Productive performance and ingestive behavior of crossbred heifers in integrated livestock-forest systems

The present study aimed to assess the productive performance, ingestive behavior, and thermal condition of crossbred beef heifers in an integrated livestock-forest (ILF) system with different tree-planting designs. Seventy-two ½ Angus ½ Nellore heifers were divided in three treatments­conventional system (CS) without eucalyptus, integrated livestock system with 187 eucalyptus ha−1 (ILF-1L), and integrated livestock system with 446 eucalyptus ha−1 (ILF-3L)­, in the winter and summer. Total dry mass of forage (TDM), chemical analysis of Marandu palisadegrass, average daily gain (ADG), stocking rate (SR), weight gain per area (WGA), behavior, microclimatic variables, and thermal comfort indexes were evaluated. A higher percentage of crude protein and lower TDM and SR were observed in ILF-1L and ILF-3L, with no differences for ADG and WGA. Ambient temperature, temperature-humidity index, black globe-humidity index, and radiant heat load were better in ILF-1L and ILF-3L. Heifers in ILF-1L and ILF-3L carried out grazing, resting, rumination, and other activities in the shade. In the summer, heifers in ILF-1L and ILF-3L spent less time resting and more time in rumination and performing other activities than those in the CS. In conclusion, the better forage quality in ILF-1L and ILF-3L does not alter the performance of heifers or WGA, despite the decreased TDM and SR. Furthermore, ILF-1L and ILF-3L provide better thermal comfort, and heifers that do not have access to shade decrease their activities as a strategy to reduce the use of energy for thermal regulation process.(AU)

Osteotomia tripla da pelve por meio de acesso cirúrgico duplo em cães com displasia coxofemoral / Triple pelvic osteotomy through double surgical access in dogs with coxofemoral dysplasia / Triple osteotomía pélvica mediante doble acceso quirúrgico en perros con displasia coxofemoral

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma alteração ortopédica muito comum nos cães, caracterizada por frouxidão da articulação coxofemoral, com consequente osteoartrose. A osteotomia tripla da pelve (TPO) é um dos procedimentos ortopédicos elegíveis como tratamento da DCF. Por necessitar de três abordagens cirúrgicas, a TPO é considerada uma técnica complexa, não isenta de complicações na abordagem do isquio. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo relatar e avaliar a realização da TPO através de apenas dois acessos cirúrgicos, possibilitando executar a osteotomia isquiática através do acesso púbico ventral. Foram operados 10 cães com diagnóstico clinico e radiológico de DCF. Para a secção da mesa isquiática utilizou-se um cinzel de rinotomia com a extremidade apoiada na borda isquiática da face caudal do forame obturador. Ante os bons resultados radiológicos e clínicos pós-operatórios, conclui- se que é possivel a realização da osteotomia do isquio na TPO, através do acesso púbico ventral, oferecendo proventos cirúrgicos. (AU)

Hip dysplasia (HD) is an ordinary dog orthopedic disorder concerning osteoarthritis following hip joint laxity. Among eligible procedures to treat this condition, triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) is a complex technique involving three surgical interventions. This paper reports and evaluates TPO execution using only two surgical accesses to perform a sciatic osteotomy through the pelvic ventral area. Ten suitable for TPO surgery dogs, clinically and radiologically diagnosed were the subject of this study. For the section of the ischial surface, a rhinotome was used with the tip resting on the ischial edge of the caudal surface of the obturator foramen. The experience revealed pelvic ventral area access availability regarding TPO ischial ostectomy with good clinical and radiological outcomes.(AU)

La displasia de cadera (CHD) es un trastorno ortopédico muy común en perros, caracterizado por laxitud de esa articulación con la consiguiente osteoartrosis. La ostectomia pélvica triple (TPO) es uno de los procedimientos ortopédicos elegibles como tratamiento para la CHD. Al requerir tres abordajes quirúrgicos, la TPO se considera una técnica compleja, no exenta de complicaciones en el abordaje del isquion. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo informar y evaluar la realización de la TPO a través de sólo dos accesos quirúrgicos, posibilitando la realización de la osteotomia isquiática a través del acceso ventral del pubis. Se operaron diez perros con diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de CHD. Para la sección de la mesa isquiática se utilizó un rinotomo con la punta apoyada en el borde isquiático de la superficie caudal del agujero obturador. En vista de los buenos resultados postoperatorios clínicos y radiológicos, se concluye que es posible realizar una osteotomia isquiática en la TPO, a través del acceso ventral púbico, ofreciendo beneficios quirúrgicos.(AU)

GPS, LiDAR and VNIR data to monitor the spatial behavior of grazing sheep

Traditional knowledge about the behavior of grazing livestock is about to disappear. Shepherds well know that sheep behavior follows non-random patterns. As a novel alternative to seeking behavioral patterns, this study quantified the grazing activities of two sheep flocks of Churra breed (both in the same area but separated by 10 years) based on Global Position System (GPS) monitoring and remote monitoring sensing techniques. In the first monitoring period (2009-10), geolocations were recorded every 5 min (4,240 records), while in the second one (2018-20), records were taken every 30 min (7,636 records). The data were clustered based on the day/night and the activity (resting, moving, or grazing). An airborne LiDAR dataset was used to study the slope, aspect, and vegetation height. Four visible-infrared orthophotographs were mosaicked and classified to obtain the land use/land cover (LU/LC) map. Then, GPS locations were overlain on the terrain features, and a Chi-square test evaluated the relationships between locations and terrain features. Three spatial statistics (directional distribution, Kernel density, and Hot Spot analysis) were also calculated. Results in both monitoring periods suggested that the spatial distribution of free-grazing ewes was non-random. The flocks showed strong preferences for grazing areas with gentle north-facing slopes, where the herbaceous layer formed by pasture predominates. The geostatistical analyses of the sheep locations corroborated those preferences. Geotechnologies have emerged as a potent tool to demonstrate the influence of environmental and terrain attributes on the non-random spatial behavior of grazing sheep.

