Susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias isoladas de leite caprino em Sergipe - Brasil / Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from goat milk in Sergipe - Brazil

Background: Bacterial resistance is a fundamental aspect of One Health, which is defined as the inseparable unity of animal, human, and environmental health. Epidemiological surveillance on the spread of bacterial resistance in animals and their derived products is essential given that meat, milk, and dairy products can carry resistant microorganisms that may reach humans through the food chain either by direct consumption or by handling the product. To eliminate the scarcity of information, it is necessary to characterize the epidemiological situation in terms of bacterial resistance in dairy production in northeastern Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from goat milk samples from some municipalities in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 28 goat farms in 4 municipalities of the Semiarid region of the State of Sergipe in Northeastern Brazil, namely Canindé de São Francisco (n = 11), Nossa Senhora da Glória (n = 6), Poço Verde (n = 6), and Porto da Folha (n = 5). All lactating does of each herd (n = 263) aged >1 year were, sampled randomly by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Milk samples were collected from both teats, resulting in 526 samples in total. Bacterial culturing and isolation were performed, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility profile analysis to the following active principles: amoxicillin with and without clavulanic acid, amikacin, ampicillin with sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, cefalexin, cefalotin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, penicillin G, and tetracycline. A survey form was used to obtain zootechnical information for each farm. Data are described as absolute and relative frequencies. The significance assessment of the differences between herd characteristics and bacterial isolation was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test. Bacterial isolation occurred in 15.4% (81/526) of the samples from 23.2% (61/263) of the goats. Escherichia coli (45.9% = 28/61), Staphylococcus caprae (16.4% = 10/61) and Enterococcus faecalis (11.5% = 7/61), were the most frequently isolated species. Bacterial isolations were predominant in dairy herds with up to 50 animals, production of 20 to 50 L/day and in the municipality of Porto da Folha. In terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, most isolates demonstrated resistance to penicillin and amoxicillin (88.5%), followed by ceftriaxone (23%), ofloxacin (23%), tetracycline (23%), doxycycline (19.7%), chloramphenicol (11.5%), levofloxacin (11.5%), ampicillin/ sulbactam (8.2%), amikacin (6.6%), cephalothin (4.9%), cephalexin (3.3%) and gentamicin (3.3%). Approximately 20% of the isolates were multidrug resistant, especially E. coli (50%) and S. aureus (16.7%). Discussion: E. coli was the most frequently isolated species from the samples. It is considered an environmental pathogen, and its high frequency in different herds indicates poor milking hygiene. E. coli also stood out as the species presenting the most multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (50%), with strains resistant to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are recognized as a public health problem as they are etiological agents of various diseases and can easily acquire antimicrobial resistance genes. Although it was not the most frequently isolated species, S. aureus was the species with the second-highest frequency of MDR strains. The presence of MDR species is relevant and indicates the need for urgent action to reduce the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Relevant steps must be taken jointly by professionals involved in human, animal, and environmental health.

Quinolones resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers and chickens carcasses under federal inspection

ABSTRACT: We analyzed 77 Salmonella spp. strains, from which 20 were isolated from broilers (cloacal swabs) and 57 from chickens from slaughterhouses under federal inspection. The following serotypes were identified: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) and Salmonella enterica (O: 9.12) (1). Fifteen strains (19.5%) were resistant to enrofloxacin, six (7.8%) to ciprofloxacin, and 26 (33.8%) to nalidixic acid in the Disk Diffusion Test. The fifteen enrofloxacin resistant strains were selected for the PCR to detect the genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and genetic sequencing to identify mutations in these genes. Five strains (33.3%) had point mutations in the gyrA gene, and one (6.7%) presented a point mutation in the parC gene. None of the 15 strains had mutations in the gyrB and parE genes, and none had more than one mutation in the gyrA gene or the other genes. The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. Other mechanisms may be related to the fluoroquinolones resistance, highlighting the need for additional mutation screening.

RESUMO: Foram analisadas neste estudo 77 estirpes de Salmonella spp., 20 isoladas de frangos vivos (suabes de cloaca) e 57 isoladas de carcaças, provenientes de abatedouros frigoríficos sob Inspeção Federal. Foram identificados os seguintes sorotipos: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) e Salmonella enterica (O: 9,12) (1). Do total de estirpes estudadas, 15 (19,5%) se mostraram resistentes à enrofloxacina, seis (7,8%) à ciprofloxacina e 26 (33,8%) ao ácido nalidíxico no Teste de Difusão em Disco. Foram selecionadas as 15 estirpes resistentes à enrofloxacina para a realização da PCR para detecção dos genes gyrA, gyrB, parC e parEe para sequenciamento genético do produto da PCR para identificação de mutações nesses genes. Cinco estirpes (33,3%) apresentaram mutações pontuais no gene gyrA e uma (6,7%) apresentou mutação pontual no gene parC. Nenhuma das 15 estirpes apresentou mutações nos genes gyrB e parE e nenhuma apresentou mais de uma mutação no gene gyrA ou nos outros genes. A existência apenas de mutações pontuais em alguns genes das estirpes analisadas está de acordo com a resistência fenotípica observada ao ácido nalidíxico, mas não explica a resistência às fluoroquinolonas encontrada nas 15 estirpes. Outros mecanismos de resistência podem estar relacionados à resistência encontrada às fluoroquinolonas e estudos adicionais são necessários para investigar sua presença.

