Supplying Hydrogen Water to Ducks Did Not Influence Ammonia Content and Duck Litter Quality

Drinking hydrogen-rich water shows a remarkable antioxidant effect in preventive and therapeutic applications. However, there is no previous report and information on ammonia (NH3) production and duck litter quality when hydrogen water was supplied to ducks. This study verified the effects of supplying hydrogen water to ducks on NH3 production and duck litter quality in a duck rearing environment. A total of 1,200 0-d-old Pekin ducks were divided into 2 groups of similar body weight (3 replicates with 200 ducks per pen) and used for 42 days. The two groups consisted of general water and hydrogen water in the water supply system, as the control and treatment groups, respectively. There were no statistical differences between two groups for NH3 contents for the five weeks (p>0.05), except for week 6. For litter quality, no effects (p>0.05) between the two water groups were found in the pH, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia-N (VBN), and VFA content of litter. The only significant difference observed in duck litter quality was litter moisture contents (p<0.05). Lastly, mineral and heavy metal contents did not significantly differ between the two water groups. As the first pen trials evaluating the effects of hydrogen water on duck litter, these results verify that supplying hydrogen water to ducks did not influence ammonia and duck litter quality.(AU)

Supplying Hydrogen Water to Ducks Did Not Influence Ammonia Content and Duck Litter Quality

Drinking hydrogen-rich water shows a remarkable antioxidant effect in preventive and therapeutic applications. However, there is no previous report and information on ammonia (NH3) production and duck litter quality when hydrogen water was supplied to ducks. This study verified the effects of supplying hydrogen water to ducks on NH3 production and duck litter quality in a duck rearing environment. A total of 1,200 0-d-old Pekin ducks were divided into 2 groups of similar body weight (3 replicates with 200 ducks per pen) and used for 42 days. The two groups consisted of general water and hydrogen water in the water supply system, as the control and treatment groups, respectively. There were no statistical differences between two groups for NH3 contents for the five weeks (p>0.05), except for week 6. For litter quality, no effects (p>0.05) between the two water groups were found in the pH, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia-N (VBN), and VFA content of litter. The only significant difference observed in duck litter quality was litter moisture contents (p<0.05). Lastly, mineral and heavy metal contents did not significantly differ between the two water groups. As the first pen trials evaluating the effects of hydrogen water on duck litter, these results verify that supplying hydrogen water to ducks did not influence ammonia and duck litter quality.

Hydrogen-rich saline alleviates early brain injury through regulating of ER stress and autophagy after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

ABSTRACT Purpose: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common complication of cerebral vascular disease. Hydrogen has been reported to alleviate early brain injury (EBI) through oxidative stress injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy. Autophagy is a programmed cell death mechanism that plays a vital role in neuronal cell death after SAH. However, the precise role of autophagy in hydrogen-mediated neuroprotection following SAH has not been confirmed. Methods: In the present study, the objective was to investigate the neuroprotective effects and potential molecular mechanisms of hydrogen-rich saline in SAH-induced EBI by regulating neural autophagy in the C57BL/6 mice model. Mortality, neurological score, brain water content, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and neuronal death were evaluated. Results: The results show that hydrogen-rich saline treatment markedly increased the survival rate and neurological score, increased neuron survival, downregulated the autophagy protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. That indicates that hydrogen-rich saline-mediated inhibition of autophagy and ER stress ameliorate neuronal death after SAH. The neuroprotective capacity of hydrogen-rich saline is partly dependent on the ROS/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that hydrogen-rich saline improves neurological outcomes in mice and reduces neuronal death by protecting against neural autophagy and ER stress.

Antiproliferative activity of essential oils from three plants of the Brazilian Cerrado: Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae), Protium ovatum (Burseraceae) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae)

Essential oils, which may be extracted from several parts of plants, have different biological activities. The Brazilian Cerrado has a large variety of plants that yield essential oils, even though many have not been studied yet. Taking into account the biodiversity of this biome, this study aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative activity of essential oils extracted from three species of plants of the Cerrado in Goiás state: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Essential oils were extracted from both C. adamantium and C. calophyllum leaves and from P. ovatum leaves and green fruits by hydrodistillation carried out by a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The following major chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils under investigation: -myrcene (62.00%), spathulenol (28.78%), germacrene-B (18.27%), -caryophyllene oxide (16.40%), -caryophyllene (14.00%), -pinene (11.30%), viridiflorol (9.99%), limonene (7.30%) and (Z,E)-pharnesol (6.51%). The antiproliferative activity was evaluated in different human tumor cell lines: breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and glioblastoma (M059J). A normal human cell line was included (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts). Results showed that essential oils from C. adamantium leaves got the lowest values of IC50 in all strains of tumor cells under evaluation. They were significantly lower than the ones of the normal cell line, an evidence of selectivity. It is worth mentioning that this is the first report of the antiproliferative activity of essential oils from C. adamantium , P. ovatum and C. calophyllum against human tumor cells.(AU)

