas associadas a doenças malignas específicas.

Clinical and laboratory indicators predictive of the negative outcome of gastrointestinal emergencies in cattle / Indicadores clínicos e laboratoriais preditivos do desfecho negativo de emergências gastrointestinais em bovino

This study aimed to identify clinical and laboratory variables that could help predict the negative outcome in cattle affected by gastrointestinal emergencies. A retrospective cohort study was carried out using multivariate logistic regression analysis based on data collected from the clinical records of cattle hospitalized at the Garanhuns Bovine Clinic, UFRPE campus. One hundred and twenty-two cattle met the inclusion criteria established for the study. Among the clinical variables, heart rate (HR) and abdominal distension are associated with the outcome in animals with right displaced abomasum (RDA), and anorexia and 10% dehydration in animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. Among the laboratory variables, plasma fibrinogen (PF) and total leukocyte count were associated with the outcome in animals with RDA, while PF and plasma L-lactate were associated with animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. HR and the total leukocyte count remained in the final model of the regression adjusted for animals with RDA. On the other hand, plasma L-lactate and PF remained in the final model in the adjusted model for animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. Cattle with RDA and HR higher than 90 bpm present an increased chance of having a negative outcome whereas cattle with obstructive intestinal disorder and plasma L-lactate higher than 1.84 mmol/L or PF higher than 850 mg/dL have a higher chance of not survive. Therefore, clinical and laboratory variables such as HR, fibrinogen, and plasma L-lactate are useful to predict the negative outcome in cattle with gastrointestinal emergencies, especially RDA and obstructive intestinal disorders.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais que pudessem ajudar a predizer o desfecho negativo em bovinos acometidos por emergências gastrointestinais. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo por meio de análise de regressão logística multivariada com base em dados coletados dos prontuários de bovinos internados na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, campus da UFRPE. Cento e vinte e dois bovinos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos para o estudo. Dentre as variáveis clínicas, a frequência cardíaca e a distensão abdominal estão associadas ao desfecho em animais com deslocamento de abomaso à direita (DAD), e anorexia e 10% de desidratação em animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. Entre as variáveis laboratoriais, o fibrinogênio plasmáticao (FP) e a contagem total de leucócitos foram associados ao desfecho em animais com DAD, enquanto o FP e o L-lactato plasmático foram associados a animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e a contagem total de leucócitos permaneceram no modelo final da regressão ajustada para animais com DAD. Por outro lado, o L-lactato plasmático e o FP permaneceram no modelo final ajustado para animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. Bovinos com DAD e FC maior que 90 bpm apresentam maior chance de ter um desfecho negativo, enquanto bovinos com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo e L-lactato plasmático maior que 1,84 mmol/L ou FP maior que 850 mg/dL têm maior chance de não sobreviver. Portanto, variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais como FC, FP e L-lactato plasmático são úteis para predizer o desfecho negativo em bovinos com doenças emergências gastrointestinais, especialmente DAD e distúrbios intestinais obstrutivos.(AU)

Cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with hematological malignancies in Lahore city, Pakistan / Anormalidades citogenéticas em pacientes com neoplasias hematológicas na cidade de Lahore, Paquistão

