Successful treatment and management of canine ehrlichiosis-leishmaniosis-heartworm comorbidity

Background: Canine vector borne diseases (CVBD) are common in tropical countries where the climate favors arthropods abundance. Comorbidity with one or more CVBD are reported as clinical complication and worsen prognostic. Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CanL) is an endemic zoonotic disease in Brazil caused by Leishmania infantum, with several restrictions to canine treatment and suggestion of reservoirs euthanasia for disease control. Heartworm (HW) is a helminthic disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. It is a chronic heart disease, which can lead to death by congestive heart failure. Canine ehrlichiosis (CE) is caused by Ehrlichia canis bacterial infection with a zoonotic potential and fatal to dogs in acute and chronic presentations. Exposed the above, this study aims to describe a successful treatment and management of a dog with CanL, CE, and HW comorbidity. Case: A 3-year-old male uncastrated black Labrador dog, weighing 35 kg, was admitted to the veterinary clinic due to immunochromatographic CanL positive test performed by municipal zoonosis control center active surveillance. Clinical exam showed a mild shedding, intermittent eye white/yellow discharge and popliteal lymph nodes enlargement. After positive for CanL, veterinary requested more laboratorial exams. IFAT and ELISA were positive for CanL, blood smear showed presence of microfilaria, and bone marrow cytology showed Ehrlichia spp. morulae and microfilaria. Initial treatment prescribed was oral doxycycline, omeprazole, ranitidine, and domperidone for 30 days, and allopurinol and ivermectin until further recommendation. Additionally, repellent collar, repellent spray and vitamin supplement was indicated. After first month, marbofloxacin for 30 days and three doses of immunostimulant drug were administrated. After three months of treatment, dog still positive for heartworm, ehrlichiosis, and CanL. Doxycycline protocol was repeated. Dog became consistently negative for all pathogens one year later with persistent thrombocytopenia but without clinical signs, ergo allopurinol and ivermectin were discontinued. After 4 years of follow up, the animal had an acute pancreatitis and died, with unremarkable total blood count and negative for all pathogens. Discussion: CVBD coinfections are commonly reported as worsen prognostic in endemic regions. The pathogens reported here share a host immunomodulation competence. L. infantum and Ehrlichia spp. downregulates Th1 response, whereas D. immitis increase as Th2 profile. The therapeutic protocol was iniciated by staging CanL. Since the patient had clinical signs, allopurinol was prescribed as a well-established drug for CanL. Marbofloxacin was added due to its high safety drug in clinical improvement of infected dogs with and without renal disease and in vitro effectiveness against L. infantum. Domperidone was used to promote Th1 cytokine profile as INF-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α. We used an immunostimulant protocol to favor polarization to the Th1 profile comprised by 30 days of domperidone protocol followed by a vaccine and an immunomodulator. Doxycycline was used successfully for Ehrlichia spp. and HE clearance after 2 treatment courses and 1 year of ivermectin every 15 days. The animal presented intermittent coughing episodes on the first treatment course, but no medical intervention was needed besides exercise restriction. Our report shows the successful management of one dog with CanL, CE and HE comorbidity. This success was possible due to early detection and good therapeutic choice.(AU)

Successful emergency treatment in Bradypus variegatus following non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock

Background: The brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) occurs from the Nicaragua to Brazil. In brazilian amazonian,these animals are rescued with illnesses caused by anthropic actions. Emergencial treatment of sloths is complex becauseis a lack of specie-specific information allied to a particularly physiology. They have low metabolism and physiologicalparameters during resting time is 4-7 breaths/min, 40-100 heartbeats/min and temperature between 32-35ºC. They arealso folivores, predisposing cases of dehydration and even hypovolemic shock. This study aimed to report the emergencytreatment performed on a specimen of Bradypus variegatus affected by hypovolemic shock due to dehydration.Case: A male sloth weighing 2.7 kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital-Wild Animals Sector of the Federal Universityof Pará (HVSAS-UFPA), victim of untreated hypovolemic shock due three days of forced eating with inadequate food,which resulted in dehydration, non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock, and severe apathy. Physiological parameters were 8breaths/min, heart rate 90/min and rectal temperature of 33°C. Treatment begun with fluid therapy taking account of 10%of body dehydration (270 mL Ringer lactate, 8 mL vitamin complex and 2 mL glucose), for respiratory decompensationnebulization was conducted with epinephrine (0.5 mL/kg), and intramuscular administration of vitamin B complex (1 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.2 mg/kg), ranitidine (0.5 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) to metabolic stimulation improvement. Physiological parameters were monitored every 10 min for the first 12 h of hospitalization. The managementwere gradually established as the clinical conditions were improved, including forced feeding, daily walks, and enclosureadapted for the minimal behavioral and biological requirements. After 14 days of intensive treatment, the animal wasconsidered ready for release...

Successful emergency treatment in Bradypus variegatus following non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock

Background: The brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) occurs from the Nicaragua to Brazil. In brazilian amazonian,these animals are rescued with illnesses caused by anthropic actions. Emergencial treatment of sloths is complex becauseis a lack of specie-specific information allied to a particularly physiology. They have low metabolism and physiologicalparameters during resting time is 4-7 breaths/min, 40-100 heartbeats/min and temperature between 32-35ºC. They arealso folivores, predisposing cases of dehydration and even hypovolemic shock. This study aimed to report the emergencytreatment performed on a specimen of Bradypus variegatus affected by hypovolemic shock due to dehydration.Case: A male sloth weighing 2.7 kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital-Wild Animals Sector of the Federal Universityof Pará (HVSAS-UFPA), victim of untreated hypovolemic shock due three days of forced eating with inadequate food,which resulted in dehydration, non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock, and severe apathy. Physiological parameters were 8breaths/min, heart rate 90/min and rectal temperature of 33°C. Treatment begun with fluid therapy taking account of 10%of body dehydration (270 mL Ringer lactate, 8 mL vitamin complex and 2 mL glucose), for respiratory decompensationnebulization was conducted with epinephrine (0.5 mL/kg), and intramuscular administration of vitamin B complex (1 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.2 mg/kg), ranitidine (0.5 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) to metabolic stimulation improvement. Physiological parameters were monitored every 10 min for the first 12 h of hospitalization. The managementwere gradually established as the clinical conditions were improved, including forced feeding, daily walks, and enclosureadapted for the minimal behavioral and biological requirements. After 14 days of intensive treatment, the animal wasconsidered ready for release...(AU)