Quinolones resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers and chickens carcasses under federal inspection / Resistência à quinolonas em Salmonella spp. isoladas de frangos vivos e carcaças sob inspeção federal

We analyzed 77 Salmonella spp. strains, from which 20 were isolated from broilers (cloacal swabs) and 57 from chickens from slaughterhouses under federal inspection. The following serotypes were identified: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) and Salmonella enterica (O: 9.12) (1). Fifteen strains (19.5%) were resistant to enrofloxacin, six (7.8%) to ciprofloxacin, and 26 (33.8%) to nalidixic acid in the Disk Diffusion Test. The fifteen enrofloxacin resistant strains were selected for the PCR to detect the genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and genetic sequencing to identify mutations in these genes. Five strains (33.3%) had point mutations in the gyrA gene, and one (6.7%) presented a point mutation in the parC gene. None of the 15 strains had mutations in the gyrB and parE genes, and none had more than one mutation in the gyrA gene or the other genes. The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. Other mechanisms may be related to the fluoroquinolones resistance, highlighting the need for additional mutation screening.(AU)

Foram analisadas neste estudo 77 estirpes de Salmonella spp., 20 isoladas de frangos vivos (suabes de cloaca) e 57 isoladas de carcaças, provenientes de abatedouros frigoríficos sob Inspeção Federal. Foram identificados os seguintes sorotipos: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) e Salmonella enterica (O: 9,12) (1). Do total de estirpes estudadas, 15 (19,5%) se mostraram resistentes à enrofloxacina, seis (7,8%) à ciprofloxacina e 26 (33,8%) ao ácido nalidíxico no Teste de Difusão em Disco. Foram selecionadas as 15 estirpes resistentes à enrofloxacina para a realização da PCR para detecção dos genes gyrA, gyrB, parC e parEe para sequenciamento genético do produto da PCR para identificação de mutações nesses genes. Cinco estirpes (33,3%) apresentaram mutações pontuais no gene gyrA e uma (6,7%) apresentou mutação pontual no gene parC. Nenhuma das 15 estirpes apresentou mutações nos genes gyrB e parE e nenhuma apresentou mais de uma mutação no gene gyrA ou nos outros genes. A existência apenas de mutações pontuais em alguns genes das estirpes analisadas está de acordo com a resistência fenotípica observada ao ácido nalidíxico, mas não explica a resistência às fluoroquinolonas encontrada nas 15 estirpes. Outros mecanismos de resistência podem estar relacionados à resistência encontrada às fluoroquinolonas e estudos adicionais são necessários para investigar sua presença.(AU)

Current and alternative trends in antibacterial agents used in mammalian semen technology

The use of antibacterial substances as additives in extenders for ensuring the sanitary quality of the semen employed in reproductive biotechniques and preserving it from bacterial deterioration has been reported since the mid-twentieth century. However, the deleterious effects of these drugs on the sperm quality as well as their effectiveness in controlling bacterial growth in the preserved semen have been questioned. The aim of this review was to report the antimicrobials primarily used in the extenders added to the semen of mammals, and to present alternatives to their use. Among the various mammalian species, there is a large variation regarding the antimicrobial types added to semen extenders as cephalosporins (ceftiofur, cefdinir, eg) and quinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), alone or in combination with large action spectra substances as penicillin-streptomycin and gentamicin-tylosin-lincomycin-spectinomycin. To combat problems related to bacterial resistance to these drugs, the emergence of alternatives is increasingly evident. Among these alternatives, use of physical methods as centrifugation and filtration, as well as the use of antimicrobial peptides and other substances from different origins have been highlighted for presenting antimicrobial potential.

Current and alternative trends in antibacterial agents used in mammalian semen technology