Hematological and hematopoietic cells malignancies of the genes and hematopoietic cells are associated with the genetic mutation, often at the chromosomal level. The standard cytogenetic study is widely accepted as one of the main diagnostics and prognostic determinants in patients. Therefore, the current descriptive and cross sectional study sought to determine the cytogenetic analysis of frequent hematological malignancies in Pakistan. A total of 202 peripheral bone marrow or blood samples from patients with benign and malignant hematological malignancy were taken using a conventional G-banding technique. Among enrolled patients, the mean age was 21.5 years ± 23.4, and gender-wise distribution showed a marked predominance of the male 147 (73%) population compared to the female 55 (27%). Patients in the age group (2-10 years) had the highest frequency, 48 (24%), of hematological neoplasms, followed by age (11-20 years) with 40 (20%). Normal karyotypes (46, XX/46, XY) was found in 51% (n=103) patients. Furthermore, the frequency of complex karyotype was 30 (15%), while normal was seen in 171 (85%) patients. Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Pre-B ALL) was the most prevalent malignancy of 66 (33%), followed by Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) of 41 (20%) and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia of 29 (14%). Translocation was the most prevalent 50 (25%), followed by hypotriploidy 14 (7%) and monosomy 8 (4%) on chromosome aberration analysis. In addition, t(9:22) translocation was found to be 20 (10%) in CML, with the majority in the age group (31-40 years). This study recommends that karyotyping should be tested frequently in hematological conditions because it may provide insight into the relative chromosomal changes associated with particular malignancies.(AU)

As neoplasias hematológicas e de células hematopoiéticas dos genes e as células hematopoiéticas estão associadas à mutação genética, geralmente em nível cromossômico. O estudo citogenético padrão é amplamente aceito como um dos principais determinantes diagnósticos e prognósticos em pacientes. Portanto, o presente estudo descritivo e transversal buscou determinar a análise citogenética de neoplasias hematológicas frequentes no Paquistão. Um total de 202 amostras de medula óssea periférica ou sangue de pacientes com malignidade hematológica benigna e maligna foi coletado usando uma técnica convencional de banda G. Entre os pacientes inscritos, a média de idade foi de 21,5 anos ± 23,4, e a distribuição por gênero mostrou uma marcada predominância da população masculina de 147 (73%) em comparação com a feminina de 55 (27%). Pacientes na faixa etária (2-10 anos) tiveram a maior frequência, 48 (24%), de neoplasias hematológicas, seguida da idade (11-20 anos) com 40 (20%). Cariótipos normais (46, XX / 46, XY) foram encontrados em 51% (n = 103) dos pacientes. Além disso, a frequência de cariótipo complexo foi de 30 (15%), enquanto normal foi observada em 171 (85%) pacientes. Leucemia linfoblástica aguda pré-B (LLA Pré-B) foi a doença maligna mais prevalente de 66 (33%), seguida por leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) de 41 (20%) e leucemia linfocítica aguda de 29 (14%). A translocação foi o 50 mais prevalente (25%), seguido por hipotriploidia 14 (7%) e monossomia 8 (4%) na análise de aberração cromossômica. Além disso, a translocação t (9:22) encontrada foi de 20 (10%) na LMC, com a maioria na faixa etária (31-40 anos). Este estudo recomenda que o cariótipo deve ser testado com frequência em condições hematológicas porque pode fornecer informações sobre as alterações cromossômicas relativas associadas a doenças malignas específicas.(AU)

The prognostic value of serum neoplastic biomarkers CA 15-3 and CEA in canine mammary neoplasms: a review / O valor prognóstico dos biomarcadores neoplásicos séricos CA 15-3 e CEA em neoplasias mamárias caninas: uma revisão

As neoplasias mamárias caninas (NMCs) são as mais frequentes em cadelas, com isso, uma grande variedade de técnicas tem sido utilizada para identificar os seus fatores prognósticos. Dentre as possibilidades, os biomarcadores neoplásicos séricos antígeno do câncer (CA 15-3) e o antígeno carcinoembrionário (CEA) são os mais promissores. Biomarcadores neoplásicos são substâncias presentes na neoplasia, sangue ou demais produtos biológicos, produzidos pela neoplasia, ou secundariamente pelo paciente, em resposta à sua presença. Na medicina veterinária, esses marcadores são pouco estudados. Em termos gerais, eles não podem ser usados para o diagnóstico primário de neoplasias mamárias, mas estão relacionados com os fatores prognóstico já bem estabelecidos na literatura e tem como vantagem se tratar de uma análise menos invasiva e que é possível de ser feita de forma seriada. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever o CA 15-3 e o CEA como biomarcadores utilizados nas NMCs, o progresso recente feito na literatura e providenciar um sumário dos principais resultados já obtidos. O CA 15-3 e o CEA apresentam potencial prognóstico nas NMCs. Apesar de existir uma grande variação de resultados para esses biomarcadores na literatura, o seu uso deve ser considerado, visto os resultados obtidos na caracterização e prognóstico das NMC.(AU)