Rest Break Frequency and Duration: Self-Reported Preference of Brazilian Poultry Slaughterhouse Workers

The work pace in poultry slaughterhouses is high and the risk of developing upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders is moderate to high. Thus, through risk management and the use of technical, organizational, and administrative means, the employer should ensure the well-being of workers, as well as safe and healthy working environments and conditions. The aim of this study was to identify the self-reported preference of poultry slaughterhouse workers regarding rest break frequency and duration, and to verify the reasons for their choice. The participants in the study included 311 workers from four poultry slaughterhouses. The workers were asked what rest break schemes they preferred: 6x10 min, 3x20 min, 4x15 min or another schedule, as well as the reasons for their selection. According to the workers opinions, 3x20 min was the best break schedule (90.7%), mainly because it allowed time to rest (64.5%), as they had more time to carry out their activities calmly. Unanimously, these workers responded that a 10-min break is very short, which only allows one to reach the rest area or the bathroom and return, no time to rest. Only 8.7% of workers wanted to have a higher rest break frequency (6 or 4 times per day) to leave the sector more, go to the bathroom often, have shorter work intervals, in addition to warming up the body and resting more. This paper provides guidelines for slaughterhouse managers to determine the best rest break schedules for their workers to promote health and safety.(AU)

Rest Break Frequency and Duration: Self-Reported Preference of Brazilian Poultry Slaughterhouse Workers

The work pace in poultry slaughterhouses is high and the risk of developing upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders is moderate to high. Thus, through risk management and the use of technical, organizational, and administrative means, the employer should ensure the well-being of workers, as well as safe and healthy working environments and conditions. The aim of this study was to identify the self-reported preference of poultry slaughterhouse workers regarding rest break frequency and duration, and to verify the reasons for their choice. The participants in the study included 311 workers from four poultry slaughterhouses. The workers were asked what rest break schemes they preferred: 6x10 min, 3x20 min, 4x15 min or another schedule, as well as the reasons for their selection. According to the workers’ opinions, 3x20 min was the best break schedule (90.7%), mainly because it allowed time to rest (64.5%), as they had more time to carry out their activities calmly. Unanimously, these workers responded that a 10-min break is very short, which only allows one to reach the rest area or the bathroom and return, no time to rest. Only 8.7% of workers wanted to have a higher rest break frequency (6 or 4 times per day) to leave the sector more, go to the bathroom often, have shorter work intervals, in addition to warming up the body and resting more. This paper provides guidelines for slaughterhouse managers to determine the best rest break schedules for their workers to promote health and safety.

Behavioral activities of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) in a semi-intensive farming system in Brazil / [Atividades comportamentais de queixadas (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) em sistema semi-intensivo de criação no Brasil]

This study aimed to describe the main behaviors of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) expressed in a semi-intensive production system in Brazil. The behavioral activities of two groups of peccaries allocated in two paddocks were assessed, totaling 17 adult animals and eventual pups in different developmental stages. The animals were visually observed using the ad libitum sampling and scan sample methods during the adaptation and experimental phases, respectively. The animals were evaluated in the morning, afternoon, and at night. The behavioral activities observed by ad libitum sampling comprised feeding, pool contact, moving, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing, mutual rubbing, rubbing, aggression, sexual behavior, copulation, foraging, breastfeeding, sleeping, territorial marking, interactions, birthing, gnawing, and other behaviors. All behaviors observed by the ad libitum sampling method were confirmed in the experimental period by scan sample, except for territorial marking and birthing. The effects of time of day were statistically significant (p <0.05) for eating, pool contact, movement, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing and sleeping. These results contribute to the understanding of instinctive animal habits and to the development of nutritional, environmental and health management protocols that meet the requirements of peccaries.(AU)

Objetivou-se descrever os principais comportamentos que os queixadas (Tayassu pecari) expressam em sistema de produção semi-intensivo no Brasil, bem como suas diferenças de frequências comportamentais em função do período do dia. Foram avaliadas as atividades comportamentais de dois grupos de queixadas alocados em dois piquetes, totalizando 17 animais adultos e eventuais filhotes em diferentes estágios comportamentais. Na fase adaptativa e experimental os animais foram observados visualmente pelos métodos ad libitum e scan sample, respectivamente. Os animais foram avaliados nos períodos da manhã, tarde e noite. As atividades comportamentais observadas pelo método ad libitum foram alimentação, contato com a piscina, movimentação, interior do brete de manejo, descanso, lameando, esfregação mútua, esfregar-se, agressão, comportamento sexual, cópula, fuçando, amamentação, dormindo, marcando território, interações, manilha, parição, roendo e outros comportamentos. Todos os comportamentos observados pelo método ad libitum foram confirmados no período experimental scan sample, exceto para as variáveis marcando território e parição. O efeito do período do dia foi estatisticamente significativo (P<0,05) sobre as frequências dos comportamentos alimentação, contato com a piscina, movimentação, interior do brete de manejo, descanso, lameando e dormindo. Os resultados contribuem para a compreensão dos hábitos instintivos dos animais e, com isso, colaborar com a elaboração de protocolos de manejo nutricional, ambiental e sanitário, buscando-se suprir as necessidades dos queixadas. Futuras pesquisas envolvendo queixadas em cativeiro fomentarão os estudos voltados aos aspectos biológicos, conservacionistas e produtivos.(AU)