Morfina epidural contínua no controle da dor pós-operatória em ovino / Postoperative pain management in a sheep using continuous epidural morphine

Background: Although ruminants experience pain like other species, diagnosis and treatment may be imprecise and challenging, especially because of lack of recognition and restraint of therapeutic resources. In addition to the restrictions inherent in the species, organic dysfunctions may further restrict the analgesic arsenal, making it necessary to find viable and effective alternative for pain control. The continuous administration of opioids in the epidural space has been highlighted as an analgesic resource in several species. However, until this moment, there are few information on this practice in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the use of continuous epidural infusion of morphine in a sheep undergoing to urethrostomy with a history of chronic pain and urolithiasis.Case: A 3-year-old Santa Ines sheep, weighting 110 kg, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Bahia with history of recurrent urolithiasis, lameness, severe pain and continuous use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The findings of the physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests revealed possible abomasum inflammation, chronic laminitis, left humerus-radioulnar osteoarthritis and urethral urolithiasis with uremia. A clinical stabilization of the animal was performed, including an interruption of the use of the NSAID and the administration of fluid, urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride), histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine), cytoprotectant (sucralfate), antibiotic (norfloxacin) and dipyrone. After 3 days, urethrostomy was performed followed by the implantation of an epidural catheter (19G) in the lumbosacral space (L7 - S1) by means of a Tuohy needle (18G), after the surgical procedure. Administration of morphine (0.1 mg kg-1) through the catheter at 24-h intervals, associated with dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV), every 8 h, over a 5-day period, was the postoperative analgesic protocol chosen.[...]

Morfina epidural contínua no controle da dor pós-operatória em ovino / Postoperative pain management in a sheep using continuous epidural morphine

Background: Although ruminants experience pain like other species, diagnosis and treatment may be imprecise and challenging, especially because of lack of recognition and restraint of therapeutic resources. In addition to the restrictions inherent in the species, organic dysfunctions may further restrict the analgesic arsenal, making it necessary to find viable and effective alternative for pain control. The continuous administration of opioids in the epidural space has been highlighted as an analgesic resource in several species. However, until this moment, there are few information on this practice in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the use of continuous epidural infusion of morphine in a sheep undergoing to urethrostomy with a history of chronic pain and urolithiasis.Case: A 3-year-old Santa Ines sheep, weighting 110 kg, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Bahia with history of recurrent urolithiasis, lameness, severe pain and continuous use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The findings of the physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests revealed possible abomasum inflammation, chronic laminitis, left humerus-radioulnar osteoarthritis and urethral urolithiasis with uremia. A clinical stabilization of the animal was performed, including an interruption of the use of the NSAID and the administration of fluid, urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride), histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine), cytoprotectant (sucralfate), antibiotic (norfloxacin) and dipyrone. After 3 days, urethrostomy was performed followed by the implantation of an epidural catheter (19G) in the lumbosacral space (L7 - S1) by means of a Tuohy needle (18G), after the surgical procedure. Administration of morphine (0.1 mg kg-1) through the catheter at 24-h intervals, associated with dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV), every 8 h, over a 5-day period, was the postoperative analgesic protocol chosen.[...](AU)

Metabolic profile and ruminal and abomasal pH in sheep subjected to intravenous ranitidine / Perfil metabólico ruminal e pH abomasal em ovinos tratados com ranitidina por via intravenosa

Brazilian sheep production has intensified, predisposing sheep to an increased incidence of digestive disorders, such as abomasal ulcers. Ranitidine is used to prevent and treat this disease; however, there is little information on the parenteral use of this drug in adult ruminants. Few data exist on the concomitant metabolic changes and the behavior of the digestive system associated with its use. For this study, five healthy male sheep with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were used. A 5x5 Latin square experiment with a 2x2+1 factorial arrangement of the treatments was performed. Sheep treated with drug doses of 1 or 2mg/kg ranitidine administered intravenously every 8 or 12 hours were compared with the control group, was treated intravenously with 1 mL of physiological solution per 25 kg every 12 hours. Higher total protein concentrations, hemoglobin levels, as well as increased aspartate aminotransferase activity and increased abomasal pH for up to 150 min following drug administration were observed in all animals that received the drug, regardless of dose and frequency. The animals treated every 12 hours showed a decrease in leukocyte number compared with the control group and with the animals treated every 8 hours. Increased serum creatinine concentrations were observed in the animals treated every 8 hours. Treatments of 1mg/kg every 8 hours and 2mg/kg every 12 hours increased the red blood cell count and decreased the serum pepsinogen. All protocols studied were safe for healthy sheep, but 1mg/kg ranitidine every 8 hours and 2mg/kg ranitidine every 12 hours were the most effective protocols for gastric protection.(AU)