The use of antibacterial substances as additives in extenders for ensuring the sanitary quality of the semen employed in reproductive biotechniques and preserving it from bacterial deterioration has been reported since the mid-twentieth century. However, the deleterious effects of these drugs on the sperm quality as well as their effectiveness in controlling bacterial growth in the preserved semen have been questioned. The aim of this review was to report the antimicrobials primarily used in the extenders added to the semen of mammals, and to present alternatives to their use. Among the various mammalian species, there is a large variation regarding the antimicrobial types added to semen extenders as cephalosporins (ceftiofur, cefdinir, eg) and quinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), alone or in combination with large action spectra substances as penicillin-streptomycin and gentamicin-tylosin-lincomycin-spectinomycin. To combat problems related to bacterial resistance to these drugs, the emergence of alternatives is increasingly evident. Among these alternatives, use of physical methods as centrifugation and filtration, as well as the use of antimicrobial peptides and other substances from different origins have been highlighted for presenting antimicrobial potential.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e concentração inibitória mínima de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). We evaluated 65 dogs diagnosed with KCS and 30 healthy dogs (Control Group). Conjunctival swab samples were collected after KCS was diagnosed. Microbiological examinations were performed, including aerobic culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for chloramphenicol, tobramycin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin. MICs of the fifteen most resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group, SIG) and the fifteen most resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria were determined. By percentage, the microorganisms exhibited the highest susceptibility to polymyxin B, tobramycin and chloramphenicol and the lowest to tetracycline. Three multi-drug-resistant strains of SIG were detected: one displayed isolated susceptibility to cefazolin, another to vancomycin, and another to polymyxin B and amikacin. The species of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with KCS presented variable susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. We found evidence of the emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of SIG and further evidence of increased ocular prevalence. These findings reinforce the need to identify the bacteria involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, as secondary infections can serve as exacerbating and perpetuating factors in KCS.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Foram avaliados 65 cães com diagnóstico de CCS e 30 cães saudáveis ​​(Grupo Controle). Depois do diagnosticado de CCS, suabes conjuntivais foram coletados. Exames microbiológicos foram realizados, incluindo cultura aeróbia, teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para cloranfenicol, tobramicina, ofloxacina e moxifloxacina. Para determinar a CIM, foram selecionadas as quinze cepas mais resistentes de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group-SIG) e as quinze cepas mais resistentes de bactérias gram-negativas. Os microrganismos apresentaram maior suscetibilidade percentual à polimixina B, tobramicina e cloranfenicol e menor suscetibilidade à tetraciclina. Três cepas de SIG resistentes a múltiplos medicamentos foram detectadas, do quais um demonstrou suscetibilidade isolada à cefazolina, outro à vancomicina e outro à polimixina B e à amicacina. As espécies de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com CCS apresentaram suscetibilidade variável aos antibióticos testados. Encontramos evidências do surgimento de cepas resistentes à quinolona de S. pseudintermedius e outras evidências de aumento da prevalência ocular. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de identificar as bactérias envolvidas e seu perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, pois as infecções secundárias podem servir como fatores exacerbantes e perpetuantes na CCS.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e concentração inibitória mínima de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). We evaluated 65 dogs diagnosed with KCS and 30 healthy dogs (Control Group). Conjunctival swab samples were collected after KCS was diagnosed. Microbiological examinations were performed, including aerobic culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for chloramphenicol, tobramycin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin. MICs of the fifteen most resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group, SIG) and the fifteen most resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria were determined. By percentage, the microorganisms exhibited the highest susceptibility to polymyxin B, tobramycin and chloramphenicol and the lowest to tetracycline. Three multi-drug-resistant strains of SIG were detected: one displayed isolated susceptibility to cefazolin, another to vancomycin, and another to polymyxin B and amikacin. The species of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with KCS presented variable susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. We found evidence of the emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of SIG and further evidence of increased ocular prevalence. These findings reinforce the need to identify the bacteria involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, as secondary infections can serve as exacerbating and perpetuating factors in KCS.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Foram avaliados 65 cães com diagnóstico de CCS e 30 cães saudáveis ​​(Grupo Controle). Depois do diagnosticado de CCS, suabes conjuntivais foram coletados. Exames microbiológicos foram realizados, incluindo cultura aeróbia, teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para cloranfenicol, tobramicina, ofloxacina e moxifloxacina. Para determinar a CIM, foram selecionadas as quinze cepas mais resistentes de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group-SIG) e as quinze cepas mais resistentes de bactérias gram-negativas. Os microrganismos apresentaram maior suscetibilidade percentual à polimixina B, tobramicina e cloranfenicol e menor suscetibilidade à tetraciclina. Três cepas de SIG resistentes a múltiplos medicamentos foram detectadas, do quais um demonstrou suscetibilidade isolada à cefazolina, outro à vancomicina e outro à polimixina B e à amicacina. As espécies de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com CCS apresentaram suscetibilidade variável aos antibióticos testados. Encontramos evidências do surgimento de cepas resistentes à quinolona de S. pseudintermedius e outras evidências de aumento da prevalência ocular. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de identificar as bactérias envolvidas e seu perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, pois as infecções secundárias podem servir como fatores exacerbantes e perpetuantes na CCS.(AU)

Fecal peritonitis in aging rat model. Therapeutic response to different antibiotic strategies

Purpose: To evaluate the response of aging rats with sepsis to two different antibiotic regimens. Methods: The study was conducted with 30 aging rats (18 month-old) with autologous feces peritonitis. The animals were divided into three groups: Group 0 received no therapeutic intervention (control), while Group 1 received a single dose of 40 mg/kg meropenem and Group 2 received a single dose of 20 mg/kg moxifloxacin. The intervention in both Groups was made 6 hours after induction of peritonitis. The animals were followed up to 15 days for evaluating morbidity and mortality. The weights at baseline were similar in all groups. Results: At the end of follow-up, weight loss was significantly greater (p=0.0045) in Group 0 (non-intervention controls). Culture from a blood sample at the end of follow-up was positive in all the animals in Group 0, in two animals in Group 1 and in four animals in Group 2. Morbidity/mortality was significantly higher in Group 0 compared to both Groups 1 and 2 (p=0.003) but the scores were not significantly different between Groups 1 and 2 (p=0.6967). Conclusion: Both antibiotic regimens rendered promising results for the treatment of fecal peritonitis.(AU)

Effect of cilostazol in experimental model of degloving injuries in rat limbs

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the cilostazol on the evolution of partially avulsed flaps, using experimental model of cutaneous degloving in rat limbs. Methods: A controlled and randomized experimental study was carried out in which the blood flow and the percentage of flap necrosis were evaluated. We compared the study group, which received cilostazol, and the control group, which received enteral saline solution in the postoperative period. The blood flow in the flap was evaluated through Laser Doppler flowmetry, and a planimetry using the IMAGE J® software was employed for the calculation of the area of necrosis. Results: Enteral administration of cilostazol was associated with a higher mean blood flow in all regions of the flap, with a statistically significant difference in the proximal and middle regions (p<0.001) and a lower percentage of necrotic area in the flap (p<0.001). Conclusion: Postoperative enteral administration of cilostazol increased blood flow and decreased the total area of necrosis of avulsed cutaneous flaps of rat limbs.(AU)

Residues of veterinary drugs in milk in Brazil / Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em leite no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Veterinary drugs are used in dairy cattle management mainly for therapy and prophylaxis of diseases, which chemicals may leave residues in milk. Human exposure and the unintentional consumption of residues of drugs can lead to side effects and development of resistant bacteria, representing a considerable concern to consumer health. This paper presents the occurrence of residues of veterinary drugs in milk from 2009 to 2011 in Brazil, monitored by the Official Program for Analysis of Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods of Animal Origin. A total of 961 samples were collected in the retail and evaluated for the main -lactams, tetracyclines, amphenicol, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and avermectins. Residues of veterinary drugs did not exceed maximum residue limit (MRL); although, there is a considerable use of critically/highly important antimicrobials and avermectins in dairy cows, especially quinolones and tetracyclines. Doxycycline (9%) and abamectin (1.6%) were detected, even though these substances are not intended to be used in milk producing animals for human consumption. Norfloxacin (15%) was observed; although, there are no MRL established, consequently, no residue level should have been detected. No residues of streptomycin, chloramphenicol and -lactams were confirmed. Milk in Brazil contains low levels of veterinary drugs so that toxicological risk regarding milk consumption could not be considered as a public health concern. However, due to the nature of the samples, which correspond to milk from several farms, it could occur a dilution effect.