Activity budget and social behavior of urban capuchin monkeys, Sapajus sp. (Primates: Cebidae)

Constant changes in natural environments impose challenges to wild animal populations, especially those that depend on social life. We gathered data on the activity budget and social interactions of a capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp.) group of 17 individuals confined to an urban green area receiving human food supplementation. We observed the capuchins between 7:00 am and 5:00 pm, three days a month, between January 2012 and June 2013 (total of 530 hours of direct observations). We collected 15,208 behavioral records through instantaneous scan sampling and 2,538 events of social interaction in an adapted version of the “all occurrences” method. Activity budget of capuchins was dominated by traveling (42%) and foraging (38%), followed by feeding (10%), social interactions (5%), resting (4%), and others (2%). Except for feeding, the time spent on other activities varied across sex-age classes. Social interactions of capuchins were dominated by affiliative interactions (80%), mainly social play, followed by agonistic (11%) and cooperative (10%) interactions. Sexual interactions were rare (0.4%) and often involved juveniles (45% of the events). Juveniles performed most of the social interactions, followed by the alpha male, and were the main receptors of grooming, food sharing, and agonism. On the other hand, they were the main group involved in allocarrying of infants. Grooming between females and from them to alpha male was infrequent. However, grooming of the alpha male towards the adult females was frequent. We interpreted the deviations in the activity budget and social interactions of the urban capuchins as effects of human food supplementation and restriction on dispersal, illustrating the behavioral ability of capuchin monkeys to adjust their activity in human-altered environments.

Activity budget and social behavior of urban capuchin monkeys, Sapajus sp. (Primates: Cebidae)

Constant changes in natural environments impose challenges to wild animal populations, especially those that depend on social life. We gathered data on the activity budget and social interactions of a capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp.) group of 17 individuals confined to an urban green area receiving human food supplementation. We observed the capuchins between 7:00 am and 5:00 pm, three days a month, between January 2012 and June 2013 (total of 530 hours of direct observations). We collected 15,208 behavioral records through instantaneous scan sampling and 2,538 events of social interaction in an adapted version of the “all occurrences” method. Activity budget of capuchins was dominated by traveling (42%) and foraging (38%), followed by feeding (10%), social interactions (5%), resting (4%), and others (2%). Except for feeding, the time spent on other activities varied across sex-age classes. Social interactions of capuchins were dominated by affiliative interactions (80%), mainly social play, followed by agonistic (11%) and cooperative (10%) interactions. Sexual interactions were rare (0.4%) and often involved juveniles (45% of the events). Juveniles performed most of the social interactions, followed by the alpha male, and were the main receptors of grooming, food sharing, and agonism. On the other hand, they were the main group involved in allocarrying of infants. Grooming between females and from them to alpha male was infrequent. However, grooming of the alpha male towards the adult females was frequent. We interpreted the deviations in the activity budget and social interactions of the urban capuchins as effects of human food supplementation and restriction on dispersal, illustrating the behavioral ability of capuchin monkeys to adjust their activity in human-altered environments.(AU)

Evaluation of the principles of good feeding and facilities in dairy cattle in the microregion of Erechim, RS / Avaliação dos princípios de boa alimentação e boa instalação em bovinos de leite na microrregião de Erechim, RS

The objective was to characterize the principles of good feeding and facilities of dairy cattle located in the micro region of Erechim-RS and that had their production system based on the animals with access to pastures. To evaluate the principles of animal welfare were used the principles of good feeding (hunger absence and prolonged thirst) and facilities (comfort in the rest area, thermal comfort from the provision of shading). So, 10 milk producing properties were visited and evaluated, from August 2015 to February 2016. The results were submitted to Cluster analysis, where 3 groups with similar well-being characteristicsof good feeding and facilities. Group 1 was composed of properties 2, 6 and 7 (3 properties), group 2 composed of properties 1 and 3 (2 properties) and group 3, formed by properties 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10. The percentage of lean cows was 11.76; 9.09 and 32.71% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. No one properies presented adequate values regarding the presence, cleanliness and functionality of the water fountain in the evaluated areas. All the properties showed areas of shading, but none in sufficient quantity per animal. Percentage of animals with presence of dirt that were the parameters evaluated in the comfort of the rest areas was extremely low. It can be concluded that the levels associated with the principles of good feeding and facilities in the Erechim-RS microregion are medium.

Objetivou-se caracterizar os princípios de boa alimentação e boa instalação em bovinos de propriedades leiteiras localizadas na microrregião de Erechim-RS e que tivessem seu sistema de produção baseado nos animais com acesso a pastagens. Para avaliar os princípios de bem-estar animal foram utilizados os princípios de boa alimentação (ausência de fome e sede prolongada) e instalações (conforto na área de descanso, conforto térmico a partir da provisão de sombreamento). Para tanto, 10 propriedades produtoras de leite foram visitadas e avaliadas, no período de agosto de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de Clusters, onde foram formados 3 grupos com características de boa alimentação e boa instalação semelhantes. O grupo 1 foi composto pelas propriedades 2, 6 e 7 (3 propriedades), o grupo 2 composto das propriedades 1 e 3 (2 propriedades) e o grupo 3, formado pelas propriedades 4, 5, 8, 9 e 10. O percentual de vacas magras foi de 11,76; 9,09 e 32,71% para os grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Nenhum grupo apresentou valores adequados em relação à presença, limpeza e funcionalidade dos bebedouros nas áreas avaliadas. Todas as propriedades apresentaram áreas de sombreamento, mas nenhuma em quantidade suficiente por animal. A porcentagem de animais com presença de sujeira que foram os parâmetros avaliados no conforto das áreas de descanso foi extremamente baixo. Pode-se concluir que os níveis associados aos princípios de boa alimentação e boa instalação na microrregião de Erechim – RS são medianos.