A ovinocultura brasileira tem se intensificado, o que predispõe os animais à maior incidência de transtornos digestivos, como a úlcera de abomaso. A ranitidina é utilizada na prevenção e tratamento desta afecção, no entanto há pouca informação sobre a indicação parenteral deste fármaco para ruminantes adultos. São escassas as informações a respeito das alterações metabólicas e do comportamento do sistema digestório associados ao seu uso. Para este estudo foram utilizados cinco ovinos, machos, hígidos, providos de cânula ruminal e abomasal. O delineamento foi Quadrado Latino 5x5 com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2x2+1. Os ovinos tratados com as doses de 1 e 2mg/kg de ranitidina administrada por via intravenosa a cada 8 ou 12 horas foram comparados aos animais do grupo controle, tratados por via intravenosa com 1mL de solução fisiológica por 25 kg a cada 12 horas. Maiores concentrações de proteína total e hemoglobina, maiores atividades de AST e aumento do pH abomasal por até 150 minutos foram observados em todos os animais que receberam o fármaco, independentemente de dose e frequência. Os animais tratados a cada 12 horas mostraram diminuição do número de leucócitos comparados aos animais tratados a cada 8 horas e aos animais do grupo controle. Observou-se aumento das concentrações de creatinina nos animais tratados a cada 8 horas. Os tratamentos 1mg/kg a cada 8 horas e 2mg/kg a cada 12 horas aumentaram o número de hemácias e diminuíram as concentrações séricas de pepsinogênio. Todos os protocolos estudados foram seguros para ovinos sadios, porém 1mg/kg de ranitidina a cada 8 horas e 2mg/kg a cada 12 horas mostraram-se mais eficientes quanto à proteção gástrica.

Metabolic profile and ruminal and abomasal pH in sheep subjected to intravenous ranitidine

Resumo: Brazilian sheep production has intensified, predisposing sheep to an increased incidence of digestive disorders, such as abomasal ulcers. Ranitidine is used to prevent and treat this disease; however, there is little information on the parenteral use of this drug in adult ruminants. Few data exist on the concomitant metabolic changes and the behavior of the digestive system associated with its use. For this study, five healthy male sheep with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were used. A 5x5 Latin square experiment with a 2x2+1 factorial arrangement of the treatments was performed. Sheep treated with drug doses of 1 or 2mg/kg ranitidine administered intravenously every 8 or 12 hours were compared with the control group, was treated intravenously with 1 mL of physiological solution per 25 kg every 12 hours. Higher total protein concentrations, hemoglobin levels, as well as increased aspartate aminotransferase activity and increased abomasal pH for up to 150 min following drug administration were observed in all animals that received the drug, regardless of dose and frequency. The animals treated every 12 hours showed a decrease in leukocyte number compared with the control group and with the animals treated every 8 hours. Increased serum creatinine concentrations were observed in the animals treated every 8 hours. Treatments of 1mg/kg every 8 hours and 2mg/kg every 12 hours increased the red blood cell count and decreased the serum pepsinogen. All protocols studied were safe for healthy sheep, but 1mg/kg ranitidine every 8 hours and 2mg/kg ranitidine every 12 hours were the most effective protocols for gastric protection.

Abstract: A ovinocultura brasileira tem se intensificado, o que predispõe os animais à maior incidência de transtornos digestivos, como a úlcera de abomaso. A ranitidina é utilizada na prevenção e tratamento desta afecção, no entanto há pouca informação sobre a indicação parenteral deste fármaco para ruminantes adultos. São escassas as informações a respeito das alterações metabólicas e do comportamento do sistema digestório associados ao seu uso. Para este estudo foram utilizados cinco ovinos, machos, hígidos, providos de cânula ruminal e abomasal. O delineamento foi Quadrado Latino 5x5 com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2x2+1. Os ovinos tratados com as doses de 1 e 2mg/kg de ranitidina administrada por via intravenosa a cada 8 ou 12 horas foram comparados aos animais do grupo controle, tratados por via intravenosa com 1mL de solução fisiológica por 25 kg a cada 12 horas. Maiores concentrações de proteína total e hemoglobina, maiores atividades de AST e aumento do pH abomasal por até 150 minutos foram observados em todos os animais que receberam o fármaco, independentemente de dose e frequência. Os animais tratados a cada 12 horas mostraram diminuição do número de leucócitos comparados aos animais tratados a cada 8 horas e aos animais do grupo controle. Observou-se aumento das concentrações de creatinina nos animais tratados a cada 8 horas. Os tratamentos 1mg/kg a cada 8 horas e 2mg/kg a cada 12 horas aumentaram o número de hemácias e diminuíram as concentrações séricas de pepsinogênio. Todos os protocolos estudados foram seguros para ovinos sadios, porém 1mg/kg de ranitidina a cada 8 horas e 2mg/kg a cada 12 horas mostraram-se mais eficientes quanto à proteção gástrica.

Sensory-motor neuropathy due to vincristine treatment in a dog

Background: Peripheral neuropathies secondary to chemotherapy drugs, especially when it comes to the use of vincristine, are common in humans, but rare in dogs. Neurologic manifestation depends on the kind of axonal fibers involved. When motor fibers are affected, weakness and ataxia are observed. Sensory fibers involvement, which can lead to hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia or paresthesia was reported experimentally in rats, and is common in humans but were never reported in dogs. Thus, this report aims at describing a mixed neuropathy, with sensory and motor involvement, in a dog after vincristine treatment. Case: A one year old mixed breed dog, rescued from the street, was presented with multiple nodular and ulcerated lesions, disseminated on the head, gums, flank and limbs, with progressive worsening in the last two months. Cytology of two subcutaneous and one gum nodule revealed an intense concentration of neutrophils and round cells with abnormally clumped chromatin patterns, prominent nucleoli and multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, compatible with TVT. Treatment was initiated with a weekly administration of vincristine (0,75 mg/m2 ) combined with anti-emetic (maropitant) and H1 receptor inhibitor (ranitidine). Fast remission of the cutaneous lesions occurred. However, after the second chemo session, generalized hyperesthesia, mild ataxia, intermittent collapse and vomiting were...(AU)