Female canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) are the most frequent neoplasm in bitches, and a variety of techniques have been used to identify they prognostic factors. Among the possibilities, the serum biomarkers cancer antigen (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are the most reliable. Neoplastic biomarkers are substances present in the neoplasia, blood, or other biological products, produced mainly by the neoplasia, or secondarily by the patient, in response to their presence. In veterinary medicine, these biomarkers are poorly studied. In general terms they cannot be used for primary diagnosis of mammary neoplasms but are related to the prognostic factors and have the advantage of being a less invasive analysis and that it is possible to be done in a serial way. The objective of this review is to describe CA 15-3 and CEA use as biomarkers in CMNs, the recent progress made in literature and the main overall results that had been already obtained. CA 15-3 and CEA have prognostic potential for CMNs. There is a wide variation of results for these biomarkers in literature, but despite this, its use must be considered as they provide relevant results in terms of characterization and prognostic in CMNs.(AU)

Focal spinal hyperesthesia as a prognostic factor in paraplegic dogs without deep pain perception / Hiperestesia espinhal focal como fator prognóstico em cães paraplégicos sem percepção de dor profunda

Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is the most common cause of spinal cord compression in dogs, whose prognosis is variable and depends on several factors, with deep pain perception (DPP) being the main parameter used. Investigations of new prognostic factors are studied to assist in the estimation of functional recovery. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate whether spinal hyperesthesia (SH) at the compression site can be used as a prognostic factor for the functional recovery of dogs with acute IVDE (Hansen type I), without DPP being subjected to thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy. Decompression surgery was performed on the same day or the day after admission. The duration of the loss of DPP until surgery performance ranged from 1 to 60 days, with a median of 4.5 days for the group of dogs with SH and 5.5 days for those without SH. Among the 68 dogs included in this retrospective study, 73.5% (50/68) showed SH, and 26.5% (18/68) were not identified. Recovery was satisfactory in 60% (30/50) of dogs with SH and in 27.7% (5/18) of dogs without SH, demonstrating that paraplegic dogs without DPP but with SH were 3.9 times more likely to recover when compared to dogs in the same condition, but with no SH. No studies have evaluated SH by palpation of the spine as a prognostic factor, which reinforces the relevance of the present study. The results of this study imply that SH in paraplegic dogs affected by thoracolumbar IVDE, without the presence of DPP, can be used as a possible prognostic indicator of functional recovery.

A extrusão do disco intervertebral (EDIV) é a causa mais comum de lesão compressiva na medula espinhal de cães, cujo prognóstico é variável e depende de diversos fatores, sendo a percepção de dor profunda (PDP) o principal parâmetro utilizado. Pesquisas de novos fatores prognósticos são estudados com intuito de auxiliar na estimativa mais precisa de recuperação funcional. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a hiperestesia espinhal (HE) no local da compressão, pode ser utilizada como um fator prognóstico para recuperação funcional de cães com extrusão aguda do disco intervertebral (Hansen tipo I), sem a presença de PDP submetidos a hemilaminectomia toracolombar. A cirurgia descompressiva ocorreu no mesmo dia ou no dia seguinte ao atendimento. A duração da perda de dor profunda até a realização da cirurgia variou de 1 a 60 dias, com uma mediana de 4,5 dias para o grupo de cães com e 5,5 dias para aqueles sem hiperestesia espinhal. Dos 68 cães incluídos nesse estudo retrospectivo, 73,5% (50/68) apresentavam HE e, em 26,5% (18/68) a dor não foi identificada. A recuperação foi satisfatória nos cães com HE em 60% (30/50) e, sem HE, em 27,7% (5/18) dos casos, demonstrando que os cães paraplégicos sem PDP, mas com presença de hiperestesia espinhal tem 3,9 vezes mais chances de recuperação quando comparado com cães na mesma condição, mas sem HE. Não foram encontrados trabalhos que avaliaram a HE mediante a palpação da coluna vertebral como um fator prognóstico, o que reforça a relevância do presente estudo. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a HE em cães paraplégicos acometidos por EDIV toracolombar sem presença de PDP pode ser utilizada como um possível indicador prognóstico de recuperação funcional.