Evaluation of the principles of good feeding and facilities in dairy cattle in the microregion of Erechim, RS / Avaliação dos princípios de boa alimentação e boa instalação em bovinos de leite na microrregião de Erechim, RS

The objective was to characterize the principles of good feeding and facilities of dairy cattle located in the micro region of Erechim-RS and that had their production system based on the animals with access to pastures. To evaluate the principles of animal welfare were used the principles of good feeding (hunger absence and prolonged thirst) and facilities (comfort in the rest area, thermal comfort from the provision of shading). So, 10 milk producing properties were visited and evaluated, from August 2015 to February 2016. The results were submitted to Cluster analysis, where 3 groups with similar well-being characteristicsof good feeding and facilities. Group 1 was composed of properties 2, 6 and 7 (3 properties), group 2 composed of properties 1 and 3 (2 properties) and group 3, formed by properties 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10. The percentage of lean cows was 11.76; 9.09 and 32.71% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. No one properies presented adequate values regarding the presence, cleanliness and functionality of the water fountain in the evaluated areas. All the properties showed areas of shading, but none in sufficient quantity per animal. Percentage of animals with presence of dirt that were the parameters evaluated in the comfort of the rest areas was extremely low. It can be concluded that the levels associated with the principles of good feeding and facilities in the Erechim-RS microregion are medium.(AU)

Objetivou-se caracterizar os princípios de boa alimentação e boa instalação em bovinos de propriedades leiteiras localizadas na microrregião de Erechim-RS e que tivessem seu sistema de produção baseado nos animais com acesso a pastagens. Para avaliar os princípios de bem-estar animal foram utilizados os princípios de boa alimentação (ausência de fome e sede prolongada) e instalações (conforto na área de descanso, conforto térmico a partir da provisão de sombreamento). Para tanto, 10 propriedades produtoras de leite foram visitadas e avaliadas, no período de agosto de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de Clusters, onde foram formados 3 grupos com características de boa alimentação e boa instalação semelhantes. O grupo 1 foi composto pelas propriedades 2, 6 e 7 (3 propriedades), o grupo 2 composto das propriedades 1 e 3 (2 propriedades) e o grupo 3, formado pelas propriedades 4, 5, 8, 9 e 10. O percentual de vacas magras foi de 11,76; 9,09 e 32,71% para os grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Nenhum grupo apresentou valores adequados em relação à presença, limpeza e funcionalidade dos bebedouros nas áreas avaliadas. Todas as propriedades apresentaram áreas de sombreamento, mas nenhuma em quantidade suficiente por animal. A porcentagem de animais com presença de sujeira que foram os parâmetros avaliados no conforto das áreas de descanso foi extremamente baixo. Pode-se concluir que os níveis associados aos princípios de boa alimentação e boa instalação na microrregião de Erechim RS são medianos.(AU)

Bioacústica como método de avaliação do comportamento em pastejo de novilhas Girolando / Bioacoustics as a tool for evaluating grazing behavior of Girolando heifers

Objetivou-se validar o método de análise de dados bioacústicos na descrição do comportamento em pastejo de novilhas em área de integração lavoura-pecuária (iLP) e floresta (iLPF). Foram utilizadas oito novilhas Girolando (¾Holandês x »Gir) com média de 25±6,8 meses de idade e 268±83kg de peso vivo (PV), distribuídas em delineamento crossover 2x2 (dois sistemas x dois períodos de avaliação). A coleta de dados para análise bioacústica foi realizada utilizando-se gravadores MP3. Esses dados foram analisados pelo software Audacity® para identificação das atividades de pastejo, ruminação e ócio. Concomitantemente, o comportamento também foi avaliado pelo método de observação visual, realizado no período de 8 até 16 horas, em intervalos de 15 minutos. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre médias dos tempos (minutos) de pastejo, ruminação e ócio registrados pelos métodos de bioacústica e avaliação visual, sendo, respectivamente, 127 vs. 137; 122 vs. 113 e 238 vs. 216, no sistema iLP, e 134 vs. 103; 130 vs. 165 e 233 vs. 203, no sistema iLPF. Por meio desses resultados, foi possível concluir que o método da bioacústica é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar o comportamento de pastejo em diferentes sistemas de produção a pasto, com a vantagem de possibilitar o registro de atividades durante o período noturno, além de maior praticidade e precisão do que o método observacional.(AU)

Aiming to validate the analysis of bioacoustic data for describing grazing behavior of heifers in integrated crop, livestock (ICL) and forestry (ICLF) systems. Eight 25±6.8 month-old Girolando (¾Holstein × »Gir) heifers with 268±83kg of live weight (LW) were distributed in 2x2 crossover design (two systems x two evaluation periods). Data collection for bioacoustic analysis was done with MP3 recorders. These data were analyzed by Audacity® software for identification of the activities of grazing, rumination, and resting. Concomitantly, behavior was also analyzed by the method of visual observation from 8AM to 4PM in intervals of 15 minutes. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the methods of bioacustic and visual observation considering the means of time (minutes) of grazing, rumination, and resting, respectively: 127 vs. 137; 122 vs. 113; and 238 vs. 216 in ICL system and; 134 vs. 103; 130 vs. 165 and 233 vs. 203 in ICLF system. In conclusion, the bioacustic method is a tool that can be useful for evaluating bovine grazing behavior within different grazing systems, with the advantage of allowing report of activities during the night with higher practicality and precision than the visual observation method.(AU)