Sensory-motor neuropathy due to vincristine treatment in a dog

Background: Peripheral neuropathies secondary to chemotherapy drugs, especially when it comes to the use of vincristine, are common in humans, but rare in dogs. Neurologic manifestation depends on the kind of axonal fibers involved. When motor fibers are affected, weakness and ataxia are observed. Sensory fibers involvement, which can lead to hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia or paresthesia was reported experimentally in rats, and is common in humans but were never reported in dogs. Thus, this report aims at describing a mixed neuropathy, with sensory and motor involvement, in a dog after vincristine treatment. Case: A one year old mixed breed dog, rescued from the street, was presented with multiple nodular and ulcerated lesions, disseminated on the head, gums, flank and limbs, with progressive worsening in the last two months. Cytology of two subcutaneous and one gum nodule revealed an intense concentration of neutrophils and round cells with abnormally clumped chromatin patterns, prominent nucleoli and multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, compatible with TVT. Treatment was initiated with a weekly administration of vincristine (0,75 mg/m2 ) combined with anti-emetic (maropitant) and H1 receptor inhibitor (ranitidine). Fast remission of the cutaneous lesions occurred. However, after the second chemo session, generalized hyperesthesia, mild ataxia, intermittent collapse and vomiting were...

ATUAÇÃO DO COMEPRAZOL E RANITIDINA SOBRE O SANGUE OCULTO GASTROINTESTINAL EM CÃES COM DOENÇA RENAL CRÔNICA

Lima, Charles Silva de. Ação do omeprazol e ranitidina no controle do sangramento gastrointestinal em cães com doença renal crônica. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal) Universidade de Franca, Franca - SP. A doença renal crônica (DRC) é definida como a presença de anormalidades estruturais e/ou funcionais de um ou ambos os rins e que pode apresentar repercussões sistêmicas, incluindo os distúrbios gastroentéricos. Frequentemente hemorragias aparentes ou ocultas identificadas nas fezes, são sinais de lesões neste sistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar ação do omeprazol e ranitidina no controle do sangramento gastrointestinal em cães com DRC. Utilizou-se 30 cães, sendo 10 hígidos que compuseram o grupo controle (GC) e 20 com DRC, 11 diagnosticados segundo critérios da IRIS, que foram distribuídos em dois grupos: 10 12 receberam omeprazol (GO) e 10 ranitidina (GR), por 14 dias consecutivos. 13 Colheram-se amostras de fezes para realização de PSO fecal, empregando-se as 14 técnicas de benzidina e guaiac. Os testes foram realizados em três momentos com 15 intervalo de 7 dias (0, 7 e 14). A técnica de benzidina foi mais sensível na detecção 16 da PSO fecal que o Guaiac. Observou-se redução significativa no escore de sangue 17 oculto fecal no tratamento com omeprazol (GO) avaliado pelo teste de benzidina (P= 18 0,049) e baixa resposta ao uso da ranitidina ao final do tratamento (P= 0,017 e r= 19 0,726). Concluiu-se que o omeprazol reduz sangramento oculto gastrointestinal em 20 cães com DRC. Palavras-chave: caninos, nefropatia, sangramento gastrointestinal, teste de triagem.

Lima, Charles Silva de. Action of omeprazole and ranitidine in the control of gastrointestinal bleeding in dogs with chronic kidney disease. 2018. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science) - University of Franca, Franca - SP. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as estructural and/or functional abnormalities presented in one or both kidneys that can present systemic repercussions, including gastroenteric disturbances. Frequently, apparent or occult 8 haemorrhages identified in feces are injuries signs in renal system. The aim of this 9 study was to determinate the action of omeprazole and ranitidine in the control of 10 gastrointestinal bleeding in dogs with CKD. A total of 30 dogs were used: 10 control 11 group (GC) and 20 with CKD, diagnosed according to IRIS criteria, which were 12 subdivided into two groups: 10 received omeprazole (GO) and 10 ranitidine (GR) for 13 14 consecutive days. Feces samples were collected for benzidine and guaiac OGIB test. The evaluation was performed with 7 days interval (0, 7 and 14). The benzidine technique was more sensitive in detecting OGIB than Guaiac. There was a significant reduction in OGIB in GO evaluated by the benzidine test (P = 0.049) and low response to ranitidine treatment (P = 0.017 and r = 0.726). This study suggests that omeprazole reduce occult gastrointestinal bleeding in dogs with CKD. Keywords: dogs, nephropathy, gastrointestinal bleeding, screening test.

Ação preventiva de fármacos antiácidos e potenciais biomarcadores para úlcera abomasal decorrente do uso de fenilbutazona

Úlceras abomasais acarretam diminuição do bem-estar e da produção de leite e carne, porém informações quanto a sua etiopatogenia, diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamento ainda são insuficientes, em especial quando acometem ruminantes adultos. Os protocolos utilizados para prevenção e tratamento desta enfermidade são extrapolados dos determinados para a lesão estomacal em monogástricos, havendo ainda incertezas sobre o efeito dos princípios ativos, doses e vias de administração mais adequados para ruminantes. Com o intuito de testar a capacidade da ranitidina e do omeprazol prevenirem o aparecimento de úlcera abomasal realizou-se administração dos antiácidos concomitantemente ao uso de fenilbutazona por sete dias (4,4 mg/kg, duas vezes ao dia, pela via intravenosa). Oito ovinos hígidos e canulados em abomaso foram distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4x4 e tratados com 2 mg de ranitidina/kg de peso vivo, pela via intravenosa, a cada doze horas; 0,4 mg/kg de omeprazol, pela via intravenosa, uma vez ao dia; 4 mg/kg de omeprazol em pasta, via oral, uma vez ao dia; ou nenhum medicamento antiácido (controle). Omeprazol administrado pela via intravenosa desencadeou flebite e maior número de animais apresentou lesões na mucosa abomasal. Omeprazol em pasta não foi eficaz na prevenção de úlcera do tipo 1a. Embora sem diferença entre os grupos, a ranitidina revelou o menor número de animais com lesões confirmadas pelo exame histológico; no entanto, este antagonista H2 ocasionou aumento da frequência cardíaca. O pH e a acidez do conteúdo abomasal, as concentrações séricas do pepsinogênio e da lisozima, bem como a pesquisa de sangue oculto fecal não se mostraram válidos para o diagnóstico da úlcera de abomaso do tipo 1a em ovinos adultos