The prognostic significance of immunophenotypes in canine malignant mammary tumors / [Significância prognóstica dos imunofenótipos em tumores mamários malignos caninos]

Canine malignant mammary neoplasms (CMMN) exhibit behavioral variability with the patient survival time depending on several prognostic factors. In the present study, 134 CMMN were selected and different immunophenotypes and their associations with clinical and pathological parameters were identified. The tumors were classified as follows: 46% of luminal B HER2-, 34% of luminal A, 13% of triple-negative, and 7% of luminal B HER2+. Shorter specific survival time were associated with larger tumor sizes (>3.0 cm, HR=1.94; P=0.0209), lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis (HR= 2.82; P <.0001), more aggressive histological types (HR= 7.15, P<0.0001), higher histological grades (HR= 12.97 P=0.011), angiolymphatic invasion (HR=4.68, P<0.0001) and luminal B HER2 - (HR= 3.27, P<0.0001) and luminal B HER2 + (HR= 7.14 P<0.0001) immunophenotypes. In patients with lymph nodal metastasis, shorter survival times were associated with luminal immunophenotype B HER2 + (P=0.003). However, in patients without metastasis, an increased risk of death was associated with the aggressive histological type. In conclusion, the classification in our study allowed us to identify subtypes with different prognoses in canine malignant mammary tumors. Factors such as clinical stage, histological type, luminal B HER2+ subtype, and angiolymphatic invasion were the most important prognostic factors.

Neoplasias mamárias malignas caninas (CMMN) apresentam variável comportamento biológico e o tempo de sobrevida depende de diversos fatores prognósticos. Neste estudo, foram selecionadas 134 CMMN, bem como identificados diferentes imunofenótipos e suas associações com parâmetros clínicos e patológicos. Os tumores foram classificados em: 46% luminal B HER2-, 34% luminal A, 13% triplo negativo e 7% luminal B HER2+. Menores taxas de sobrevida específica foram associadas a tamanhos de tumor maiores (> 3,0cm; HR = 1,94; P = 0,0209), metástases em nodais ou a distância (HR = 2,82; P <0,0001), tipos histológicos mais agressivos (HR = 7,15; P <0,0001), graus histológicos mais elevados (HR = 12,97; P = 0,011), invasão angiolinfática (HR = 4,68; P <0,0001) e aos imunofenótipos luminal B HER2- (HR = 3,27; P <0,0001) e luminal B HER2+ ( HR = 7,14; P <0,0001). Em pacientes com estágio avançado, menor sobrevida específica foi associada ao imunofenótipo luminal B HER2+ (P = 0,003). Entretanto, em estágio inicial, um risco aumentado de óbito foi associado a tipos histológicos agressivos. Em conclusão, a classificação utilizada no presente estudo permitiu identificar subtipos com diferentes prognósticos em CMMN. Estágio clínico, tipo histológico, subtipo luminal B HER2+ e invasão angiolinfática foram os fatores prognósticos mais importantes.