RESUMO: Medicamentos veterinários são utilizados no manejo do gado leiteiro para tratamento e profilaxia de doenças, podendo deixar resíduos no leite. A exposição humana e o consumo não intencional de resíduos de drogas podem causar efeitos adversos e desenvolvimento de bactérias resistentes, representando importante preocupação para saúde do consumidor. Neste estudo é apresentada a ocorrência de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários no leite de 2009 a 2011 no Brasil, monitorado pelo Programa Oficial de Análise de Resíduos de Medicamentos Veterinários em Alimentos de Origem Animal. Total de 961 amostras foram coletadas no comércio e avaliadas para os principais -lactâmicos, tetraciclinas, anfenicol, aminoglicosídeos, quinolonas, sulfonamidas e avermectinas. Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários não excederam os LMR, embora exista uso considerável de antimicrobianos criticamente/altamente importantes e avermectinas em vacas leiteiras, especialmente quinolonas e tetraciclinas. Doxiciclina (1,9%) e abamectina (1,6%) foram detectadas, embora não se destinem ao uso em animais produtores de leite para consumo humano. Norfloxacino (15%) foi observado, mesmo não havendo LMR estabelecido, consequentemente, não deveria ter sido detectado qualquer nível de resíduos. Não foram confirmados resíduos de estreptomicina, cloranfenicol e -lactâmicos. Conclui-se que o leite no Brasil contém baixos níveis de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários, de forma que o risco toxicológico relativo ao seu consumo não deve ser considerado problema de saúde coletiva. Contudo, é importante ressaltar a natureza das amostras, que correspondem ao leite de diversas fazendas e o efeito de diluição pode ter ocorrido.

Residues of veterinary drugs in milk in Brazil / Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em leite no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Veterinary drugs are used in dairy cattle management mainly for therapy and prophylaxis of diseases, which chemicals may leave residues in milk. Human exposure and the unintentional consumption of residues of drugs can lead to side effects and development of resistant bacteria, representing a considerable concern to consumer health. This paper presents the occurrence of residues of veterinary drugs in milk from 2009 to 2011 in Brazil, monitored by the Official Program for Analysis of Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods of Animal Origin. A total of 961 samples were collected in the retail and evaluated for the main -lactams, tetracyclines, amphenicol, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and avermectins. Residues of veterinary drugs did not exceed maximum residue limit (MRL); although, there is a considerable use of critically/highly important antimicrobials and avermectins in dairy cows, especially quinolones and tetracyclines. Doxycycline (9%) and abamectin (1.6%) were detected, even though these substances are not intended to be used in milk producing animals for human consumption. Norfloxacin (15%) was observed; although, there are no MRL established, consequently, no residue level should have been detected. No residues of streptomycin, chloramphenicol and -lactams were confirmed. Milk in Brazil contains low levels of veterinary drugs so that toxicological risk regarding milk consumption could not be considered as a public health concern. However, due to the nature of the samples, which correspond to milk from several farms, it could occur a dilution effect.(AU)

RESUMO: Medicamentos veterinários são utilizados no manejo do gado leiteiro para tratamento e profilaxia de doenças, podendo deixar resíduos no leite. A exposição humana e o consumo não intencional de resíduos de drogas podem causar efeitos adversos e desenvolvimento de bactérias resistentes, representando importante preocupação para saúde do consumidor. Neste estudo é apresentada a ocorrência de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários no leite de 2009 a 2011 no Brasil, monitorado pelo Programa Oficial de Análise de Resíduos de Medicamentos Veterinários em Alimentos de Origem Animal. Total de 961 amostras foram coletadas no comércio e avaliadas para os principais -lactâmicos, tetraciclinas, anfenicol, aminoglicosídeos, quinolonas, sulfonamidas e avermectinas. Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários não excederam os LMR, embora exista uso considerável de antimicrobianos criticamente/altamente importantes e avermectinas em vacas leiteiras, especialmente quinolonas e tetraciclinas. Doxiciclina (1,9%) e abamectina (1,6%) foram detectadas, embora não se destinem ao uso em animais produtores de leite para consumo humano. Norfloxacino (15%) foi observado, mesmo não havendo LMR estabelecido, consequentemente, não deveria ter sido detectado qualquer nível de resíduos. Não foram confirmados resíduos de estreptomicina, cloranfenicol e -lactâmicos. Conclui-se que o leite no Brasil contém baixos níveis de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários, de forma que o risco toxicológico relativo ao seu consumo não deve ser considerado problema de saúde coletiva. Contudo, é importante ressaltar a natureza das amostras, que correspondem ao leite de diversas fazendas e o efeito de diluição pode ter ocorrido.(AU)

Antibiotic residues in pasteurized and unpasteurized milk marketed in southwest of Paraná, Brazil / Resíduos de antibióticos no leite pasteurizado e não pasteurizado comercializados no sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil

The treatment of dairy cattle with antibiotics may lead to milk contamination by drugs residues, which represents risks to human health. This study aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in milk, produced and marketed in Capanema microregion, Paraná, Brazil, through the analysis of pasteurized milk samples from different brands consumed by the local population and unpasteurized milk samples provided by a dairy industry. Enzyme immunoassays screening kits SNAPduo Beta-Tetra ST Test (Idexx Laboratories) were used, which verified the presence of -lactam and tetracyclic drugs residues, as well as enzyme immunoassays screening kits Charm ROSA Test (Charm Sciences), which established the presence of quinolones and sulfonamides groups. Positive samples were reported for the four different classes of drugs, demonstrating failures in the inspection and monitoring of the sanitary and chemistry quality of the milk. Results obtained will form the basis to building a database about the quality of milk produced and marketed in the region, as well as the use of these materials to build up an initial theoretical framework for the development of research in animal health and public policies focused on the milk producers and dairy industry, to improve the quality of the milk produced.