Abomasal ulcers reduce welfare and production of milk and meat, but information about their etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment is still insufficient, especially for adult ruminants. Protocols used for prevention and treatment of this disease are extrapolated from those determined for gastric lesions in monogastric animals. However, there are still uncertainties about the preventive effect of these drugs, the used doses and best route of administration to ruminants. The preventive action of ranitidine and omeprazole on the development of abomasal ulcers was tested. The antacid drugs were administered concomitantly to phenylbutazone over seven days (4.4 mg/kg twice a day, intravenously). Eight healthy sheep, cannulated in abomasum, were distributed in two 4x4 Latin squares and treated with 2 mg/kg of ranitidine every 12 hours; 0.4 mg/kg of omeprazole, administered intravenously once a day; 4 mg/kg of omeprazole paste, administered orally once a day; or no antacid drug (control). Intravenously administered omeprazole caused phlebitis and a higher number of animals had lesions in the abomasal mucosa. Omeprazole paste was not effective in the prevention of type 1a ulcer. Although there was no difference between groups, ranitidine showed the lowest number of animals with lesions diagnosed by histological examination; however, this H2 antagonist caused an increase in heart rate. Measurements of pH and acidity of abomasal contents, serum pepsinogen and lysozyme concentrations, as well as fecal occult blood screening were concluded not to be valid biomarkers for type 1a abomasal ulcers in adult sheep.

Chronic liver disease associated to copper accumulation in an american Pitbull Terrier / Hepatopatia crônica associada ao acúmulo de cobre em um cão da raça American Pitbull Terrier

Background: The liver plays a variety of essential biochemical functions such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins, the maintenance of blood glucose and bile acids synthesis. Hepatic insuffi ciency occurs when 70 to 80% of the functional liver mass is committed the liver is unable to metabolize substances on the circulation. In some cases, chronic liver disease may be associated with copper accumulation, which may occur by increased dietary intake, faults in hepatic copper metabolism or liver diseases that cause colestase. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of chronic liver disease associated with copper accumulation in a 8-month-old American Pit Bull Terrier.Case: An American Pitbull Terrier was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with a history of abdominal distension, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and exhaustion. On physical examination the animal presented ascites and dehydration and laboratory tests were suggestive of active liver disease. Supportive care was provided. The patient was prescribed ranitidine (2 mg/kg) VO BID for 7 days, metoclopramide (0.3 mg/kg) VO BID also for 7 days and furosemide (1 mg/kg) PO BID until further instructions while awaiting for test results. The next appointment was scheduled for ten days later but the owner came back for co

Background: The liver plays a variety of essential biochemical functions such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins, the maintenance of blood glucose and bile acids synthesis. Hepatic insuffi ciency occurs when 70 to 80% of the functional liver mass is committed the liver is unable to metabolize substances on the circulation. In some cases, chronic liver disease may be associated with copper accumulation, which may occur by increased dietary intake, faults in hepatic copper metabolism or liver diseases that cause colestase. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of chronic liver disease associated with copper accumulation in a 8-month-old American Pit Bull Terrier.Case: An American Pitbull Terrier was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with a history of abdominal distension, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and exhaustion. On physical examination the animal presented ascites and dehydration and laboratory tests were suggestive of active liver disease. Supportive care was provided. The patient was prescribed ranitidine (2 mg/kg) VO BID for 7 days, metoclopramide (0.3 mg/kg) VO BID also for 7 days and furosemide (1 mg/kg) PO BID until further instructions while awaiting for test results. The next appointment was scheduled for ten days later but the owner came back for co

Hepatopatia crônica associada ao acúmulo de cobre em um cão da raça American Pitbull Terrier / Chronic Liver Disease Associated to Copper Accumulation in an American Pitbull Terrier

Background: The liver plays a variety of essential biochemical functions such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins, the maintenance of blood glucose and bile acids synthesis. Hepatic insufficiency occurs when 70 to 80% of the functional liver mass is committed the liver is unable to metabolize substances on the circulation. In some cases, chronic liver disease may be associated with copper accumulation, which may occur by increased dietary intake, faults in hepatic copper metabolism or liver diseases that cause colestase. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of chronic liver disease associated with copper accumulation in a 8-month-old American Pit Bull Terrier. Case: An American Pitbull Terrier was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with a history of abdominal distension, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and exhaustion. On physical examination the animal presented ascites and dehydration and laboratory tests were suggestive of active liver disease. Supportive care was provided. The patient was prescribed ranitidine (2 mg/kg) VO BID for 7 days, metoclopramide (0.3 mg/kg) VO BID also for 7 days and furosemide (1 mg/kg) PO BID until further instructions while awaiting for test results. The next appointment was scheduled for ten days later but the owner came back for consultation only 60 days after the first visit. The patient had then a history of abdominal distension, dullness and polydipsia. During physical examination, it was possible to notice pale mucous membranes, dehydration, cachexia, hypothermia and ascites. The animal was then hospitalized for additional tests, abdominocentesis, support treatment and further observation. Laboratory findings showed liver failure. The patient died after two days. Necropsy revealed macroscopic alterations compatible with liver cirrhosis. On microscopic examination, it was observed marked diffuse proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and epithelial cells of the bile ducts, besides moderate multifocal histiocytic infiltrate with granular intracytoplasmic brownish pigment. Copper determination on hepatic fragment was performed. The examination found 1320 mg/g on dry weight of copper in the body. The necropsy report was liver cirrhosis associated with copper accumulation. Discussion: Liver disease associated with copper accumulation has been reported in West Highland Terriers, Skye Terriers and Bedlington Terriers. There are not, however, reports of this disease in American Pitbull Terriers. Laboratory findings of this case are consistent with liver failure, also reported by previous studies. Based on laboratory findings supportive care was established since the patient was in an irreversible condition. A biopsy was not performed, despite being the definitive diagnostic method for cirrhosis, since the patient had alterations in the coagulation tests, preventing the procedure. The acquired portosystemic shunt observed on necropsy was due to increased intrahepatic resistance, caused by fibrosis and is a common finding in cases of cirrhosis. The copper concentration found in the liver was three times greater than the value considered normal for the canine species. However, it was not possible to determine whether the copper accumulation was the cirrhosis' cause or consequence. Chronic liver disease is common in veterinary care, but it is often difficult to identify the cause of injury. The copper accumulation should be considered as a liver failure cause in same breeds as predisposed but yet unreported, especially in young patients.