Short-term heart rate variability analysis in healthy dogs of different ages

Background: The modulation of heart rate by autonomic nervous system may be evaluated by the heart rate variability(HRV), which illustrates the fluctuations between RR intervals. To evaluate this analysis, the intervals between 2 QRScomplexes are measured. In general, high HRV values are expected in healthy individuals; otherwise, low values are indicative of organism dysfunction. Studies conducted in healthy humans show that HRV suffers reduction with ageing andthat there is autonomic immaturity in neonates. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristic pattern of cardiacautonomic behavior in healthy dogs in different age groups through short-term HRV analysis.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 87 healthy dogs were studied. HRV was analyzed in time and frequency domain,using Holter and heart rate monitor. It was observed that puppies (below one year old) presented a lower parasympatheticpredominance and, consequently, lower HRV values on time domain (SDNN, PNN50% e RMSSD) compared to the other2 groups and on frequency domain (LF, HF and LF/HF) compared to the adult animals group (between 1 and 7-year-old),which presented higher HRV values when compared to the other groups. Elderly dogs (over 8-year-old) exhibited a naturaltendency to decrease cardiac parasympathetic HRV indexes.Discussion: The use of the HRV method as a prognostic index and as an arrhythmogenic marker for various canine heartdiseases presents interesting perspectives. However, before it may be employed for these purposes, a better understandingshould be established regarding the physiological behavior of autonomic cardiac modulation in different age groups toserve as a basis for future analyses. This study observed that puppies presented higher values for HR and, therefore, shorter...

Short-term heart rate variability analysis in healthy dogs of different ages

Background: The modulation of heart rate by autonomic nervous system may be evaluated by the heart rate variability(HRV), which illustrates the fluctuations between RR intervals. To evaluate this analysis, the intervals between 2 QRScomplexes are measured. In general, high HRV values are expected in healthy individuals; otherwise, low values are indicative of organism dysfunction. Studies conducted in healthy humans show that HRV suffers reduction with ageing andthat there is autonomic immaturity in neonates. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristic pattern of cardiacautonomic behavior in healthy dogs in different age groups through short-term HRV analysis.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 87 healthy dogs were studied. HRV was analyzed in time and frequency domain,using Holter and heart rate monitor. It was observed that puppies (below one year old) presented a lower parasympatheticpredominance and, consequently, lower HRV values on time domain (SDNN, PNN50% e RMSSD) compared to the other2 groups and on frequency domain (LF, HF and LF/HF) compared to the adult animals group (between 1 and 7-year-old),which presented higher HRV values when compared to the other groups. Elderly dogs (over 8-year-old) exhibited a naturaltendency to decrease cardiac parasympathetic HRV indexes.Discussion: The use of the HRV method as a prognostic index and as an arrhythmogenic marker for various canine heartdiseases presents interesting perspectives. However, before it may be employed for these purposes, a better understandingshould be established regarding the physiological behavior of autonomic cardiac modulation in different age groups toserve as a basis for future analyses. This study observed that puppies presented higher values for HR and, therefore, shorter...(AU)

Acute phase protein and vitamin D concentration in dogs with multicentric lymphoma / Concentração de proteínas de fase aguda e vitamina D em cães com linfoma multicêntrico

This study aimed to evaluate the serum concentration of vitamin D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) and acute phase proteins (APPs; alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, albumin, IgA, IgG and alpha-1 - antitrypsin) as potential biomarkers for prognostic and therapy response in dogs with multicentric lymphoma submitted to the CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisone) chemotherapy protocol. Thirteen dogs with multicentric lymphoma classified as high grade by cytology were included in the treatment group (GL), while ten healthy dogs were included in the control group (GC). Serum was collected in the weeks T0, T5 and T10 of CHOP chemotherapy protocol, for the GL group, and in a single collection, for the GC group. All the collected samples were evaluated for the APPs and vitamin D concentrations through electrophoresis and chemiluminescence methods, respectively. Diagnostic and staging tests were performed for all the dogs in the GL group, and included cytopathology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the affected lymph node. Of these dogs, 9 achieved a complete response and 4 a partial response to the treatment. Data analysis was performed with the R software. The results demonstrated that serum concentrations of IgA, haptoglobin and α1-acid glycoprotein were significantly different between the groups and also between the different chemotherapy times analyzed (p<0.05), indicating that these proteins can be considered as sensitive biomarkers for lymphoma in dogs. Furthermore, the α1-acid glycoprotein showed prognostic value for the disease, with 63% specificity. However, vitamin D concentration was not correlated with prognosis of the dogs with lymphoma.