O tratamento do rebanho leiteiro com antibióticos pode levar a contaminação do leite por resíduos de medicamentos, o que representa riscos para a saúde humana. Este trabalho procurou investigar a presença de resíduos de antibióticos no leite, produzido e comercializado na microrregião de Capanema, Paraná, Brasil, através da análise de amostras de leite pasteurizado de diferentes marcas consumidas pela população local, além de amostras de leite não pasteurizado, fornecidas por um laticínio da região. Testes de triagem imunoenzimáticos SNAPduo Beta-Tetra ST Test (Idexx Laboratories) foram utilizados para verificar a presença de resíduos de antibióticos das classes -lactâmicos e tetracíclicos, bem como os kits imunoenzimáticos Charm ROSA Test (Charm Sciences) que verificaram a presença dos grupos de antibióticos quinolonas e sulfonamidas nas amostras. Foram encontradas amostras positivas para as quatro classes de antibióticos pesquisadas, demonstrando falhas na inspeção e no monitoramento da qualidade química e sanitária do leite. Os resultados obtidos servirão de base para a construção de um banco de dados sobre a qualidade do leite produzido e comercializado na região, bem como o uso dessas informações para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas em saúde animal e políticas públicas voltadas para os produtores de leite e laticínios da região, buscando a melhoria da qualidade do leite produzido.

Antibiotic residues in pasteurized and unpasteurized milk marketed in southwest of Paraná, Brazil / Resíduos de antibióticos no leite pasteurizado e não pasteurizado comercializados no sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil

The treatment of dairy cattle with antibiotics may lead to milk contamination by drugs residues, which represents risks to human health. This study aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in milk, produced and marketed in Capanema microregion, Paraná, Brazil, through the analysis of pasteurized milk samples from different brands consumed by the local population and unpasteurized milk samples provided by a dairy industry. Enzyme immunoassays screening kits SNAPduo Beta-Tetra ST Test (Idexx Laboratories) were used, which verified the presence of -lactam and tetracyclic drugs residues, as well as enzyme immunoassays screening kits Charm ROSA Test (Charm Sciences), which established the presence of quinolones and sulfonamides groups. Positive samples were reported for the four different classes of drugs, demonstrating failures in the inspection and monitoring of the sanitary and chemistry quality of the milk. Results obtained will form the basis to building a database about the quality of milk produced and marketed in the region, as well as the use of these materials to build up an initial theoretical framework for the development of research in animal health and public policies focused on the milk producers and dairy industry, to improve the quality of the milk produced.(AU)

O tratamento do rebanho leiteiro com antibióticos pode levar a contaminação do leite por resíduos de medicamentos, o que representa riscos para a saúde humana. Este trabalho procurou investigar a presença de resíduos de antibióticos no leite, produzido e comercializado na microrregião de Capanema, Paraná, Brasil, através da análise de amostras de leite pasteurizado de diferentes marcas consumidas pela população local, além de amostras de leite não pasteurizado, fornecidas por um laticínio da região. Testes de triagem imunoenzimáticos SNAPduo Beta-Tetra ST Test (Idexx Laboratories) foram utilizados para verificar a presença de resíduos de antibióticos das classes -lactâmicos e tetracíclicos, bem como os kits imunoenzimáticos Charm ROSA Test (Charm Sciences) que verificaram a presença dos grupos de antibióticos quinolonas e sulfonamidas nas amostras. Foram encontradas amostras positivas para as quatro classes de antibióticos pesquisadas, demonstrando falhas na inspeção e no monitoramento da qualidade química e sanitária do leite. Os resultados obtidos servirão de base para a construção de um banco de dados sobre a qualidade do leite produzido e comercializado na região, bem como o uso dessas informações para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas em saúde animal e políticas públicas voltadas para os produtores de leite e laticínios da região, buscando a melhoria da qualidade do leite produzido.(AU)

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biofilm Production by Salmonella sp. Strains Isolated from Frozen Poultry Carcasses

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and the biofilm-producing ability of Salmonella sp. strains isolated from frozen poultry carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the disk-diffusion method. Biofilm-producing ability was determined in 96-well polystyrene microplates stained with crystal violet at 1%. Out of the 22 strains tested, all were multiresistant, that is, resistant to more than three antimicrobial classes, and 72.7% were able to form biofilms. The highest resistance rates obtained were against sulfonamides, tetracycline, and quinolones. On the other hand, 100% of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. According to the rate of biofilm formation, 3 (13.6%) and 13 (59.1%) strains were classified as moderate and weak biofilm-producers, respectively, and 27.3% did not form biofilms. Biofilms increase the tolerance of microorganisms to stress, reducing their sensitivity to disinfectants and antimicrobials; favor equipment corrosion; and act as substrates for the adhesion of bacteria with lower biofilm-producing capacity. The results of the present study stress the importance of cleaning procedures in food processing plants and highlight the public health risks related to the emergence of multiresistant strains.(AU)