Efeitos colaterais da ranitidina aplicada em dose terapêutica em cães saudáveis

The purpose of this study was to verify if the ranitidine dosage of 2mg kg-1 by intravenous path causes emesis or hypotension in healthy dogs. They were selected 10 Labrador Retriever, 10 Beagles and 10 mongrel dogs, five animals of each sex. The animals were submitted to clinical examination and blood pressure evaluation before ranitidine administration and also 10 minutes and 4 hours after administration of it. After administration was observed that 13.3% of the animals presented normal; 6.7% of the dogs presented apathy; 50% of the animals presented salivation and 30% presented apathy, salivation, emesis mimic or emesis. There was no significative arterial blood pressure decrease after ranitidine administration. It was concluded that ranitidine useful in therapeutic dosage by intravenous path may provoke apathy, salivation, emesis mimic and emesis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a dose de ranitidina 2mg kg-1, aplicada via intravenosa, causa êmese ou hipotensão em cães saudáveis. Foram selecionados 10 cães da raça Retriever do Labrador, 10 da raça Beagle e 10 cães sem raça definida, sendo cinco animais de cada sexo. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e à avaliação da pressão sanguínea antes da aplicação do fármaco e também 10 minutos e quatro horas após a administração deste. Após a aplicação, observou-se que 13,3% dos animais apresentaram-se normais; 6,7% dos cães apresentaram apatia; 50% dos animais apresentaram salivação e 30% apresentaram apatia, salivação, mímica de vômito ou êmese. Não houve diminuição significativa da pressão arterial após a administração do fármaco. Conclui-se que o uso de ranitidina na dose terapêutica, aplicada via intravenosa, pode provocar apatia, salivação, mímica de vômito e êmese.

Efeitos colaterais da ranitidina aplicada em dose terapêutica em cães saudáveis

The purpose of this study was to verify if the ranitidine dosage of 2mg kg-1 by intravenous path causes emesis or hypotension in healthy dogs. They were selected 10 Labrador Retriever, 10 Beagles and 10 mongrel dogs, five animals of each sex. The animals were submitted to clinical examination and blood pressure evaluation before ranitidine administration and also 10 minutes and 4 hours after administration of it. After administration was observed that 13.3% of the animals presented normal; 6.7% of the dogs presented apathy; 50% of the animals presented salivation and 30% presented apathy, salivation, emesis mimic or emesis. There was no significative arterial blood pressure decrease after ranitidine administration. It was concluded that ranitidine useful in therapeutic dosage by intravenous path may provoke apathy, salivation, emesis mimic and emesis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a dose de ranitidina 2mg kg-1, aplicada via intravenosa, causa êmese ou hipotensão em cães saudáveis. Foram selecionados 10 cães da raça Retriever do Labrador, 10 da raça Beagle e 10 cães sem raça definida, sendo cinco animais de cada sexo. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e à avaliação da pressão sanguínea antes da aplicação do fármaco e também 10 minutos e quatro horas após a administração deste. Após a aplicação, observou-se que 13,3% dos animais apresentaram-se normais; 6,7% dos cães apresentaram apatia; 50% dos animais apresentaram salivação e 30% apresentaram apatia, salivação, mímica de vômito ou êmese. Não houve diminuição significativa da pressão arterial após a administração do fármaco. Conclui-se que o uso de ranitidina na dose terapêutica, aplicada via intravenosa, pode provocar apatia, salivação, mímica de vômito e êmese.

Efeitos colaterais da ranitidina aplicada em dose terapêutica em cães saudáveis

The purpose of this study was to verify if the ranitidine dosage of 2mg kg-1 by intravenous path causes emesis or hypotension in healthy dogs. They were selected 10 Labrador Retriever, 10 Beagles and 10 mongrel dogs, five animals of each sex. The animals were submitted to clinical examination and blood pressure evaluation before ranitidine administration and also 10 minutes and 4 hours after administration of it. After administration was observed that 13.3% of the animals presented normal; 6.7% of the dogs presented apathy; 50% of the animals presented salivation and 30% presented apathy, salivation, emesis mimic or emesis. There was no significative arterial blood pressure decrease after ranitidine administration. It was concluded that ranitidine useful in therapeutic dosage by intravenous path may provoke apathy, salivation, emesis mimic and emesis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a dose de ranitidina 2mg kg-1, aplicada via intravenosa, causa êmese ou hipotensão em cães saudáveis. Foram selecionados 10 cães da raça Retriever do Labrador, 10 da raça Beagle e 10 cães sem raça definida, sendo cinco animais de cada sexo. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e à avaliação da pressão sanguínea antes da aplicação do fármaco e também 10 minutos e quatro horas após a administração deste. Após a aplicação, observou-se que 13,3% dos animais apresentaram-se normais; 6,7% dos cães apresentaram apatia; 50% dos animais apresentaram salivação e 30% apresentaram apatia, salivação, mímica de vômito ou êmese. Não houve diminuição significativa da pressão arterial após a administração do fármaco. Conclui-se que o uso de ranitidina na dose terapêutica, aplicada via intravenosa, pode provocar apatia, salivação, mímica de vômito e êmese.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica, radiológica e do perfil metabólico de ovinos tratados com diferentes protocolos de administração de ranitidina / Ultrasonographic, radiological and metabolic profile evaluation of sheep treated with different protocols of ranitidine