Bioacústica como método de avaliação do comportamento em pastejo de novilhas Girolando / Bioacoustics as a tool for evaluating grazing behavior of Girolando heifers

Objetivou-se validar o método de análise de dados bioacústicos na descrição do comportamento em pastejo de novilhas em área de integração lavoura-pecuária (iLP) e floresta (iLPF). Foram utilizadas oito novilhas Girolando (¾Holandês x ¼Gir) com média de 25±6,8 meses de idade e 268±83kg de peso vivo (PV), distribuídas em delineamento crossover 2x2 (dois sistemas x dois períodos de avaliação). A coleta de dados para análise bioacústica foi realizada utilizando-se gravadores MP3. Esses dados foram analisados pelo software Audacity® para identificação das atividades de pastejo, ruminação e ócio. Concomitantemente, o comportamento também foi avaliado pelo método de observação visual, realizado no período de 8 até 16 horas, em intervalos de 15 minutos. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre médias dos tempos (minutos) de pastejo, ruminação e ócio registrados pelos métodos de bioacústica e avaliação visual, sendo, respectivamente, 127 vs. 137; 122 vs. 113 e 238 vs. 216, no sistema iLP, e 134 vs. 103; 130 vs. 165 e 233 vs. 203, no sistema iLPF. Por meio desses resultados, foi possível concluir que o método da bioacústica é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar o comportamento de pastejo em diferentes sistemas de produção a pasto, com a vantagem de possibilitar o registro de atividades durante o período noturno, além de maior praticidade e precisão do que o método observacional.(AU)

Aiming to validate the analysis of bioacoustic data for describing grazing behavior of heifers in integrated crop, livestock (ICL) and forestry (ICLF) systems. Eight 25±6.8 month-old Girolando (¾Holstein × ¼Gir) heifers with 268±83kg of live weight (LW) were distributed in 2x2 crossover design (two systems x two evaluation periods). Data collection for bioacoustic analysis was done with MP3 recorders. These data were analyzed by Audacity® software for identification of the activities of grazing, rumination, and resting. Concomitantly, behavior was also analyzed by the method of visual observation from 8AM to 4PM in intervals of 15 minutes. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the methods of bioacustic and visual observation considering the means of time (minutes) of grazing, rumination, and resting, respectively: 127 vs. 137; 122 vs. 113; and 238 vs. 216 in ICL system and; 134 vs. 103; 130 vs. 165 and 233 vs. 203 in ICLF system. In conclusion, the bioacustic method is a tool that can be useful for evaluating bovine grazing behavior within different grazing systems, with the advantage of allowing report of activities during the night with higher practicality and precision than the visual observation method.(AU)

Environment, behavior and welfare aspects of dairy cows reared in compost bedded pack barns system

The compost bedded pack barns is a loose housing confinement system for dairy cows, which aims to provide greater comfort in the resting area. Therefore, objective of this review was to investigate the environment, behavior and welfare aspects of dairy cows in the compost bedded pack barns system. The system is characterized by the large collective bed area, in which the objective is the composting of that area. In this way, the ideal bed management is the key point to the success of this system. In addition to daily revolving, an efficient ventilation system is required to perform the air exchange in the shed, and maintain adequate bed humidity levels, while maintaining a comfortable dry environment for the cows to lie down. The ventilation system also has great importance in the cows thermal comfort. In seasons of high average temperatures, ventilation reduces possible stress situations, raising the animals welfare level. Another characteristic of compost bedded pack barns is the greater spacing per animal in the bed area, allowing animals to express naturally the behavior of lying down and decrease the competition among animals. The compost bedded pack barns system presents the potential to provide comfort and welfare for dairy cows. However, good bed management and microclimatic environmental conditions are necessary. However, further studies are needed at the national level to provide more information on the ideal management of the system under climatic conditions in Brazil and the cows behavior in the system.(AU)

Environment, behavior and welfare aspects of dairy cows reared in compost bedded pack barns system

The compost bedded pack barns is a loose housing confinement system for dairy cows, which aims to provide greater comfort in the resting area. Therefore, objective of this review was to investigate the environment, behavior and welfare aspects of dairy cows in the compost bedded pack barns system. The system is characterized by the large collective bed area, in which the objective is the composting of that area. In this way, the ideal bed management is the key point to the success of this system. In addition to daily revolving, an efficient ventilation system is required to perform the air exchange in the shed, and maintain adequate bed humidity levels, while maintaining a comfortable dry environment for the cows to lie down. The ventilation system also has great importance in the cows’ thermal comfort. In seasons of high average temperatures, ventilation reduces possible stress situations, raising the animals’ welfare level. Another characteristic of compost bedded pack barns is the greater spacing per animal in the bed area, allowing animals to express naturally the behavior of lying down and decrease the competition among animals. The compost bedded pack barns system presents the potential to provide comfort and welfare for dairy cows. However, good bed management and microclimatic environmental conditions are necessary. However, further studies are needed at the national level to provide more information on the ideal management of the system under climatic conditions in Brazil and the cows’ behavior in the system.