Os óleos essenciais podem ser extraídos de várias partes das plantas e apresentam diversas atividades biológicas. O Cerrado brasileiro possui uma grande variedade de plantas produtoras de óleos essenciais muitas delas ainda não estudadas. Levando-se em consideração a biodiversidade desse bioma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais extraídos de três espécies de plantas ocorrentes no Cerrado do estado de Goiás: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) e Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos das folhas de C. adamantium e C. calophyllum e das folhas e frutos verdes de P. ovatum por hidrodestilação, usando o aparelho do tipo Clevenger. A composição química dos óleos essenciais foi determinada pelo método de Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). Os constituintes químicos majoritários identificados nos óleos essenciais estudados foram: -mirceno (62,00%), espatulenol (28,78%), germacreno-B (18,27%), óxido de -cariofileno (16,40%), -cariofileno (14,00%), -pineno (11,30%), viridiflorol (9,99%), limoneno (7,30%) e (Z,E)-farnesol (6,51%). A atividade antiproliferativa foi avaliada em diferentes linhagens de células tumorais humanas: adenocarcinoma de mama (MCF-7), adenocarcinoma cervical (HeLa) e gliobastoma (M059J), além de, uma linhagem celular humana normal (GM07492A, fibroblastos pulmonares). O óleo essencial das folhas de C. adamantium exibiu menores valores de CI50 em todas as linhagens celulares tumorais avaliadas, sendo menores que aquele obtido na linhagem celular normal, indicando seletividade. Este é o primeiro relato da atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais de C. adamantium , P. ovatum e C. calophyllum contra células tumorais humanas.(AU)

Effects of microbial conditioning and temperature on the leaf-litter shredding activity of Phylloicussp

Few studies try to explain the effects in tropical lotic ecosystems of an increase in water temperature on the shredding activity of invertebrate shredders, particularly in association with the quality of the leaf litter and the degree of litter conditioning. Therefore, the aims of this study were as follows: i) to better understand how this key invertebrate shredder group affects the decomposition of different species of leaf litter under gradual increases in temperature and microbial conditioning; and ii) to verify the possible consequences on leaf mass loss (LML). Three species of leaf litter were used in two experiments. Inexperiment I, the litters of three species (Protium spruceanum, Richeria grandisand Ingalaurina) at three conditioning levels (1, 7, 14 days) were tested under five different temperatures (20, 22, 24, 26 and28°C). In experiment II, the leaf litters of three species were used, without conditioning, under four temperatures (20, 22, 26 and27°C). The shredding performed by Phylloicussp. was largely dependent on the lignin and cellulose concentrations in each leaf species, independent of conditioning. The presence or absence of conditioning may cause the shredders to use different energy compensation strategies in response to the temperature increases.

Antiproliferative activity of essential oils from three plants of the Brazilian Cerrado: Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae), Protium ovatum (Burseraceae) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae)

Abstract Essential oils, which may be extracted from several parts of plants, have different biological activities. The Brazilian Cerrado has a large variety of plants that yield essential oils, even though many have not been studied yet. Taking into account the biodiversity of this biome, this study aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative activity of essential oils extracted from three species of plants of the Cerrado in Goiás state: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Essential oils were extracted from both C. adamantium and C. calophyllum leaves and from P. ovatum leaves and green fruits by hydrodistillation carried out by a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The following major chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils under investigation: -myrcene (62.00%), spathulenol (28.78%), germacrene-B (18.27%), -caryophyllene oxide (16.40%), -caryophyllene (14.00%), -pinene (11.30%), viridiflorol (9.99%), limonene (7.30%) and (Z,E)-pharnesol (6.51%). The antiproliferative activity was evaluated in different human tumor cell lines: breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and glioblastoma (M059J). A normal human cell line was included (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts). Results showed that essential oils from C. adamantium leaves got the lowest values of IC50 in all strains of tumor cells under evaluation. They were significantly lower than the ones of the normal cell line, an evidence of selectivity. It is worth mentioning that this is the first report of the antiproliferative activity of essential oils from C. adamantium , P. ovatum and C. calophyllum against human tumor cells.