O rebanho ovino brasileiro tem se intensificado, o que predispõe à maior incidência de transtornos digestivos, como a úlcera de abomaso. A ranitidina é utilizada na prevenção e tratamento desta afecção, no entanto há pouca informação sobre a indicação parenteral deste fármaco para a espécie ovina. São escassas as informações a respeito das alterações metabólicas concomitantes, assim como do comportamento do sistema digestório. Nesse estudo foram utilizados cinco ovinos, machos, hígidos, providos de cânula ruminal e abomasal em delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino 5 x 5, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2 x 2 + 1. Foram testadas as doses de 1mg/kg e 2mg/kg, administradas por via intravenosa, (IV) a cada 12 (BID) e a cada 8 horas (TID) em relação ao grupo controle, tratado com 1 mL de solução fisiológica por 25 kg, IV, BID. Maiores concentrações de proteína total, cálcio, sódio e hemoglobina, maiores atividades de AST e aumento do pH abomasal por 150 minutos foram observados em todos os animais que receberam o fármaco, independentemente de dose e frequência. No grupo tratado BID houve diminuição do número de leucócitos. Na frequência TID houve aumento das concentrações de creatinina e diminuição do cortisol plasmático. Os tratamentos 1 mg/kg TID e 2 mg/kg BID aumentaram o número de hemácias, diminuíram o intervalo entre as contrações reticulares e as concentrações séricas de pepsinogênio. Não foram observadas alterações na dinâmica dos fluidos, no pH ruminal, nas funções vitais e na amplitude das contrações reticulares. A radiografia contrastada foi útil para a avaliação da motilidade abomasal e intestinal. A ultrassonografia em modo-M revelou-se de grande valia na avaliação da amplitude e duração da curva de contração reticular e do intervalo entre as contrações

The brazilian sheep production intensified, predisposing to increased incidence of digestive disorders such as abomasal ulcers. Ranitidine is used to prevent and treat this disease, however there is little information about the use of parenteral form of the drug in sheep. Data about the concomitant metabolic changes, as well as the behavior of the digestive system is scant. In this study, we used five healthy male sheep with ruminal and abomasal cannula. A Latin Square experiment 5 x 5 with 2 x 2 + 1factorial arrangement of treatments was run. Four levels of 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg administered intravenously (IV) every 12 (BID) and every 8 hours (TID) was compared to the control group, treated with 1 mL of saline per 25 kg, IV, BID. Higher concentrations of total protein, calcium, sodium and hemoglobin, increased AST activity and increased pH abomasum for 150 min were observed in all animals receiving the drug, regardless of dose and frequency. The BID treatment groups showed decrease the number of leukocytes. Increase of creatinine concentrations and decrease of plasma cortisol were observed in the TID group. Treatments 1 mg/kg TID and 2 mg/kg BID increased the number of red blood cells, decreased the interval between reticular contractions and serum pepsinogen. No changes were observed in fluid dynamics, the ruminal pH, vital functions and amplitude of reticular contractions. Contrast administered through abomasal cannula allowed the evaluation of abomasal and intestinal motility by radiography. The M-mode ultrasonography proved valuable in characterizing reticular contraction by the interval of contractions and a contraction curve correlating amplitude and time and

Desvio portossistêmico extra-hepático congênito em cadela schnauzer miniatura – relato de caso / Portosystemic congenital shunt in a miniature Schnauzer bitch – case report / Desvío porto sistémico congénito extra hepático en una perra Schnauzer miniatura – relato de caso

Uma cadela mini-schnauzer de doze meses apresentou sintomatologia neurológica periódica, com andar cambaleante, cegueira amaurótica, vômito e inapetência. Suspeitou-se de desvio portossistêmico com encefalopatia. A venoportografia mesentérica contrastada revelou desvio portossistêmico extra-hepático. Hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea, albumina, colesterol, creatinina e proteínas totais não foram conclusivos para o diagnóstico. A esplenoportografia mesentérica confirmou desvio portossistêmico extra-hepático. Como o proprietário não autorizou a cirurgia, prescreveram-se cloridrato de ranitidina, silimarina, metronidazol, ampicilina, ácido ursodesoxicólico, lactulose e dieta de ricota sem sal, arroz e cenoura, por três meses. Para manter as funções hepáticas adotou-se tratamento homeopático com silimarina, Carduus marianus e Chelidonium majus. Em quatro anos de tratamento, o animal não teve nenhuma crise de encefalopatia ou outro distúrbio mais grave.

A 12-month-old miniature Schnauzer bitch presented continuous neurologic symptoms such as incoordination, amaurotic blindness, vomiting, and lack of appetite. The suspicion of an extra-hepatic shunt with encephalopathy was confirmed by contrasted mesenteric venous portography. Hemogram, blood biochemistry, albumin, cholesterol, creatinin and total protein levels were not conclusive for the final diagnosis, but a mesenteric splenoportography confirmed the presence of a portosystemic shunt. Since the owner did not authorize surgery, the animal was prescribed ranitidine hydrochloride, silymarin, metronidazole, ampicillin, ursodeoxycholic acid and lactulose, as well as a salt-free diet based on ricotta, rice and carrots for three months. For posterior hepatic housekeeping, the animal was prescribed a homeopathic treatment with silymarin, Carduus marianus and Chelidonium majus. In the four years of treatment the animal did not have any crisis, encephalopathy or any other severe disturbs.