Reproductive biology of the cockfish, Callorhinchus callorynchus (Chondrichthyes: Callorhinchidae), in coastal waters of the northern Argentinean Sea

The cockfish, Callorhinchus callorynchus, is a widely distributed holocephalan in the south-western Atlantic and an important resource for Argentinean fisheries. The reproductive characteristics of this species were studied in northern Argentinean coastal waters, where specimens arrive seasonally (winter-spring). Sexual dimorphism in maximum precaudal length (PCL) and total body mass (TM) was found, being females (PCL=630 mm; TM=3330 g; n=167) larger and heavier than males (PCL=482 mm; TM=1630 g; n=19). Maturity size for females was 466.22 mm PCL, representing 74% PCL of the largest female sampled. The mean number of ovarian follicles was 8.37 (± 4.84). The highest values of ovarian follicles diameter, gonadosomatic and oviducalsomatic indices were found in spring. A high proportion of mature females (44%) had atretic ovarian follicles, suggesting that they were in the resting stage of their reproductive cycle. The low number of mature males recorded and the absence of mature females with spermatophore masses or egg cases indicate that the study area would not be a reproductive zone. The seasonal presence of C. callorynchus in this region could be related to trophic movements. These results, obtained in an area with high fishing pressure on chondrichthyans, will be useful for implementing conservation and management measures.(AU)

El pez gallo, Callorhinchus callorynchus, es un holocéfalo con amplia distribución en el Atlántico Sudoccidental y un recurso importante para las pesquerías en Argentina. Las características reproductivas de esta especie fueron estudiadas en aguas costeras al norte del Mar Argentino, adonde se acercan estacionalmente (invierno-primavera). Se observó dimorfismo sexual en los valores máximos de longitud precaudal (LPC) y masa corporal total (MT), siendo las hembras (LPC=630 mm; MT=3330 g; n=167) más grandes y pesadas que los machos (LPC=482 mm; MT=1630 g; n=19). La talla de maduración para las hembras fue de 466,22 mm LPC, representando el 74% de la LPC máxima observada. El número promedio de folículos ováricos fue 8,37 (± 4,84). Los valores más altos del diámetro de los folículos ováricos, índice de la glándula oviductal e índice gonadosomático fueron hallados durante primavera. Una gran proporción de hembras maduras (44%) presentaron folículos ováricos atrésicos, sugiriendo que se encontraban en la etapa de reposo de su ciclo reproductivo. El bajo número de machos maduros registrados y la ausencia de hembras maduras con espermatóforos o cápsulas de huevos indican que las aguas costeras del norte de Argentina no serían una zona reproductiva. La presencia de C. callorynchus en el área de estudio podría estar relacionada con movimientos tróficos. Los resultados, obtenidos en un área con una gran presión pesquera sobre los condrictios, serán útiles para implementar adecuados planes de manejo y conservación de esta especie.(AU)

Reproductive biology of the cockfish, Callorhinchus callorynchus (Chondrichthyes: Callorhinchidae), in coastal waters of the northern Argentinean Sea

The cockfish, Callorhinchus callorynchus, is a widely distributed holocephalan in the south-western Atlantic and an important resource for Argentinean fisheries. The reproductive characteristics of this species were studied in northern Argentinean coastal waters, where specimens arrive seasonally (winter-spring). Sexual dimorphism in maximum precaudal length (PCL) and total body mass (TM) was found, being females (PCL=630 mm; TM=3330 g; n=167) larger and heavier than males (PCL=482 mm; TM=1630 g; n=19). Maturity size for females was 466.22 mm PCL, representing 74% PCL of the largest female sampled. The mean number of ovarian follicles was 8.37 (± 4.84). The highest values of ovarian follicles diameter, gonadosomatic and oviducalsomatic indices were found in spring. A high proportion of mature females (44%) had atretic ovarian follicles, suggesting that they were in the resting stage of their reproductive cycle. The low number of mature males recorded and the absence of mature females with spermatophore masses or egg cases indicate that the study area would not be a reproductive zone. The seasonal presence of C. callorynchus in this region could be related to trophic movements. These results, obtained in an area with high fishing pressure on chondrichthyans, will be useful for implementing conservation and management measures.(AU)

El pez gallo, Callorhinchus callorynchus, es un holocéfalo con amplia distribución en el Atlántico Sudoccidental y un recurso importante para las pesquerías en Argentina. Las características reproductivas de esta especie fueron estudiadas en aguas costeras al norte del Mar Argentino, adonde se acercan estacionalmente (invierno-primavera). Se observó dimorfismo sexual en los valores máximos de longitud precaudal (LPC) y masa corporal total (MT), siendo las hembras (LPC=630 mm; MT=3330 g; n=167) más grandes y pesadas que los machos (LPC=482 mm; MT=1630 g; n=19). La talla de maduración para las hembras fue de 466,22 mm LPC, representando el 74% de la LPC máxima observada. El número promedio de folículos ováricos fue 8,37 (± 4,84). Los valores más altos del diámetro de los folículos ováricos, índice de la glándula oviductal e índice gonadosomático fueron hallados durante primavera. Una gran proporción de hembras maduras (44%) presentaron folículos ováricos atrésicos, sugiriendo que se encontraban en la etapa de reposo de su ciclo reproductivo. El bajo número de machos maduros registrados y la ausencia de hembras maduras con espermatóforos o cápsulas de huevos indican que las aguas costeras del norte de Argentina no serían una zona reproductiva. La presencia de C. callorynchus en el área de estudio podría estar relacionada con movimientos tróficos. Los resultados, obtenidos en un área con una gran presión pesquera sobre los condrictios, serán útiles para implementar adecuados planes de manejo y conservación de esta especie.(AU)

Useful woody species and its environmental availability: the case of artisanal fishermen in Itaúnas, Brazil / Espécies lenhosas úteis e sua disponibilidade no ambiente: o caso dos pescadores artesanais em Itaúnas, Brasil