Objetivou-se caracterizar a concentração sérica da vitamina D e das PFAs (Proteínas de Fase Aguda) (alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida, haptoglobina, transferrina, ceruloplasmina, albumina, IgA, IgG e alfa-1 ­ antitripsina) em cães com linfoma multicêntrico, submetidos ao tratamento quimioterápico com protocolo CHOP (Ciclofosfamida, Doxorrubicina, Vincristina e Prednisona), determinando o valor prognóstico desses marcadores para a doença. Foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas das PFAs, através do método da eletroforese e as concentrações da vitamina D, através da quimioluminescência em dois grupos experimentais, um grupo de 13 cães com linfoma multicêntrico classificados como alto grau pela citologia (GL) durante as semanas T0, T5 e T10 do tratamento com protocolo quimioterápico antineoplásico e em um grupo de 10 animais saudáveis para compor o grupo controle (GC), em coleta única. Para isso, foi realizado o diagnóstico, estadiamento e avaliação de resposta terapêutica dos 13 pacientes com linfoma multicêntrico através de técnicas de citopatologia, histopatologia, imuno-histoquímica do linfonodo periférico acometido. Foi observado que 9 pacientes tiveram resposta completa e 4 pacientes tiveram resposta parcial ao tratamento. Os dados foram analisados através do software R. Os resultados indicam que as diferenças entre as variáveis IgA, haptoglobina e α1-glicoproteína ácida foram significativas entre os grupos, e entre os diferentes momentos da quimioterapia (p< 0,05), indicando que podem ser marcadores sensíveis ao linfoma em cães. A α1-glicoproteína ácida apresentou valor prognóstico para o linfoma, com 63% de especificidade. Porém a vitamina D não apresentou valor prognóstico para o linfoma multicêntrico em cães.

Mastocitoma cutâneo em uma cadela / Cutaneous mast cell tumor in a bitch

Background: The diagnostic of neoplasia in dogs has risen significantly in the last years and this fact is mostly attributed to the longer life expectancy of these animals, which contributes to a greater chance of exposure to carcinogenic agents. In between the diverse tumors that could compromise skin, the mastocytoma is the third most commonly diagnosed neoplasia. It is characterized by being a form of neoplasia with round cells, these being the mast cells. The objective of the present study consisted in relating a case of cutaneous mastocytoma in a 7-year-old bitch mixed-breed treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) - Uberaba, MG, Brazil. Case: The bitch initially presented a localized nodule external to the right ear pinna with cytology test suggesting a mastocytoma. The nodule was surgically removed and, posteriorly, an histopatholgy was not requested. After 5 months since the emergence of the nodule and a month after its surgical resection, the tutor noticed the presence of a new growth in the ipsilateral cervical region to the previous nodule. At this moment, the responsible veterinarian decided to refer the animal to an oncologist. During the appointment with the oncologist, alterations such as hyporexia and anemia were related, and the presence of a nodule in the right cervical region measuring 4.5 to 4 cm of diameter was verified. Material for cytologic evaluation of the neoplasia was collected and again the result suggested a mastocytoma. The new tumor was also surgically removed but was then referred to histopathological evaluation for diagnostic confirmation, grading and evaluation of surgical margins. The tumor was classified as an infiltrative subcutaneous mastocytoma presenting, additionally, compromised surgical margins. After its excision, the association with a chemotherapy treatment using a protocol of Vimblastina 2 mg/m², i.v. in unique dosage per section, associated with Predinisona 1 mg/kg, v.o, SID was indicated. Each section was realized with an interval of 7 days in between. Only 2 chemotherapy sessions took place. Because of the worsening of the clinical condition associated with a very weakened animal the veterinarian opted for the euthanasia of the animal. Discussion: The diagnostic of mastocytoma must be realized through the association of cytology and histopathology, in case histopathological evaluation is needed to confirm the obtained cytology result, to grade the tumor and to evaluate the compromising of surgical margins. In this sense, it was observed that the bitch was submitted only to cytology diagnostic when it presented the nodule in the ear pavilion. Yet, at the second approach realized by the oncologist, it was possible to realize adequate diagnose methods. However, the animal was not submitted to clinical staging of the mastocytoma due to the non-authorization of the exam by the tutor. Such measure is very important, as it reflects directly in the treatment and prognostic of the animal. Thus, image exams such as abdominal ultrasonography and chest X-ray should have been realized, as well as cytological and histopathological evaluation of the regional lymph nodes, in order to search for metastasis points in these places. As the data suggests, the importance of clinical staging of animals affected by this neoplasia and the importance of cytological evaluation associated with histopathology for a correct diagnosis, prognosis and mastocytoma treatment is noted. It is emphasized that many times veterinarians face impediment related to requesting all necessary exams coming from tutors, which compromises treatment success.