Una perra mini-Schnauzer de doce meses presentó sintomatología neurológica periódica, con andadura tambaleante, ceguera amaurótica, vómitos e inapetencia. Se sospechó de desvío porto sistémico con encefalopatía. La venoportografía mesentérica contrastada comprobó desvío porto sistémico extra hepático. Hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea, albúmina, colesterol, creatinina y proteínas totales no fueron conclusivos para el diagnóstico. La esplenoportografía mesentérica confirmó el desvío porto sistémico extra hepático. El propietario no autorizó la cirugía, y se inició una terapia con clorhidrato de ranitidina, silimarina, metronidazol, ampicilina, ácido ursodesoxicólico, lactulosa, y dieta de ricota sin sal, arroz y zanahoria, por tres meses. Para mantener las funciones hepáticas fue prescripto tratamiento homeopático con silimarina, Carduus marianus y Chelidonium majus. En cuatro años de tratamiento, el paciente no tuvo ninguna crisis de encefalopatía, o cualquier alteración más grave.

Desvio portossistêmico extra-hepático congênito em cadela schnauzer miniatura relato de caso / Portosystemic congenital shunt in a miniature Schnauzer bitch case report / Desvío porto sistémico congénito extra hepático en una perra Schnauzer miniatura relato de caso

Uma cadela mini-schnauzer de doze meses apresentou sintomatologia neurológica periódica, com andar cambaleante, cegueira amaurótica, vômito e inapetência. Suspeitou-se de desvio portossistêmico com encefalopatia. A venoportografia mesentérica contrastada revelou desvio portossistêmico extra-hepático. Hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea, albumina, colesterol, creatinina e proteínas totais não foram conclusivos para o diagnóstico. A esplenoportografia mesentérica confirmou desvio portossistêmico extra-hepático. Como o proprietário não autorizou a cirurgia, prescreveram-se cloridrato de ranitidina, silimarina, metronidazol, ampicilina, ácido ursodesoxicólico, lactulose e dieta de ricota sem sal, arroz e cenoura, por três meses. Para manter as funções hepáticas adotou-se tratamento homeopático com silimarina, Carduus marianus e Chelidonium majus. Em quatro anos de tratamento, o animal não teve nenhuma crise de encefalopatia ou outro distúrbio mais grave.(AU)

A 12-month-old miniature Schnauzer bitch presented continuous neurologic symptoms such as incoordination, amaurotic blindness, vomiting, and lack of appetite. The suspicion of an extra-hepatic shunt with encephalopathy was confirmed by contrasted mesenteric venous portography. Hemogram, blood biochemistry, albumin, cholesterol, creatinin and total protein levels were not conclusive for the final diagnosis, but a mesenteric splenoportography confirmed the presence of a portosystemic shunt. Since the owner did not authorize surgery, the animal was prescribed ranitidine hydrochloride, silymarin, metronidazole, ampicillin, ursodeoxycholic acid and lactulose, as well as a salt-free diet based on ricotta, rice and carrots for three months. For posterior hepatic housekeeping, the animal was prescribed a homeopathic treatment with silymarin, Carduus marianus and Chelidonium majus. In the four years of treatment the animal did not have any crisis, encephalopathy or any other severe disturbs.(AU)

Una perra mini-Schnauzer de doce meses presentó sintomatología neurológica periódica, con andadura tambaleante, ceguera amaurótica, vómitos e inapetencia. Se sospechó de desvío porto sistémico con encefalopatía. La venoportografía mesentérica contrastada comprobó desvío porto sistémico extra hepático. Hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea, albúmina, colesterol, creatinina y proteínas totales no fueron conclusivos para el diagnóstico. La esplenoportografía mesentérica confirmó el desvío porto sistémico extra hepático. El propietario no autorizó la cirugía, y se inició una terapia con clorhidrato de ranitidina, silimarina, metronidazol, ampicilina, ácido ursodesoxicólico, lactulosa, y dieta de ricota sin sal, arroz y zanahoria, por tres meses. Para mantener las funciones hepáticas fue prescripto tratamiento homeopático con silimarina, Carduus marianus y Chelidonium majus. En cuatro años de tratamiento, el paciente no tuvo ninguna crisis de encefalopatía, o cualquier alteración más grave.(AU)

EFEITO DA RANITIDINA E DO OMEPRAZOL SOBRE O pH GÁSTRICO EM CÃES

The aim of this work was the ranitidine and omeprazole gastric pH effect investigation. 24 adults, male, mongrel dogs were distributed in 3 groups: group A - control, group B - ranitidine and group C - omeprazole. Gastric pH was measured after gastric juice syringe collection in dogs submitted to gastrotomy. Control group measurements were done at times zero, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Ranitidine group measurements were done at time zero, followed by 0,85 mg/kg endovenous ranitidine, and also at times 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Omeprazole group measurements were done at time zero, followed by 0,68 mg/kg endovenous omeprazole and also at times 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. A significant increase in gastric pH, was observed, comparing groups, after ranitidine and omeprazole use. However, ranitidine and omeprazole compared effects presented no significant differences in pH variation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da ranitidina e omeprazol sobre o pH gástrico em 24 cães adultos, machos, sem raça definida, distribuídos em 3 grupos: grupo A - controle, grupo B - ranitidina e grupo C - omeprazol. O pH gástrico foi medido, após coleta do suco gástrico, com seringa, em cães submetidos a gastrotomia. Esta medida foi feita no grupo controle nos tempos zero, 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos, no grupo ranitidina a medida foi feita no tempo zero, seguida de aplicação de 0,85 mg/kg de ranitidina por via endovenosa, sendo realizada nova medida nos tempos 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos e, no grupo omeprazol a medida foi feita no tempo zero, seguida de aplicação de 0,68 mg/kg de omeprazol por via endovenosa, sendo realizada nova medida nos tempos 30,60, 90 e 120 minutos. A comparação entre os grupos mostrou um aumento significante do pH gástrico após o uso de ranitidina e omeprazol. Entretanto, os efeitos comparados da ranitidina e omeprazol não apresentaram diferenças significantes na variação do pH.