Ethnobotanical studies involve research with human societies and their different interaction with plants, and the quantitative approaches from thes estudies are important to select conservation priority of species in natural environment. This research aims to quantify use-values for woody plants mentioned by fishers in Itaúnas, state of Espírito Santo, and evaluate the relationship between use-values and species availability (absolute density and frequency, and importance value) in two distinct resting vegetation formations. It also proposes to identify priority species for conservation. It was selected 30 species cited in individual semi-structured interviews with key-informant in fishers community and who were also on list of structural survey of two vegetation phytophysiognomies in the restinga regions. The data used was collected in previously published work. It was performed a correlation analysis between use-values and structural parameters of the mentioned woody species. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba and Byrsonima sericea present the highest use-values. It was not observed relation between use-value and species availability in each vegetation formation. It was classified two and eight species as priority for conservation on shrubby and forest formations, respectively.(AU)

Estudos etnobotânicos envolvem pesquisas com sociedades humanas e suas diferentes interações com as plantas, e abordagens quantitativas deste estudos são importantes para selecionar prioridades de conservação das espécies nos ambientes naturais. Esta pesquisa objetiva quantificar os valores de uso das plantas citadas por pescadores em Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, e avaliar as relações entre os valores de uso a disponibilidade das espécies (densidade e frequência absoluta e valor de importância) em duas formações vegetais distintas de restinga. É também proposto identificar o índice de prioridade de conservação das espécies. Foram selecionadas 30 espécies citadas em entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com informantes-chave na comunidade de pescadores e que também estavam em listas de levantamentos estruturais de duas fitofisionomias vegetais de restinga na região. Os dados utilizados foram coletados em trabalhos previamente publicados. Foi feita a análise de correlação entre os valores de uso e os parâmetros estruturais das espécies lenhosas mencionadas. Protium heptaphyllum, P. icicariba e Byrsonima sericea apresentaram o maior valor de uso. Não foi observado relação entre o valor de uso a disponibilidade das espécies em cada formação vegetal. Foram classificadas duas e oito espécies para prioridade de conservação nas formações arbustivas e florestais respectivamente.(AU)

CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS LOCAIS DE DESCANSO DE TAMANDUÁSMIRINS, Tamandua tetradactyla, Linnaeus 1758 (PILOSA: VERMILINGUA) EM ZONA COSTEIRA DO DELTA DO PARNAÍBA

Dados sobre os requisitos dos locais de descanso do tamanduá-mirim em ambiente litorâneo não foram bem documentados até o momento. Estudos anteriores levantaram informações no pantanal, cerrado e llanos venezuelanos, com deficiência de dados para o restante da distribuição da espécie. O tamanduá-mirim é uma espécie de difícil visualização e, esse, pode ser um motivo da escassez de informações sobre a espécie. Objetivamos identificar os locais de descanso ocupados por tamanduás-mirins em manguezais, restinga e áreas antrópicas litorâneas, descrevendo e analisando as covariáveis ambientais associadas à seleção de locais de descanso. Adicionalmente, desenvolver um novo modelo de fixador de transmissor de VHF/GPS, com novo material, e desenvolvido de acordo com a anatomia e comportamento do tamanduá-mirim. Desenvolvemos um ranking de segurança dos locais de descanso, classificando a estratificação, a exposição a intempéries e exposição a predadores. Foram registrados 29 locais de descanso para 12 tamanduás-mirins avistados em duas ilhas do Delta do Parnaíba. Os animais foram mais registrados em manguezal (48%), sendo a maioria das estruturas em dossel e sub-bosque (79%), em forquilhas de árvores (38%) e ocos (28%). Os tamanduás-mirins em descanso foram registrados mais vezes em locais altos e com maior distância das comunidades humanas, assim como os rankings de segurança também foram maiores no ambiente de manguezal. Nos ambientes de restinga e áreas urbanizadas, os tamanduás foram registrados, em sua maioria, em estratos mais baixos e mais expostos a predadores. De acordo com nossos resultados, a seleção de locais de descanso mais baixos está relacionada com o nível de antropização, quanto mais urbanizada a área, ou mais próxima de áreas urbanizadas, mais estratos baixos eram utilizados pelos tamanduás. Houve relação positiva entre a altura da estrutura de descanso e a exposição às intempéries, quanto mais alto o local de descanso, mais protegido das intempéries os tamanduás estavam. O fixador de GPS foi testado por 45 dias no cativeiro e 320 dias em vida livre, e os animais não apresentaram comportamentos alterados ou lesões. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostram as exigências da área de descanso dos tamanduás-mirins em relação ao habitat, que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de ações de conservação para espécie em ambientes menos protegidos.

Data on the requirements of the resting places of the lesser anteater in a coastal environment have not been well documented so far. Previous studies have raised information in the pantanal, cerrado and Venezuelan llanos, with data deficiency for the rest of the species distribution. The lesser anteater is a species that is difficult to see, and this may be a reason for the scarcity of information about the species. We aim to identify resting places occupied by lesser anteaters in mangroves, sandbank, and coastal anthropic areas, describing and analyzing the environmental covariables associated with the selection of resting places. Additionally, to develop a new model of VHF / GPS transmitter fixator, with new material, and developed according to the anatomy and behavior of the lesser anteater. We developed a safety ranking of resting places, classifying stratification, exposure to bad weather and exposure to predators. There were 29 resting places for 12 lesser anteaters seen on two islands in the Delta do Parnaíba. The animals were more registered in mangroves (48%), with most structures in canopy and understory (79%), in tree forks (38%) and hollow (28%). The resting giant anteaters were recorded more often in high places and with greater distance from human communities, as well as safety rankings were also higher in the mangrove environment. In restinga environments and anthropized areas, anteaters were mostly recorded in lower strata and more exposed to predators. According to our results, the selection of lower resting places is related to the level of anthropization, the more anthropized the area, or the closer to anthropized areas, the lower strata were used by anteaters. There was a positive relationship between the height of the resting structure and exposure to the weather, the higher the resting place, the more protected from the weather the anteaters were. The GPS fixer was tested for 45 days in captivity and 320 days in free life, and the animals showed no altered behavior or injury. The results presented in this study show the requirements of the resting area of the lesser anteaters in relation to the habitat, which can assist in the development of conservation actions for species in less protected environments.