The effect of size and clinical staging of mammary tumors on blood parameters in bitches

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common type of tumor in female dogs and account for 50% of all tumors in dogs. The clinical prognosis of canine mammary tumors is strongly affected by the size, stages, histological type, and grade of tumor; mitotic index; and nearby and distant metastasis. In canine mammary tumors, it is recommended that prognostic evaluation should also include complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and blood gases in addition to tumor size and stage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tumor size, volume, and clinical stage on complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemical parameters in bitches with mammary tumors and the correlation between them. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included a total of 18 bitches of different breeds, aged 6-15 years, of which 12 had mammary tumors and 6 were healthy. Thoracic X-rays were performed on bitches with mammary tumors in ventrodorsal and laterolateral positions to evaluate lung metastasis. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein from bitches in both groups in 2 different tubes (with plastic gel and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 5 mL each, to perform complete blood count and evaluate blood gases and serum biochemical parameters. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the time of initial examination without any intervention. Analysis of the blood showed that bitches with mammary tumors had decreased levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, potassium, TCO2 , base excess, THbc, and ALT enzyme activity and increased levels of lactate, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, the dogs with a primary tumor of > 5 cm were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, lactate, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC and THbc compared with those in the control group. Bitches with tumors in multiple mammary lobes were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, TCO2 , THbc, and ALT enzyme activity compared with those in the control group. Based on the laboratory findings and approval of the owners of the dogs, mammary tissues containing the tumor and lymph nodes were surgically removed. After the operation, the removed mammary tissues were evaluated for size and volume. Clinical staging of the tumors was performed based on the size of the primary tumor (T), nearby lymph nodes (N), and metastasis (M) in accordance with the criteria set by WHO. Clinical staging of the tumors was, thus, based on the tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM) score obtained according to the following system: Stage I: T1 N0 M0 , Stage II: T2 N0 M0 , Stage III: T3 N0 M0 , Stage IV: TanyN1 M0 , Stage V: made as TanyNanyM1 . Discussion: Mammary tumors are the most common type of neoplasm in bitches and, thus, cause serious problems in veterinary medicine. Tumors are significantly correlated with better prognosis compared with larger tumors. Based on this finding, this study investigated the effect of size, volume, and stage of mammary tumors in bitches on some blood parameters and the correlation between them. Therefore, it was concluded that clinical staging and evaluation of blood parameters could be useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of prognosis in canine mammary tumors. This study found that bitches with mammary tumors exhibited significant changes in their blood parameters (complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemistry). The results obtained from this study may contribute to the development of approaches to the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and treatment of canine mammary tumors.