Resumo Os óleos essenciais podem ser extraídos de várias partes das plantas e apresentam diversas atividades biológicas. O Cerrado brasileiro possui uma grande variedade de plantas produtoras de óleos essenciais muitas delas ainda não estudadas. Levando-se em consideração a biodiversidade desse bioma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais extraídos de três espécies de plantas ocorrentes no Cerrado do estado de Goiás: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) e Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos das folhas de C. adamantium e C. calophyllum e das folhas e frutos verdes de P. ovatum por hidrodestilação, usando o aparelho do tipo Clevenger. A composição química dos óleos essenciais foi determinada pelo método de Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). Os constituintes químicos majoritários identificados nos óleos essenciais estudados foram: -mirceno (62,00%), espatulenol (28,78%), germacreno-B (18,27%), óxido de -cariofileno (16,40%), -cariofileno (14,00%), -pineno (11,30%), viridiflorol (9,99%), limoneno (7,30%) e (Z,E)-farnesol (6,51%). A atividade antiproliferativa foi avaliada em diferentes linhagens de células tumorais humanas: adenocarcinoma de mama (MCF-7), adenocarcinoma cervical (HeLa) e gliobastoma (M059J), além de, uma linhagem celular humana normal (GM07492A, fibroblastos pulmonares). O óleo essencial das folhas de C. adamantium exibiu menores valores de CI50 em todas as linhagens celulares tumorais avaliadas, sendo menores que aquele obtido na linhagem celular normal, indicando seletividade. Este é o primeiro relato da atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais de C. adamantium , P. ovatum e C. calophyllum contra células tumorais humanas.

Multiple nesting attempts and long breeding seasons of Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) in southeastern Brazil

This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.

Multiple nesting attempts and long breeding seasons of Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) in southeastern Brazil

This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.(AU)

Spatial distribution pattern and diameter structure of Protium Burm. f. in Iratapuru river sustainable development reserve, Amapá, Brazil / Padrão de distribuição espacial e estrutura diamétrica de Protium Burm. f. na reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável do Rio Iratapuru, Amapá, Brasil

The present work aims to determine the spatial distribution pattern of Protium Burm. f and the diametric structure of these species in a dense tropical submontane rainforest along the Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR) of the Iratapuru river. The area of study was divided into three plateau compartments called Mane Preto Sierra, Banco Grande Sierra and Alaska Sierra. In each plateau compartment it was settled a single area transect with 1,000 x 20 m, where DAP ≥ 10 cm of the entire Protium population within the transects was measured. The data was processed in the specific software Mata Nativa 2. There were inventoried Protium tenuifolium, Protium altsoni, Protium polybotryum subsp. blackii and Protium paniculatum var. riedelianum. Most individuals concentrated in smaller diametric classes, decreasing progressively to a lesser extent in larger classes. It can be concluded that the population has medium size and its vertical structure is characterized by the presence of three strata, however, its phytocenoses is defined by two clear constants: the first groups individuals of up to 15 m of height and forms the uniform and dominant stratum; the second is composed by emerging up to 35 m high and whose diameter structure shows a population in dynamic balance.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar o padrão de distribuição espacial de Protium Burm. f e estrutura diamétrica dessas espécies em uma floresta tropical densa submontana ao longo da reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável (RDS) do rio Iratapuru. A área estudada foi dividida em três compartimentos de planaltos denominados Serra Mane Preto, Serra Banco Grande e Serra Alaska. Em cada compartimento de planalto instalou-se transecto de área única com 1.000 x 20 m, onde foi mensurado o DAP ≥ 10 cm de toda população de Protium dentro dos transectos. Os dados foram processados em softwares específicos Mata Nativa 2. Foram inventariados Protium tenuifolium, Protium altsonii, Protium polybotryum subsp. blackii e Protium paniculatum var. riedelianum. A maior parte dos indivíduos concentrou-se nas menores classes diamétricas, diminuindo progressivamente até atingir menor proporção nas maiores classes. Pode-se concluir que a população apresenta porte mediano, sua estrutura vertical caracteriza-se pela presença de três estratos; no entanto, sua fitocenose define-se por dois contínuos bem evidentes; o primeiro agrupa indivíduos com até 15 m de altura e forma o estrato uniforme e dominante; o segundo é composto por emergentes com até 35 m de altura e que a estrutura diamétrica evidencia uma população em equilíbrio dinâmico.