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biofilm Production by Salmonella sp. Strains Isolated from Frozen Poultry Carcasses

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and the biofilm-producing ability of Salmonella sp. strains isolated from frozen poultry carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the disk-diffusion method. Biofilm-producing ability was determined in 96-well polystyrene microplates stained with crystal violet at 1%. Out of the 22 strains tested, all were multiresistant, that is, resistant to more than three antimicrobial classes, and 72.7% were able to form biofilms. The highest resistance rates obtained were against sulfonamides, tetracycline, and quinolones. On the other hand, 100% of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. According to the rate of biofilm formation, 3 (13.6%) and 13 (59.1%) strains were classified as moderate and weak biofilm-producers, respectively, and 27.3% did not form biofilms. Biofilms increase the tolerance of microorganisms to stress, reducing their sensitivity to disinfectants and antimicrobials; favor equipment corrosion; and act as substrates for the adhesion of bacteria with lower biofilm-producing capacity. The results of the present study stress the importance of cleaning procedures in food processing plants and highlight the public health risks related to the emergence of multiresistant strains.

Characterization of quinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates from food products and human samples in Brazil

Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by Salmonella enterica. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. and its association with fluoroquinolone susceptibility in Brazil. A total of 129 NTS isolates (samples from human origin, food from animal origin, environmental, and animal) grouped as from animal (n = 62) and human (n = 67) food were evaluated between 2009 and 2013. These isolates were investigated through serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes (qnr, aac(6')-Ib) and associated integron genes (integrase, and conserved integron region). Resistance to quinolones and/or fluoroquinolones, from first to third generations, was observed. Fifteen isolates were positive for the presence of qnr genes (8 qnrS, 6 qnrB, and 1 qnrD) and twenty three of aac(6')-Ib. The conserved integron region was detected in 67 isolates as variable regions, from ±600 to >1000 pb. The spread of NTS involving PMQR carriers is of serious concern and should be carefully monitored. (AU)

Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and resistance in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated from healthy sheep and dogs in Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil / Detecção de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido e resistência as quinolonas mediada por plasmídeos em membros da família Enterobacteriaceae isolados de ovinos e cães sadios de propriedades rurais da região de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil

Bacterial resistance is a primary public health concern worldwide. Within this context, pets and breeding animals act as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant bacteria (MR), such as those producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and those presenting plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). The aim of this study was to detect the presence of ESBL and PMQR in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, isolated from healthy sheep and dogs from non-intense farming rural properties in the Umuarama region of Paraná, Brazil. A total of 81 oral and rectal swabs from dogs and sheep from 11 small rural properties were analyzed. These swabs were inoculated in tubes containing brain heart infusion broth (BHI), and the resulting cultures were inoculated on MacConkey agar (MAC) supplemented with 10 μg/mL cefotaxime for the selection of ESBL producers. The cells were also plated on MAC supplemented with 50 μg/mL nalidixic acid for selecting quinolone-resistant enterobacteria. The bacterial isolates were subjected to biochemical identification tests, antibiograms, double-disk synergic tests, and polymerase chain reaction analysis for resistance-inducing genes (blaESBL, qnr, and genes encoding efflux pump and acetylases). Four (5.00%) bacterial isolates (3 Escherichia coli and 1 Morganella morganii) resistant to cephalosporins and/or quinolones were identified; of these, three (75%) isolates were from sheep and one (25%) from a dog. These findings indicate the presence of MR bacteria in the normal microbiota of the animals studied. Animals colonized with such bacteria can contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance to other animals, environment, and/or human beings and can harbor endogenous infections in unfavorable conditions, which have poor prognosis due to the limited therapeutic options.(AU)

Resistência bacteriana é considerado o maior problema de saúde pública mundial da atualidade, sendo os relatos de infecções e surtos causados por bactérias multirresistentes cada vez mais frequentes na clínica veterinária e humana. Neste contexto, animais de companhia e criação podem atuar como reservatório de bactérias multirresistentes, como as produtoras de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) e as que apresentam resistência as quinolonas mediada por plasmídeos (PMQR). O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar beta-lactamases de espectro estendido e resistência as quinolonas mediada por plasmídeos em membros da família Enterobacteriaceae isolados de ovinos e cães de propriedades rurais não tecnificadas da região de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil. Foram analisados 81 swabs de cães e ovinos provenientes de 11 pequenas propriedades rurais da região de Umuarama (PR). Os swabs foram inoculados em caldo Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) e o crescimento obtivo foi em seguida semeado em placas de Petri contendo ágar MacConkey (MC) acrescido de cefotaxima 10 μg/mL para seleção de bactérias gram-negativas produtoras de ESBL; e placas contendo MC acrescido de ácido nalidíxico 50 g/mL para seleção de bactérias gram-negativas resistentes as quinolonas. Os isolados bacterianos obtidos foram submetidos a testes de antibiograma pelo método de disco-difusão em ágar, teste sinérgico do duplo-disco e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para genes que conferem resistência do tipo ESBL e para quinolonas. Dos 81 swabs coletados foi possível detectar quatro (4,97%) isolados bacterianos (3Escherichia coli e 1 Morganellamorganii) resistentes a cefalosporinas e/ou quinolonas. Destes isolados, três (75%) eram de ovinos e um (25%) de cão. Os resultados encontrados indicam a presença de cepas multirresistentes na microbiota normal dos animais estudados.[...](AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum isolated from ill poultry in Brazil / Suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de Salmonella Gallinarum e Salmonella Pullorum isolados de aves doentes no Brasil

Salmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum) are poultry host-specific, agents of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively. These biovars cause septicemic infections, resulting in high mortality. Outbreaks are frequently reported worldwide, causing losses due to the elimination of infected flocks and treatments. The use of antimicrobial agents is frequent in poultry farms to prevent or treat gastrointestinal infections. In the present research it was evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 50 S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum isolates, from outbreaks that occurred between 1987 to 1991 and 2006 to 2013. The comparison of the susceptibility profiles showed that all isolates were susceptible to -lactams. All isolates from 1987-1991 were susceptible to all antibiotics tested except NAL and CIP (78%). The susceptibility profile of S. Gallinarum (2006 - 2013 period) was the following NAL (58%), CIP (63%), ENR (67%), TET (92%), FFC (96%) and SXT (96%). S. Pullorum isolates (2006 - 2013 period) showed the following susceptibility rates to NAL (65%), CIP (71%), ENR (94%) and TET (94%). All isolates were susceptible to -lactams tested, however, resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones increased over time. Furthermore, low levels of resistance to other antibiotics were found in recent isolates, such as tetracyclines.(AU)

Salmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) e Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum) são patógenos hospedeiro-específico de aves, agentes do tifo aviário e pulorose, respectivamente. Estes biovares causam infecções septicêmicas, resultando em alta mortalidade. Surtos são frequentemente relatados em diversos países, causando prejuízos devido à eliminação de lotes infectados e tratamentos. Agentes antimicrobianos são utilizados frequentemente em granjas avícolas para prevenir ou tratar infecções gastrointestinais. No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de 50 isolados de S. Gallinarum e S. Pullorum, obtidos durante surtos que ocorreram entre 1987 a 1991 e entre 2006 a 2013. A comparação dos perfis de sensibilidade mostrou que todas as amostras são sensíveis aos -lactâmicos. Todos os isolados de 1987-1991 foram sensíveis a todos os antibióticos testados, exceto NAL e CIP (78%). O perfil de susceptibilidade de S. Gallinarum (surtos de 2006 a 2013) foi NAL (58%), CIP (63%), ENR (67%), TET (92%), FFC (96%) e SXT (96%). Isolados de S. Pullorum (surtos de 2006 a 2013) apresentaram as seguintes taxas de sensibilidade: NAL (65%), CIP (71%), ENR (94%) e TET (94%). Todas as amostras foram sensíveis ao -lactâmicos testados, no entanto, a resistência às quinolonas e fluoroquinolonas aumentou ao longo do tempo. Além disso, baixos níveis de resistência a outros antibióticos foram encontrados em isolados recentes, tais como as tetraciclinas.(AU)

GENÔMICA COMPARATIVA DE STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. ASSOCIADOS À MASTITE SUBCLÍNICA CAPRINA NA PARAÍBA

Infecções intramamárias acometem frequentemente os animais leiteiros, gerando danos tanto na saúde dos animais e perdas significativas na quantidade e qualidade do leite produzido, como riscos para a saúde dos consumidores tendo em vista que as glândulas mamárias infectadas podem abrigar micro-organismos potencialmente zoonóticos. Os Staphylococcus frequentemente são detectados em exame microbiológico no leite de animais acometidos por infecção mamária. Sendo assim, faz-se necessário estudos mais aprofundados relacionados à resistência antimicrobiana e os fatores de virulência, além de elementos genéticos móveis, afim de minimizar as perdas para a cadeia produtiva e para a saúde pública. O sequenciamento do genoma completo é uma ferramenta desenvolvida para auxiliar com maior facilidade, rapidez e menores custos toda a epidemiologia genômica dos micro-organismos, e, através da anotação funcional, realizar comparações entre micro-organismos e identificar diferenças e similaridades entre elas. O capítulo I, é um referencial teórico, que demonstra aspectos da qualidade do leite de cabras, tanto nos aspectos físico-químicos como microbiológicos, com base na legislação nacional vigente e suas implicações na produção e saúde dos animais e seres humanos. Os capítulos II, III e IV avaliam através do sequenciamento dos genomas, genes de resistência, detecção de plasmídeos, e fatores de virulência de três espécies de Staphylococcus (S.) (S. caprae, S. epidermidis e S. aureus) originários de leite de cabras. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste fenotípico de difusão em discos. Após extração do DNA genômico total e posterior avaliação quali-quantitativa do DNA, foram sequenciadas em tecnologia Illumina Miseq. A montagem de todos os genomas foi executada em Unicycler. A anotação das amostras de S. caprae foi avaliada por meio de análise do pan-genoma. Foi verificada a presença de genes de resistência a tetraciclina, -lactâmicos, fosfomicina, macrolídeos, fenicóis e quinolonas. Já para os fatores de virulência, foram observados aderência, exoenzimas, evasão imune, absorção e metabolism do ferro e toxinas. Os capítulos III e IV, analisam respectivamente as amostras de S. epidermidis e S. aureus a despeito do tipo de sequência multilocus (ST), predição de genes de virulência, plasmídeos rep, tipo de cassete cromossomal e fatores de virulência. Uma amostra de cada uma dessas espécies, detectou o gene mec e tipo de SCCmecIV. S epidermidis exibiu três tipos de sequência multilocus diferentes, resistência genotípica as classes dos macrolídeos, -lactâmicos, tetraciclinas, aminoglicosídeos e fosfomicina e seis diferentes plasmídeos, além de fatores de virulência a aderência, enzimas, evasão imune, toxinas e sistema de secreção. Nas cepas de S. aureus, adicionalmente, foram realizadas análises da proteína A e filogenia. As amostras pertenciam a quatro STs e cinco proteínas A (spa) diferentes. Houve maior prevalência de resistência para os genes de tetraciclina e beta-lactâmicos, entretanto, uma cepa ainda apresentou genes de resistência a trimetropim, macrolídeos, aminogligosídeo e fenicol. Os genes de virulência foram classificados em exoenzimas, toxigênicos e resposta imune. Em resumo, a ocorrência de genes de resistência e plasmídeos portadores de genes de resistência, inclusive, para antimicrobianos de último recurso em infecções humanas mais graves, além de grande frequência de genes de virulência em isolados de Staphylococcus spp. de originários de leite de cabras reforça a preocupação frente à qualidade do leite produzido como alimento seguro.