Respiração basal e relação de estratificação em solo cultivado com citros e tratado com resíduos orgânicos no estado de Sergipe / Basal respiration and stratification ratio in soil cultivated with citrus and treated with organic residues in the state of Sergipe

A utilização de resíduos orgânicos no solo para melhorar sua qualidade, fornecer nutrientes as plantas e aumentar o estoque de carbono é uma prática antiga, mas pouco é conhecido sobre a aplicação de compostagem laminar em pomares de citros. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a atividade microbiana, através da respiração basal, e as diferentes taxas de estratificação de algumas variáveis relacionadas a esse atributo, em um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo tratado com resíduos orgânicos e cultivado com citros, no estado de Sergipe. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em três profundidades (0-5, 5-10 e 10-15 cm) em área cultivada com laranja pêra (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) sob diferentes tratamentos 1.Compostagem laminar (aplicação, na projeção da copa, na zona de coroamento da planta, de camadas alternadas de resíduos orgânicos frescos e esterco ovino) 2. Compostagem laminar + NPK (o mesmo descrito no item 1 + adubação NPK recomendada pela análise do solo); 3. Húmus (aplicação, na projeção da copa, de composto organico humificado); 4. Húmus + NPK (o mesmo descrito no item 3 + NPK; 5. Controle + NPK (manejo convencional, onde a projeção da copa é mantida livre de plantas invasoras através de capina manual; com aplicação de fertilizantes aplicado na projeção da copa); 6. Controle sem NPK (o mesmo descrito no item 5, sem aplicação de fertilizantes). O estudo foi realizado com...(AU)

The use of organic residues in the soil to improve its quality, provide nutrients to plant growth and increase carbon storage is an ancient practice, but little is known about the application of laminar composting in citrus orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial activity through microbial respiration, and the different rates stratification of some variables related to this attribute of an Ultisol cultivated with citrus and treated with organic waste in the state of Sergipe. Soil samples were collected in the layers 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-15 cm in a citrus orchard (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) under different treatments 1. Layering organic residue (crop wastes placed in layers under the plant canopy) 2. Layering organic residue + NPK (the same as described in iten 1 + NPK); 3. Humus (Humified organic compost applied under the plant canopy); 4. Humus + NPK (the same as described in iten 3 + NPK); 5. Control + NPK (plant canopy was kept free of residues, + NPK application); 6. Control NPK (plant canopy was kept free of residues, without application of NPK), with three replications. It has been found that the use of the organic residue in the plant canopy increased microbial respiration rate and total organic matter content, as well as an increase in some chemical attributes as pH, P, Ca and Mg in all treatments compared the control. The ratio...(AU)

First records of Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonaparte 1825 (Charadriidae) and Gelochelidon nilotica Gmelin 1789 (Sternidae) in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Primeiro registro de Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonaparte 1825 (Charadriidae) e Gelochelidon nilotica Gmelin 1789 (Sternidae) em Minas Gerais

Around forty bird species habitually reproduce in the Northern Hemisphere during summer, and migrate to the Southern Hemisphere during northern winter. These migrating birds fly together in large or small groups until they have reached the Caribbean, Central American, or Brazilian shores. Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonaparte 1825, is one of these migrating species that uses resting and feeding areas along eastern and western coasts of North and South America, with several records for the Brazilian coast, and very few for the inland country. On November 24, 2011, an individual of this species was observed on the banks of one of the lakes that compose a complex of about 40 temporary lakes within the Karst of Lagoa Santa Environmental Protection Area. On October 29 and 30, 2012 a single individual of Gelochelidon nilotica, Gmelin 1789, was also observed in Sumidouro State Park. We suggest that these specimens have used the Atlantic Ocean migration route, following the São Francisco River Basin, until the karst area. Although highly impacted, the temporary lakes within the Karst of Lagoa Santa still harbor a significant number of bird species, and serve as resting and feeding places for migratory or errant species that are still eliciting new records.(AU)

Cerca de 40 espécies de aves se reproduzem no hemisfério Norte durante o verão e migram durante o inverno, desse hemisfério, para o hemisfério Sul. Essas aves migratórias se reúnem em grandes ou pequenos bandos até atingir o Caribe, América Central e região costeira do Brasil. Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonaparte 1825, é uma das migratórias que usa áreas de repouso e alimentação ao longo das costas leste e oeste das Américas do Norte e do Sul, tendo vários registros no litoral brasileiro e muito poucos no interior do país. No dia 24 de novembro de 2011, um indivíduo da espécie foi observado nas margens de uma das lagoas que compõem um complexo de cerca de 40 lagoas temporárias da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Carste de Lagoa Santa. Nos dias 29 e 30 de outubro de 2012 um indivíduo de Gelochelidon nilotica, Gmelin 1789, foi observado na lagoa do Sumidouro, no Parque Estadual do Sumidouro. Sugerimos que os indivíduos utilizaram a rota do Oceano Atlântico para a migração, seguindo a bacia do rio São Francisco até atingir a área da APA Carste de Lagoa Santa. Apesar de altamente impactadas, as lagoas temporárias da APA Carste de Lagoa Santa ainda abrigam expressiva riqueza em espécies e servem como local de repouso e alimentação para espécies migratórias ou errantes ocasionais que continuam sendo registradas.(AU)