Spatial distribution pattern and diameter structure of Protium Burm. f. in Iratapuru river sustainable development reserve, Amapá, Brazil / Padrão de distribuição espacial e estrutura diamétrica de Protium Burm. f. na reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável do Rio Iratapuru, Amapá, Brasil

The present work aims to determine the spatial distribution pattern of Protium Burm. f and the diametric structure of these species in a dense tropical submontane rainforest along the Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR) of the Iratapuru river. The area of study was divided into three plateau compartments called Mane Preto Sierra, Banco Grande Sierra and Alaska Sierra. In each plateau compartment it was settled a single area transect with 1,000 x 20 m, where DAP ≥ 10 cm of the entire Protium population within the transects was measured. The data was processed in the specific software Mata Nativa 2. There were inventoried Protium tenuifolium, Protium altsoni, Protium polybotryum subsp. blackii and Protium paniculatum var. riedelianum. Most individuals concentrated in smaller diametric classes, decreasing progressively to a lesser extent in larger classes. It can be concluded that the population has medium size and its vertical structure is characterized by the presence of three strata, however, its phytocenoses is defined by two clear constants: the first groups individuals of up to 15 m of height and forms the uniform and dominant stratum; the second is composed by emerging up to 35 m high and whose diameter structure shows a population in dynamic balance.(AU)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar o padrão de distribuição espacial de Protium Burm. f e estrutura diamétrica dessas espécies em uma floresta tropical densa submontana ao longo da reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável (RDS) do rio Iratapuru. A área estudada foi dividida em três compartimentos de planaltos denominados Serra Mane Preto, Serra Banco Grande e Serra Alaska. Em cada compartimento de planalto instalou-se transecto de área única com 1.000 x 20 m, onde foi mensurado o DAP ≥ 10 cm de toda população de Protium dentro dos transectos. Os dados foram processados em softwares específicos Mata Nativa 2. Foram inventariados Protium tenuifolium, Protium altsonii, Protium polybotryum subsp. blackii e Protium paniculatum var. riedelianum. A maior parte dos indivíduos concentrou-se nas menores classes diamétricas, diminuindo progressivamente até atingir menor proporção nas maiores classes. Pode-se concluir que a população apresenta porte mediano, sua estrutura vertical caracteriza-se pela presença de três estratos; no entanto, sua fitocenose define-se por dois contínuos bem evidentes; o primeiro agrupa indivíduos com até 15 m de altura e forma o estrato uniforme e dominante; o segundo é composto por emergentes com até 35 m de altura e que a estrutura diamétrica evidencia uma população em equilíbrio dinâmico.(AU)

Antiproliferative activity of essential oils from three plants of the Brazilian Cerrado: Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae), Protium ovatum (Burseraceae) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae)

Abstract Essential oils, which may be extracted from several parts of plants, have different biological activities. The Brazilian Cerrado has a large variety of plants that yield essential oils, even though many have not been studied yet. Taking into account the biodiversity of this biome, this study aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative activity of essential oils extracted from three species of plants of the Cerrado in Goiás state: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Essential oils were extracted from both C. adamantium and C. calophyllum leaves and from P. ovatum leaves and green fruits by hydrodistillation carried out by a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The following major chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils under investigation: -myrcene (62.00%), spathulenol (28.78%), germacrene-B (18.27%), -caryophyllene oxide (16.40%), -caryophyllene (14.00%), -pinene (11.30%), viridiflorol (9.99%), limonene (7.30%) and (Z,E)-pharnesol (6.51%). The antiproliferative activity was evaluated in different human tumor cell lines: breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and glioblastoma (M059J). A normal human cell line was included (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts). Results showed that essential oils from C. adamantium leaves got the lowest values of IC50 in all strains of tumor cells under evaluation. They were significantly lower than the ones of the normal cell line, an evidence of selectivity. It is worth mentioning that this is the first report of the antiproliferative activity of essential oils from C. adamantium , P. ovatum and C. calophyllum against human tumor cells.