Intramammary infections often affect dairy animals, causing damage to the health of animals and significant losses in the quantity and quality of milk produced, as well as risks to the health of consumers, given that infected mammary glands can harbor potentially zoonotic microorganisms. Staphylococcus are frequently detected in microbiological examination in the milk of animals affected by mammary infection. Therefore, further studies related to antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors, in addition to mobile genetic elements, are necessary in order to minimize losses to the production chain and public health. The whole genome sequencing is a tool developed to assist with greater ease, speed and lower costs the entire genomic epidemiology of microorganisms, and, through functional annotation, perform comparisons between microorganisms and identify differences and similarities between them. Chapter I is a theoretical framework that demonstrates aspects of goat milk quality, both in physical-chemical and microbiological aspects, based on current national legislation and its implications for the production and health of animals and human beings. Chapters II, III and IV evaluate through genome sequencing, resistance genes, plasmid detection, and virulence factors of three species of Staphylococcus (S.) (S. caprae, S. epidermidis and S. aureus) originating from goats milk. The samples were submitted to the disc diffusion phenotypic test. After extraction of the total genomic DNA and subsequent quali-quantitative evaluation of the DNA, they were sequenced using Illumina Miseq technology. Assembly of all genomes was performed in Unicycler. The annotation of S. caprae samples was evaluated by pan-genome analysis. The presence of resistance genes to tetracycline, -lactams, fosfomycin, macrolides, phenicols and quinolones was verified. As for virulence factors, adherence, exoenzymes, immune evasion, absorption and metabolism of iron and toxins were observed. Chapters III and IV, respectively, analyze S. epidermidis and S. aureus samples regardless of the multilocus sequence type (ST), virulence gene prediction, rep plasmids, chromosomal cassette type and virulence factors. A sample of each of these species detected the mec gene and type of SCCmecIV. S. epidermidis exhibited three different multilocus sequence types, genotypic resistance to macrolides, -lactams, tetracyclines, minoglycosides and fosfomycin and six different plasmids, in addition to adherence virulence factors, enzymes, immune evasion, toxins and secretion system. In the S. aureus strains, additionally, analyzes of protein A and phylogeny were performed. The samples belonged to four different ST's and five different A (spa) proteins. There was a higher prevalence of resistance for the tetracycline and beta-lactam genes, however, one strain still showed resistance genes to trimethoprim, macrolides, aminoglycoside and phenicol. Virulence genes were classified into exoenzymes, toxigenics and immune response. In summary, the occurrence of resistance genes and plasmids carrying resistance genes, including for antimicrobials of last resort in more severe human infections, in addition to the high frequency of virulence genes in Staphylococcus spp. from goats' milk reinforces the concern about the quality of the milk produced as a safe food.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de aves condenadas por colibacilose

The present study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 130 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from viscera and upper respiratory tract poultry condemned for colibacillosis for Federal Inspection in the state of Tocantins. The poultry analyzed in this study were originated from the states of the Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO), São Paulo (SP) and Tocantins (TO), to perform susceptibility testing antimicrobial (TSA) follow the methodology proposed by CLSI. The results showed that 76% and 72% of cepas coming from the State GO and TO, respectively, showed sensitivity to antibiotics tested. While the strains isolated in DF and SP showed sensitivity of 65% and 62% respectively. When analyzed the sensitivity profile of the formed groups, it was observed that most strains were susceptible, most notably the group of pleuromutilins (93%), followed by aminoglycosides (88%) and quinolones / fluoroquinolones (77%). Among the isolated cepas, 30.76% had multidrug resistance to antimicrobials. In the experimental conditions this work, among the antibiotics tested, only ceftioflur, florfenicol, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, gentamicin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid are indicated for treating E. coli in chickens. From the data presented the use of antibiotics has not become a problem in the poultry farming since the antibiotics tested were mostly efficient on E. coli

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de 130 cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de aves condenadas por colibacilose pela Inspeção Federal no estado do Tocantins, procedentes dos estados de Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO), São Paulo (SP) e Tocantins (TO), a realização do teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos (TSA) seguiu a metodologia proposta por CLSI. Os resultados mostraram que 76% e 72% das cepas provenientes do estado do GO e TO, respectivamente, apresentaram sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos testados. Enquanto as cepas isoladas no DF e SP apresentaram sensibilidade de 65% e 62% respectivamente. Quando analisado o perfil de sensibilidade dos grupos de antimicrobianos formados, observou-se que a maioria das amostras foram sensíveis, com maior destaque ao grupo das pleuromutilinas (93%), seguidos dos aminoglicosídeos (88%) e quinolonas/fluoroquinolonas (77%). Dentre as cepas isoladas, 30,76% apresentaram resistência a pelo menos dois antimicrobianos testados, recomendados para tratamento de aves. Nas condições experimentais deste trabalho, entre os antimicrobianos testados, apenas ceftioflur, florfenicol, ciprofloxacina, trimethoprim + sulfametoxazol, gentamicina, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico foram indicados para tratamento de E. coli em frangos. E apensar da utilização de antimicrobianos não ter se mostrado um problema em nossos estudos nos estados estudados a multirresistência obtida ressalta a importância de uso criterioso e controlado destes fármacos na avicultura