Resumo Os óleos essenciais podem ser extraídos de várias partes das plantas e apresentam diversas atividades biológicas. O Cerrado brasileiro possui uma grande variedade de plantas produtoras de óleos essenciais muitas delas ainda não estudadas. Levando-se em consideração a biodiversidade desse bioma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais extraídos de três espécies de plantas ocorrentes no Cerrado do estado de Goiás: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) e Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos das folhas de C. adamantium e C. calophyllum e das folhas e frutos verdes de P. ovatum por hidrodestilação, usando o aparelho do tipo Clevenger. A composição química dos óleos essenciais foi determinada pelo método de Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). Os constituintes químicos majoritários identificados nos óleos essenciais estudados foram: -mirceno (62,00%), espatulenol (28,78%), germacreno-B (18,27%), óxido de -cariofileno (16,40%), -cariofileno (14,00%), -pineno (11,30%), viridiflorol (9,99%), limoneno (7,30%) e (Z,E)-farnesol (6,51%). A atividade antiproliferativa foi avaliada em diferentes linhagens de células tumorais humanas: adenocarcinoma de mama (MCF-7), adenocarcinoma cervical (HeLa) e gliobastoma (M059J), além de, uma linhagem celular humana normal (GM07492A, fibroblastos pulmonares). O óleo essencial das folhas de C. adamantium exibiu menores valores de CI50 em todas as linhagens celulares tumorais avaliadas, sendo menores que aquele obtido na linhagem celular normal, indicando seletividade. Este é o primeiro relato da atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais de C. adamantium , P. ovatum e C. calophyllum contra células tumorais humanas.

Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in the floresta nacional de silvânia, brazil

ABSTRACT In the present paper we investigated the insect gall distribution along savanna and forest sites in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brazil. The insect gall fauna was surveyed bi-monthly between December 2009 and June 2010. In total we found 186 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 35 botanical families and 61 plant species. Ninety-nine insect gall morphotypes were recorded in the forest and 87 in the savanna. Gall-inducing insects belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera, with highlight to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) that induced 34.1% of the gall morphotypes. Parasitoids and/or inquilines were recorded in 38 morphotypes, mainly from the families Eulophidae, Eurytomidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae was the botanical family with the greatest richness of galls, followed by Asteraceae and Sapindaceae, being Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) and Serjania (Sapindaceae) the main host genera. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the Flona-Silvânia, which result in six plant species are recorded for the first time in Brazil as host of insect galls.

RESUMO No presente estudo foi investigada a distribuição de galhas de insetos ao longo de áreas de cerrado e floresta na Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brasil. A fauna de insetos galhadores foi amostrada bimensalmente entre dezembro de 2009 e junho de 2010. No total foram encontrados 186 morfotipos de galhas de insetos, distribuídos em 35 famílias botânicas e 61 espécies de plantas. Foram registrados 99 morfotipos de galhas de insetos na floresta e 87 no cerrado. Os insetos galhadores pertenceram à Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera e Thysanoptera, com destaque para Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) que induziu 34,1% dos morfotipos de galhas. Parasitoides e/ou inquilinos foram registrados em 38 morfotipos de galhas, principalmente das famílias Eulophidae, Eurytomidae e Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae foi a família botânica com maior riqueza de galhas, seguida por Asteraceae e Sapindaceae, enquanto Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) e Serjania (Sapindaceae) foram os principais gêneros hospedeiros. Este é o primeiro levantamento sistemático de galhas de insetos na Flona-Silvânia, o que resultou em seis espécies de plantas sendo registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil como hospedeiras de galhas de insetos.

OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INSECT GALLS IN THE FLORESTA NACIONAL DE SILVÂNIA, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT In the present paper we investigated the insect gall distribution along savanna and forest sites in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brazil. The insect gall fauna was surveyed bi-monthly between December 2009 and June 2010. In total we found 186 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 35 botanical families and 61 plant species. Ninety-nine insect gall morphotypes were recorded in the forest and 87 in the savanna. Gall-inducing insects belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera, with highlight to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) that induced 34.1% of the gall morphotypes. Parasitoids and/or inquilines were recorded in 38 morphotypes, mainly from the families Eulophidae, Eurytomidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae was the botanical family with the greatest richness of galls, followed by Asteraceae and Sapindaceae, being Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) and Serjania (Sapindaceae) the main host genera. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the Flona-Silvânia, which result in six plant species are recorded for the first time in Brazil as host of insect galls.

RESUMO No presente estudo foi investigada a distribuição de galhas de insetos ao longo de áreas de cerrado e floresta na Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brasil. A fauna de insetos galhadores foi amostrada bimensalmente entre dezembro de 2009 e junho de 2010. No total foram encontrados 186 morfotipos de galhas de insetos, distribuídos em 35 famílias botânicas e 61 espécies de plantas. Foram registrados 99 morfotipos de galhas de insetos na floresta e 87 no cerrado. Os insetos galhadores pertenceram à Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera e Thysanoptera, com destaque para Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) que induziu 34,1% dos morfotipos de galhas. Parasitoides e/ou inquilinos foram registrados em 38 morfotipos de galhas, principalmente das famílias Eulophidae, Eurytomidae e Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae foi a família botânica com maior riqueza de galhas, seguida por Asteraceae e Sapindaceae, enquanto Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) e Serjania (Sapindaceae) foram os principais gêneros hospedeiros. Este é o primeiro levantamento sistemático de galhas de insetos na Flona-Silvânia, o que resultou em seis espécies de plantas sendo registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil como hospedeiras de galhas de insetos.

Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Brazil

In the present paper we investigated the insect gall distribution along savanna and forest sites in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brazil. The insect gall fauna was surveyed bi-monthly between December 2009 and June 2010. In total we found 186 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 35 botanical families and 61 plant species. Ninety-nine insect gall morphotypes were recorded in the forest and 87 in the savanna. Gall-inducing insects belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera, with highlight to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) that induced 34.1% of the gall morphotypes. Parasitoids and/or inquilines were recorded in 38 morphotypes, mainly from the families Eulophidae, Eurytomidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae was the botanical family with the greatest richness of galls, followed by Asteraceae and Sapindaceae, being Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) and Serjania (Sapindaceae) the main host genera. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the Flona-Silvânia, which result in six plant species are recorded for the first time in Brazil as host of insect galls.

No presente estudo foi investigada a distribuição de galhas de insetos ao longo de áreas de cerrado e floresta na loresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brasil. A fauna de insetos galhadores foi amostrada bimensalmente entre dezembro de 2009 e junho de 2010. No total foram encontrados 186 morfotipos de galhas de insetos, distribuídos em 35 famílias botânicas e 61 espécies de plantas. Foram registrados 99 morfotipos de galhas de insetos na floresta e 87 no cerrado. Os insetos galhadores pertenceram à Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera e Thysanoptera, com destaque para Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) que induziu 34,1% dos morfotipos de galhas. Parasitoides e/ou inquilinos foram registrados em 38 morfotipos de galhas, principalmente das famílias Eulophidae, Eurytomidae e Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae foi a família botânica com maior riqueza de galhas, seguida por Asteraceae e Sapindaceae, enquanto Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna(Siparunaceae) e Serjania(Sapindaceae) foram os principais gêneros hospedeiros. Este é o primeiro levantamento sistemático de galhas de insetos na Flona-Silvânia, o que resultou em seis espécies de plantas sendo registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil como hospedeiras de galhas de insetos.

Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Brazil

In the present paper we investigated the insect gall distribution along savanna and forest sites in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brazil. The insect gall fauna was surveyed bi-monthly between December 2009 and June 2010. In total we found 186 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 35 botanical families and 61 plant species. Ninety-nine insect gall morphotypes were recorded in the forest and 87 in the savanna. Gall-inducing insects belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera, with highlight to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) that induced 34.1% of the gall morphotypes. Parasitoids and/or inquilines were recorded in 38 morphotypes, mainly from the families Eulophidae, Eurytomidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae was the botanical family with the greatest richness of galls, followed by Asteraceae and Sapindaceae, being Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) and Serjania (Sapindaceae) the main host genera. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the Flona-Silvânia, which result in six plant species are recorded for the first time in Brazil as host of insect galls.(AU)

No presente estudo foi investigada a distribuição de galhas de insetos ao longo de áreas de cerrado e floresta na loresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brasil. A fauna de insetos galhadores foi amostrada bimensalmente entre dezembro de 2009 e junho de 2010. No total foram encontrados 186 morfotipos de galhas de insetos, distribuídos em 35 famílias botânicas e 61 espécies de plantas. Foram registrados 99 morfotipos de galhas de insetos na floresta e 87 no cerrado. Os insetos galhadores pertenceram à Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera e Thysanoptera, com destaque para Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) que induziu 34,1% dos morfotipos de galhas. Parasitoides e/ou inquilinos foram registrados em 38 morfotipos de galhas, principalmente das famílias Eulophidae, Eurytomidae e Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae foi a família botânica com maior riqueza de galhas, seguida por Asteraceae e Sapindaceae, enquanto Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna(Siparunaceae) e Serjania(Sapindaceae) foram os principais gêneros hospedeiros. Este é o primeiro levantamento sistemático de galhas de insetos na Flona-Silvânia, o que resultou em seis espécies de plantas sendo registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil como hospedeiras de galhas de insetos.(AU)

Useful woody species and its environmental availability: the case of artisanal fishermen in Itaúnas, Brazil / Espécies lenhosas úteis e sua disponibilidade no ambiente: o caso dos pescadores artesanais em Itaúnas, Brasil

Ethnobotanical studies involve research with human societies and their different interaction with plants, and the quantitative approaches from thes estudies are important to select conservation priority of species in natural environment. This research aims to quantify use-values for woody plants mentioned by fishers in Itaúnas, state of Espírito Santo, and evaluate the relationship between use-values and species availability (absolute density and frequency, and importance value) in two distinct resting vegetation formations. It also proposes to identify priority species for conservation. It was selected 30 species cited in individual semi-structured interviews with key-informant in fishers community and who were also on list of structural survey of two vegetation phytophysiognomies in the restinga regions. The data used was collected in previously published work. It was performed a correlation analysis between use-values and structural parameters of the mentioned woody species. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba and Byrsonima sericea present the highest use-values. It was not observed relation between use-value and species availability in each vegetation formation. It was classified two and eight species as priority for conservation on shrubby and forest formations, respectively.(AU)

Estudos etnobotânicos envolvem pesquisas com sociedades humanas e suas diferentes interações com as plantas, e abordagens quantitativas deste estudos são importantes para selecionar prioridades de conservação das espécies nos ambientes naturais. Esta pesquisa objetiva quantificar os valores de uso das plantas citadas por pescadores em Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, e avaliar as relações entre os valores de uso a disponibilidade das espécies (densidade e frequência absoluta e valor de importância) em duas formações vegetais distintas de restinga. É também proposto identificar o índice de prioridade de conservação das espécies. Foram selecionadas 30 espécies citadas em entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com informantes-chave na comunidade de pescadores e que também estavam em listas de levantamentos estruturais de duas fitofisionomias vegetais de restinga na região. Os dados utilizados foram coletados em trabalhos previamente publicados. Foi feita a análise de correlação entre os valores de uso e os parâmetros estruturais das espécies lenhosas mencionadas. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba e Byrsonima sericea apresentaram o maior valor de uso. Não foi observado relação entre o valor de uso a disponibilidade das espécies em cada formação vegetal. Foram classificadas duas e oito espécies para prioridade de conservação nas formações arbustivas e florestais respectivamente.(AU)

Protective effect of intraportal infusion of hypothermic hydrogen-rich saline solution on hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intraportal administration of hypothermic hydrogenrich saline solution (HRSS) on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Thirty rats were divided equally into six groups; 1) sham, no I/R or transfusion, 2) I/R injury (60 minutes ischemia + 120 minutes reperfusion, 3) I/R injury + normal saline 24C, 4) I/R injury + normal saline 4C, 5) I/R injury + HRSS 24C, 6) I/R injury + HRSS 4C. In groups 3-6, 1 mg/kg normal saline (NS) and/or HRSS were administered into the vein of the left lateral and median lobes of the liver (upper the site of clumping) 10 minutes before finishing of ischemic period. The harvest time points were at 2 hours post reperfusion in all groups. Cell death, sinusoidal dilatation, congestion, hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration were observed in I/R group, while these histopathological changes were attenuated in the hypothermic HRSS administrated groups (P < 0.01). The level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor a, and caspase-3 were increased significantly by I/R injury and hypothermic HRSS administration reduced all these markers (P < 0.01). SOD level was low in I/R group whereas it tended to increase in the hypothermic HRSS administrated groups (P < 0.01). The present study demonstrated that hypothermic hydrogen-rich saline solution effectively protected the hepatic tissue against cellular injury and organ dysfunction through the mechanisms that decrease the effect of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis.

Protective effect of intraportal infusion of hypothermic hydrogen-rich saline solution on hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intraportal administration of hypothermic hydrogenrich saline solution (HRSS) on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Thirty rats were divided equally into six groups; 1) sham, no I/R or transfusion, 2) I/R injury (60 minutes ischemia + 120 minutes reperfusion, 3) I/R injury + normal saline 24C, 4) I/R injury + normal saline 4C, 5) I/R injury + HRSS 24C, 6) I/R injury + HRSS 4C. In groups 3-6, 1 mg/kg normal saline (NS) and/or HRSS were administered into the vein of the left lateral and median lobes of the liver (upper the site of clumping) 10 minutes before finishing of ischemic period. The harvest time points were at 2 hours post reperfusion in all groups. Cell death, sinusoidal dilatation, congestion, hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration were observed in I/R group, while these histopathological changes were attenuated in the hypothermic HRSS administrated groups (P < 0.01). The level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor a, and caspase-3 were increased significantly by I/R injury and hypothermic HRSS administration reduced all these markers (P < 0.01). SOD level was low in I/R group whereas it tended to increase in the hypothermic HRSS administrated groups (P < 0.01). The present study demonstrated that hypothermic hydrogen-rich saline solution effectively protected the hepatic tissue against cellular injury and organ dysfunction through the mechanisms that decrease the effect of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis.(AU)

Effects of topical application of essential oil from resin of almescar (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl) Marchand) in experimentally induced skin wounds in rats / Avaliação da aplicação tópica do óleo de caule de alméscar (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl) Marchand) em feridas cutâneas experimentalmente induzidas em ratos

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and histopathological aspects of topical application of almescar (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand) oil resin on the healing processes of experimentally induced wounds in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Male rats (n=16) were randomly distributed into two experimental groups: group treated with almescar oil resin at 0.5% in isotonic solution (GO, n=8) and control group (CG, n=8). The experimental lesions were treated daily for 30 days. Macroscopic and histopathological analyses were performed on days 3, 7, 14 and 21, respectively. A wound contraction of 94.77% was recorded for GO and 93.91% 21 days after the lesion. The chemical constituents identified in the essential oil were predominantly monoterpenes, -terpinolene (32.7%), limonene (22.0%) and 3-carene (15.0%) were identified as major components. Wounds in both groups had a significant reduction in the wound area during the trial period (p .0001). Comparing the groups in different stages of evaluation, there were significant differences on day 3 (p = 0.0268), day 7 (p = 0.0031) and day 14 (p = .0190). In conclusion, the topical application of almescar resin oil was beneficial in the healing process of experimentally induced skin wounds in rats, making it a therapeutic option in veterinary medicine(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos da aplicação tópica do óleo da resina do alméscar (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand) no processo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas induzidas experimentalmente em ratos(Rattus norvegicus). Ratos machos (n=16) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: grupo tratado comresina de óleo alméscar em 0,5% em solução isotônica (GO, n=8) e grupo controle (GC, n=8). As lesões experimentais foram tratadas diariamente durante 30 dias. Análises macroscópicas e histopatológicas foram realizadas nos dias 3, 7, 14 e 21. Graude contração de 94,77% foi registrada no grupo tratado com o óleo de resina e de 93,91% para as feridas controle após 21 dias de tratamento. Os constituintes químicos identificados no óleo essencial foram predominantemente monoterpenos, entre estes,α - terpinoleno (32,7%), limoneno (22%) e 3-careno (15%) em sua maioria. As feridas de ambos os grupos tiveram uma redução significativa na área durante o período experimental (p<0,0001). Comparando-se os grupos em diferentes etapas de avaliação,houve diferença significativa no dia 3 (p=0,0268), dia 7 (p=0,0031) e dia 14 (p=0,0190). Em conclusão, a aplicação tópica de óleo de resina alméscar foi benéfica no processo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas induzidas experimentalmente em ratos, tornandose uma opção terapêutica em medicina veterinária(AU)

Fermentative hydrogen production from agroindustrial lignocellulosic substrates

To achieve economically competitive biological hydrogen production, it is crucial to consider inexpensive materials such as lignocellulosic substrate residues derived from agroindustrial activities. It is possible to use (1) lignocellulosic materials without any type of pretreatment, (2) lignocellulosic materials after a pretreatment step, and (3) lignocellulosic materials hydrolysates originating from a pretreatment step followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. According to the current literature data on fermentative H2 production presented in this review, thermophilic conditions produce H2 in yields approximately 75% higher than those obtained in mesophilic conditions using untreated lignocellulosic substrates. The average H2 production from pretreated material is 3.17 ± 1.79 mmol of H2/g of substrate, which is approximately 50% higher compared with the average yield achieved using untreated materials (2.17 ± 1.84 mmol of H2/g of substrate). Biological pretreatment affords the highest average yield 4.54 ± 1.78 mmol of H2/g of substrate compared with the acid and basic pretreatment - average yields of 2.94 ± 1.85 and 2.41 ± 1.52 mmol of H2/g of substrate, respectively. The average H2 yield from hydrolysates, obtained from a pretreatment step and enzymatic hydrolysis (3.78 ± 1.92 mmol of H2/g), was lower compared with the yield of substrates pretreated by biological methods only, demonstrating that it is important to avoid the formation of inhibitors generated by chemical pretreatments. Based on this review, exploring other microorganisms and optimizing the pretreatment and hydrolysis conditions can make the use of lignocellulosic substrates a sustainable way to produce H2.(AU)